1. Kangle, Part III, p.171.
2. The most respected law book of Manu says that there should be common lands around villages and towns. Manusmriti, II, 42.
3. Arthashastra, 2.1.10.
4. Manu says that if the king ‘does not afford protection (yet) takes his share in kind, his taxes, tolls and duties, daily presents and fines, he will soon sink into hell.’ (7.307, etc.).
5. The references to Shabaraswami, Nilakantha and Madhava are from K.P. Jayaswal, Hindu Polity (1924), Bangalore 1967, pp. 331–33. Based on this evidence, Professor Nicholas Kazanas of Omilos Meleton concludes: ‘There is no authority that states equivocally that the King is the owner of the land of the country.’ Economic Principles in Ancient India, p. 22. EPAI [v6.0] .cwk. I am indebted to Prof Kazanas for these references.
6. 1.19.26.
7. 1.4.7–10.
1. Panchatantra 1.6.
2. Kamasutra 1.2.9–10
3. Kangle 1965; Trautmann 1971; McClish 2009.
4. Sen 1967:3.
5. Shamashastry, Arthashastra, introductory note by J.F. Fleet, v-vi.
6. Olivelle, Manusmriti, p. 354.
7. Bühler, appendix to his translation of the Manusmriti; Kangle 1965:78–83; Trautmann 1971:184–186; Olivelle 2004.
8. Trautmann 1971, chap. 2, on the story of Chanakya and Chandragupta (Canakya-Candragupta-katha).
9. Kangle 1965:35.
10. Goyal 2001. A reason to think the text of the Arthashastra has been revised by someone other than the author is that its fifteen books are subdivided by cross-cutting divisions of chapters and topics. Trautmann 1971 discusses this briefly; McClish 2009 analyses the phenomenon in great depth, and concludes that the division into chapters came later.
1. Kangle 1965:124–25.
2. On the history of republics, see Jagdish Sharma 1968.
3. Malalasekera 1936, s.v. Vassakara.
4. On the coup against Brihadratha see Raychaudhuri 1972: 328, citing Bana.
5. Bayly 1996.
6. These figures are from Curtius and Diodorus; figures in the other historians vary somewhat. Trautmann 2009: 232–34.
7. Trautmann 2009.
8. Mahavamsa 15–16; Tika 179.27–180.10, cited in Trautmann 1971:11.
9. Trautmann 1971:11–12.
1. Warmington 1974:167–174.
2. Casson 1991.
3. Pliny, Natural History 32.11.
4. My thanks to Velcheru Narayana Rao for this information.
5. Pliny, Natural History 37.6.
6. Warmington 1974:171.
7. Pliny 12.84.
8. Trautmann 1971:177 on words for coral (citing Sylvan Lévi) and for silk.
9. Sinopoli 2003.
10. Trautmann 2009a.
11. Ibid.
1. Divyabhanusinh 2008.
2. Moxham 2001 has recaptured the history of the ‘great hedge of India’ in a very interesting book.
3. Possehl 2002: 23–29.
1. Anderson 1979; Guha 1963.
2. Gopal 1961.
3. For a historical example of this pattern, from south India, see Hall 1980.
4. Lingat 1973; Olivelle 2004.
5. Lingat 1973.
1. Trautmann 2009b.
2. Sinopoli 2003.
3. Malalasekera, s.v. Anathapindaka, Jetavana.
4. Warmington 1974; Wheeler et al.1946
5. Purananuru, tr. of Hart and Heifetz.
6. Selby 2008.
7. Begley and De Puma 1991; Arikamedu reports by Wheeler et al. 1946 and Begley 1996.
8. Naoroji 1901.