3. The Democracy Problem

1 A. Mungiu-Pippidi, ‘European trust: the perfect storm’, openDemocracy [website] (15 October 2015).

2 S. Hix, What’s Wrong with the European Union and How to Fix It (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008).

3 C. Crouch, The Strange Non-Death of Neo-Liberalism (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2011).

4 V. Schmidt, Democracy in Europe: The EU and National Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).

5 Quoted in B. Carney, ‘Britain’s very European act’, Politico [website] (29 June 2016).

6 J. Caporaso, M. Kim, W. Durrett and R. Wesley, ‘Still a regulatory state? The European Union and the financial crisis’, Journal of European Public Policy 22/7 (2015).

7 N. Nielsen, ‘Secret EU law making takes over Brussels’, EUObserver [website] (24 January 2017).

8 F. Schimmelfennig, ‘What’s the news in “new intergovernmentalism”? A critique of Bickerton, Hodson and Puetter’, Journal of Common Market Studies 53/4 (2015).

9 R. Bellamy and D. Castiglione, ‘Three models of democracy, political community and representation in the EU’, Journal of European Public Policy 20/2 (2013).

10 C. Bickerton, European Integration: From Nation-States to Member States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).

11 S. Lehne, ‘Are referenda blocking the EU’s progress?’, Carnegie Europe [website] (18 November 2015).

12 N. von Ondarza, Blocked for Good by the Threat of Treaty Change? Perspectives for Reform in the European Union, SWP Comments 50 (Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, November 2015).

13 E. Jones, ‘The euro: irreversible or conditional?’, Survival 57/5 (2015).

14 A. Moravcsik, ‘Europe after the crisis: how to sustain a common currency’, Foreign Affairs (May/June 2012).

15 P. Morillas, Shapes of a Union: From Ever Closer Union to Flexible Differentiation after Brexit (Barcelona: CIDOB, 2017); V. Pertusot (ed.), The European Union in the Fog: Building Bridges between National Perspectives on the European Union (Paris: Institut français des relations internationales, 2016).

16 D. Herszenhorn, J. Barigazzi and G. Ariès, ‘Europe confronts limitations at year-end summit’, Politico [website] (16 December 2016).

17 B. Ramm, ‘Are the people good enough?’, openDemocracy [website] (16 January 2017).

18 A. Möller and D. Pardijs, The Future Shape of Europe: How the EU Can Bend Without Breaking (London: European Council on Foreign Relations, March 2016).

19 ‘Hollande quiere que España se sume a Francia, Alemania e Italia para liderar la UE’, El País (20 February 2017).

20 White Paper on the Future of Europe, COM(2017)2025 (Brussels: European Commission, 1 March 2017).

21 J. Doward, ‘EU member states may have to foot £3.5bn bill for military research’, Guardian (23 October 2016).

22 ‘European Council conclusions’, European Council [website] (23 June 2017). Available at http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2017/06/23-euco-conclusions/.

23 C. Hobson, D. Hodson and U. Puetter, ‘The new intergovernmentalism: European integration in the post-Maastricht era’, Journal of Common Market Studies 53/4 (2015).

24 F. Schimmelfennig, ‘Liberal intergovernmentalism and the euro area crisis’, Journal of European Public Policy 22/2 (2015).

25 J. Peterson, ‘Juncker’s political European Commission and an EU in crisis’, Journal of Common Market Studies 55/2 (2017).

26 S. Gaston et al., Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself? (London: Demos, 2016).

27 LSE Commission on the Future of Britain in Europe, The UK’s Democratic Moment on Europe? (London: LSE European Institute, 2016).

28 K. Nicolaïdis, ‘We, the peoples of Europe’, Foreign Affairs (November/December 2004); K. Nicolaïdis, ‘European democracy and its crisis’, Journal of Common Market Studies 51/2 (2013); D. Innerarity, ‘What must be democratized? The European Union as a complex democracy’, in S. Champeau, C. Closa, D. Innerarity and M. Poaires Maduro (eds), The Future of Europe: Democracy, Legitimacy and Justice after the Euro Crisis (London: Rowman & Littlefield International, 2015).

29 J. Hoeksma, EU and EMU: Beyond the 2005–2014 Crises Decade, DSF Policy Paper no. 51 (Amsterdam: Duisenberg School of Finance, April 2015), p. 4.

30 R. Bellamy, ‘An ever closer union among the peoples of Europe: republican intergovernmentalism and demoicratic representation in the EU’, Journal of European Integration 35/5 (April 2013).

31 F. Scharpf, ‘Political legitimacy in a non-optimal currency area’, in O. Cramme and S. Hobolt, Democratic Politics in a European Union under Stress (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).

32 Economist Intelligence Unit, Democracy Index 2016: Revenge of the ‘Deplorables’ (London: The Economist, 2017), p. 7.

33 J. Dawson and S. Hanley, ‘The fading mirage of the “liberal consensus”’, Journal of Democracy 27/1 (2016).

34 A New EU Framework to Strengthen the Rule of Law, COM(2014)158 (Brussels: European Commission, 19 March 2014); Annexes to the Communication: A New EU Framework to Strengthen the Rule of Law (Brussels: European Commission, 11 March 2014); A. Magen, ‘Cracks in the foundations: understanding the great rule of law debate in the EU’, Journal of Common Market Studies 54/5 (2016).

35 P. Bárd, S. Carrera, E. Guild and D. Kochenov, An EU Mechanism on Democracy, the Rule of Law and Fundamental Rights, CEPS Papers in Liberty and Security in Europe no. 91 (Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, April 2016).

36 N. Nielsen, ‘EU commission drops anti-corruption report’, EUObserver [website] (2 February 2017).

37 R. D. Keleman, ‘The EU’s other democratic deficit: national authoritarianism in Europe’s democratic union’, Government and Opposition 52/2 (2017).

38 ‘El Consejo de Europa exige a España un Poder Judicial independiente’, El País (10 October 2016).

39 Civicus and Civil Society Europe, ‘Civic space in Europe survey’, Civil Society Europe [website] (18 January 2016).

40 T. Abraham and M. Smith, ‘Five findings from YouGov’s European mega-survey’, YouGov [website] (October 2016). Available at https://yougov.co.uk/news/2016/11/28/five-findings-yougovs-european-mega-survey/.

41 R. Foa and Y. Mounk, ‘The democratic disconnect’, Journal of Democracy 27/3 (2016). For the critique see P. Norris, Is Western Democracy Backsliding? Diagnosing the Risks, HKS working paper RWP17-012 (Harvard Kennedy School, March 2017).

42 Economist Intelligence Unit, Democracy Index 2016, p. 17.

43 N. Munin, ‘The Five Presidents’ Report: the dogs bark but the caravan moves on?’, European Politics and Society 17/3 (2016).

44 T. Chopin, J.-F. Jamet and F.-X. Priollaud, A Political Union for Europe, Fondation Robert Schuman/European Issues no. 252 (Paris: Fondation Robert Schuman, 2012).

45 J. Bright, D. Garzia, J. Lacey and A. Trechsel, ‘Europe’s voting space and the problem of second-order elections: a transnational proposal’, European Union Politics 17/1 (2016).

46 J. Fossum, Democracy and Legitimacy in the EU: Challenges and Options, IAI Working Papers 16/01 (Rome: Istituto Affari Internazionali, February 2016).

47 C. de Vries and I. Hoffmann, What Do the People Want? Opinions, Moods and Preferences of European Citizens, EUpinions no. 2015/1 (Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2015).

48 T. Raunio, ‘The role of national legislatures in EU politics’, in O. Cramme and S. Hobolt, Democratic Politics in a European Union under Stress (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).

49 R. Bellamy and A. Weale, ‘Political legitimacy and European monetary union: contracts, constitutionalism and the normative logic of two-level games’, Journal of European Public Policy 22/2 (2015).

50 A. Gostyńska-Jakubowska, The Role of National Parliaments in the EU: Building or Stumbling Blocks? (London: Centre for European Reform, June 2016).

51 J. Fossum, ‘Democracy and differentiation in Europe’, Journal of European Public Policy 22/6 (2015).

52 H. Grabbe and S. Lehne, ‘Emotional intelligence for EU democracy’, Carnegie Europe [website] (26 January 2015).