1. Woodrow Wilson, Robert E. Lee: An Interpretation (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1924), 21–22. Wilson’s address of January 19, 1909, originally appeared in The North Carolina Record, May 1909.
2. Douglas Southall Freeman, R. E. Lee: A Biography, vol. 4 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1934), 494.
3. H. W. Crocker, Robert E. Lee on Leadership (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000), 4.
4. Philadelphia Inquirer, June 8, 1865.
5. “Ford’s Remarks upon Signing a Bill Restoring Rights of Citizenship to General Robert E. Lee,” August 5, 1975, Ford Library and Museum, https://fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/speeches/750473.htm.
6. “Career and Character of General T. J. Jackson,” Proceedings of the Southern Historical Society Convention, vol. 25 (Richmond: Published by the Society, 1897), 109.
7. “Citizenship Is Voted for Robert E. Lee,” New York Times, July 23, 1975.
8. Elmer Oris Parker, “Why Was Lee Not Pardoned?” Prologue 2 (Winter 1970): 181–84.
9. Parker, “Why Was Lee Not Pardoned?” 181.
10. Harry Byrd, “Statement on Senate Floor,” February 21, 1974, Ford Library and Museum, https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0055/1669056.pdf.
11. “Debate on Restoring Lee’s Citizenship,” July 22, 1975, Congressional Record, vol. 121, part 19, 23945.
12. “Debate on Restoring Lee’s Citizenship,” 23941–42.
13. Bradford Reporter, October 26, 1865.
14. LeRoy Graf, ed., “Remarks on the Fall of Richmond,” Andrew Johnson Papers, vol. 7 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1986), 543–46.
15. “The Paroled Rebel Soldiers and the General Amnesty,” New York Times, June 4, 1865.
16. Ohio Farmer quoted in Cayce Myers, “Southern Traitor or American Hero,” Journalism History 41, no. 4 (Winter 2016): 215.
17. Cleveland Morning Leader, May 16, 1865.
18. New York Daily Tribune, March 26, 1866.
19. Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1866), 133.
20. “Indictment of R. E. Lee Is Found; Box Yields Long-Sought Paper,” New York Times, January 8, 1937; New York Herald, June 13, 1865; Baltimore Sun, June 20, 1865; New Orleans Tribune, June 25, 1865.
21. Bradley T. Johnson, Reports of Cases Decided by Chief Justice Chase (New York: Diossy, 1876), 7.
22. Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 4, note 38, 202.
23. David Blight, Race and Reunion (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2001), 1.
24. “Address of Jubal Early,” Proceedings of the Southern Historical Society Convention, August 14, 1873 (Baltimore: Turnbull Brothers, 1873), 27.
25. Thomas Connelly, The Marble Man (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977), 51.
26. Frederick Douglass, “Address at the Graves of the Unknown Dead,” May 30, 1871, Frederick Douglass Papers, Library of Congress.
27. “Bombast,” New National Era, November 10, 1870.
28. Ta-Nehisi Coates, Between the World and Me (New York: Random House, 2015), 102.
29. Wynton Marsalis, “Why New Orleans Should Take Down Robert E. Lee’s Statue,” Times-Picayune, December 15, 2015.
30. Henry James, The American Scene (London: Chapman and Hall, 1907), 370.
31. James, The American Scene, 394.
32. James, The American Scene, 371.
1. Elizabeth Varon, Appomattox: Victory, Defeat, and Freedom at the End of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 9 and 261, note 5. Varon’s account of Lee and Grant at Appomattox is invaluable. See also Caroline Janney, Remembering the Civil War: Reunion and the Limits of Reconciliation (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 40–73.
2. Robert E. Lee to John C. Breckinridge, March 9, 1865, U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: Official Record of the Union and Confederate Armies, ser. I, vol. 46, pt. 2, p. 1295; James Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America (New York: J.B. Lippincott, 1896), 620.
3. Varon, Appomattox, 8–9; R. E. Lee to Jefferson Davis, April 12, 1865, DeButts-Ely collection of Lee family papers, 1749–1914, Library of Congress.
4. J. William Jones, ed., Personal Reminiscences, Anecdotes, and Letters of Gen. Robert E. Lee (New York: D. Appleton, 1867), 297.
5. Jones, Personal Reminiscences, 297.
6. Jones, Personal Reminiscences, 297.
7. Robert E. Lee to Jefferson Davis, April 20, 1865, DeButts-Ely collection.
8. Varon, Appomattox, 42.
9. OR, 46, (3), 619, 641, 665–66. Preceding page numbers are provided for the complete correspondence between Lee and Grant at Appomattox.
10. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant (New York: Da Capo Press, 1982), 550.
11. Grant, Personal Memoirs, 551.
12. Grant to Lee, OR, 46 (3), 619.
13. Grant to Lee, OR, 46 (3), 642.
14. Grant to Lee, OR, 46 (3), 642.
15. Brooks Simpson, Let Us Have Peace (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 82; Varon, Appomattox, 60–61; John Russell Young, Around the World with General Grant (New York: Subscription Book Department, 1879), 445.
16. “Correspondence between Lee and Grant,” New York Times, March 21, 1865; Lee and Grant correspondence, OR, 46 (2), 824–26.
17. Stanton quoted in Brooks Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph over Adversity (Minneapolis, MN: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 411; Stanton to Grant, OR, 47 (3), 285.
18. “Grant’s Terms to Lee,” New York Times, April 26, 1865.
19. Charles Marshall, Appomattox: An Address (Baltimore: Guggenheimer, Weil, 1894), 13.
20. J. William Jones, ed., Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee: Soldier and Man (New York: Neale Publishing, 1906), 369.
21. Jones, Life and Letters, 369.
22. Emory Thomas, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997), passim; Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 4, passim.
23. Fitzhugh Lee, Robert E. Lee (New York: D. Appleton, 1894), 42.
24. Frederick Maurice, ed., Lee’s Aid-de-Camp (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 173.
25. Lee to unnamed relative quoted in Confederate Veteran, January 1917, vol. 25, 308.
26. Jones, Life and Letters, 380.
27. Jones, Life and Letters, 380.
28. Grant, Personal Memoirs, 552–53.
29. Andrew Johnson, Proclamation 157—Declaring That Peace, Order, Tranquility, and Civil Authority Now Exists in and throughout the Whole of the United States of America, August 20, 1866, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?id71992/.
30. Surrender at Appomattox: First-hand Accounts of Robert E. Lee’s Surrender to Ulysses S. Grant (Wetware Media, 2011), passim; Charles Marshall, Appomattox, passim; Varon, Appomattox, 51–62.
31. Grant to Lee, OR 46 (3), 665.
32. Bruce Catton, U. S. Grant and the American Military Tradition (New York: Open Road, 2013). Kindle edition.
33. Varon, Appomattox, 62.
34. Varon, Appomattox, 62; John Y. Simon, ed., The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, January 1–September 30, 1867, vol. 15 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois Press, 1967), 214.
35. Simpson, Let Us Have Peace, 87.
36. Admiral Porter, Incidents and Anecdotes of the Civil War (New York: D. Appleton, 1886), 314.
37. Simpson, Let Us Have Peace, 78.
38. John Fabian Witt, Lincoln’s Code: The Laws of War in American History (New York: Free Press, 2012), 286–87.
39. E. P. Alexander, “Lee at Appomattox,” Century Magazine, vol. 63, 930.
40. Grant to Stanton, OR 46 (3), 663.
41. Varon, Appomattox, 68–74; Maurice, Lee’s Aide-de-Camp, 278; Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 4, 154.
42. Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 4, 159–63.
43. “Recounting the Dead,” New York Times, September 30, 2011; “Civil War Casualties,” Civil War Trust, https://www.civilwar.org/learn/articles/civil-war-casualties.
44. Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 4, 163; Elizabeth Brown Pryor, Reading the Man: A Portrait of Robert E. Lee through His Private Letters (New York: Penguin, 2008), 429.
45. “Still Taking Pictures (Mathew Brady),” The World, April 12, 1891, 26. Brady provides us with the correct day for the sitting: “the day but one after he arrived in Richmond.” Many accounts get this date wrong.
46. Roy Meredith, Mr. Lincoln’s Camera Man, Mathew B. Brady (New York: Dover, 1974), 109.
47. Robert Wilson, Mathew Brady: Portraits of a Nation (New York: Bloomsbury, 2014), 190–92.
48. Wilson, Mathew Brady, 192.
49. Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 4, 193.
50. Charles Bracelen Flood, Lee: The Last Years (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981), 44.
51. Wilson, Mathew Brady, 191.
52. Lee’s reaction to Lincoln’s death: “Interview with Lee,” New York Herald, April 29, 1865; Philadelphia Inquirer, April 19, 1865.
53. Michael Gorman, “Lee the ‘Devil’ Discovered at Image of War Seminar,” Center for Civil War Photography 3, no. 1 (February 2006): 1–3.
54. Gorman, “Lee the ‘Devil,’ ” 1–3.
55. The Providence Journal piece published in Bangor Daily Whig & Courier, May 1, 1865; Varon, Appomattox, 185–86.
56. “Interview with Lee,” New York Herald, April 29, 1865; Varon, Appomattox, 186–89. Elizabeth Varon provides an excellent discussion of this important interview.
57. “Jeff Davis to the Rebel Congress,” New York Times, January 19, 1863.
58. Henry Cleveland, ed., Alexander H. Stephens, in Public and Private: With Letters and Speeches, Before, During, and Since the War (Philadelphia, 1886), 717–29.
59. Lee quoted in Brown Pryor, Reading the Man, 433.
1. George Alfred Townsend, The Life, Crime, and Capture of John Wilkes Booth (New York: Dick & Fitzgerald, 1865), 5.
2. Michael Kauffman, American Brutus: John Wilkes Booth and the Lincoln Conspiracies (New York: Random House, 2004), passim; Townsend, Life, Crime, and Capture, passim.
3. Hans Trefousse, Andrew Johnson: A Biography (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989), 193–95.
4. John Rhodehamel and Louise Taper, ed., “Right or Wrong, God Judge Me” The Writings of John Wilkes Booth (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000), 146.
5. Gideon Welles, Diary of Gideon Welles, vol. 2 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 286.
6. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, 194.
7. Graf, “Remarks on the Fall of Richmond,” Johnson Papers 7 (1986): 543–44.
8. James Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, vol. 2 (Norwich: Henry Bill Publishing, 1884), 8.
9. Edward Neill, Reminiscences of the Last Year of President Lincoln’s Life (St. Paul, MN: Pioneer Press, 1885), 16–17.
10. William Marvel, Lincoln’s Autocrat: The Life of Edwin Stanton (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015), 370. Accounts differ as to what Stanton actually said at the time.
11. “Funeral of Abraham Lincoln,” New York Times, April 20, 1865.
12. Marvel, Lincoln’s Autocrat, 368–70; Stanton to Charles Francis Adams, April 15, 1865, Edwin Stanton Papers, Library of Congress.
13. Simpson, Let Us Have Peace, 91–93.
14. Welles, Diary, vol. 2, 289; “The Succession,” New York Times, April 16, 1865.
15. Jacob Schuckers, The Life of Salmon Portland Chase (New York: D. Appleton, 1874), 518–19.
16. “The New President,” New York Times, April 16, 1865.
17. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, 188–92. Trefousse’s account appears to be the most balanced.
18. Biographical sketch of Johnson: Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, passim; Annette Gordon-Reed, Andrew Johnson (New York: Time Books, 2011), passim; Eric McKitrick, Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1960), passim.
19. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, 85.
20. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, 44.
21. Douglass quoted in Gordon-Reed, Johnson, 2.
22. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, 58.
23. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, 236.
24. Gordon-Reed, Johnson, 3.
25. Frank Moore, ed., Speeches of Andrew Johnson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1865), 77–176.
26. Moore, Speeches of Andrew Johnson, 176–290.
27. Marvell, Stanton, 371.
28. Earl of Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, vol. 1 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1826), 292.
29. Welles, Diary, vol. 2, 290–91.
30. John Nicolay, Abraham Lincoln—Condensed (New York: The Century Co. 1919), 532.
31. Marvel, Stanton, 369.
32. Welles, Diary, vol. 2, 290–91.
33. Wade quoted in Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, 197; George W. Julian, Political Recollections, 1840–1872 (Chicago: Jansen, McClurg, 1883), 257.
34. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, 197–98.
35. Julian, Recollections, 243–44.
36. “George W. Julian Journal—The Assassination of Lincoln,” Indiana Magazine of History 11, no. 4 (1915), 324–27.
37. Chandler quoted in Martha Hodes, Mourning Lincoln (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015), 91.
38. Hodes, Mourning Lincoln, 109–14.
39. “Our National Loss,” New York Times, April 17, 1865.
40. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Abraham Lincoln,” http://www.bartleby.com/90/1115.html.
41. Herman Melville, “The Martyr,” https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/55909/the-martyr-56d237ee35044.
42. Alonzo Quint, Three Sermons Preached in the North Congregational Church, New Bedford, Mass (New Bedford, MA: Mercury Job Press, 1865), 45.
43. Quint, Three Sermons Preached, 33.
44. Quint, Three Sermons Preached, 37.
45. Quint, Three Sermons Preached, 43.
46. Flood, The Last Years, 58; Myrta Lockett Avary, Dixie after the War (New York: Doubleday, 1906), 89.
47. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, vol. 2, 14–15.
48. See Andrew Johnson papers, 1783–1947, Library of Congress.
49. Linskill to Johnson, Johnson Papers, June 7, 1865.
50. Martha Hodes makes this point brilliantly in Mourning Lincoln. See also Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York: Random House, 2008).
51. Gilpin Faust, Republic of Suffering, xii.
52. Walt Whitman, When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d, https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/45480/when-lilacs-last-in-the-dooryard-bloomd.
53. Daniel Mark Epstein, Lincoln and Whitman (New York: Random House, 2004), passim.
54. LeRoy Graf, The Papers of Andrew Johnson, vol. 7, has many of the speeches to the various delegations.
55. Graf, Johnson Papers, vol. 7, 610–15.
56. “Restoration of the Stars and Stripes,” New York Times, April 18, 1865.
57. Frank Freidel, Francis Lieber: Nineteenth Century Liberal (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Press, 1947), 358; See also Witt, Lincoln’s Code on Lieber.
58. Stanton to Holt, Edwin McMasters Stanton Papers, Library of Congress, May 2, 1865; Holt reply included in Stanton Papers.
59. “Rewards for the Arrest of Jefferson Davis and Others,” American Presidency Project, May 2, 1865, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=72356.
60. Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer, A History of the United States, vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan, 1917), 10–16; William Blair, Why Didn’t the North Hang Some Rebels? The Postwar Debate over Punishment for Treason (Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 2004), 8–9.
61. Wendell Phillips, “The Lesson of President Lincoln’s Death,” April 23, 1865, 15, https://archive.org/details/universalsuffrag00beec.
62. Phillips, “The Lesson of President Lincoln’s Death.”
63. New York Tribune, May 1, 1865.
64. Cleveland Morning Leader, May 16, 1865.
65. Ohio Farmer piece quoted in Cayce Myers, “Southern Traitor or American Hero,” Journalism History 41, no. 4 (Winter 2016): 215. This article provides an excellent sampling of newspaper accounts.
66. “The Rebel Chiefs,” Harper’s Weekly, May 13, 1865, 290.
67. “The Death of Slavery,” The Liberator, May 5, 1865.
68. New York Times, April 30, 1865.
69. “The Paroled Rebel Soldiers,” New York Times, June 4, 1865.
70. Raftsman’s Journal, August 16, 1865.
1. John Savage, ed., The Life and Public Services of Andrew Johnson (New York: Edward and Jenkins, 1865), 346–49.
2. John C. Underwood Papers, Library of Congress; Patricia Hickin, “John C. Under-wood and the Antislavery Movement in Virginia, 1847–1860,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 73 (1965), 156–68; Richard Lowe, Republicans and Reconstruction in Virginia, 1856–70 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991), 34–35; “John C. Under-wood,” Encyclopedia Virginia, https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Underwood_John_C_1809-1873#start_entry.
3. Petersburg Index, May 10, 1866.
4. John Niven, Salmon P. Chase: A Biography (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 434.
5. Underwood Papers, Library of Congress.
6. Underwood to Andrew Johnson, April 21, 1865, U.S. District Court, Virginia Box, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland.
7. James Randall, Constitutional Problems Under Lincoln (New York: D. Appleton, 1926), 98.
8. Underwood to Salmon Chase, April 28, 1865, NARA, College Park, Maryland.
9. Bradley T. Johnson, Reports of Cases Decided by Chief Justice Chase, 5–7.
10. Johnson, Reports of Cases, 6.
11. Johnson, Reports of Cases, 6.
12. Johnson, Reports of Cases, 6.
13. legislation.gov.uk, http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Edw3Stat5/25/2/section/II; Jonathan White, “The Trial of Jefferson Davis,” in Constitutionalism in the Approach and Aftermath of the Civil War, ed. Paul D. Moreno and Jonathan O’Neill (New York: Fordham University Press, 2013).
14. “Treason Act: The Facts,” The Guardian, October 17, 2014.
15. Bruce Lenman, The Jacobite Risings in Britain, 1689–1746 (London: Eyre Methuen, 1980), 272.
16. White, “The Trial of Jefferson Davis,” 113–32; William Blair, With Malice toward Some (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014), 1–66.
17. R. Kent Newmyer, The Treason Trial of Aaron Burr (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), passim.
18. Newmyer, The Treason Trial of Aaron Burr, 62.
19. Allan MacGruder, John Marshall (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1885), 228.
20. Newmyer, The Treason Trial of Aaron Burr, 63.
21. Newmyer, The Treason Trial of Aaron Burr, 63.
22. 67 U.S. 635, Supreme Court, Cornell University Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/67/635.
23. Benjamin Butler to Andrew Johnson, Graf, Johnson Papers, 634–37.
24. Testimony of James Speed, Impeachment Investigation: Testimony Taken before the Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1867), 798–99.
25. Johnson quoted in Graf, “Remarks on the Fall of Richmond,” Johnson Papers, 543–44.
26. Letter from Francis Pierpont to Stanton, May 14, 1865, Francis H. Pierpont Government Executive Papers, 1861–1865, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.
27. “Indictment of Davis,” New York Times, May 27, 1865; White, “The Trial of Jefferson Davis,” 113–32.
28. Philadelphia Inquirer, June 8, 1865.
29. “Behind the Closed Door of the Grand Jury,” New York Times, February 6, 1949.
30. Philadelphia Inquirer, June 8, 1865.
31. “Indictment of R. E. Lee Is Found; Box Yields Long-Sought Paper,” New York Times, January 8, 1937; New York Herald, June 13, 1865; Baltimore Sun, June 20, 1865; New Orleans Tribune, June 25, 1865. List of individuals with ranks compiled by author.
32. Richmond Commercial Bulletin, June 15, 1865; “Letter to the Editor,” Richmond Commercial Bulletin, July 6, 1865.
33. Johnson, Cases Decided by Chase, 7.
34. Testimony of Underwood, Impeachment Investigation, 578–79.
35. US Circuit Court (5th Circuit), Court Records, 1790–1882. Federal Records collection. Library of Virginia. Richmond.
36. New York Herald, June 13, 1865; New York Times, June 12, 1865.
37. For numerous accounts of Underwood at the time: Underwood Papers, Library of Congress.
1. Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 4, 521–24.
2. George Meade, The Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade, vol. 2 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913), 278–79.
3. Captain Robert E. Lee, ed., Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee (New York: Dover Publications, 2007), 168.
4. Lee, Recollections and Letters, 168.
5. Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 136.
6. Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 4, 198–200.
7. Captain Lee, Recollections of Lee, 166.
8. Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 4, 200–203.
9. Letter from Lee to Captain Tatnall quoted in Captain Lee, Recollections of Lee, 163.
10. Brown Pryor, Reading the Man, 310–11; See also Anthony Gaughan, The Last Battle of the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2011).
11. Jonathan T. Dorris, Pardon and Amnesty under Lincoln and Johnson (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1953), 95–135.
12. “President Johnson’s Amnesty Proclamation,” May 29, 1865, Library of Congress; Text of Proclamation also in New York Times, May 30, 1865.
13. James Speed, June 7, 1865, The Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1866), 1086.
14. Welles, Diary (2), 301–307.
15. Testimony of Grant, Impeachment Investigation, 827.
16. Underwood to Johnson, May 17, 1865, Graf, Johnson Papers (7), 85.
17. Underwood to Johnson, 387.
18. Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 4, 203.
19. Adam Badeau, Grant in Peace from Appomattox to Mount McGregor (Hartford, CT: S.S. Scranton, 1887), 25.
20. Badeau, Grant in Peace, 25.
21. J. William Jones, Personal Reminiscences of Lee, 201.
22. Jones, Personal Reminiscences of Lee, 201.
23. Simon, Papers of Grant (15), 210–13.
24. Simon, Papers of Grant (15), 150.
25. Lee & Grant correspondence, OR, 46 (2), 824–26.
26. Stanton to Grant, OR, 47 (3), 285.
27. Lee and Grant correspondence, OR, 46 (2), 825–26.
28. James Speed quoted in Official Opinions of the Attorneys General, vol. 11 (Washington, DC: W.H. & O.H. Morrison, 1869), 205–206.
29. N. P. Chipman, The Tragedy of Andersonville (San Francisco: Blair-Murdoch, 1911), 41.
30. Simon, Papers of Grant (17), 210–14.
31. Simon, Papers of Grant (15), 204.
32. Grant quoted in Badeau, Grant in Peace, 31.
33. Simon, Papers of Grant (15), 204.
34. Simpson, Let Us Have Peace, 109.
35. Simpson, Let Us Have Peace, 109.
36. Speed to L. H. Chandler, June 20, 1865. Attorney General’s papers, NARA, College Park, Maryland.
37. Testimony of Grant, Impeachment Investigation, 825–45. Grant gave a similar account in an interview with the New York Herald, July 24, 1878.
38. Badeau, Grant in Peace, 25–26.
39. Speed to L. H. Chandler, June 20, 1865. Attorney General’s papers, NARA, College Park, MD. A copy of this letter that was dated incorrectly was later circulated widely. The transcription provided is from the original letter at the National Archives.
40. J. H. Ashton to Fielding Edwards, June 13, 1865. Attorney General’s papers, NARA, College Park, Maryland.
41. Adam Badeau, Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, vol. 3 (New York: D. Appleton, 1867), 2.
42. Hamlin Garland, Ulysses S. Grant: His Life and Character (New York: Doubleday & McClure, 1898), 332–33.
43. “Lincoln’s Terms of Peace,” The Sun, May 24, 1885.
44. New York Herald, July 24, 1885.
45. Joseph S. Fowler Papers, Library of Congress.
1. Lee to W. H. Taylor quoted in Walter Herron Taylor, Four Years with General Lee (New York: D. Appleton, 1878), 155.
2. Captain Lee, Recollections of Lee, 177–78.
3. Captain Lee, Recollections of Lee, 174.
4. Captain Lee, Recollections of Lee, 171.
5. Jones, Life and Letters, 202.
6. Jones, Life and Letters, 205–206.
7. Dorris, Pardon and Amnesty, 141–44.
8. Dorris, Pardon and Amnesty, 141.
9. Dorris, Pardon and Amnesty, 141.
10. Welles, Diary (2), 358.
11. Welles, Diary (2), 358.
12. “End of the Assassins,” New York Times, July 8, 1865.
13. “End of the Assassins.”
14. David Miller DeWitt, The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln and Its Expiation (New York: Macmillan, 1909), 286.
15. Trefousse, Johnson, 223.
16. Captain Lee, Recollections of Lee, 172.
17. James Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1896), 633–34.
18. Simon, Papers of Grant (15), 401–402.
19. Longstreet, Manassas to Appomattox, 634.
20. J. William Jones, Personal Reminiscences of Lee, 80–132.
21. Jones, Personal Reminiscences, 83–84.
22. Jones, Personal Reminiscences, 83–84.
23. Flood, The Last Years, 88.
24. Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. 46 (Boston, 1913): 145–48.
25. Flood, The Last Years, 88.
26. City Missionary Association, General Robert E. Lee, The Christian Soldier (Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger, 1873), 181–82.
27. J. William Jones, Personal Reminiscences of Lee, 83–84.
28. Lee’s Oath and records kept by Davidson at NARA, Special Collections, College Park, Maryland.
29. Official Opinions of the Attorneys General, vol. 11, 228.
30. J. William Jones, Personal Reminiscences of Lee, 207–08.
31. This is a line from a poem by Alexander Pope that Lee was especially fond of.
32. Johnson to Chase in Bradley T. Johnson, Cases Decided by Chief Justice Chase, 9.
1. James Williamson, Prison Life in the Old Capitol (West Orange, NJ, 1911), 132–53; “Execution of Wirz,” New York Times, November 11, 1865.
2. “History of Andersonville Prison,” Andersonville National Historic Site, National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/ande/learn/historyculture/camp_sumter_history.htm; General N. P. Chipman, The Tragedy of Andersonville (San Francisco: Blair-Murdoch, 1911), 51–110. For a comprehensive account, see Trial of Henry Wirz, United States 40th Congress, 2nd Session. 1867–1868. House Executive Document No. 23, December 7, 1867, Library of Congress.
3. Henry Wirz, Andersonville National Historic Site, National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/people/henry-wirz.htm.
4. “The Rebel Assassins,” New York Times, August 22, 1865.
5. Witt, Lincoln’s Code, 299; Chipman, Tragedy of Andersonville, 28–30.
6. Trial of Henry Wirz, Library of Congress.
7. Chipman, Tragedy of Andersonville, 258–59.
8. “Trial of Captain Wirz,” New York Times, September 21, 1865.
9. Holt in Chipman, Tragedy of Andersonville, 429–35.
10. Chipman, Tragedy of Andersonville, 435.
11. Marvell, Stanton, 387–90.
12. “The Reconstruction Question,” New York Times, July 30, 1865.
13. George Washington Julian, “The Punishment of the Rebel Leaders,” Speeches on Political Questions (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1872), 328–29.
14. Russell Conwell, The Life and Public Services of James G. Blaine (Boston: B.B. Russell, 1884), 272.
15. Chipman, Tragedy of Andersonville, 35; New York Times, October 19, 1865.
16. Williamson, Prison Life, 139–42.
17. Chipman, Tragedy of Andersonville, 24; See also 19–26 for Chipman’s criticisms of Davis.
18. Captain Lee, Recollections of Lee, 230–34.
19. Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 135.
20. Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 135.
21. “Jeff Davis to the Rebel Congress,” New York Times, January 19, 1863.
22. OR, ser. 2, vol. 8, 800–801. Sections 4, 5, and 7 of the act are provided here.
23. New York Times, August 3, 1863; see also Witt, Lincoln’s Code, 258–63.
24. “Remember Fort Pillow!,” New York Times, April 11, 2014.
25. “The Fort Pillow Massacre,” New York Times, May 6, 1864.
26. “Confusion and Courage at Olustee,” New York Times, February 20, 2014.
27. John David Smith, ed., Black Soldiers in Blue (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 60–61.
28. OR, ser. 2, vol. 4, 954.
29. OR, ser. 2, vol. 6, 194; see also Howard Westwood, “Captive Black Union Soldiers in Charleston What to Do ?,” Gregory J. W. Urwin, ed., Black Flag over Dixie (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2004), 38–42.
30. Graf, Johnson Papers (9), 377.
31. Thomas J. Ward, Black Soldiers in Confederate Prisons, http://www.history.army.mil/html/bookshelves/resmat/civil_war/articles/article_from_AH78w.pdf.
32. Ward, Black Soldiers.
33. OR, ser. 2, vol. 7, 909.
34. OR, ser. 2, vol. 7, 914.
35. OR, ser. 2, vol. 7, 914.
36. Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 135.
37. OR, ser. 2, vol. 7, 1010–12.
38. OR, ser. 2, vol. 7, 606–607.
39. OR, ser. 2, vol. 6, 226.
40. OR, ser. 2, vol. 7, 691.
41. A. C. Roach, The Prisoner of War (Indianapolis, IN: Railroad City Publishers, 1865), 4.
42. Roach, The Prisoner of War, 4.
43. See Witt, Lincoln’s Code, 320, on this important topic.
44. Witt, Lincoln’s Code, 320.
45. “General Orders No. 100: The Lieber Code,” The Avalon Project, Yale University, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/lieber.asp.
46. OR, ser. 2, vol. 7, 33.
1. Julian, “Dangers and Duties of the Hour,” Speeches, 263.
2. Julian, “Dangers and Duties of the Hour,” 263.
3. Julian, “Dangers and Duties of the Hour,” 265.
4. Julian, “Dangers and Duties of the Hour,” 266–67.
5. Julian, “Dangers and Duties of the Hour,” 267–68.
6. Julian, “Dangers and Duties of the Hour,” 268.
7. Julian, “Dangers and Duties of the Hour,” 290.
8. Julian, Recollections, 268.
9. Cincinnati Gazette account in The Daily Journal, December 4, 1865.
10. The Daily Journal, December 4, 1865.
11. Trefousse, Johnson, 220; Eric McKitrick, Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1960), 92.
12. Whitelaw Reid, After the War: A Southern Tour (New York: Moore, Wilstach & Baldwin, 1866), 296.
13. Reid, After the War, 298.
14. Reid, After the War, 300.
15. Testimony of John Minor Botts, Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 114–23; See also Richard Lowe, Republicans and Reconstruction in Virginia (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1991), 52–60.
16. See Richard Lowe, “Testimony from the Old Dominion before the Joint Committee on Reconstruction,” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 104, no. 3 (Summer 1996): 373–98.
17. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress (2), 70.
18. The Works of Charles Sumner, vol. 7 (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1873), 77.
19. Graf, Johnson Papers (6), note 4, 339.
20. David Herbert Donald, Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man (New York: Knopf, 1970), 221.
21. Donald, Charles Sumner, 221.
22. Donald, Charles Sumner, 229.
23. Trefousse, Johnson, 237.
24. New York Times, June 19, 1865.
25. “Anecdotes of Andrew Johnson,” The Century Magazine 85 (November 1912): 440.
26. Trefousse, Johnson, 180; see also Fawn Brodie, Thaddeus Stevens: Scourge of the South (New York: Norton, 1966).
27. McKitrick, Andrew Johnson, note 19, 260.
28. New York Times, September 10, 1865.
29. New York Times, September 10, 1865.
30. Reid, After the War, 429.
31. Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, III–VI.
32. Alfred Conkling, The Life and Letters of Roscoe Conkling (New York: Charles Webster, 1889), 271.
33. Trefousse, Johnson, 238.
34. “First Annual Message,” December 4, 1865, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29506.
35. OR, ser. 2, vol. 8, 844–55.
36. Testimony of Speed, Impeachment Investigation, 799.
37. Testimony of Speed, Impeachment Investigation, 809–10.
38. Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 6–10.
39. Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 129–36.
40. Brown Pryor, Reading the Man, 45.
41. Herman Melville, “Lee in the Capitol,” http://www.online-literature.com/melville/3769/.
42. Earl Maltz, “Radical Politics and Constitutional Theory,” Michigan Historical Review 32 (Spring 2006): 20.
43. Lowe, “Testimony from the Old Dominion before the Joint Committee on Reconstruction,” 387.
44. Lowe, “Testimony from the Old Dominion,” 386.
45. Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 383.
46. Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 4, 256.
47. Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 4, 257.
1. Robert E. Lee to Amanda Parks, March 9, 1866, DeButts-Ely collection.
2. New York Daily Tribune, March 26, 1866.
3. New York Daily Tribune, June 24, 1859; see also, Carroll County Democrat, June 2, 1859, for an early account of the capture of the slaves.
4. Varon, Appomattox, 233.
5. The Independent, April 5, 1866.
6. Lee to George Fox, April 13, 1866, DeButts-Ely collection.
7. Mary Custis Lee to W. G. Webster, February 17, 1858, Mary Lee Papers, Library of Virginia.
8. Jones, Life and Letters, 82–84.
9. Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 136.
10. Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 1, 390.
11. Brown Pryor, Reading the Man, 270.
12. Carroll County Democrat, June 2, 1859; New York Daily Tribune, June 24, 1859.
13. “The Erotic South,” Liberator, October 8, 1858.
14. New York Daily Tribune, June 28, 1859.
15. Raftsman’s Journal, May 27, 1863.
16. Courier & Gazette, June 15, 1863; for an excellent discussion of this quote, see “Research Exercise: Rumor at Arlington,” Crossroads, June 24, 2011, https://cwcrossroads.wordpress.com/2011/06/14/research-exercise-rumor-at-arlington/.
17. “Why the Lee Quote Is Still Valid,” Interpreting the Civil War, June 16, 2011, http://www.civilwarconnect.com/2011/06/html.
18. National Anti-Slavery Standard, August 1, 1865.
19. Lee to G. W. Custis in J. William Jones, Life and Letters, 100–102.
20. Robert Vaughn, “Notes on the United States Since the War,” British Quarterly Review 42 (July and October 1865): 469.
21. Lee to E. J. Quirk, March 1, 1866, DeButts-Ely collection.
22. The Independent, June 4, 1868.
23. A complete copy in Karl Decker and Angus McSween, Historic Arlington (Washington, DC: Decker and McSween Publishing, 1892), 80–81.
24. EXR George Washington Parke Custis v. Mary Ann Randolph Lee, etc, Chancery Court Records, Arlington County, Case no. 1859–017, Accession 43749, Box 88, Library of Virginia; Joe Ryan, “General Lee: Slave Whipper?,” American Civil War, http://joeryancivilwar.com/Civil-War-Subjects/General-Lee-Slaves/General-Lee-Slave-Whipper.html; Murray H. Nelligan, “Old Arlington,” PhD Dissertation, Columbia University, 1954, 407–10.
25. “The Slaves of Mr. Custis,” Boston Traveller, December 24, 1857.
26. New York Times, January 8, 1858.
27. Decker and McSween, Historic Arlington, 80–81.
28. Note of Argument for Appellant, Custis’s Exr. v. Lee and Others, Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia, Alexandria Library.
29. Emory Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 176.
30. George Washington Parke Custis to William Winston, Papers of George Washington, Reel #4, Mount Vernon.
31. Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 177.
32. EXR George Washington Parke Custis v. Mary Ann Randolph Lee, etc, Chancery Court Records, Arlington County, Case no. 1859–017, Accession 43749, Box 88, Library of Virginia.
33. EXR George Washington Parke Custis v. Mary Ann Randolph Lee.
34. EXR George Washington Parke Custis v. Mary Ann Randolph Lee; see also Jonathan Horn, The Man Who Would Not Be Washington: Robert E. Lee’s Civil War (New York: Scribner, 2015), 168.
35. Note of Argument for Appellant, Custis’s Exr. v. Lee and Others, Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia, Alexandria Library.
36. Horn, The Man Who Would Not Be Washington, 168–69.
37. Horn, The Man Who Would Not Be Washington, 169; see also Lee to G. W. C. Lee, January 4, 1862, in Clifford Dowdey, ed., The Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee (Boston: Little, Brown, 1961), 100–101.
38. Lee to G. W. C. Lee, January 19, 1862, in The Wartime Papers, 104–06.
39. Deed of Manumission, December 29, 1862, Museum of the Confederacy, http://www.moc.org/sites/default/files/PDFs/manumission_document.pdf.
40. Lee to Seddon, January 10, 1863, in The Wartime Papers, 388–90.
41. Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 56.
42. DeButts-Ely Collection of Lee Family Papers, 1749–1914, Library of Congress.
43. Joseph Robert, “Lee the Farmer,” Journal of Southern History 3 (November 1937): 422–40.
44. Lee to W. O. Winston, July 12, 1858, The Gilder Lehrman Institution of American History. Custis-Lee family papers.
45. Robert, “Lee the Farmer,” Journal of Southern History, 422–40.
46. Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 72.
47. Robert, “Lee the Farmer,” Journal of Southern History, 422–40.
48. Jones, Life and Letters, 90–91.
49. Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 174.
50. George Washington Parke Custis to William Winston, Papers of George Washington, Reel 4, Mount Vernon.
51. Jones, Life and Letters, 82–84.
52. Lee to Andrew Hunter, January 11, 1865 in OR, series 4, vol. 3, 1012–13.
53. “An Interview with Gen. Robert E. Lee,” Century Magazine, May 1885, 166.
1. Johnson would issue another proclamation declaring the war at an end in all southern states including Texas on August 20, 1866.
2. Captain Lee, Recollections of Lee, 220–21.
3. William Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American (New York: Alfred Knopf, 2000), 533, 558–59.
4. Lee to Varina Davis, February 23, 1866, DeButts-Ely collection.
5. Cooper, Jefferson Davis, 536–67.
6. Speed letter, January 6, 1866, Impeachment Investigation, 422–23.
7. For the cabinet’s view, see Speed’s testimony, Impeachment Investigation, 791–813.
8. Witt, Lincoln’s Code, 317–24.
9. Testimony of Underwood: Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 10.
10. Chase to Greeley, June 25, 1866, in Robert Warden, An Account of the Private Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase (Cincinnati: Wilstach, Baldwin), 662–63.
11. Schuckers, The Life of Salmon Portland Chase, 52.
12. Speed letter, January 6, 1866, Impeachment Investigation, 422–23; see also Roy Nichols, “United States vs. Jefferson Davis, 1865–1869,” American Historical Review 31, no. 2 (January 1926): 267–68.
13. Freidel, Francis Lieber, 374.
14. Senator Howard, The Congressional Globe, First Session, 39th Congress (1866), 569.
15. “John C. Underwood,” Encyclopedia Virginia, https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Underwood_John_C_1809-1873#start_entry.
16. “Jefferson Davis Indicted,” New York Times, May 12, 1866.
17. “Jefferson Davis Indicted.”
18. “Trial of Jeff. Davis,” Baltimore Sun, June 6, 1866.
19. “Judge Underwood’s Charge,” New York Times, June 9, 1866.
20. Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 4, note 12, 336.
21. H. B. Stowe, “The Death of Another Veteran, With Reminiscences of the Conflict,” Christian Union 9 (January 7, 1874): 1.
22. Nichols, “United States vs. Jefferson Davis, 1865–1869,” 267–71; Bradley T. Johnson, Cases Decided by Chief Justice Chase, 9–42.
23. Testimony of Chase, Impeachment Investigation, 544–45.
24. Welles, Diary (2), 366.
25. John Niven, ed., The Salmon P. Chase Papers, Correspondence, 1865–1873, vol. 5 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1998), 183–84; Testimony of Chase, Impeachment Investigation, 544–49; White, “The Trial of Jefferson Davis,” 128.
26. Chase to Jacob Schuckers, May 15, 1866, in Niven, The Salmon P. Chase Papers, 183–84; Testimony of Lucius Chandler, Impeachment Investigation, 96.
27. White, “The Trial of Jefferson Davis,” 127–30.
28. White, “The Trial of Jefferson Davis,” 127–30.
29. Emory Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 387.
30. John Warwick Daniel, Life and Reminscences of Jefferson Davis (Baltimore: R.H. Woodward, 1890), 412.
31. New York Times, May 4, 1865.
32. Carl Lokke, “The Captured Confederate Records under Francis Lieber,” The American Archivist, no. 4 (October 1946): 311.
33. David Dewitt, The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson (New York: Macmillan, 1903), 114–23.
34. Dewitt, The Impeachment, 116.
35. Trefousse, Johnson, 266.
36. William McFeely, Grant (New York: W.W. Norton, 1982), 252.
37. Paul Bergeron, ed., Johnson Papers (11), 316.
38. For an excellent narrative of the Davis case, see Nichols, “United States vs. Jefferson Davis, 1865–1869.”
39. J. William Jones, Personal Reminiscences of Lee, 258–59.
40. Nichols, “United States vs. Jefferson Davis, 1865–1869,” 275.
41. Nichols, “United States vs. Jefferson Davis, 1865–1869,” 276.
42. Chicago Tribune, May 23, 1867; “The First Integrated Jury Impaneled in the United States,” Negro History Bulletin 33 (October 1, 1970): 134.
43. Chicago Tribune, May 23, 1867.
44. Chicago Tribune, May 23, 1867.
45. New York Times, October 28, 1867.
46. See Dunbar Rowland, ed., Jefferson Davis Constitutionalist, vol. 7 (Jackson: Mississippi Department of Archives and History, 1923), 126–29.
47. Trefousse, Johnson, 337.
48. Andrew Johnson, “Proclamation 170,” The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=72270.
49. Welles, Diary (3), 409.
50. Dana to Evarts, August 24, 1868, Andrew Johnson papers, 1783–1947, Library of Congress; Richard Henry Dana, “The Reasons for Not Prosecuting Jefferson Davis,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 64, 205–08.
51. Nichols, “United States vs. Jefferson Davis, 1865–1869,” 282.
52. Nichols, “United States vs. Jefferson Davis, 1865–1869,” 282.
53. “The Christmas Pardon,” Chicago Tribune, January 1, 1869.
54. New York Times, February 14, 1869.
55. Dorris, Pardon and Amnesty, 389.
56. Blair, With Malice toward Some, 13.
57. “Anecdotes of Andrew Johnson,” Century Magazine, 440.
58. New York Times, March 4, 1869.
59. The Boston Globe, May 15, 1872.
1. “What Jubal Early Thinks of the Amnesty Proclamation,” New York Times, January 17, 1869.
2. Millard Bushong, Old Jube: A Biography of General Jubal A. Early (Boyce, VA: Carr Publishing, 1955), 289.
3. Bushong, Old Jube, 289.
4. Bushong, Old Jube, 297.
5. Connelly, The Marble Man, 51.
6. Gary Gallagher, “Jubal Early, the Lost Cause, and Civil War History,” in The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History, ed. Gary Gallagher and Alan Nolan (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010), 39.
7. Jubal Early to Sam Early, September 6, 1868, Jubal Anderson Early Papers, 1829–1930, Library of Congress.
8. Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 4, 192.
9. Lee to W. H. Taylor quoted in Walter Herron Taylor, Four Years with General Lee, 155.
10. Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 4, 206.
11. Lee to Fitzhugh Lee in Captain Lee, Recollections of Lee, 177–78.
12. J. William Jones, Personal Reminiscences of Lee, 142.
13. Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 4, 388.
14. For an excellent summary of the legal issues relating to Arlington, see Anthony Gaughan, The Last Battle of the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2011), 1–11.
15. Brown Pryor, Reading the Man, 311–16.
16. Quoted in Robert O’Harrow, The Quartermaster: Montgomery C. Meigs, Lincoln’s General, Master Builder (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2016), 207.
17. Brown Pryor, Reading the Man, 313.
18. Connelly, The Marble Man, 35.
19. Brown Pryor, Reading the Man, 313.
20. Brown Pryor, Reading the Man, 446.
21. Jones, Life and Letters, 156.
22. Captain Lee, Recollections of Lee, 32.
23. Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 4, 303.
24. Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 1, 421.
25. Brown Pryor, Reading the Man, 450.
26. Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 1, 421.
27. Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 4, 302–06; John Neville Figgis, ed., Selections from the Correspondence of the First Lord Acton, vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green, 1917), 302–05.
28. Robert E. Lee Papers, Washington and Lee University.
29. Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 133.
30. “An Hour with General Grant,” New York Times, May 24, 1866; Varon, Appomattox, 238–39.
31. New York Times, September 5, 1868; Flood, The Last Years, 195–98; Brown Pryor, Reading the Man, 451–54.
32. New York Times, September 5, 1868.
33. Duke of Argyll, Passages from the Past, vol. 1 (London: Hutchinson), 166.
34. Duke of Argyll, Passages from the Past, 166.
35. Captain Lee, Recollections of Lee, 306.
36. Bruce Levine quoted in David Blight, “Desperate Measures,” Washington Post, March 5, 2006.
37. Michael Fellman, The Making of Robert E. Lee (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 280.
38. Susan Lawrence Davis, Authentic History: Ku Klux Klan, 1865–1877 (New York: Susan Lawrence Davis, 1924), 81, 204.
39. See note 70 in Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 4, 317.
40. “Negro Communed at St. Paul’s Church,” The Times-Dispatch, April 16, 1905.
41. Jay Winik, April 1865 (New York: Harper Perennial, 2001), 362–63.
42. Andy Hall, “Fantasizing Lee as a Civil Rights Pioneer,” The Civil War Monitor, http://www.civilwarmonitor.com/front-line/fantasizing-lee-as-a-civil-rights-pioneer.
43. Captain Lee, Recollections of Lee, 381–83.
44. Captain Lee, Recollections of Lee, 380.
45. Captain Lee, Recollections of Lee, 396.
46. Freeman, R. E. Lee, vol. 4, 521–25.
47. Jones, Personal Reminiscences of Lee, 213.
48. New York Times, April 18, 1865.
49. “Bombast,” New National Era, November 10, 1870.
50. Senator McCreery, The Congressional Globe, First Session, 41st Congress, 3rd Session (1870), 73.
51. See The Congressional Globe, First Session, 41st Congress, 3rd Session (1870), 73–82.
1. “Address of Jubal Early,” Proceedings of the Southern Historical Society Convention, August 14, 1873, 27.
2. “Address of Jubal Early,” 27.
3. “Address of Jubal Early,” 27.
4. Connelly, The Marble Man, 51.
5. Connelly, The Marble Man, 72–78.
6. Connelly, The Marble Man, 72.
7. Connelly, The Marble Man, 47–48.
8. Alan Nolan, “The Anatomy of a Myth,” in The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History, 12.
9. “What Caused the Civil War?” Pew Research Center, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2011/05/18/what-caused-the-civil-war/; Washington Post, August 6, 2015.
10. According to James Cobb, the term “Lost Cause” was appropriated from Sir Walter Scott’s description of the Scottish struggle for independence, New York Times, August 22, 2017.
11. Edward Pollard, The Lost Cause (New York: E.B. Treat, 1867), 49.
12. Pollard, The Lost Cause, 752.
13. Edward Pollard, The Lost Cause Regained (New York: G.W. Carleton, 1868), 14.
14. “Preface to Early’s Memoir,” in New York Times, January 7, 1867.
15. “Preface to Early’s Memoir.”
16. Alan Nolan, Lee Considered (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 164.
17. Abraham Lincoln, “Second Inaugural,” The Atlantic Online, https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/99sep/9909lincaddress.htm.
18. Alexander Stephens, “Corner Stone Speech,” TeachingAmericanHistory.org, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/cornerstone-speech/.
19. Drew Gilpin Faust, The Creation of Confederate Nationalism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 60.
20. “The Declaration of Causes of Seceding States,” Civil War Trust, https://www.civilwar.org/learn/primary-sources/declaration-causes-seceding-states.
21. Charles Dew, Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2001), 81.
22. Gary Gallagher, Lee and His Generals in War and Memory (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998), 224.
23. Proceedings of the Southern Historical Society Convention, vol. 17, 190.
24. Proceedings of the Southern Historical Society Convention, vol. 17, 262–335; “The Lee Statue Unveiled,” New York Times, May 30, 1890; see also Richmond Dispatch, May 29 and 30, 1890.
25. Archer Anderson, “Robert E. Lee, An Address,” Lee Monument Association (Richmond, VA: Wm. Ellis Jones, 1890).
26. Richmond Dispatch, May 30, 1890.
27. New York Times, May 30, 1890.
28. Sarah Shields, Richard Guy Williams, and Robert Winthrop, Richmond’s Monument Avenue (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 49.
29. “What It Means,” Richmond Planet, May 31, 1870.
30. “The Feeling in Dixie,” Richmond Planet, June 7, 1890.
31. “What It Means,” Richmond Planet, May 31, 1870.
32. Blight, Race and Reunion, 260.
33. Richmond Planet, June 7, 1890.
34. Blight, Race and Reunion, 271.
35. Blight, Race and Reunion, 272.
36. Henry James, The American Scene, 369.
37. Henry James, The American Scene, 393.
38. Henry James, The American Scene, 394.
39. Henry James, The American Scene, 394.
1. Dana to Evarts, August 24, 1868, Andrew Johnson Papers, 1783–1947, Library of Congress.