All page numbers refer to the 2017 print edition.
Names including the Arabic article ‘el’ are listed without taking this element into account. Page references in italics refer to illustrations.
A
Abydos 16–24, 28, 33–42, 48–50, 57, 58, 65, 71, 82, 132–35, 137, 144–45, 149, 173, 178, 185, 189–90, 198–99, 227–28, 231, 235, 239, 243, 249, 270, 275, 283
adoration (duat) 38, 93–94, 100, 104, 149–50, 153, 156, 159–61, 169, 175, 178–80, 199, 204, 224, 227, 247–49, 275, 279, 292
afterlife 35, 37, 94, 100, 108, 190, 193, 211, 215, 222, 223–25, 227, 247, 262, 294; see also adoration
age, ageing 64–65, 132, 148–49, 157–62, 170–71, 241, 250, 267, 282, 288, 292–93, 300
agriculture 33, 41–42, 46–47, 60, 68–72, 102–104, 132, 175, 190, 193, 203, 271–72, 299; see also stores
Akhenaten, see Amenhotep IV
Akhetaten 30, 219–21, 226–27, 259, 264
Alexandria 219, 282–86, 286–92, 294–99
altar 27–29, 53–55, 65, 82, 151, 171, 219, 226–27
Amarna, see Akhetaten; boundary stelae 66, 223–26; period 114, 164, 217–21, 221–27, 227–29, 231, 241, 263, 271; style 66, 220, 221, 225–27, 231, 248, 282, 288, 300
Amenemhat II 254, 279
Amenemhat III 70, 239
Amenhotep I 67
Amenhotep II 208, 209, 267
Amenhotep III 10, 11–12, 13, 13–19, 30–32, 47–48, 65, 66, 189, 198, 203–206, 220, 223, 223–226, 228, 236, 236–237, 268, 275
Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) 216, 217–221, 221–23, 223, 223–228, 237
Amenhotep, son of Hapu 64, 64–67, 76, 97, 149, 156, 244, 286, 293
Amun 194, 200, 222; Amun-Ra 20–21, 26–29, 64–67, 72, 83, 196–201, 204, 207, 209, 208–11, 217, 222, 226, 233, 237, 239–43, 280, 283–84, 295; God’s Wife of Amun 235, 241–42, 244–45
anatomy 23, 107, 240; arms 12, 24, 39, 64, 80, 87–88, 107–109, 111, 119–20, 132, 138–39, 160, 170–71, 243, 276; belly 108, 160, 217, 222–23, 226, 294; breasts 60, 88, 111–12, 160, 217, 223, 244, 250, 268, 285, 293–94; buttocks 113–15, 220, 222, 240; cheeks 171, 267, 285; chin 285; ears 160–63; elbows 113–14; feet 17–19, 24, 31, 35, 75, 104, 112–13, 121–22, 125, 155, 267, 269, 300; genitals 29, 60, 268, 225–26; hairline 113–14, 267; hands, 15–16, 24, 41, 58, 88, 107, 110–11, 131, 150, 156–57, 160, 168, 174, 213, 217, 243, 267, 288, 299, 300; head 12, 14, 16, 17, 20, 24–25, 54, 58, 91, 104, 107, 110, 112–13, 114, 117, 118, 122, 125, 133, 147, 157, 163–64, 165, 171, 173–75, 214–15, 217, 220–21, 233, 237, 244, 262, 268–69, 270, 288, 299, 300; hips 108, 222, 268–69; knees 12, 16, 88, 113–17, 120, 156, 165–67, 244–45; legs 12, 19, 20, 23, 60, 107, 112–15, 120, 150, 173, 181, 220, 222, 240, 267, 288; mouth 220, 239–40, 300; muscles 12, 60, 80, 237, 267, 285; navel 60, 108, 111, 217; neck 24, 80, 95, 107, 150, 213, 237, 303; nipples 88, 240; nostrils 163; ribs 237, 267; shoulders 24, 102, 107–10, 111–17, 122, 132, 150, 237, 243, 303; teeth 12, 134; tongue 135; waist 107–108, 115, 122, 160, 222; see also eyes, hairstyle, physique, reserve head
ancestors 15, 68, 79, 97, 156, 257; busts 163–64
animals 16, 23–25, 46, 134–36; 137–41, 143, 194, 232, 257, 264, 288, 291; antelope 136; baboon 104; butterfly 125; cat 24, 124, 126, 127; cheetah (?) 166; crocodile 10, 11–14, 185, 295; dog 143, 146, 147, 255; donkey 252, 255; duck 264; gazelle 147; gerenuk 136; giraffe 136; goose 92–94; guineafowl 136; heron 190; hippopotamus 265, 265–66, 285; kite 275; lapwing 204, 224; leopard 157, 167; panther 24; snake 16, 126, 299; tilapia 264–65, 274; ‘upside-down’ catfish 274; vulture 135, 203, 206, 213; see also bull, falcon, uraeus
Ankhtyfy 100, 183–85, 184, 185, 295, 305
anonymity 67, 144, 156–57, 160, 180, 185, 240–42, 266, 273, 280, 286, 302
Anubis 207, 213–14, 291
archetype 65, 75, 91, 97, 130–32, 150–59, 162, 166–69, 189, 202, 229, 243, 253, 282, 288, 300
architect, architecture 32, 45–48, 56–57, 68, 83, 91, 131, 179–83, 194–97, 226–27, 239, 281–83, 285–86, 291
Arnold, Dieter 70
artists 17–20, 20–24, 27–29, 41, 65–67, 71, 79–85, 86, 91–92, 97–98, 102, 107–111, 111–18, 119–22, 131, 147, 150, 155, 156–57, 157–64, 167, 169, 174–76, 177, 180, 184, 187, 189–93, 219–22, 227–28, 240–41, 247, 257, 261, 268, 290, 304; ‘greatest of directors of craftsmen’ (high priest of Ptah) 76, 295; see also sculptors, supervision
Atum 37–38, 53, 204, 281, 290
audience 12, 15, 19, 76, 93–94, 94–98, 155, 163, 194, 288–90
avenue of temple 134, 181, 196–97, 200, 218–19, 227, 237–39, 283–84
B
baseline 23–24, 91–92, 94, 113–17, 121, 125–26, 134, 147, 190, 257, 267
beads 88, 111, 125, 254, 264, 272–73, 277, 279, 281, 303
being (wenen) versus happening (kheperu) 20–21, 37–38, 45, 65, 100, 135, 157–59, 199, 201, 247, 277; see also scarab
benben, benbent, see pyramid complex
boats 23, 36, 69, 75, 85, 91, 100, 125, 191; burial, 36–37, 50, 55–56, 91, 147; crew 85, 117, 152; festival 29, 36, 132, 136–41, 143–44, 150, 184, 190, 197–98, 203, 218, 227, 243, 271, 296; king’s 30, 75, 152, 154, 232, 274; solar 36–37, 57, 104, 190, 213–15
Book of the Dead 39, 102, 213, 262–63, 271, 274–77, 293
building (process), builder 23, 27, 29, 45, 46, 54, 68, 69, 70–73, 76, 79–80, 80–81, 82, 86, 131–32, 177, 195–96, 206, 219–20, 256–57, 282–86, 304
bull 23–25, 31, 101, 132–34, 136–39, 194, 248, 254, 255, 260, 266–67; bull leaping 254, 255; calf 32, 46, 54
burial 11, 23, 33, 41–42, 49–50, 53, 56–57, 71, 75, 86–89, 102–104, 131–33, 137–38, 142–45, 147, 149, 150–51, 153, 161–63, 177, 192–93, 207, 212–15, 225, 227, 231, 232, 233, 235, 243, 247, 255, 259–60, 262, 264–66, 271, 272–74, 277, 279, 282, 287, 291–92, 294; subsidiary 34, 42, 53, 56, 60–61, 151; see also tomb
bust 170–71, 220–21; see also ancestors, reserve head
C
canon of proportions, see proportion
Caracalla 294, 295
carpentry, see woodwork
cartouche 203, 217, 265, 276
causeway of temple 51–55, 61, 135, 153, 189, 196–98
ceiling 51, 57, 100, 191, 203–204, 209
cemetery 33, 50, 57, 65, 102, 137–41, 143, 147, 151–53, 162–63, 177–85, 187, 189, 192, 197, 227, 232–35, 241, 243, 255, 271, 273, 287, 291
chapel 20, 50–55, 67, 94–95, 196, 198, 200–204, 205, 207, 208–11, 218, 222, 226, 253; tomb chapel 14, 46, 74–77, 84, 88, 92–93, 98, 102, 124–26, 147, 150–55, 160, 163, 167–69, 171, 177–79, 181, 184–85, 186–87, 189–91, 227, 231, 247–49, 251–53, 257, 266, 286–88, 289–92, 300; see also offerings, shrine, statues, ‘White Chapel’
children 52, 125, 284–85, 291, 293; see also youth
childbirth and procreation 60, 100, 226, 257, 286
Christianity 11, 294–97
clarity 19, 25, 91–92, 97, 98, 110, 119–21, 150, 167
Classical tradition 285, 288–93, 299; see also Hellenistic tradition
Cleopatra VII 112, 284–86, 299
cloak 41, 88, 132–35, 167, 180, 288, 300, 303
clothing 19, 33, 60, 65, 88, 91, 92, 102, 107, 112, 121, 125, 149–51, 154–55, 157, 166, 174, 178, 189, 224, 243, 271–72, 281, 288, 290–93, 300, 303; see also collars, kilt, sandals
coffin 163, 193, 205, 211, 213–14, 233, 261, 262–63, 266, 270–76, 292, 292–93, 303; see also sarcophagus
collars 60, 108, 125, 149, 150, 163, 213, 227, 243, 265, 270–71, 273, 276, 279, 293, 302, 303
colonnade, see columns
colour 85, 88, 119, 125, 149–51, 220, 254, 257, 290; black 18, 23, 34, 65, 85, 113, 117, 147, 187, 248, 257, 265, 299; black & white 104; blue 75, 85, 88, 203, 213, 264–65, 268, 272, 303; bright 15, 32, 54, 131, 187, 201–202, 276, 286; green 85, 88, 264, 272; iridescent 95; monochrome 111; polychrome 60, 88, 264, 279; preservation of 85, 86, 201, 281, 290, 303; red 34, 65, 75, 85, 111, 113, 116, 117, 187, 213, 236, 237, 257, 302–303; skin 88–89, 92, 181, 215; striated 187, 237, 299; translucent 88; white 53, 60, 85, 88–89, 102, 163, 184, 276, 299; yellow 85, 104, 272, 275–76, 299; see also physique, pigment
columns 27–29, 83, 118, 184, 186, 187, 198, 217–18, 231, 235, 238–39, 252, 282, 283, 289, 291, 305; marsh plants 51–53, 202–204, 209, 222, 227, 265, 286 see also hypostyle hall
composite forms 98, 110, 111, 119–22, 286
conceit (artistic) 24, 60, 76, 88–89, 92, 101, 102–104, 108, 120–26
conventions 15, 121, 133, 174, 181, 184–85, 220–23, 228–31, 257, 267, 285–88, 293–94, 304
copper 84, 194–95, 254, 260, 261, 272, 294
copying 102, 111, 179, 221, 239, 240–41
corridors, see walkways
cosmetics 23, 149, 160, 268
creation and Creator 21, 35, 37–38, 39, 45–48, 53, 57, 76, 100, 104, 131, 135, 162, 167, 190, 193, 199, 203–204, 205, 214, 217, 221–23, 226, 277, 283, 304–305; see also Atum, Sun-god
crook and flail, see sceptre
crown 12, 14, 16, 19, 23, 25, 27, 58, 113, 132, 139, 203, 217, 278–79, 291, 299; double-crown 41; nemes headcloth 12, 213, 239; ‘White Crown’ 132
D
dancers 121–22, 256–57, 279
darkness 16–19, 51, 57, 95, 104, 131, 153, 183, 198, 201–204, 214–15
dating 88, 125, 132, 139, 150, 163, 183, 192, 213, 234, 237, 257, 263, 272, 281, 282, 283, 290–91, 293, 299, 300, 303
Deir el-Bahri 44, 97, 181, 197–98, 201, 206–207, 208–11, 244, 272, 285–86
Deir el-Medina 79–80, 85, 102–103, 110, 122, 164, 190, 192, 256–57, 259, 285, 297
depilation 157, 244, 261–62, 288, 300; unshaven 80, 257
desert 33, 34, 47, 50, 69, 72, 79–82, 102, 133–34, 138, 139, 150, 177, 178–79, 187, 189, 192, 197, 227, 232, 253, 261; see also landscape
Djeme, see Medinet Habu
doorway 28, 38, 57, 75, 79, 110, 111, 151, 154, 177–79, 195, 202, 227, 235, 237, 247–48, 287, 288; ‘false door’ 75, 151–53, 165, 178, 296, 297
draft 118, 162, 221
duat, see adoration
Dynasties: 1st 23, 33–37, 132–33, 151, 234, 259, 281; 2nd 36–37, 281; 3rd 49, 88, 150, 179; 4th 30, 50, 53–55, 58, 66, 86–88, 98, 151–56, 163, 166–67, 177, 179, 260, 281; 5th 53–54, 57, 71, 75–76, 84, 151–57, 166, 177, 179, 239, 281; 6th 82, 100, 108, 176, 239, 252; 9th–10th 173, 180; 11th 56, 180; 12th 28, 56, 80, 177, 239, 249, 273, 279; 13th 48, 71; 15th 255; 17th 275; 18th 30, 49, 65–67, 84, 113, 125, 163, 189, 205, 213, 217, 220, 231, 251, 254, 263, 264, 267, 273; 19th 163, 182, 189, 199, 205, 257; 20th 72, 182, 233–34; 21st 233–34, 257; 22nd 243, 282; 25th 234–35, 237, 239, 241, 243, 244, 255, 297; 26th 244, 272, 283; 30th 281–83, 286, 290; see also pre-dynastic
E
Egyptianizing 276–77, 299
Elephantine 187, 253, 283–85, 296
embrace 12–14, 15–21, 95, 119–121, 160, 184, 231
eminence 12, 14, 36–37, 97, 143, 155, 215
emotion 12, 97, 248–49; affection 154–55, 226; careworn 93, 97–98, 132, 300; determination 132, 267; grief 57, 227, 246–48, 257, 291, 293–94; happiness 93, 100, 126; joy 29, 53, 58, 81, 126, 248; love 12–14, 29, 121, 155, 160–61, 169, 173, 227, 231, 249–51
encaustic 292, 302, 303
enemy (of the king) 19, 24–25, 31–32, 38, 126, 133–36, 144, 172, 182, 184, 194, 202–204, 218, 224, 232, 237, 251, 261, 265; see also smiting scene
engineer 50, 54, 157, 185
eternity 11, 15, 37, 57, 100, 126, 131–32, 155, 160, 190–91, 199–200, 204–205, 215, 275, 277, 305
eyes 60, 86–89, 92, 112–14, 121, 125–26, 150, 155, 163, 202, 213–14, 220, 237, 240–41, 263, 268, 285, 300; eye-line 12, 17–18, 121, 173, 303; eyeliner 112, 213; wadjet-eyes 274–75
F
factories 71, 219, 277; see also workshops
faience 11, 50, 75, 213, 260, 263–66, 268, 272–73, 277, 286, 294
falcon 16, 24, 30, 34–35, 95, 104, 126, 134–35, 223, 233, 237, 260, 272, 275, 279
false door 75, 151–53, 163, 165, 178, 296–97
feather 12, 16, 20, 29, 35, 93, 125, 138, 143, 200, 209, 275, 277
fertility (of land) 33, 48, 53, 60, 93, 190, 222–23, 225, 290; (female) 265
festival 14, 24, 30–31, 33, 36, 48, 51, 72, 75, 132, 138–39, 143–44, 149–50, 153, 184, 190, 194, 196–97, 202–204, 219, 227, 235, 243, 285, 287, 296, 304; Harim-festival (Opet) 197–99, 218; tail festival (heb sed) 23–24, 27–28, 30, 41, 44, 48, 49–50, 53, 132, 219; Valley festival (‘perfect festival of the Valley’) 197–99, 201, 244; see also Osiris
fishing and fowling scene 100, 101, 124, 125–26, 127, 184, 190
flowers 16, 88, 203, 248, 264, 279; see also lotus, papyrus, reeds
freehand 117, 257
frieze 231, 255; kheker-frieze 209; lapwing-frieze 204, 224
funeral 42, 50, 57, 190, 246, 247–49, 270, 279, 291; art & texts 32, 36, 47, 65, 93–94, 100–101, 102–104, 144, 175, 178, 212, 213–15, 228, 231, 243, 249, 259–66, 275–76, 279, 289, 292–93, 296; see also offering
furniture 11, 33, 259–61; bed, 235, 260, 291; chair 16, 88, 114, 120–21, 150, 157, 165, 168, 185, 230, 231, 260, 262; chest 254, 260–61; stool 231, 260
G
gateway, see pylon gateway
Geb 38, 192–93, 283
gender distinction 60, 89, 111, 115–16, 121, 139; feminization 220; hermaphrodite 218, 222–23
Giza 30, 45, 51, 53, 57, 58–60, 68, 71, 85, 95, 128–29, 135, 151, 153, 154, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162–63, 166, 170, 171, 173, 189, 266, 287
glass 213, 264
glaze 11, 31, 32, 263–65, 272–77
gold and gilding 11, 29, 55, 104, 125–26, 138–39, 150, 201–203, 212–15, 227, 230–31, 233, 242, 243, 251, 254–55, 260, 263, 268, 272, 273–76, 278, 279, 286, 293, 299, 303
Grajetzki, Wolfram 278–79
Greco-Roman tradition, see Hellenistic tradition
greeting 12, 16, 19, 20, 28–29, 57, 64, 88, 94, 97, 166, 190, 209, 213, 227, 249
H
hairstyle 24, 150, 163, 215, 263, 267–68, 288–93, 303; braids 121–22, 125, 173, 214, 228, 240–41; bun 263, 303; curls 288, 303; hairband 88–89, 125, 213; see also wigs
Hathor 24, 46, 58–60, 76, 177, 181, 205–207, 208–11, 262–65, 284, 285
Hatshepsut 44, 198–99, 206–207, 209–11, 222
headdress 16, 19, 135, 138, 171, 206, 209, 213; see also crowns
Heit el-Ghurob 30, 68, 71–72, 79
Heliopolis 53, 57, 86, 195, 209, 217, 226, 282, 284, 304
Hellenistic tradition 71, 164, 285–93, 299, 303; see also Classical tradition
Hieraconpolis 22, 23, 33, 38, 45, 49, 57, 76, 132, 137, 142–43, 144–45, 151, 167, 183
hieroglyphs 12–21, 24, 41, 46, 53, 75, 86–88, 98–101, 99, 108–13, 116–17, 121, 126, 132, 136, 150, 167, 203–205, 223, 272, 276–77, 279, 282, 283, 296–97; see also writing
Horakhty, see Horus
Horus 260, 291; and Hieraconpolis 22, 24, 33, 45–46, 132, 143–145; Horus-name (serekh) 28, 34–36, 41, 132, 274; and king 27, 30, 36, 57, 205, 214–15, 233; Ra-Horakhty 20, 53–57, 72, 86, 135, 205, 217, 222, 226, 281; son of Osiris & Isis 16–20, 23–24, 38, 60, 265, 277, 283, 284–85, 286, 294, 299
houses 11, 71, 32, 79, 89, 163–64, 199, 207, 220, 231, 259–60, 263, 264; see also towns and villages
hunting 125–26, 143, 146, 147, 174, 261
hypostyle hall 48, 51, 57, 61, 151–54, 184, 186, 187, 198, 202, 219, 220, 227, 247, 282, 283, 289–90, 295
I
inlay 75, 86, 116, 147, 150, 155, 201, 213, 221, 231, 237, 242, 243, 259, 260, 267, 268, 272, 279
intoxication 122, 191, 265, 269–70
inundation, see Nile
Isis 16–20, 37–38, 57, 60, 193, 233, 275, 286, 292, 294, 297, 299
J
jewelry 11, 254, 255, 259, 264, 265, 272–74, 276, 279, 292–93, 302, 303; bracelet 125, 260, 273; charm 268, 273, 276; earplugs & earrings 268, 273, 303; necklace 88, 272, 273, 279, 303; pectoral 29, 272, 273–74, 279; pendant 233, 255, 273, 279, 303; pendant seal 88, 288; ring 277, 279, 288
K
ka, see spirit
Karnak 18, 20–21, 23, 26, 27–29, 48, 64, 65–67, 83, 195–201, 202–207, 209–11, 217, 220, 222, 226, 228, 239–45, 280, 283–85
Kemp, Barry 72–73
Khafra 94–95, 98, 135, 152, 171
Khasekhemwy 36–37, 49–50
Kheftethirnebes (Theban cliffs) 197–201, 211
kheker, see frieze
Khentyimentu, see Osiris
kilt 12, 18, 41, 60, 88, 108, 125, 150, 156–57, 225, 244, 269, 281, 300
king, see pharaoh
kissing the ground 75, 94, 149, 190–91
Kush, Kushite 224–25, 232–35, 236–39, 243, 244, 253, 282; see also Nubia
L
landscape 45, 47, 125; flood, floodplain 48, 51, 79, 83, 141, 192, 198; highland & lowland, 200, 224, 253; hills & cliffs 33, 44, 47, 51, 80, 150, 181, 184, 187, 192, 201, 207, 209, 225, 227, 247–48; natural mounds 45, 198, 265; Nile delta 254, 285, 291; outcrops & promontories 45, 65, 139; sunlight 27, 102, 104, 201–202, 222, 290; wadis 139, 192, 227; see also Kheftethirnebes, Nile, valley
leadership 36–38, 65, 82, 86, 169, 184–85
lion 101, 134–36, 194, 231, 236, 237, 260, 291, 294; ‘lion-strangler’ 140–43
lotus 110, 119, 121, 125, 162, 163, 191, 260–65, 279
lunette 223–25
Luxor temple 196–99, 202, 283–86, 295
M
magazines, see stores
mammisi 286
marriage 86, 119–21, 125, 160–61, 191, 231, 249–51
marsh 31, 32, 53, 93, 100, 104, 125–26, 203, 209–11, 222, 263–65, 284–85
mastaba, see tumulus
mathematics 45–46, 91, 195
Medinet Habu 72, 198, 199, 202–203, 206, 241, 285, 296, 297, 305; as Djeme 198, 297, 305
Memphis 31, 50, 69–70, 75, 147, 179, 187, 189, 194, 219, 283, 285
Menkaura 51, 58, 59–60, 75, 116, 281
Meroë 237, 243, 297
Middle Kingdom 53, 97, 113, 132, 164, 173, 176–87, 195, 198, 205, 241, 247, 253, 255, 264, 270, 274–75, 304
Minoan 254–55
mirror 185, 262–63, 294
models 50, 162, 163, 221, 263, 266–68, 270
Montuhotep II 44, 96–97, 180–83, 190, 207–209
Morenz, Ludwig 175
mortuary temple 36–37, 42, 44, 47, 49–53, 71–72, 79, 97, 144, 192, 198–202, 206, 207, 211, 220, 224, 239, 305
mould 213, 264, 272, 274
mound, see landscape; artificial mound, see tumulus
movement 24, 28, 58, 125, 203–204, 257, 267
music, musician 14, 121–22, 160
N
Naqada culture 138–40, 141
Narmer 22, 23–25, 32, 41, 125–26, 137; see also palettes
naturalism 60, 86, 92, 125, 147, 164, 218–20, 237, 288–92, 303
Nectanebo I 282–86, 288
Nectanebo II 284
Nefertiti 218–21, 226, 248
New Kingdom 24, 30, 48, 70–71, 78–79, 123, 135, 150, 181, 189, 205, 223, 226–27, 232–35, 240–43, 257, 260–61, 263, 265, 272, 282–83, 285–86, 290, 292
Nile 15, 36, 46–54, 79–81, 85, 139–41, 150, 177, 182, 184, 187, 211, 222, 254; inundation 47–48, 54, 68–69, 197, 291, 299; see also landscape
Nubia 137, 175, 179, 187, 189, 205, 219, 224, 232–39, 241, 243, 252, 263, 283; see also Kush
nudity 24, 60, 84, 88, 102, 122, 108, 135, 149, 209, 257, 263–68, 293, 294
Nut 38, 39, 203, 293
O
obelisks 53–55, 67, 83, 201–202, 226, 294
offerings 16–20, 20–21, 23, 27–29, 32–34, 35–36, 38, 41, 46, 50, 53, 58–60, 65–66, 70–72, 94–97, 131–32, 147, 185, 201, 203, 204, 205, 209–11, 219, 223–26, 240, 241, 242, 243, 282, 284–85, 287; offering cult 74–77, 79, 86, 88, 92–94, 98, 108, 109, 119, 123, 149–57, 157–64, 165–69, 171, 174–75, 177–80, 181, 184, 190, 231, 235, 243, 247–53, 255, 257, 263, 266, 275, 277, 290, 290–92; festival offerings 33, 48, 72, 149, 197, 199–201, 222, 277, 299
Old Kingdom 30, 37, 53, 56, 60, 65, 88, 97, 100, 113, 160, 162, 164, 167, 173–87, 189, 192, 198, 226, 239–43, 249, 259, 267, 275, 282
opening the mouth, see ritual
opponent, see enemy
Osiris 16–20, 23, 33, 35–38, 45–46, 57, 60, 159, 178, 186, 187, 190, 213, 233, 248–49, 270, 275–77, 283, 285, 292–94, 297, 299; festivals of 144, 178; grave of 46, 193, 279; Khentyimentu 149, 226–27, 290; Osireion, 235; rejection of 217–18, 222, 227; see also perfection
Osorkon II 233, 243, 273
ostracon 80, 110, 114, 256–57, 269
P
palace 11, 24, 29–35, 38, 50, 53–54, 71, 73, 75, 79, 102, 107, 132, 155, 160, 177–78, 189, 199, 207, 219, 231, 237, 254, 255, 263, 279, 281
palettes 135–38; Battlefield 135, 135–36; Narmer 22, 22–25, 31, 33, 131, 134, 295
Palestine 194, 225, 253–55, 276, 288
palm tree 85, 136, 190
panelling 37, 74, 151, 167, 168
papyrus 38; boat 104, 125; -shaped columns 227; see also scroll
Pepy I 82, 178
Pepy II 176, 179, 180–82, 239, 253
Pérez-Accino, José-Ramón 204, 251
perfection (nefer) 14, 29, 46, 81, 91, 97, 122, 126, 149, 157–61, 169, 177, 183, 187, 195, 200, 207, 213–15, 225, 267; Wenennefer (Osiris) 159, 277
perspective 16, 18, 25, 29, 91–92, 97, 107–108, 110, 119–20, 147, 157, 223–27, 257, 303
Petrie, W. M. Flinders 182, 267, 273, 274, 293
pharaoh 23–25, 41–42, 51–54, 75–76, 79, 97–98, 101, 130, 131–36, 141, 190, 232–35, 237, 238, 239, 255, 281; and gods 11–12, 15–21, 21, 27–29, 38, 46, 58–60, 95, 194–96, 202, 217–19, 223–27, 282–85; and officials 82, 154–55, 177–80, 188, 227–28, 240–44, 252–53; and queen 205–207, 231; loss of authority 294–296; see also palace, tomb
physique 281; corpulent 64, 89, 160, 222–23, 240–44, 287–88; flaccid 160, 171, 217, 282; ‘Kushite fold’ 239; morbidity 160, 171, 226; oversized ears 97–98, 132, 156; pendulous breasts 217, 223, 244, 250, 285; plump 268; powerful 24–25, 58–60, 88–89, 150, 181, 237, 267, 281, 300; slender 107–108, 115–16, 122, 139, 175, 220, 240, 243, 257; see also age, Amarna style, youth
pigment 84–85, 263, 265, 272, 290, 303
plaster 32, 68, 85, 113, 118, 143, 171, 175, 184, 189, 193, 254–55, 257, 259–60, 261, 287, 293, 295
poetry 45, 57, 134, 190–91, 247, 291
polish 90, 262, 281, 288
pool 121, 190, 265
portraiture 107–109, 157–65, 215, 247; ‘Faiyum portraits’ 293, 303
potential (nun) 37, 47–48, 57, 104
praise, god 17, 21, 45, 139, 143, 205, 207, 221–27, 247; king 33, 41–42, 295; officials 75, 149–57, 169, 179, 190, 227, 247–49, 277
pre-dynastic 23, 70, 132, 134–41, 142–45, 232, 253, 263–64, 304
preservation 29–31, 86, 118, 147, 154, 184, 195, 196, 201, 202, 285, 290, 303
priest 25, 29, 34–35, 46, 51, 57, 65, 71–72, 76, 81, 94–95, 108, 132, 139, 143, 149-151, 155–57, 163, 164, 167, 168, 180, 197, 203–204, 215, 229, 241, 244, 249, 252, 262, 268, 274, 280, 281, 284, 286, 288, 289, 290, 295, 297, 300, 301, 304; prophet of Hathor 76, 177–78; prophet of Ptah 76; chief priest of Ra-Horakhty 86; high priest of the Sun 227; see also Amun, artists
primeval era 37–38, 45–46, 135, 144, 239, 282–83, 285, 295
prisoner, see enemy
profile view 28, 108–18, 119–23, 124–25, 226, 257
proportion 17, 27, 46, 60, 92, 222; canon of proportions 111–18, 121, 162, 173, 222, 240, 267, 290; disproportion 34, 54, 132, 165, 173–74, 184, 244, 288, 293, 300
protection 29, 95, 231, 233, 238, 258, 275, 284, 292
Ptah 20, 21, 38, 72, 75–76, 110, 195, 197, 213–14, 268, 276; see also artists
Ptahhatp 45, 159–60, 191
Ptolemaic 283–86, 288–90, 294, 297–300
Ptolemy II Philadelphus 66, 284, 296
Ptolemy III Euergetes 284
Ptolemy XV Caesarion 284, 285
Punt 136, 199, 207, 253
pylon gateway 20, 24, 47, 67, 83, 100, 132, 151, 195, 196, 202–204, 226, 237–39, 305
pyramid complex 48–57, 58–60, 61, 68, 79, 95, 100, 135, 144, 147, 150, 153–54, 176–79, 181, 184, 187, 189, 192, 195, 198, 201, 226, 231, 279; construction 70–72, 82-83, 85, 86, 160; shape (benben) 45–46, 49–50, 55–57, 91, 190; valley temple 50–55, 58–61, 76, 95; as later inspiration 30, 234, 235, 239–43, 262; see also Saqqara
Q
quarrying 53, 65, 67–69, 80–82, 86, 178, 232
queen 18, 24, 30, 49, 51, 53, 58–61, 123, 197, 205–207, 209–11, 217–18, 221, 225–27, 230, 231, 260, 266–67, 273, 279, 285–86
R
Ra, see Sun-god
race, racial theory 141, 182, 255
Ramesses II 19–21, 23–24, 27, 31–32, 48, 72, 123, 182, 189, 199, 205, 228–29
Ramesses III 32, 198–99, 202, 297, 305
Ramesses IV 80
Ramesses XI 233
Ramose 116, 120–21, 125, 151, 189, 220, 221, 246, 248–49, 292
rattle 242
razor, see depilation
rebel, see enemy
reeds 38, 50, 85, 110, 111, 124–127, 144, 260; see also columns
regional styles 175–76, 179–83, 185, 266
registers 23–25, 41–42, 91–94, 100, 101, 102–104, 108, 109, 117, 118, 132, 174, 193, 203, 249–51, 261, 290
relaxation 32, 93, 231, 244, 257, 269
relief 11, 27, 116, 117, 118, 147, 167–68, 175, 184, 189, 193, 201–203, 227, 282, 285, 300; raised 16–18, 23, 187, 223, 224, 287, 288; sunk 27, 77, 184–87
reserve head 160–65, 170–71
resin 276, 303
Risen Earth (ta tjenen), see tumulus
ritual 16, 28, 53, 159, 163, 199, 203–204, 209–11, 226, 229, 249, 279, 291, 304; agricultural ceremonies 42, 132; foundation ceremony (‘stretching the cord’) 46, 195, 254; judging the dead (‘weighing of the heart’) 277; purification (‘opening the mouth’) 149–51; see also festival, funeral
Roman empire, 15, 38, 157, 286, 288, 291, 292–95, 296, 297, 303
roof 51, 75, 82, 100, 184, 202–203, 305
S
sandals 24–25, 133
Saqqara 49–53, 57, 65, 75, 84, 144, 147, 151, 175–76, 188, 189, 211, 227, 235, 239–41, 285–87; Step Pyramid 49–50, 54–55, 147, 179, 241
sarcophagus 82, 178, 193, 213, 214, 279, 292
scaffolding 83, 91–92
scarab 193, 276–77; see also being
sceptre 86, 108, 139, 149–51, 167–69, 185; as nub 88, 157, 168, 300; composite 21, 98; crook & flail 16–19, 41, 213, 217; see also regalia
scribes 64, 65–67, 71, 155, 156–157, 244, 257, 262, 269, 276, 277, 286
sculptors 12, 17–18, 58, 68, 84, 90, 97, 150, 156–57, 160, 220, 239, 267, 286
seasons 47, 53–55, 55, 57, 93, 299; Emergence (peret) 46–48; Harvest or dry season (shemu) 47, 82, 197–98; Inundation (akhet) 47, 197
semi-precious stones 213, 253–54, 279
sensuality, see sexuality
Senwosret I 27–28
Senwosret III 97–98, 144, 279
serekh, see Horus
service 65, 75, 167–69, 174, 184, 251–52, 267, 288
Seth 38, 265, 285
Sety I 16–20, 23, 28, 45, 48, 102, 194, 198–99, 204, 243, 283
sexuality 60, 88, 122, 197–99, 257, 263–65, 267–269, 274
shabty 235, 270–72
Shoshenq II 233
shrine 25, 29, 33, 37, 57, 61, 67, 71–72, 110, 114–15, 136, 136–139, 149, 150, 151, 181, 191, 193, 197–98, 200–204, 207, 208, 209–211, 213–15, 218–219, 231, 243, 283–284, 295; in tomb chapel 46, 74, 75–76, 77, 149, 151, 153, 165, 186, 187, 251; household 79, 221, 228, 248–49
Shu (‘energy’) 37–38, 39, 46, 57, 217, 283
sistrum, see rattle
sketch 80, 110–11, 116–18, 192, 257
slavery 68, 169, 251–52, 266
smiting scene 24, 31, 133, 143, 181–82, 204, 218, 229, 261
Snofru 54–56, 70–71, 86, 176–77, 274
Sobk (as Sobk-Ra) 10, 11, 13, 14–17, 98, 203
soul (ba) 39, 159, 167, 190, 277, 290
specialization 67–68, 70–73, 79–80
sphinx 90, 134–35, 196, 198, 206, 218, 236–39, 241, 261, 283, 286, 299: Great Sphinx 30, 45, 128–29, 135, 171
spirit (ka) 28, 36, 122, 150, 153, 157–62, 167–69, 179, 252
star 51, 53, 57, 100, 203–204, 209, 217, 279
statues; chapel (serdab) 50–53, 150–55, 158; colossus, 47, 66, 81, 202, 206, 216, 217, 220, 281; cult 28, 46, 88, 149–51, 153, 154, 158, 162, 191, 227, 240-241, 248, 251, 281, 287; dyad 51, 159, 188, 206; function 12–15, 18–19, 28–30, 58–60, 86–89, 94–98, 110, 149–53, 157–59, 161, 167, 170, 196–98, 200–201, 202–203, 217–18, 226, 228, 237–39, 281, 286–88; manufacture 80–85, 86–88, 90, 92, 116, 150–51, 162; triad 59, 154
stela; of king 34, 194–95, 199–201, 211, 231, 241, 284; offering stela 108, 109, 151, 165–69, 173–76, 181–83, 243, 249–51, 257, 287–88, 296, 297; tail-festival markers 41, 49; see also Amarna
stores 55, 61, 70–73, 79, 175–76, 185, 199
studio, see workshop
suckling 159, 193, 207, 208–211, 286
sun and Sun-god (Ra) 14, 33, 36–37, 49–57, 58, 102–104, 132, 135, 190, 192–93, 201–205, 209–211, 214–15, 217–21, 221–23, 223–27, 231, 235, 237, 243, 248–49, 265, 275–76, 291; sunrise 53, 55, 214, 194, 204, 275; Sun-court 51–57, 153, 154, 184, 197, 198, 207, 217, 218, 219, 220, 239, 252, 254, 282, 283, 294, 305; Sun-temple 53–57, 61, 71, 76, 252; see also Akhetaten, Amun, boats, Heliopolis, Horus, Sobk
supervision (of artists) 66–67, 79, 86, 117–18, 158, 160, 169, 171, 252–53, 257, 281, 287, 288
T
Taharqa 235, 238–39, 241–43, 271
tail 23–25, 101, 134, 185, 194, 213, 237;
tail festival (heb sed), see festivals
talatat 218, 218–220
Tanis 219, 233, 238–39, 283
Thebes 20, 30–32, 44, 47, 56, 67, 71–73, 78, 80, 84, 96–97, 102–104, 119–23, 124–27, 172–76, 181–84, 189–207, 209–211, 213, 219, 223, 226–27, 233, 241–43, 244, 245, 247–49, 275, 282–83, 287, 297
Thoth 214, 277, 291
throne 12, 16–19, 27, 31–32, 38, 41, 51–53, 88, 197, 205–207, 211, 219, 230–31
Thutmose I 67, 192, 206
Thutmose II 206
Thutmose III 29, 101, 114, 192–200, 206–207, 209–11, 220, 226, 229, 232, 237, 263–64, 294
Thutmose IV 226
Tod 254, 285
toilet 42, 149–50, 259–62
tomb 11, 15, 32, 67–68, 75, 80, 86, 100, 102–104, 124–26, 142–45, 147, 177–79, 183–85, 186–87, 189–91, 197, 201, 211, 220, 235, 241–44, 247–49, 250–53, 259–77, 279, 283, 286–94; biography 74–76, 97, 100, 153–55, 157, 166, 177–79, 183–85, 250–52, 252–53; of pharaoh, 33–38, 40–43, 44, 48–57, 67, 70–71, 79–80, 82–83, 85, 131–33, 181, 192–93, 213, 218–19, 227, 231, 233–35; see also chapel, pyramid complex, tumulus
tools 15, 82–85, 149, 281; adze 84, 150; chisel 84, 118, 163; drill 84–85, 118; lamp 16, 71, 75, 95, 203; mallet 84; mortar 83; mortar & pestle 84; peg 116, 259; pounder 81, 118; rivet 213, 262 63; rollers 83; saw 84; solder 213, 274
towns and villages 30, 41–42, 67–70, 72, 78, 81, 157, 178, 185, 187, 193, 195, 297; see also Deir el-Medina, Djeme, Heit el-Ghurob
transport 28, 69, 80–82, 175, 176, 178, 185, 248, 294
truth 16, 45, 76, 94, 131, 160, 177, 228, 242, 243, 277
tumulus 33–36, 42, 49–50, 54–57, 61, 82, 91, 132, 144, 150, 177–79, 235; mastaba, 33, 46, 50, 53–54, 57, 71, 75, 86, 91, 95, 145, 147, 150, 180–81; mound 33, 49, 144, 149, 203; Risen Earth (ta tjenen), 46–49, 53, 56–57, 71, 91, 104, 149, 193, 203, 285
Tutankhamun 162, 163, 212–215, 228, 230–31, 237–39, 260–61, 262, 267, 272, 293
U
uraeus 12, 16, 126, 209, 213, 226, 231, 282, 291; twin uraeus 239, 243
V
valley 33, 50, 139, 177, 189, 283; Valley-festival, see festival; Valley of the Kings 67, 79–80, 85, 102, 192–97, 207, 212–13, 227, 233, 257, 275, 283, 297; valley temple, see pyramid complex; see also landscape
vineyard, see wine
violence 24, 38, 134–35, 140–45, 182–85; see also enemy, smiting scene
W
walkways 27, 32, 48, 51, 95, 153, 187, 194
White Chapel 26–29, 31, 33, 41, 46, 92, 195, 198
wigs 64, 65, 88, 95, 108, 113, 125, 149–50, 171, 173, 189, 228, 240–41, 265, 269, 281, 288, 293, 303
wine 33, 48, 92, 121, 191, 290
wisdom 132, 159–60, 214, 244, 267, 277, 300
woodwork 11, 148, 150, 162, 167, 168, 231, 253, 258, 259–261, 267–69, 270–72, 274–76, 292–93
workshops 84, 85, 90, 91–92, 164, 176, 184, 220, 221, 266–67, 286; see also factories
worship, see praise
writing 68, 72, 98, 113–14, 117, 143–45, 147, 155–57, 177, 194, 220, 234, 257, 284, 289, 295–96, 304; see also hieroglyphs, scribes
Y
youth 15, 81, 108, 125, 159–62, 217, 241, 249–51, 255, 257, 263–68, 273–74, 292–93, 299, 300