CHAPTER 1: PIOUS PIONEERING
1. Julia Ann Warner Moss, Jottings of Travel, entry for April 2, 1845 (unpublished manuscript, Jubilee College, Peoria, Illinois).
2. Benjamin Rush, Thoughts upon Female Education, Accommodated to the Present State of Society, Manners, and Government, in the United States of America. Addressed to the Visitors of the Young Ladies’ Academy in Philadelphia, 28 July, 1787, at the Close of the Quarterly Examination (Philadelphia: Prichard & Hall, 1787), 6.
3. William Williams, History of Ashtabula County, Ohio, with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Its Pioneers and Most Prominent Men (Philadelphia: Williams Brothers, 1878), 102.
4. Giles H. Cowles to Betsy Mix Cowles (hereafter BMC), August 9, 1833, Betsy Mix Cowles Papers, Kent State University Library, Kent, Ohio (hereafter BMC Papers).
CHAPTER 2: GROWING PAINS
1. Sarah Berrien to BMC, January 21, 1833, BMC Papers.
2. Giles Cowles to BMC, August 9, 1833, BMC Papers.
3. Mary Isabella Bagle to BMC, [1858], BMC Papers.
4. BMC to brothers and sisters, [1832], BMC Papers; Sarah Berrien to BMC, January 21, 1833, BMC Papers.
5. “Heroism,” Philanthropist, May 10, 1843.
6. BMC to Cornelia Cowles, August 24, [1832], BMC Papers.
7. M. S. Howell to BMC, February 21, 1835, BMC Papers; Julia L. Pratt to BMC, January 29, 1838, BMC Papers; Cornelia Cowles to BMC, January 12, 1837, BMC Papers.
8. Matilda Howell to BMC, February 16, 1837, BMC Papers.
9. Matilda and Martha Howell to BMC, March 20, 1837, BMC Papers.
10. Sally Montross to BMC, June 16, 1833, BMC Papers.
11. Giles Cowles to BMC, August 9, 1833, BMC Papers. Seventeenth-century Puritan leader Jonathan Winthrop famously referred to the Massachusetts colony as a “city on a hill” and a model of a pure and Christian community.
12. BMC to Cornelia Cowles, October 13, 1838, and August 24, 18[32], BMC Papers.
CHAPTER 3: THE BEGINNING OF ANTISLAVERY COMMITMENT
1. Preamble and Constitution of the Young Ladies Society for Intellectual Improvement, March 25, 1834, BMC Papers.
2. Timothy Hudson to BMC, January 20, 1848, and June 20, 1848, BMC Papers.
3. Young Ladies Society for Intellectual Improvement, June 18, 1834, BMC Papers.
4. Abby Kelley to BMC, January 28, 1846, Robert S. Fletcher Papers, Oberlin College Library, Oberlin, Ohio (hereafter Fletcher Papers).
5. S. Arnold to BMC, April 5, [1836], BMC Papers.
6. Ashtabula County Female Anti-Slavery Society Records, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio.
7. Abby Kelley to BMC, February 18, 1846, Weston Sisters Collection, Boston Public Library, MS.A.9.2.22, 21; Lucy M. Wright to BMC, March 5, 1836, BMC Papers.
8. Joanna Chester to BMC, April 13, 1836, BMC Papers.
9. Sarah Coleman to BMC, April 11, 1836, BMC Papers; Rachel A. Babcock to BMC, January 30, 1836, BMC Papers.
10. Lucy M. Wright to BMC, March 5, 1836, BMC Papers.
11. Augustus Wattles to BMC, April 9, 1836, BMC Papers.
12. “Colored Schools in Ohio,” Philanthropist, September 15, 1837; “A Plain Statement of Facts,” Philanthropist, November 14, 1837.
13. “Proceedings of the Female Delegates at Mount Pleasant,” Philanthropist, May 12, 1837; “Proceedings of the Convention of Women,” Philanthropist, June 19, 1838.
14. Laura M. Wright to BMC, April 1, 1835, BMC Papers; Lucy Wright to BMC, March 5, 1836, BMC Papers.
15. “Proceedings of the Female Delegates at Mount Pleasant,” Philanthropist, May 12, 1837.
16. Carol Lasser and Stacey M. Robertson, Antebellum Women: Private, Public, Partisan (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010), 143–44.
17. Lucy Wright to BMC, May 20, 1836, BMC Papers; “Address to the Females of the State,” Philanthropist, June 24, 1836.
18. Anne Warren Weston for the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society to the Portage County Female Anti-Slavery Society, August 27, 1836, Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society Letterbook, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, Massachusetts.
19. Julie Roy Jeffrey, The Great Silent Army of Abolitionism: Ordinary Women in the Antislavery Movement (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 88.
CHAPTER 4: OBERLIN COLLEGE AND THE POWER OF EDUCATION
1. Martha and Cornelia Cowles to BMC, July [1837], BMC Papers.
2. Samuel J. Fletcher, A History of Oberlin College from Its Foundation Through the Civil War (Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College, 1943), 1:85.
3. Fletcher, Oberlin College, 1:380.
4. L. [Lewis] D. Cowles to sisters, May 21, 1835, BMC Papers; Martha [Cowles], Eliza H. A., Sarah Belustin, and E. Cowles to BMC, January 15, 1837, BMC Papers.
5. Sylvia to BMC, August 6, 1836, BMC Papers.
6. Emily Goodman to teacher [BMC], January 9, 1854, BMC Papers.
7. Mollie to BMC, December 27, 1853, BMC Papers.
8. Letters to Catharine Beecher (Boston: Isaac Knapp, 1838), 115.
9. Alice Cowles to BMC, August 4, 1838, BMC Papers.
10. BMC to Cornelia Cowles, October 13, 1838, BMC Papers.
11. BMC to Cornelia Cowles, August 11, 1839, BMC Papers.
12. BMC to Cornelia Cowles, October 13, 1838, and August 11, 1839, BMC Papers.
13. Fletcher, Oberlin College, 1:444–46; Timothy Hudson to BMC, October 31, 1840, and May 11, 1844, BMC Papers.
14. Martha [Cowles], Eliza H. A., Sarah Belustin, and E. Cowles to BMC, January 15, 1837, BMC Papers; Timothy Hudson to BMC, October 31, 1840, BMC Papers.
15. BMC to Cornelia Cowles, October 13, 1838, BMC Papers.
16. Clara Preston to BMC, April 8, 1839, BMC Papers.
17. M. W. Henderson to BMC, October 23, 1839, BMC Papers.
18. BMC to Cornelia Cowles, August 11, 1839, BMC Papers.
CHAPTER 5: THE MATURATION AND MERGING OF TEACHING AND ANTISLAVERY
1. BMC to sisters and brothers, September 21, 1842, BMC Papers.
2. BMC to Martha I. Root, September 28, 2012, BMC Papers.
3. “Address to an Anti-Slavery Society,” n.d., BMC Papers. This address was likely written in the early 1840s.
4. Abby Kelley to BMC, January 28, 1846, Fletcher Papers; BMC to Cornelia Cowles, February 3, 1846, BMC Papers; Abby Kelley to Maria Weston Chapman, February 28, 1846, Boston Public Library.
5. BMC to Henry Cowles, February 13, 1846, Fletcher Papers.
6. “Mr. and Mrs. Foster in Oberlin” and “Mrs. Foster versus the Federal Constitution,” Oberlin Evangelist, March 4, 1846; Helen Cowles to Miss A. Y. Hawkins, March 3, 1846, Fletcher Papers; “Woman’s Rights and Duties,” Oberlin Quarterly Review, July 1849.
7. Betsy Hudson to BMC, February 27, 1846, Fletcher Papers.
8. Abby Kelley to BMC, March 15, 1846, BMC Papers.
9. Abby Kelley to BMC, February 9, 1847, BMC Papers; Abby Kelley to BMC, November 8, 1846, Fletcher Papers.
10. Timothy Hudson to BMC, March 5, 1846, Fletcher Papers.
11. “Fourth Annual Western Anti-Slavery Bazaar,” Anti-Slavery Bugle, August 20, 1852.
12. Daniel Hise Diary, December 4, 1851, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio.
13. Anti-Slavery Bugle, September 4 and October 2, 1846.
14. Timothy Hudson to BMC, January 20, 1848, BMC Papers.
15. “Anti-Slavery Fair,” Anti-Slavery Bugle, April 9, 1847; “Annual Meeting of the Lake and Ashtabula Counties Ladies’ Anti-Slavery Society,” Anti-Slavery Bugle, August 14, 1846.
16. “Notice,” Western Citizen, March 21, 1844.
17. “Anti-Slavery Fair,” Anti-Slavery Bugle, April 9, 1847; “Annual Meeting of the Lake and Ashtabula Counties Ladies’ Anti-Slavery Society,” Anti-Slavery Bugle, August 14, 1846; “Plea for the Oppressed and Enslaved,” Anti-Slavery Bugle, November 20, 1846; BMC, “Outrage upon Human Rights,” Anti-Slavery Bugle, February 2, 1849; Abby Kelley to BMC, August 1, 1846, BMC Papers.
18. Henry C. Wright, “A Pic-Nic—Colored People Excluded from Schools,” Liberator, July 20, 1849; BMC, “Outrage upon Human Rights,” Anti-Slavery Bugle, February 2, 1849.
19. BMC, “Encouraging,” Anti-Slavery Bugle, February 9, 1849.
20. “Letter from Springfield,” Peoria Democratic Press, February 17, 1847; “The Black Laws,” Western Citizen, February 16, 1847.
CHAPTER 6: WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND CAREER ACHIEVEMENTS
1. “Report of the Executive Committee of the Female Anti-Slavery Society at Economy,” Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, February 16, 1842.
2. Judith Wellman, The Road to Seneca Falls: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the First Woman’s Rights Convention (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004), 195.
3. Daniel Hise Diary, April 21, 1850, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio.
4. “Proceedings of the Women’s Rights Convention,” Anti-Slavery Bugle, June 7, 1851.
5. Robert W. Audretsch, ed., The Salem, Ohio 1850 Women’s Rights Convention Proceedings (Salem, OH: Salem Public Library, 1976), 65.
6. “Letter from Parker Pillsbury,” Anti-Slavery Bugle, November 16, 1850.
7. “Women’s Rights Convention,” Anti-Slavery Bugle, June 21, 1851.
8. The Proceedings of the Woman’s Rights Convention, Held at Akron, Ohio, May 28 and 29, 1851 (Cincinnati, OH: B. Franklin and Job Office, 1851).
9. Audretsch, Salem, Ohio 1850 Women’s Rights Convention Proceedings, 24.
10. R. Stubbs to BMC, April 12, 1860, BMC Papers; Mollie to BMC, December 17, 1853, BMC Papers.
11. BMC to Louisa Austin, March 31, 1851, BMC Papers.
12. L. M. Whiting to Cornelia Cowles, October 16, 1851, BMC Papers; “Boots for Girls,” Ohio Cultivator, February 1857, Celestia Rice Colby Papers, Illinois State University, Special Collections, Bloomington.
13. “Letter from Indiana,” Anti-Slavery Bugle, November 8, 1851.
14. Cyrena A. Moore to BMC, May 4, 1861, BMC Papers.
15. S. H. Wright to BMC, September 12, 1858, BMC Papers; A. R. Dancy to BMC, August 15, 1859, BMC Papers.
16. D. Todd Samuel to BMC, December 23, 1858, BMC Papers.
17. Louis Ruchames, ed., The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison, Vol. 4: From Disunionism to the Brink of War, 1850–1860 (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1975), 441; Oliver Johnson to BMC, March 31, 1857, BMC Papers.
CHAPTER 7: THE CIVIL WAR, BLINDNESS, AND POSTWAR REFORM
1. John Brown Jr. to BMC, January 21, 1860, BMC Papers.
2. W. H. Price to BMC, January 24, 1861, BMC Papers; Cornie [Cowles] to BMC, April 29, 1861, BMC Papers.
3. Cornelia Cowles to BMC, April 24, 1861, BMC Papers; L. M. Whiting to BMC, May 12, 1861, BMC Papers.
4. Diary entry, August 4, 1864, BMC Papers.
5. Diary entry, November 6, 1864, BMC Papers.
6. Alfred Cowles to BMC, November 15, 1864, and February 17, 1865, BMC Papers.
7. Diary entry, May 4, 1865, BMC Papers.
8. Diary entry, April 14, 1865, BMC Papers.
9. Diary entry, June 3, 1865, BMC Papers.
10. Obituary, Cleveland Leader, July 29, 1876.