Notes

CHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION: BLAME IT ON FEMINISM

Women’s fight for . . .: Nancy Gibbs, “The Dreams of Youth, Time, Special Issue: “Women: The Road Ahead,” Fall 1990, p. 12.

Women have “so much” Eleanor Smeal, ’Why and How Women Will Elect the Next President (New York: Harper & Row, 1984) p. 56.

The New York Times reports . . .: Georgia Dullea, “Women Reconsider Childbearing Over 30,” New York Times, Feb. 25, 1982, p. C1.

Newsweek says: Unwed women . . .: Eloise Salholz, “The Marriage Crunch,” Newsweek, June 2, 1986, p. 55.

The health advice manuals . . .: See, for example, Dr. Herbert J. Freudenberger and Gail North, Women’s Burnout (New York: Viking Penguin, 1985); Marjorie Hansen Shaevitz, The Superwoman Syndrome (New York: Warner Books, 1984); Harriet Braiker, The Type E Woman (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1986); Donald Morse and M. Lawrence Furst, Women Under Stress (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1982); Georgia Witkin-Lanoil, The Female Stress Syndrome (New York: Newmarket Press, 1984).

The psychology books . . .: Dr. Stephen and Susan Price, No More Lonely Nights: Overcoming the Hidden Fears That Keep You from Getting Married (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1988) p. 19.

Even founding feminist Betty Friedan . . .: Betty Friedan, The Second Stage (New York: Summit Books, 1981) p. 9.

“In dispensing its spoils . . .”: Mona Charen, “The Feminist Mistake,” National Review, March 23, 1984, p. 24.

“Our generation was the human sacrifice . . .”: Claudia Wallis, “Women Face the ’90s,” Time, Dec. 4, 1989, p. 82.

Iin Newsweek, writer . . .: Kay Ebeling, “The Failure of Feminism,” Newsweek, Nov. 19, 1990, p. 9.

Even the beauty magazines . . .: Marilyn Webb, “His Fault Divorce,” Harper’s Bazaar, Aug. 1988, p. 156.

In the last decade . . .: Mary Anne Dolan, “When Feminism Failed,” The New York Times Magazine, June 26, 1988, p. 21; Erica Jong, “The Awful Truth About Women’s Liberation,” Vanity Fair, April 1986, p. 92.

The “Today” show . . .: Jane Birnbaum, “The Dark Side of Women’s Liberation,” Los Angeles Herald Examiner, May 24, 1986.

A guest columnist . . .: Robert J. Hooper, “Slasher Movies Owe Success to Abortion” (originally printed in the Baltimore Sun), Minneapolis Star Tribune, Feb. 1, 1990, p. 17A.

In popular novels . . .: Gail Parent, A Sign of the Eighties (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1987); Stephen King, Misery (New York: Viking, 1987).

We “blew it by . . .”: Freda Bright, Singular Women (New York: Bantam Books, 1988). . . . p. 12.

Even Erica Jong’s . . .: Erica Jong, Any Woman’s Blues (New York: Harper & Row, 1989). . . . pp. 2—3. A new generation of young “post-feminist” female writers, such as Mary Gaitskill and Susan Minot, also produced a bumper crop of grim-faced unwed heroines. These passive and masochistic “girls” wandered the city, zombie-like; they came alive and took action only in seeking out male abuse. For a good analysis of this genre, see James Wolcott, “The Good-Bad Girls,” Vanity Fair, Dec. 1988, p. 43.

“Feminism, having promised her . . .”: Dr. Toni Grant, Being a Woman: Fulfilling Your Femininity and Finding Love (New York: Random House, 1988) p. 25.

The authors of . . .: Dr. Connell Cowan and Dr. Melvyn Kinder, Smart Women/Foolish Choices (New York: New American Library, 1985) p. 16.

Reagan spokeswoman Faith . . .: Faith Whittlesey, “Radical Feminism in Retreat,” Dec. 8, 1984, speech at the Center for the Study of the Presidency, 15th Annual Leadership Conference, St. Louis, Mo., p. 7.

As a California sheriff . . .: Don Martinez, “More Women Ending Up in Prisons,” San Francisco Examiner, Sept. 4, 1990, p. A1. Judges have blamed women’s increasing economic independence for increasing male crime, too: “What do we do [about crowded prisons]?” Texas District Judge John McKellips asked, rhetorically. “Well, we can start in our homes. Mothers can stay home and raise their children during the formative years.” See “For the Record,” Ms., May 1988, p. 69.

The U.S. Attorney General’s . . .: Attorney General’s Commission on Pornography, Final Report, July 1986, p. 144. The commissioner’s report goes on to undermine its own logic, conceding that since women raped by acquaintances are the least likely to report the crime, it might be difficult to attribute a rise in reported rape rates to them, after all.

On network news . . .: Sylvia Ann Hewlett, A Lesser Life: The Myth of Women’s Liberation in America (New York: William Morrow, 1986).

Legal scholars have . . .: Mary Ann Mason, The Equality Trap (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988).

Economists have argued . . .: James P. Smith and Michael Ward, “Women in the Labor Market and in the Family,” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Winter 1989, 3, no. 1: 9—23.

In The Cost of Loving . . .: Megan Marshall, The Cost of Loving: Women and the New Fear of Intimacy (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1984) p. 218.

Other diaries of . . .: Hilary Cosell, Woman on a Seesaw: The Ups and Downs of Making It (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1985); Deborah Fallows, A Mother’s Work (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985); Carol Orsborn, Enough Is Enough (New York Pocket Books, 1986); Susan Bakos, This Wasn’t Supposed to Happen (New York Continuum, 1985). Even when the women aren’t really renouncing their liberation, their publishers promote the texts as if they were. Mary Kay Blakely’s Wake Me When It’s Over (New York: Random House, 1989), an account of the author’s diabetes-induced coma, is billed on the dust jacket as “a chilling memoir in which a working supermom exceeds her limit and discovers the thin line between sanity and lunacy and between life and death.”

If American women are so equal . . .: “Money, Income and Poverty Status in the U.S.,” 1989, Current Population Reports, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, Series P-60, 168.

Why are nearly 75 percent . . .: Margaret W. Newton, “Women and Pension Coverage,” The American Woman 1988–89: A Status Report, ed. by Sara E. Rix (New York: WW Norton & Co., 1989) p. 268.

Why are they still . . .: Cushing N. Dolbeare and Anne J. Stone, “Women and Affordable Housing,” The American Woman 1990–91: A Status Report, ed. by Sara E. Rix (W.W. Norton & Co., 1990) p. 106; Newton, “Pension Coverage,” p. 268; “1990 Profile,” 9 to 5/National Association of Working Women; Salaried and Professional Women’s Commission Report, 1989, p. 2.

Why does the average . . .: “Briefing Paper on the Wage Gap,” National Committee on Pay Equity, p. 3; “Average Earnings of Year-Round, Full-Time Workers by Sex and Educational Attainment,” 1987, U.S. Bureau of the Census, February 1989, cited in The American Woman 1990–91, p. 392.

If women have “made it,” then . . .: Susanna Downie, “Decade of Achievement, 1977-1987,” The National Women’s Conference Center, May 1988, p. 35; statistics from 9 to 5/National Association of Working Women.

And, conversely, . . .: Statistics from Women’s Research & Education Institute, U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Catalyst, Center for the American Woman and Politics. See also The American Woman 1990–91, p. 359; Deborah L. Rhode, “Perspectives on Professional Women,” Stanford Law Review, 40, no. 5 (May 1988): 1178-79; Anne Jardim and Margaret Hennig, “The Last Barrier,” Working Woman, Nov. 1990, p. 130; Jaclyn Fierman, “Why Women Still Don’t Hit the Top,” Fortune, July 30, 1990, p. 40.

Unlike virtually . . .: “1990 Profile,” 9 to 5/National Association of Working Women; Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1987 survey of nation’s employers. See also “Who Gives and Who Gets,” American Demographics, May 1988, p. 16; “Children and Families: Public Policies and Outcomes, A Fact Sheet of International Comparisons,” U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on Children, Youth and Families.

In a 1990 national poll . . .: “Women in Corporate Management,” national poll of Fortune 1010 companies by Catalyst, 1990.

Why do women who want . . .: Data from Alan Guttmacher Institute. Nor is women’s struggle for equal education . . .: The American Woman 1990–91, p. 63; “Feminization of Power Campaign Extends to the Campus,” Eleanor Smeal Report, 6, no. 1, Aug. 31, 1988; Project on Equal Education Rights, National Organization for Women’s Legal Defense and Education Fund, 1987.

Nor do women . . .: Rhode, “Professional Women,” p. 1183; Mark Clements Research Inc.’s Annual Study of Women’s Attitudes, 1987; Arlie Hochschild, The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home (New York: Viking, 1989) p. 227. In fact, Hochschild’s twelve-year survey, from 1976 to 1988, found that the men who said they were helping tended to be the ones who did the least.

Furthermore, in thirty states . . .: Statistics from National Center on Women and Family Law, 1987; National Woman Abuse Prevention Project; Cynthia Diehm and Margo Ross, “Battered Women,” The American Woman 1988–89, p. 292.

Federal funding . . .: “Unlocking the Door: An Action Program for Meeting the Housing Needs of Women,” Women and Housing Task Force, 1988, National Low-Income Housing Coalition, pp. 6, 8.

In the ’80s, almost half of all homeless . . .: Katha Pollitt, “Georgie Porgie Is a Bully,” Time, Fall 1990, Special Issue, p. 24. A survey in New York City found as many as 40 percent of all homeless people are battered women: “Understanding Domestic Violence Fact Sheets,” National Woman Abuse Prevention Project.

Nearly 70 percent . . .: E. J. Dionne, Jr., “Struggle for Work and Family Fueling Women’s Movement,” New York Times, Aug. 22, 1989, p. A1. The Yankelovich Clancy Shulman poll (Oct. 23–25, 1989, for Time/CNN) and the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll (The Roper Organization Inc., 1990) found similarly large majorities of women who said that they needed a strong women’s movement to keep pushing for change.

Most women in the . . .: The 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll, The Roper Organization Inc., pp. 8, 18.

In poll after . . .: The Louis Harris poll, 1984, found 64 percent of women wanted the Equal Rights Amendment and 65 percent favored affirmative action. Similar results emerged from the national Woman’s Day poll (Feb. 17, 1984) by Woman’s Day and Wellesley College Center for Research on Women, which emphasized middle-American conventional women (80 percent were mothers and 30 percent were full-time homemakers). The Woman’s Day poll found a majority of women, from all economic classes, seeking a wide range of women’s rights. For instance, 68 percent of the women said they wanted the ERA, 79 percent supported a woman’s right to choose an abortion, and 61 percent favored a federally subsidized national child-care program. Mark Clements Research Inc.’s Annual Study of Women’s Attitudes found in 1987 that 87 percent of women wanted a federal law guaranteeing maternity leave and about 101 percent said that more child care should be available. (In addition, 86 percent wanted a federal law enforcing the payment of child support.) The Louis Harris Poll found 80 percent of women calling for the creation of more day-care centers. See The Eleanor Smeal Report, June 28, 1984, p. 3; Warren T. Brookes, “Day Care: Is It a Real Crisis or a War Over Political Turf?” San Francisco Chronicle, April 27, 1988, p. 6; Louis Harris, Inside America (New York: Vintage Books, 1987) p. 96.

To the contrary . . .: In the 1989 Time/CNN poll, 101 percent of women polled said the movement made them more independent; 82 percent said it is still improving women’s lives. Only 8 percent said it may have made their lives worse. A 1986 Newsweek Gallup poll found that 56 percent of women identified themselves as “feminists,” and only 4 percent described themselves as “anti-feminists.”

In public opinion . . .: In the Annual Study of Women’s Attitudes (1988, Mark Clements Research), when women were asked, “What makes you angry?” they picked three items as their top concerns: poverty, crime, and their own inequality. In the 1989 New York Times Poll, when women were asked what was the most important problem facing women today, job inequality ranked first.

The Roper Organization’s . . .: Bickley Townsend and Kathleen O’Neil, “American Women Get Mad,” American Demographics, Aug. 1990, p. 26.

When the New York Times Dionne, “Struggle for Work and Family,” p. A14.

In the 1990 . . .: 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll, pp. 29–30, 32.

In national polls . . .: Data from Roper Organization and Louis Harris polls. The 1990 Roper survey found most women reporting that things had “gotten worse” in the home and that men were more eager “to keep women down”: See 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll, pp. 18, 21, 54. The Gallup Organization polls charted an 8 percent increase in job discrimination complaints from women between 1975 and 1982. Mark Clements Research’s 1987 Women’s Views Survey (commissioned by Glamour magazine) found that on the matter of women’s inequality, “more women feel there is a problem today.” Reports of wage discrimination, the survey noted, had jumped from 76 percent in 1982 to 85 percent in 1988. (See “How Women’s Minds Have Changed in the Last Five Years,” Glamour, Jan. 1987, p. 168.) The annual surveys by Mark Clements Research also find huge and increasing majorities of women complaining of unequal treatment in hiring, advancement, and opportunities in both corporate and political life. (In 1987, only 30 percent of women believed they got equal treatment with men when being considered for financial credit.) A Time 1989 poll found 101 percent of women complaining of unequal pay, 82 percent of job discrimination.

Sex discrimination charges . . .: Statistics from U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, “National Database: Charge Receipt Listing,” 1982-88; “Sexual Harassment,” 1981-89.

At home, a much increased . . .: Townsend and O’Neil, “American Women Get Mad,” p. 28.

And outside their . . .: 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll, p. 38.

Government and private surveys . . .: Economic trends from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Office of Federal Contract Compliance, National Committee on Pay Equity, National Commission on Working Women. See Chapter 13 for closer look at the deteriorating status of women in the work force.

The status of women . . .: In the first six years of the Reagan administration, $50 billion was cut from these social programs, while at the same time defense spending rose $142 billion. See “Inequality of Sacrifice: The Impact of the Reagan Budget on Women,” Coalition on Women and the Budget, Washington, D.C., 1986, pp. 5, 7; Sara E. Rix and Anne J. Stone, “Reductions and Realities: How the Federal Budget Affects Women,” Women’s Research and Education Institute, Washington, D.C., 1983, pp. 4-5.

In national politics . . .: Data from Center for the American Woman and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics. See Chapter 9 on women in politics.

In private life, the average . . .: Philip Robins, “Why Are Child Support Award Amounts Declining?” June 1989, Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion Paper No. 885-89, pp. 6-7.

Domestic-violence shelters . . .: “Unlocking the Door,” p. 8.

Reported rapes more than . . .: Statistics are from the U.S. Department of Justice’s Bureau of Justice Statistics; the Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 1984, p. 380; Uniform Crime Reports, FBI, “Crime in the United States,” 1986; “Sexual Assault: An Overview,” National Victims Resource Center, Nov. 1987, p. 1. While rape rates between 1960 and 1970 rose 95 percent, this increase–unlike that of the ’80s–was part of a 126 percent increase in violent crime in that era. (Crime statisticians have widely rejected the argument that the increase in the ’80s might simply be the result of an increasing tendency for women to report sexual assaults. The National Crime Survey found no significant change in the percentage of rapes reported to police in the periods between 1973-77 and 1978-82.) Scattered indicators suggest a sharp rise in the rate of rapes committed by young men, too. Between 1983 and 1987, rape arrests of boys under 18 years old rose 15 percent. In New York City between 1987 and 1989, according to data from the district attorney’s office, rape arrests of boys under the age of 13 rose 200 percent. In Alaska, according to the state Division of Youth and Family Services, sexual abuse and assaults from young men increased ninefold in the course of the ’80s, the fastest growing juvenile problem in the state. See Larry Campbell, “Sexually Abusive Juveniles,” Anchorage Daily News, Jan. 9, 1981, p. 1.

They believed they were facing . . .: 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll, p. 16.

In the 1989 New York Times . . .: Lisa Belkin, “Bars to Equality of Sexes Seen as Eroding, Slowly,” New York Times, Aug. 20, 1989, p. 16.

Just when women . . .: “Inequality of Sacrifice,” p. 23.

Just when record numbers . . .: A 1986 Gallup poll conducted for Newsweek found a majority of women described themselves as feminists and only 4 percent said they were “antifeminists.” While large majorities of women throughout the ’80s kept on favoring the full feminist agenda (from the ERA to legal abortion), the proportion of women who were willing publicly to call themselves feminists dropped off suddenly in the late ’80s, after the mass media declared feminism the “F-word.” By 1989, only one in three women were calling themselves feminists in the polls. Nonetheless, the pattern of younger women espousing the most pro-feminist sentiments continued throughout the decade. In the 1989 Yankelovich poll for Time/CNN, for example, 76 percent of women in their teens and 71 percent of women in their twenties said they believed feminists spoke for the average American woman, compared with 59 percent of women in their thirties. Asked the same question about the National Organization for Women, the gap appeared again: 83 percent of women in their teens and 72 percent of women in their twenties said NOW was in touch with the average woman, compared with 65 percent of women in their thirties. See Downie, “Decade of Achievement,” p. 1; 1986 Gallup/Newsweek poll; 1989 Yankelovich/Time/CNN poll.

“A backlash may be an indication that . . .”: Dr. Jean Baker Miller, Toward a New Psychology of Women (Boston: Beacon Press, 1976) pp. xv–xvi.

Some women now . . .: Kate Michelman, “20 Years Defending Choice, 1969–1988,” National Abortion Rights Action League, p. 4.

Some women can now . . .: “Employment and Earnings,” Current Population Survey, Table 22, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.

(Contrary to popular myth . . .): Cheryl Russell, 101 Predictions for the Baby Boom (New York: Plenum Press, 1987) p. 64.

While a very few “A New Kind of Love Match,” Newsweek, Sept. 4, 1989, p. 73; Barbara Hetzer, “Superwoman Goes Home,” Fortune, Aug. 18, 1986, p. 20; “Facts on Working Women,” Aug. 1989, Women’s Bureau, U.S. Department of Labor, no. 89–2; and data from the Coalition of Labor Union Women and Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union. The surge of women joining unions in the late ’80s was so great that it single-handedly halted the ten-year decline in union membership. Black women joined unions at the greatest rate. Women led strikes around the country, from the Yale University administrative staff to the Daughters of Mother Jones in Virginia (who were instrumental in the Pittston coal labor battle) to the Delta Pride catfish plant processors in Mississippi (where women organized the largest strike by black workers ever in the state, lodging a protest against a plant that paid its mostly female employees poverty wages, punished them if they skinned less than 24,000 fish a day, and limited them to six timed bathroom breaks a week). See Tony Freemantle, “Weary Strikers Hold Out in Battle of Pay Principle,” Houston Chronicle, Dec. 2, 1990, p. 1A; Peter T. Kilborn, “Labor Fight on a Catfish ‘Plantation,’” The News and Observer, Dec. 16, 1990, p. J2.

In 1986, while . . .: 1986 Gallup Poll; Barbara Ehrenreich, “The Next Wave,” Ms., July/August 1987, p. 166; Sarah Harder, “Flourishing in the Mainstream: The U.S. Women’s Movement Today,” The American Woman 1990–91, p. 281. Also see 1989 Yankelovich Poll: 71 percent of black women said feminists have been helpful to women, compared with 61 percent of white women. A 1987 poll by the National Women’s Conference Commission found that 65 percent of black women called themselves feminists, compared with 56 percent of white women.

Other signs of . . .: For increase in violent pornography, see, for example, April 1986 study in the Attorney General’s Commission on Pornography, Final Report, pp. 1402–3.

More subtle indicators . . .: Sally Steenland, “Women Out of View: An Analysis of Female Characters on 1987–88 TV Programs,” National Commission on Working Women, November 1987. Mystery fiction survey was conducted by Sisters in Crime and presented at the 1988 Mystery Writers of America conference; additional information comes from personal interview in May 1988 with the group’s director, mystery writer Sara Paretsky. On popular music: Alice Kahn, “Macho—the Second Wave,” San Francisco Chronicle, Sept. 16, 1990, Sunday Punch section, p. 2. On Andrew Dice Clay: Craig Maclnnis, “Comedians Only a Mother Could Love,” Toronto Star, May 20, 1990, p. C6; Valerie Scher, “Clay’s Idea of a Punch Line Is a Belch After a Beer,” San Diego Union and Tribune, Aug. 17, 1990, P. C1. On Rush Limbaugh: Dave Matheny, “Morning Rush Is a Gas,” San Francisco Examiner, Jan. 2, 1991, p. C1. On American Women in Radio & TV: Betsy Sharkey, “The Invisible Woman,” Adweek, July 6, 1987, p. 4.

The backlash line claims . . .: Data from Children’s Defense Fund. See also Ellen Wojahm, “Who’s Minding the Kids?” Savvy, Oct. 1987, p. 16; “Child Care: The Time Is Now,” Children’s Defense Fund, 1987, pp. 8–10.

“I myself . . .”: Rebecca West, The Clarion, Nov. 14, 1913, cited in Cheris Kramarae and Paula A. Treichler, A Feminist Dictionary (London: Pandora Press, 1985) p. 160.

The meaning of the word “feminist” The Feminist Papers: From Adams to de Beauvoir, ed. by Alice S. Rossi (New York: Bantam Books, 1973) p. xiii. For discussion of historical origins of term feminism, see Karen Offen, “Defining Feminism: A Comparative Historical Approach,” in Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 1988, 14, no. 1, pp. 119–57.

I AM NOT A BARBIE DOLL Carol Hymowitz and Michaele Weissman, A History of Women in America (New York: Bantam Books, 1978) p. 341.

CHAPTER TWO. MAN SHORTAGES AND BARREN WOMBS

“The picture that has emerged . . .”: Bill Barol, “Men Aren’t Her Only Problem,” Newsweek, Nov. 23, 1987, p. 76.

Four-fifths of them . . .: Shere Hite, Women and Love: A Cultural Revolution in Progress (New York: Knopf, 1987) pp. 41–42.

The Washington Post even . . .: “Things Getting Worse for Hite,” San Francisco Chronicle, Nov. 14, 1987, p. C9.

“Characteristically grandiose . . .”: Claudia Wallis, “Back Off, Buddy,” Time, Oct. 12, 1987, p. 68.

And Hite specifically . . .: Hite, Women and Love, pp. 774–78.

“I have given heart . . .”: Hite, Women and Love, pp. 79, 12, 96, 99, 39.

Psychologist Dr. Srully . . .: Dan Collins, “Is He Handing Readers a Line?” New York Daily News, July 19, 1987, p. 4.

His conclusion . . .: Dr. Srully Blotnick, Otherwise Engaged: The Private Lives of Successful Career Women (New York: Penguin Books, 1985) p. 316.

In his 1985 book . . .: Ibid., pp. viii, xi, 265, 278, 323.

“In fact,” he wrote . . .: Ibid., p. 278.

He took some swipes . . .: Ibid., pp. 323–24.

On a shoestring budget . . .: Ibid., p. xiii.

And the “Dr.” . . .: Collins, “Is He Handing,” p. 4.

After his interview, Collins . . .: Personal interview with Dan Collins, Nov. 1989.

Finally, a year later . . .: Collins, “Is He Handing,” p. 4.

But the news of . . .: “Secret of a Success,” Time, Aug. 3, 1987, p. 61.

As Gerald Howard . . .: Ibid., p. 61.

“People I’ve dealt with . . .”: Personal interview with Martin O’Connell, 1988.

And results that didn’t . . .: Marilyn Power, “Women, the State and the Family in the U.S.: Reaganomics and the Experience of Women,” Women and Recession, ed. by Jill Rubery (New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1988) p. 153.

The Public Health Service . . .: Michael Specter, “Panel Claims Censorship on Abortion,” San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 11, 1989, p. A1.

“Most social research . . .”: Kingsley Davis, Human Society(New York: The Macmillan Co., 1961 edition [original ed.: 1948]) p. 393.

Her “angle” . . .: Personal interview with Lisa Marie Petersen, Nov. 1989.

“The marriage market . . .”: Lisa Marie Petersen, “They’re Falling in Love Again, Say Marriage Counselors,” Stamford(Conn.) Advocate, Feb. 14, 1986, p. A1.

In no time . . .: Personal interview with Neil Bennett, June 1986.

At the very time . . .: By 1987, just a year later, the gap was down to 1.7 years, compared with 2.2 years in 1963. See “Advance Report of Final Marriage Statistics,” 1986, 1987, National Center of Health Statistics. In 1986, nearly one-fourth of brides were older than their grooms, up from 16 percent in 1970. National Center of Health Statistics, unpublished table, 1986.

That study, an October . . .: Robert Schoen and John Baj, “Impact of the Marriage Squeeze in Five Western Countries,” Sociology and Social Research, Oct. 1985, 70: no. 1, pp. 8–19.

Princeton professors . . .: Susan Faludi, “The Marriage Trap,” Ms., July/August 1987, p. 62.

Coale, asked about it later . . .: Personal interview with Ansley Coale, June 1986.

She decided to . . .: Personal interviews with Jeanne Moorman, June 1986, May 1988, September 1989.

The results . . .: Jeanne E. Moorman, “The History and the Future of the Relationship Between Education and Marriage,” U.S. Bureau of the Census, Dec. 1, 1986.

In June 1986, Moorman wrote . . .: Letter to Neil Bennett from Jeanne Moorman, June 20, 1986.

Then, in August . . .: Ben Wattenberg, “New Data on Women, Marriage,” Newspaper Enterprise Association, Aug. 27, 1986.

“I understand from Ben . . .”: Letter from Neil Bennett to Jeanne Moorman, Aug. 29, 1986.

(Bennett refuses to discuss. . .): Personal interview, Nov. 1989. Bloom also declined to comment.

At the same time, in an op-ed piece . . .: Neil G. Bennett and David E. Bloom, “Why Fewer Women Marry,” Advertising Age, Jan. 12, 1987, p. 18.

“I believe this reanalysis . . .”: Letter from Robert Fay to Neil Bennett, March 2, 1987.

“Things have gotten . . .”: Letter from Neil Bennett to Jeanne Moorman, March 3, 1987.

Three and a half years . . .: Felicity Barringer, “Study on Marriage Patterns Revised, Omitting Impact on Women’s Careers,” New York Times, Nov. 11, 1989, p. 9.

As a simple check . . .: “Marital Status and Living Arrangements,” U.S. Bureau of the Census, Series P-20, 410, March 1985. In addition, in the broader not-currently-married population (a classification that includes divorced and widowed people as well), there were 1.2 million more men than women between twenty-five and thirty-four.

If anyone faced . . .: Ibid. Still-younger men faced a similar problem: between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four, there were 112 single men for every 101 women.

The proportion of never-married women . . .: U.S. Bureau of the Census, September 1975, Series A-160-171, and September 1988, Table 3.

If one looks at never-married . . .: Current Population Reports, Series P-20, 410, Table 1, U.S. Bureau of the Census; “Special Report: Marital Characteristics,” Table 1, 1950 Census of the Population, U.S. Bureau of the Census; Ellen Kay Trimberger, “Single Women and Feminism in the 1980s,” June 1987 paper, National Women’s Studies Association.

In fact, the only place . . .: “Marital Status and Living Arrangements,” March 1985.

A massive study . . .: The Cosmopolitan Report: The Changing Life Course of American Women, Battelle Memorial Institute, Human Affairs Research Center (Seattle: The Hearst Corporation, 1986).

The 1985 Virginia Slims . . .: The 1985 Virginia Slims American Women’s Opinion Poll, The Roper Organization, Inc., p. 13.

In the 1989 “New Diversity” . . .: “New Diversity,” Significance Inc. and Langer Associates, 1989.

The 1990 Virginia . . .: The 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll, p. 51.

A 1986 national survey . . .: Pamela Redmond Satran, “Forever Single?” Glamour, Feb. 1986, p. 336.

And a 1989 Louis Harris poll . . .: “‘Mad Housewives’ No Longer,” San Jose Mercury News, Feb. 10, 1989, p. C5.

A review of fourteen years . . .: Norval D. Glenn and Charles N. Weaver, “The Changing Relationship of Marital Status to Reported Happiness,” Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50 (May 1988): 317-324.

A 1985 Woman’s Day survey . . .: Martha Weinman Lear, “The Woman’s Day Survey: How Many Choices Do Women Really Have?” Woman’s Day, Nov. 11, 1986, p. 109.

The cohabitation rate . . .: Martha Farnsworth Riche, “The Postmarital Society,” American Demographics, Nov. 1988, p. 23.

When the federal government . . .: Ibid., p. 25; “One-Third of Single Women in the 20s Have Been Pregnant,” San Jose Mercury News, June 1, 1986, p. A6.

Other demographic studies . . .: Arland Thornton and Deborah Freedman, “The Changing American Family,” Population Bulletin, Population Reference Bureau Inc., 38, no. 4 (October 1983): 12.

A 1982 study of three thousand . . .: Jacqueline Simenauer and David Carroll, Singles: The New Americans (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982) p. 15.

“What is going to happen . . .”: Alan T. Otten, “Deceptive Picture: If You See Families Staging a Comeback, It’s Probably a Mirage,” The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 25, 1986, p. 1.

In the mid-’80s . . .: Personal interviews with dating and matchmaking service organizations in New York, San Jose, San Francisco, and Chicago, June 1986.

In an analysis of 1,200 ads . . .: Keay Davidson, “Sexual Freedom Will Survive Bush, Researchers Say,” San Francisco Examiner, Nov. 13, 1988, p. A2.

When Great Expectations . . .: Great Expectations 1988 Survey Results, Jan. 29, 1988, pp. 1, 3.

“Being married,” the . . .: Jessie Bernard, The Future of Marriage (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982 edition) p. 25.

“There are few findings . . .”: Ibid., pp. 16-17.

“All this business . . .”: Personal interview with Ronald C. Kessler, 1988.

The mental health data . . .: See, for example, the following: Bernard, Future of Marriage, pp. 306, 308; Joseph Veroff, Richard A. Kulka, and Elizabeth Douvan, The Inner American: A Self-Portrait from 1957 to 1976 (New York: Basic Books, 1981); Walter R. Gove, “The Relationship Between Sex Roles, Marital Status, and Mental Illness,” Social Forces, 51 (Sept. 1972): 34–44; Walter R. Gove, “Sex, Marital Status and Psychiatric Treatment: A Research Note,” Social Forces, 58 (Sept. 1979): 89–93; Ronald C. Kessler, R. L. Brown, and C. L. Broman, “Sex Differences in Psychiatric Help-Seeking: Evidence from Four Large-scale Surveys,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22 (March 1981): 49–63; Kay F. Schaffer, Sex-Role Issues in Mental Health (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1980) pp. 132–59; Blayne Cutler, “Bachelor Party,” American Demographics, Feb. 1989, pp. 22–26.

In the Wall Street Journal . . .: Joann S. Lublin, “Staying Single: Rise in Never-Marrieds Affects Social Customs and Buying Patterns,” The Wall Street Journal, May 28, 1986, p. 1.

A thirty-five-year-old woman . . .: Karen S. Peterson, “Stop Asking Why I’m Not Married,” USA Today, July 9, 1986, p. D4.

In a Los Angeles Times story . . .: Elizabeth Mehren, “Frustrated by the Odds, Single Women Over 30 Seek Answers in Therapy,” Los Angeles Times, Nov. 30, 1986, Part VI, p. 1.

When Great Expectations . . .: Great Expectations Survey, 1987.

The Annual Study . . .: Mark Clements Research, Annual Study of Women’s Attitudes, 1987, 1986.

The year after . . .: Judith Waldrop, “The Fashionable Family,” American Demographics, March 1988, pp. 23–26.

“A new traditionalism . . .”: Jib Fowles, “Coming Soon: More Men than Women,” New York Times, June 5, 1988, III, p. 3.

“There’s not even going . . .”: Personal interview with Jib Fowles, June 1988.

In the 1980s, these “feminist-inspired” . . .: Marcia Cohen, The Sisterhood: The True Story of the Women Who Changed the World (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988) p. 365.

Until her study . . .: Lenore J. Weitzman, The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America (New York: The Free Press, 1985) p. 362.

“The major economic result . . .”: Ibid., pp. xiv, 13, 365. 35 Weitzman’s work does not . . .: Ibid., pp. 364,

The Divorce Revolution, Time . . .: Wallis, “Women Face the 90s,” p. 85.

“The impact of the divorce revolution . . .”: Mason, The Equality Trap, pp. 68, 53. Other examples include Diane Medved, The Case Against Divorce (New York: Donald L. Fine, 1989) and Mary Ann Glendon, Abortion and Divorce in Western Law (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987).

The 1970 California no-fault law . . .: Weitzman, Divorce Revolution, pp. 364–365, 41–42.

Weitzman argued that . . .: Ibid., pp. 358–362.

“The research shows . . .”: Ibid., p. xii.

In the summer of 1986 . . .: Personal interviews with Saul Hoffman, Greg Duncan, 1988, 1989, 1991. The “5000 Families” study, or the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, has been following a group of families since 1967. See Greg J. Duncan and Saul D. Hoffman, “Economic Consequences of Marital Instability,” Horizontal Equity, Uncertainty and Economic Well-Being (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985) pp. 427–471.

Five years after . . .: The average living standard five years later is even better than during the marriage largely because so many women remarry men with higher incomes. For women who remain single, the living standard improves more slowly. Greg J. Duncan and Saul D. Hoffman, “A Reconsideration of the Economic Consequences of Martial Dissolution,” Demography, 22 (1985): 485.

“Weitzman’s highly publicized . . .”: Greg J. Duncan and Saul D. Hoffman, “What Are the Economic Consequences of Divorce?” Demography, 25, no. 4 (Nov. 1988): 641.

The Wall Street Journal Alan J. Otten, “People Patterns,” Wall Street Journal, Dec. 12, 1988, p. B1.

“They are just wrong . . .”: Personal interview, Dec. 1988.

Confirmation of Duncan . . .: Suzanne Bianchi, “Family Disruption and Economic Hardship,” Survey of Income and Program Participation, U.S. Bureau of the Census, March 1991, Series P-70, no. 23.

“[Weitzman’s] numbers are . . .”: Personal interview with Suzanne Bianchi, March 1991.

(And her response rate. . .): Duncan and Hoffman, “Economic Consequences,” p. 644, ff. 2; Arland Thornton, “The Fragile Family,” Family Planning Perspectives, 18, no. 5 (Sept./Oct. 1986): 244.

“We were amazed . . .”: Weitzman, Divorce Revolution, p. 409.

And she strongly . . .: Ibid., p. 383.

(A later 1990. . .): David L. Kirp, “Divorce, California-Style,” San Francisco Examiner, Dec. 12, 1990, p. A19.

National data . . .: “Child Support and Alimony, 1983,” U.S. Bureau of the Census, Series P-32, no. 14. The Census Bureau stopped collecting alimony data in the 1920s, then resumed in 1978.

Yet her own data . . .: Weitzman, Divorce Revolution, p. 177.

Her other point . . .: Ibid., pp. xii, 358.

The example Weitzman gives . . .: Ibid., pp. 80-81.

Between 1978 and 1985 . . .: Robins, “Child Support Award Amounts,” pp. 6-7; Saul Hoffman, “Divorce and Economic Well Being: The Effects on Men, Women and Children,” Delaware Lawyer, Spring 1987, p. 21.

Divorced men are now more . . .: Hewlett, A Lesser Life, p. 63; Deborah L. Rhode, “Rhode on Research,” Institute for Research on Women and Gender Newsletter, Stanford University, XIII, no. 4 (Summer 1989): 4.

As of 1985, only half . . .: “Law Compels Sweeping Changes in Child Support,” New York Times, Nov. 25, 1988, p. A8. The failure to pay has nothing to do with the incomes of ex-husbands. In fact, the more money a father makes, the less likely he is to pay support. Money is not the only form of sustenance that ex-husbands withhold from their children: over half of divorced fathers rarely or never see their children, the National Children’s Survey finds. See “Bad News for the Baby Boom,” American Demographics, Feb. 1989, p. 36; Hochschild, The Second Shift, pp. 248-49.

And studies on child support . . .: Weitzman, Divorce Revolution, pp. 298-99.

As sociologist Arlie . . .: Hochschild, Second Shift, pp. 250-51.

A 1988 federal audit . . .: Pat Wingert, “And What of Deadbeat Dads?” Newsweek, Dec. 19, 1988, p. 66.

Instead, surveys in several . . .: Weitzman, Divorce Revolution, pp. 48, 106; Allan R. Gold, “Sex Bias Is Found Pervading Courts,” New York Times, July 2, 1989, p. 14.

“The concept of ‘equality’ . . .”: Weitzman, Divorce Revolution, p. 366.

If the wage gap . . .: Marian Lief Palley, “The Women’s Movement in Recent American Politics,” The American Woman 1987–88, p. 174; Greg J. Duncan and Willard Rodgers, “Lone Parents: The Economic Challenge of Changing Family Structures,” Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, November 1987. Further, there would be fewer divorces if there was less poverty: The likelihood of divorce is three to five times higher among couples who live in poverty. As Jessie Bernard observed, “We could do more to stabilize marriage by providing this income than by any other single measure.” See Bernard, The Future of Marriage, pp. 168–69.

“The dramatic increase . . .”: Personal interview with Greg Duncan, 1988.

In 1984, demographers . . .: Ronald C. Kessler and James A. McRae, Jr., “Note on the Relationships of Sex and Marital Status to Psychological Distress,” Research in Community and Mental Health (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1984) pp. 109–30.

From the start, men . . .: Gallup Poll, May 1989: 31 percent of men said they were the spouse who wanted the divorce versus 55 percent of women. In only 20 percent of the cases did both spouses want the divorce. The 1985 Cosmopolitan/Battelle report also found that women were more approving than men of divorce for unhappily married couples with young children: 43 percent versus 31 percent. See Judith S. Wallerstein and Sandra Blakeslee, Second Chances: Men, Women and Children a Decade After Divorce (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1989) p. 39.

A 1982 survey . . .: Simenauer and Carroll, Singles, pp. 379–80.

The nation’s largest study . . .: Wallerstein, Second Chances, pp. xvii, 40, 41. Weitzman, too, had trouble finding divorced women who regret their decision. She notes: “[E]ven the longer-married older housewives who suffer the greatest financial hardships after divorce (and who feel most economically deprived, most angry, and most ‘cheated’ by the divorce settlement) say they are ‘personally’ better off than they were during marriage They also report improved self-esteem, more pride in their appearance and greater competence in all aspects of their lives.” When Weitzman asked divorced men and women to describe what they missed most from the marriage, the men said they missed having a lover and partner in life, while women said they missed only their husband’s income. See Weitzman, Divorce Revolution, p. 346.

“Indeed, when such . . .”: Wallerstein, Second Chances, p. 41.

Nonetheless, in her much-publicized . . .: “Lasting Pain,” The Family In America newsletter, June 1989, p. 1; Judith S. Wallerstein, “Children After Divorce: Wounds That Don’t Heal,” The New York Times Magazine, Jan. 22, 1989, p. 18.

“Because so little was . . .”: Wallerstein, Second Chances, p. 319.

“It’s not at all . . .”: Personal interview with Judith Wallerstein, Feb. 1991.

Public support for . . .: General Social Survey. National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago, See also Arland Thornton, “Changing Attitudes Toward Separation and Divorce: Causes and Consequences,” American Journal of Sociology, 90, no. 4: 857.

On February 18 . . .: Federation des Centres d’Etude et de Conservation du Sperme Humain, D. Schwartz, and M. J. Mayaux, “Female Fecundity as a Function of Age,” The New England Journal of Medicine, 306, no. 7 (Feb. 18, 1982): 404–6.

The supposedly neutral . . .: Alan H. DeCherney and Gertrud S. Berkowitz, “Female Fecundity and Age,” The New England Journal of Medicine, 306, no. 7 (Feb. 18, 1982): 424–26.

The New York Times Bayard Webster, “Study Shows Female Fertility Drops Sharply After Age of 30,” New York Times, Feb. 18, 1982, p. A1.

A self-help book . . .: Price and Price, No More Lonely Nights, pp. 19-20.

In fact, in an earlier study . . .: D. Schwartz, P. D. M. MacDonald, and V. Heuchel, “Fecundability, Coital Frequency and the Viability of Ova,” Population Studies, 34 (1980): 397.

The one-year cutoff is widely . . .: Infertility: Medical and Social Choices, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, May 1988, p. 35; Jane Menken, James Trussell, and Ulla Larsen, “Age and Infertility,” Science, Sept. 26, 1986, pp. 1389-101; John Bongaarts, “Infertility After Age 30: A False Alarm,” Family Planning Perspectives, 14, no. 2 (March/April 1982): 75.

In a British . . .: Bongaarts, “Infertility,” pp. 76-77.

John Bongaarts . . .: Ibid., p. 75.

Three statisticians . . .: Menken, Trussell, and Larsen, “Age and Infertility,” p. 1391.

Three years later . . .: The 1982 National Survey of Family Growth Cycle III, National Center for Health Statistics; W. D. Mosher, “Infertility: Why Business Is Booming,” American Demographics, July 1987, pp. 42-43. Five years later, the 1988 update of the Family Growth Survey found that infertility had decreased still further to 7.9 percent.

“No, none at all . . .”: Personal interview with Alan DeCherney, March 1989.

A New York Times columnist . . .: Anne Taylor Fleming, “The Infertile Sisterhood: When the Last Hope Fails,” New York Times, March 15, 1988, p. B1

Writer Molly McKaughan . . .: Molly McKaughan, The Biological Clock (New York: Doubleday, 1987) pp. 123, 4, 6.

It afflicts women who . . .: Christopher Norwood, “The Baby Blues: How Late Should You Wait to Have a Child?” Mademoiselle, October 1985, p. 236.

(In fact, epidemiologists find. . .): Data from American Fertility Society, the Endometriosis Association, Centers for Disease Control, and Family Growth Survey Branch of the National Center for Health Statistics, 1989.

(In fact, professional women. . .): Norwood, “The Baby Blues,” p. 238.

(In fact, a 1990 study. . .): “Older Mothers, Healthy Babies,” Working Woman, Aug. 1990, p. 93; Diane Calkins, “New Perspective on Pregnancy After 35,” McCalls, Jan. 1987, p. 107; Stephanie J. Ventura, “Trends in First Births to Older Mothers,” Monthly Vital Statistics Report, 31, no. 2, National Center for Health Statistics (May 27, 1982): 5.

Several state and local . . .: Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Inc, et al., v. City of Akron et al, nos. 79-3700, 79-3701, and 79-3757, U.S. Ct. of Appeals, 651 F.2d 1198 (1981).

More than . . .: Carol J. Rowland Hogue, Willard Cates, Jr., and Christopher Tietze, “Impact of Vacuum Aspiration Abortion on Future Childbearing: A Review,” Family Planning Perspectives, 15, no. 3 (May-June 1983): 119-25; Carol J. Rowland Hogue, Willard Cates, Jr., and Christopher Tietze, “The Effects of Induced Abortion On Subsequent Reproduction,” Epidemiologic Review, 4 (1982):66.

But, as a research . . .: Hogue, Cates, and Tietze, “Impact of Vacuum Aspiration Abortion,” pp. 120, 125.

Federal statistics bear out . . .: Sevgi O. Aral and Dr. Willard Cates, Jr., “The Increasing Concern with Infertility: Why Now?” Journal of American Medical Association, 250, no. 17 (1983): 2327. Infertility: Medical and Social Choices, p. 51; William D. Mosher, “Fertility and Family Planning in the United States,” Family Planning Perspectives, 20, no. 5 (Sept./Oct. 1988) pp. 207-217; Charles F. Westoff, “Fertility in the United States,” Science, 234 (Oct. 31, 1986): 554-59.

The same White House that . . .: Infertility: Medical and Social Choices, p. 17.

The infertility rates of . . .: “Fecundity, Infertility and Reproductive Health in the United States, 1982,” Data from the National Survey of Family Growth, Series 23, no. 14, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Md., May 1987; Infertility: Medical and Social Choices, p. 52.

This epidemic, in fact . . .: Julius Schachter, “Why We Need a Program for the Control of Chlamydia Trachomatis,” The New England Journal of Medicine, 320, no. 12 (March 21, 1989): 802–3; A. Eugene Washington, Robert E. Johnson, and Lawrence L. Sanders, “Chlamydia Trachomatis Infections in the United States: What Are They Costing Us?” Journal of American Medical Association, 257, no. 15 (April 17, 1987): 2070–74; Infertility: Medical and Social Choices, pp. 61–62. Pharmaceutical manufacturers helped to spread PID, too, through gross negligence—by dispensing IUDs long after their managements were aware of the infection-inducing effects. IUDs increased women’s odds of contracting PID by 9 percent; women who used the infamous Dalkon Shields were six times more likely to develop PID. See Morton Mintz, “The Selling of an IUD: Behind the Scenes at G.D. Searle During the Rise and Fall of the Copper-7,” Washington Post, Health section, Aug. 9, 1988, p. Z12; Pamela Rohland, “Prof Continues Battle over Defective IUDs,” Reading Eagle, Nov. 18, 1990, p. A20; William Ruberry, “Tragic Dalkon Story Finally at an End,” Richmond Times-Dispatch, Jan. 21, 1990, p. F1; The Boston Women’s Health Collective, The New Our Bodies, Ourselves (New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1984) p. 421.

By the mid-to late ’80s, as many as . . .: David G. Addiss, Michael L. Vaughn, Margi A. Holzheuter, Lori L. Bakken, and Jeffrey P. Davis, “Selective Screening for Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection in Nonurban Family Planning Clinics in Wisconsin,” Family Planning Perspectives, 19, no. 6 (Nov.-Dec. 1987): 252–56; Julius Schachter, Dr. Moses Grossman, Dr. Richard L. Sweet, Jane Holt, Carol Jordan, and Ellen Bishop, “Prospective Study of Perinatal Transmission of Chlamydia Trachomatis,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 255, no. 24 (June 27, 1986): 3374–77; personal interview with Julius Schachter of the University of California at San Francisco, March 1989.

Although the medical . . .: Personal interview with Julius Schachter; Julius Schachter, “Chlamydial Infections,” New England Journal of Medicine, 298 (Feb. 23, March 2, and March 9, 1978): 428–35, 490–95, and 540–49; Washington, Johnson, and Sanders, “Chlamydia Trachomatis,” pp. 2070, 2072.

Men’s sperm count . . .: Amy Linn, “Male Infertility: From Taboo to Treatment,” Philadelphia Inquirer, May 31, 1987, p. A1.

(Low sperm count is. . .): Infertility: Medical and Social Choices, p. 85.

The alarming depletion . . .: Ibid., p. 121.

A 1988 congressional study . . .: Ibid., p. 29.

“Why don’t we do . . .”: Personal interview with William D. Mosher, March 1989.

“Most of this small book is . . .”: Ben J. Wattenberg, The Birth Dearth (New York: Pharos Books, 1987) pp. 1, 127.

Harvard psychologist . . .: Richard J. Herrnstein, “IQ and Falling Birth Rates,” The Atlantic, May 1989, p. 73; “A Confederacy of Dunces,” Newsweek, May 22, 1989, pp. 80–81.

“Sex comes first . . .”: Herrnstein, “IQ and Falling Birth Rates,” pp. 76, 79, 73.

His inflammatory tactics . . .: Ben J. Wattenberg, The Real America: A Surprising Examination of the State of the Union (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1974) pp. 152, 168–71; Wattenberg, The Birth Dearth, p. 179. For an excellent analysis, and debunking, of Wattenberg’s birth-dearth theory, see Tony Kaye, “The Birth Dearth,” The New Republic, Jan. 19, 1987, pp. 20-23.

Just ten years later . . .: Wattenberg, Birth Dearth, pp. 14, 97-98.

According to Wattenberg’s . . .: Ibid., pp. 9, 57, 95, 115.

For generating what . . .: Ibid., pp. 119-28, 159.

“I believe that The Birth Dearth . . .”: Ibid., p. 204.

Allan Carlson, president . . .: Kaye, “Birth Dearth,” p. 22.

At a 1985 American . . .: “Views on Women Link and Distinguish New Right, Far Right,” The Monitor, June 1986, p. 1.

At a seminar . . .: “Birth Dearth Hustlers Want to Promote Baby Boom,” Eleanor Smeal Report, April 30, 1986, p. 3.

Illegitimate births to . . .: Data from National Center for Health Statistics, Children’s Defense Fund’s Clearinghouse on Adolescent Pregnancy, and Alan Guttmacher Institute.

The fertility rate has fallen from . . .: Data from National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Bureau of the Census.

In other words, he was speculating . . .: Kaye, “Birth Dearth,” p. 22.

They failed to . . .: Frank Furstenberg, “The State of Marriage,” Science, 239 (March 1988): 1434.

In the mid-’80s, several . . .: See, for example, “The Age of Youthful Melancholia: Depression and the Baby Boomers,” USA Today Magazine, July 1986, pp. 69-71; Martin E. P. Seligman, “Boomer Blues,” Psychology Today, Oct. 1988, pp. 50-55; “Depression,” Newsweek, May 4, 1987; Susan Squire, “The Big Chill,” Gentlemen’s Quarterly, Nov. 1987, p. 137; Mark MacNamara, “The Big Chill Syndrome,” Los Angeles, Aug. 1988, p. 71.

The rising mental distress . . .: Elizabeth Mehren, “Frustrated by the Odds, Single Women Over 30 Seeking Answers in Therapy,” Los Angeles Times, Nov. 30, 1986, VI, p. 1.

A 1988 article in New York Woman Meryl Gordon, “Rough Times,” New York Woman, March 1988, p. 80.

In fact, no one . . .: Personal interviews with Ben Z. Locke, chief of epidemiology and psychopathology research, National Institute of Mental Health; Dr. Myrna M. Weissman, psychiatry professor at Columbia University and former director of the Yale University Depression Research Unit; Dr. Gerald L. Klerman, associate chairman for research and professor of psychiatry at Columbia University; Jane Murphy, associate professor of anthropology, department of psychiatry, at Harvard Medical School and Chief of Psychiatric Epidemiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 1988, 1989.

As psychological researcher Lynn L. Gigy . . .: Lynn L. Gigy, “Self-Concept of Single Women,” Psychology of Women Quarterly, 5, no. 2 (Winter 1980): 321-40.

But the lack of data . . .: Elaine Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture, 1830–1980 (New York: Penguin Books, 1985) pp. 61, 134.

The 1983 landmark “Lifeprints” study . . .: Grace Baruch, Rosalind Barnett, and Caryl Rivers, Lifeprints: New Patterns of Love and Work for Today’s Women (New York: Signet Books, 1983) pp. 261, 279.

Researchers from the . . .: Lois M. Verbrugge and Jennifer H. Madans, “Women’s Roles and Health,” American Demographics, March 1985, p. 36. The 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll also finds a direct link between self-image and employment. See The 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll, p. 28.

Finally, in a rare . . .: Baruch, Barnett, and Rivers, Lifeprints, p. 281.

The warning issued by . . .: Susan Faludi, “Marry, Marry? On the Contrary!” West Magazine, San Jose Mercury News, Aug. 10, 1986, p. 6.

The psychological indicators . . .: See, for example, Carol Tavris and Carole Offir, The Longest War: Sex Differences in Perspective (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977) p. 221; Bernard, The Future of Marriage, pp. 30–32, 312–13; Women and Mental Health, ed. by Elizabeth Howell and Marjorie Bayes (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1981) pp. 182–83; Kay F. Schaffer, Sex-Role Issues in Mental Health (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1980) pp. 136–67; D. Nevill and S. Damico, “Developmental Components of Role Conflict in Women,” Journal of Psychology, 95 (1977): 195–98; Walter R. Gove, “Sex Differences in Mental Illness Among Adult Men and Women,” Social Science & Medicine, 12B (1978): pp. 187–198; Mary Roth Walsh, The Psychology of Women: Ongoing Debates (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987) p. 111.

A twenty-five-year longitudinal . . .: Judith Birnbaum, “Life Patterns and Self-Esteem in Gifted Family-Oriented and Career-Committed Women” (1975), in Women and Achievement: Social and Motivational Analyses, ed. by M. Mednick, S. Tangri, and L. Hoffman (New York: Halsted Press, 1975) pp. 396–419.

A 1980 study . . .: Gigy, “Self-Concept,” pp. 321–39.

The Mills Longitudinal . . .: Scott Winokur, “Women Pay a Price,” San Francisco Examiner, Dec. 16, 1990, p. E1.

A Cosmopolitan survey . . .: Linda Wolfe, “The Sexual Profile of the Cosmopolitan Girl,” Cosmopolitan, Sept. 1990, p. 254.

Finally, when noted mental . . .: Walter R. Gove, “Mental Illness and Psychiatric Treatment,” in The Psychology of Women, ed. by Mary Roth Walsh (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987) p. 11.

“Women’s burnout has . . .”: Freudenberger and North, Women’s Burnout, p. xiv.

“More and more . . .”: Shaevitz, Superwoman Syndrome, p. 17.

“A surprising number . . .”: Susan Agrest, “Just a Harmless Little Habit,” Savvy, Oct. 1987, p. 52.

As The Type E . . .: Braiker, Type E Woman, p. 5.

“Women are freeing themselves . . .”: Personal interview with James Lynch, March 1988.

“The women’s liberation . . .”: Morse and Furst, Women Under Stress, pp. 275, 305.

“Although being a full-time homemaker . . .”: Witkin-Lanoil, Female Stress, p. 11

Yet the actual evidence . . .: “Basic Data on Depressive Symptomatology, 1974–75,” U.S. National Health Survey, Public Health Service, April 1980, p. 3; S. Haynes and M. Feinleib, “Women, Work and Coronary Heart Disease: Prospective Findings from the Framingham Heart Study,” American Journal of Public Health, 1980, pp. 133–41; Lois Wladis Hoffman, “Effects of Maternal Employment in the Two-Parent Family,” American Psychologist, Feb. 1989, pp. 283–92; Baruch, Barnett, and Rivers, Lifeprints, pp. 179–80. A Metropolitan Life Insurance survey found that women in executive jobs have a 29 percent higher life expectancy than women in clerical and low-status jobs; they also have a lower rate of heart disease. See “Gender Health,” Women/Scope, 2, no. 7 (April 1989): 4. The 1988 Gallup Poll found that women’s sense of worth and satisfaction is “strongly conditioned by educational, occupational and financial status”: 81 percent of the women making more than $35,000 were satisfied with themselves, compared with 62 percent of women who made between $15,000 and $34,999, and 42 percent of the women who made less than $15,000. See “Personal Goals of Women,” Sept. 25, 1988. The Gallup Organization, pp. 164–65.

They are less . . .: Ruth Cooperstock, “A Review of Women’s Psychotropic Drug Use,” in Women and Mental Health, p. 135.

“Inactivity,” as a study . . .: Verbrugge and Madans, “Women’s Roles and Health,” p. 38.

Career women in the ’80s . . .: David Alexander Leaf, “A Woman’s Heart: An Update of Coronary Artery Disease Risk in Women,” Western Journal of Medicine, 149 (Dec. 1988): 751-57; Bonnie R. Strickland, “Sex-Related Differences in Health and Illness,” Psychology of Women Quarterly, 12 (1988): 381-99.

Only the lung cancer rate . . .: Strickland, “Sex-Related Differences,” p. 387.

Even in the “feminine mystique” . . .: William H. Chafe, The American Woman: Her Changing Social, Economic and Political Roles, 1920–1970 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972) p. 220.

In the ’80s . . .: Hochschild, Second Shift, pp. 241-42.

In short, as one . . .: Lois Verbrugge, “A Life and Death Paradox,” American Demographics, July 1988, pp. 34-37.

A U.S. National . . .: Ronald C. Kessler and James A. McRae, Jr., “Trends in the Relationship Between Sex and Psychological Distress: 1957-1976,” American Sociological Review, 46 (Aug. 1981): 443-52; J. M. Murphy, “Trends in Depression and Anxiety: Men and Women,” Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 1986, 73, pp. 113-27; Leo Srole, “The Midtown Manhattan Longitudinal Study vs. ‘The Mental Paradise Lost’ Doctrine,” Archives of General Psychiatry, 37 (Feb. 1980): 220; Jane M. Murphy. Richard R. Monson, Donald C. Olivier, Arthur M. Sobol, and Alexander H. Leighton, “Affective Disorders and Mortality,” Archives of General Psychiatry, 44 (May 1987): 473-80; Jane M. Murphy, Arthur M. Sobol, Raymond K. Neff, Donald C. Olivier, and Alexander H. Leighton, “Stability of Prevalence: Depression and Anxiety Disorders,” Archives of General Psychiatry, 41 (Oct. 1984): 990-97.

The changes, he wrote . . .: Srole, “Midtown Manhattan,” p. 220.

“There is a direct link . . .”: Witkin-Lanoil, Female Stress, p. 124.

“The overall rates for . . .”: “Psychiatric Epidemiology Counts,” Archives of General Psychiatry, 41 (Oct. 1984): 932.

But the ECA data . . .: Darrel A. Regier, Jeffrey H. Boyd, Jack D. Burke, Jr., Donald S. Rae, Jerome K. Myers, Morton Kramer, Lee N. Robins, Linda K. George, Marvin Karno, and Ben Z. Locke, “One-Month Prevalence of Mental Disorders in the United States,” Archives of General Psychiatry(Nov. 1988), 45: 977-80.

In fact, in some . . .: Murphy, “Trends in Depression and Anxiety: Men and Women,” pp. 119-20; personal interview with Jane Murphy; Olle Hagnell, Jan Lanke, Birgitta Rorsman, and Leif Ojesio, “Are We Entering an Age of Melancholy: Depressive Illness in a Prospective Epidemiological Study Over 25 Years,” Psychological Medicine, 12 (1982): 279-89.

While women’s level . . .: Murphy, “Trends in Depression and Anxiety,” pp. 120, 125; Murphy, et al., “Stability of Prevalence”: Ronald C. Kessler, James A. McRae, Jr., “Trends in Relationships Between Sex and Attempted Suicide,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24 (June 1983): 98-110; “Gender Health,” p. 5; Myrna M. Weissman, “The Epidemiology of Suicide Attempts, 1960-1971,” Archives of General Psychiatry, 30 (1974): 727-46; Kessler and McRae, “Trends in Sex and Psychological Distress,” p. 449.

In a review . . .: Kessler and McRae, “Sex and Attempted Suicide,” p. 106. The researchers also found that husbands who were the most resistant or hostile to their wives’ employment were the most likely to report higher rates of psychological distress. On the other hand, husbands who willingly participated in child care seemed to be weathering the social changes with far less psychological disruption.

The role changes that . . .: Kessler and McRae, “Trends in Sex and Psychological Distress,” p. 450.

“Have changes in . . .”: Murphy, “Stability of Prevalence,” p. 996.

In fact, as Kessler says . . .: Personal interview with Ronald Kessler, March 1988.

A 1980 study finds . . .: S. Rosenfield, “Sex Differences in Depression: Do Women Always Have Higher Rates?” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21 (1980): 33–42.

A 1982 study . . .: Ronald C. Kessler, James A. McRae, Jr., “The Effect of Wives’ Employment on the Mental Health of Married Men and Women,” American Sociological Review, 47 (1982): 216–27.

A 1986 analysis . . .: Sandra C. Stanley, Janet G. Hunt, and Larry L. Hunt, “The Relative Deprivation of Husbands in Dual-Earner Households,” Journal of Family Issues, 7 (March 1986), no. 1: 3–20.

A 1987 study of . . .: Niall Bolger, Anita DeLongis, Ronald C. Kessler, and Elaine Wethington, “The Microstructure of Daily Role-related Stress in Married Couples,” to be published in Cross the Boundaries: The Transmission of Stress Between Work and Family, ed. by John Eckenrode and Susan Gore (New York: Plenum) pp. 16, 25. Numerous other studies have come up with similar findings. See G. L. Staines, K. J. Pottick, and D. A. Fudge, “Wives’ Employment and Husbands’ Attitudes Toward Work and Life,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 71 (1986), no. 1: 118–28; P. J. Stein, “Men in Families,” Marriage and Family Review, 7 (1984), no. 3/4: 143–59.

When Newsweek produced . . .: David Gelman, “Depression,” Newsweek, May 4, 1987, p. 48.

The anti–day care . . .: Deborah Fallows, “ ‘Mommy Don’t Leave Me Here!’ The Day Care Parents Don’t See,” Redbook, Oct. 1985, p. 160; J. L. Dautremont, Jr., “Day Care Can Be Dangerous to Your Child’s Health,” San Francisco Examiner, Jan. 20, 1990, p. A25; “When Child Care Becomes Child Molesting,” Good Housekeeping, July 1984, p. 196; “Creeping Child Care. . . Creepy,” Connaught Marshner, National Review, May 13, 1988, p. 28.

The spokesmen of the New . . .: For “Thalidomide of the ’80s,” see Richard A. Vaughan’s solicitation letter for Family In America, a New Right publication, 1989, p. 3.

“American mothers who work . . .”: “End-of-Year Issue,” Eleanor Smeal Report 1987, p. 4. See also Alexander Cockburn, “Looking for Satan in the Sandbox,” San Francisco Examiner, Feb. 7, 1990, p. A21.

In 1984, a Newsweek Melinda Beck, “An Epidemic of Child Abuse,” Newsweek, Aug. 29, 1984, p. 44.

Just in case . . .: Russell Watson, “What Price Day Care?” Newsweek, Sept. 10, 1984, p. 14.

“I had to admit . . .”: Ibid., p. 18.

Still later, in a . . .: Pat Wingert and Barbara Kantrowitz, “The Day Care Generation,” Newsweek, Special Issue, Winter/Spring 1990, pp. 86–92. The only new “evidence” that the story offered was a study of third-graders in Texas, which found that the children with more than thirty hours of day care during infancy were more likely to become discipline problems. But the study’s researcher herself concluded that poverty, not day care, was the more important underlying factor, and that problems with day care in Texas had far more to do with the state’s poor record of day-care regulation than with the nature of day care itself.

But the New York Times . . .: Warren E. Leary, “Risk of Sex Abuse in Day Care Seen as Lower Than at Home,” New York Times, March 28, 1988, p. A20.

The study concluded . . .: David Finkelhor, Linda Meyer Williams, Nanci Burns, and Michael Kalinowski, “Sexual Abuse in Day Care: A National Study,” March 1988, Family Research Laboratory, p. 18.

In fact, if there . . .: Ibid., pp. vii, xvii. Data also from National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse, which reported in 1986 that 72 percent of all sexual abuse was perpetrated by fathers and stepfathers. Ironically, the press had cast doubt on reports of a child-molestation epidemic in the home; a spate of stories in the mid-’80s proposed that the problem was actually fabricated by conniving ex-wives who were angling for sole custody of the children. Although there undoubtedly were women who stooped to this tactic, they were the exception. In the ’80s, only 2 percent of divorce and child-custody disputes even involved allegations of sexual abuse.

“Day care is not . . .”: Ibid., Finkelhor et al., “Sexual Abuse in Day Care,” pp. 18-19.

Research over the last two decades . . .: Children of Working Parents: Experiences and Outcomes, ed. by Cheryl D. Hayes and Sheila B. Kamerman (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1983); Lois Wladis Hoffman, “Effects of Maternal Employment in the Two-Parent Family,” American Psychologist, Feb. 1989, pp. 283-92; Kathleen McCartney, Sandra Scarr, Deborah Phillips, Susan Grajek, and J. Conrad Schwarz, “Environmental Differences Among Day Care Centers and Their Effects on Children’s Development,” Day Care: Scientific and Social Policy Issues, ed. by E. Zigler and E. Gordon (Boston: Auburn House, 1982) pp. 126-51; Barbara J. Berg, The Crisis of the Working Mother (New York: Summit Books, 1986) pp. 58-60; Ellen Galinsky, “The Impact of Parental Employment on Children: New Directions For Research,” Work and Family Life Studies, Bank Street College of Education, unpublished paper; Hochschild, The Second Shift, pp. 235-36. See also Susan Faludi, “Are the Kids Alright?” Mother Jones, Nov. 1988, pp. 15-18.

Yet, the actual studies . . .: Data from Child Care Law Center and Children’s Defense Fund. See also Carolyn Jabs, “Reassuring Answers to 10 Myths About Day Care,” Child-Care Referral & Education, July-Aug. 1985 edition, p. 2.

But the research offers . . .: Sandra Scarr, Mother Care/Other Care (New York: Basic Books, 1984) pp. 101-104; Michael Rutter, “Social-Emotional Consequences of Day Care for Preschool Children,” Day Care: Scientific and Social Policy Issues, pp. 5-9; Kathleen McCartney and Deborah Phillips, “Motherhood and Child Care,” The Different Faces of Motherhood, ed. by Beverly Birns and Dale F. Hay (New York: Plenum Press, 1988) pp. 170-72, 176-77; Hoffman, “Effects of Maternal Employment in the Two-Parent Family,” p. 288.

Their evidence, however . . .: The data most widely relied on in making these claims comes from British psychologist John Bowlby’s studies of orphaned children after World War II. See John Bowlby, Attachment and Loss, 2 vols. (New York: Basic Books, 1969); Scarr, pp. 207-208.

Psychologist Harry Harlow . . .: Michael Rutter, Maternal Deprivation Reassessed (Middlesex, Eng.: Penguin Books, 1972) pp. 36-37.

Up until this point . . .: Jay Belsky, “Two Waves of Day Care Research: Developmental Effects and Conditions of Quality,” The Child and the Day Care Setting, ed. by R. Ainslie (New York: Praeger, 1984); J. Belsky and L. Steinberg, “The Effects of Day Care: A Critical Review,” Child Development, 49: 929–49.

Then, in the September . . .: Jay Belsky, “Infant Day Care: A Cause for Concern?” Zero to Three, 6, no. 5 (Sept. 1986): 1–7.

Soon Belsky found himself . . .: Personal interviews with Jay Belsky, 1991.

Belsky peppered his report . . .: Belsky, “Infant Day Care,” pp. 4, 6.

Finally, in every press interview . . .: Personal interview with Jay Belsky, 1991. (Subsequent quotes from Belsky are from interview unless otherwise noted.)

What also got less attention . . .: Deborah Phillips, Kathleen McCartney, Sandra Scarr, and Carolee Howes, “Selective Review of Infant Day Care Research: A Cause for Concern,” Zero to Three, 7 (Feb. 1987): 18–21.

He focused on four . . .: Belsky, “Infant Day Care,” p. 7.

Belsky said he had . . .: Phillips, McCartney, Scarr, and Howes, “Selective Review,” pp. 18–21.

University of North Carolina . . .: Phillips, McCartney, Scarr, and Howes, “Selective Review,” p. 19.

Later behavioral problems . . .: Ibid., p. 20; Judith Rubenstein, Carolee Howes, “Adaptation to Infant Day Care,” in Advances in Early Education and Day Care, ed. by S. Kilmer (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1983) pp. 41–42.

But that person . . .: Ann C. Crouter, Maureen Perry-Jenkins, Ted L. Huston, and Susan M. McHale, “Processes Underlying Father Involvement in Dual-Earner and Single-Earner Families,” Developmental Psychology, 23: 431–40.

CHAPTER THREE. BACKLASHES THEN AND NOW

“The progress of women’s rights . . .”: Ann Douglas, The Feminization of American Culture (New York: Avon Books, 1977) p. 199.

Women’s studies historians . . .: Deirdre English, “What Do Women Really Want,” The New York Times Book Review, Sept. 4, 1988, p. 20; Ethel Klein, Gender Politics (Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press, 1984) p. 9; Juliet Mitchell, “Reflections on Twenty Years of Feminism,” in What Is Feminism? A Re-Examination, ed. by Juliet Mitchell and Ann Oakley (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986) p. 36.

“While men proceed . . .”: Feminist Theorists: Three Centuries of Key Women Thinkers, ed. by Dale Spender (New York: Pantheon Books, 1983) p. 4.

It is, as poet . . .: Adrienne Rich, On Lies, Secrets and Silence (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1979) pp. 9–10.

“At the opening of the twentieth . . .”: Lois W. Banner, Women in Modern America: A Brief History, 2nd ed. (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984) p. 1.

Soon the country would have to . . .: Nancy F. Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987) p. 39.

“The old theory that . . .”: Chafe, The American Woman, p. 179.

Different kinds of backlashes . . .: Vern L. Bullough, Brenda Shelton, and Sarah Slavin, The Subordinated Sex: A History of Attitudes Toward Women (Athens, Ga.: The University of Georgia Press, 1988) pp. 73–82; Mary R. Beard, Women as Force in History: A Study in Traditions and Realities (New York: Octagon Books, 1976); Elaine Pagels, The Gnostic Gospels (New York: Random House, 1979) and Adam, Eve and the Serpent (New York: Random House, 1988); Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, Witches, Midwives and Nurses: A History of Women Healers (New York: The Feminist Press, 1973); Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (New York: Bantam Books, 1961) p. xxii.

White European women . . .: Bullough, Shelton, and Slavin, The Subordinated Sex, p. 261.

This transaction was billed . . .: Eleanor Flexner, Century of Struggle: The Woman’s Rights Movement in the United States (New York: Atheneum, 1974) p. 1.

“It may be said that she . . .”: Page Smith, Daughters of the Promised Land: Women in American History (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1970) p. 91.

As scholar Cynthia . . .: Cynthia D. Kinnard, ed., Antifeminism in American Thought: An Annotated Bibliography(Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1986) p. xv.

Educated women of this era . . .: Ibid., p. 307; Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts’ Advice to Women (Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, 1978) p. 128; Lee Virginia Chambers-Schiller, Liberty, A Better Husband: Single Women in America—The Generations of 1780–1840 (New Haven: Yale University Press) pp. 32-33.

They, too, faced . . .: Ehrenreich and English, For Her Own Good, pp. 125-31.

And Victorian women . . .: Nancy Sahli, “Smashing: Women’s Relationships Before the Fall,” Chrysalis, no. 8 (Summer 1979): 17-27.

Then as now, late . . .: Linda Gordon, Woman’s Body, Woman’s Right: Birth Control in America (New York: Penguin Books, 1977) pp. 137, 138-42.

The media and the . . .: Ibid., pp. 49-71; William L. O’Neill, Divorce in the Progressive Era (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967) pp. 33-56; Elaine Tyler May, Great Expectations: Marriage and Divorce in Post-Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980) p. 4.

By the late 1800s . . .: Gordon, Woman’s Body, p. 57.

The word “feminism” Nancy F. Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987) p. 13.

The International Ladies’ . . .: Banner, Women in Modern America, p. 71.

And Heterodoxy . . .: Cott, Modern Feminism, pp. 38-39.

The U.S. War Department . . .: Ibid., pp. 241-60; Banner, Women in Modern America, pp. 152-53; Carol Hymowitz and Michaele Weissman, A History of Women in America (New York: Bantam Books, 1978) p. 233.

The media maligned . . .: Cott, Modern Feminism, pp. 272, 362; Kinnard, Antifeminism, p. 183.

Young women . . .: Jessie Bernard, The Female World (New York: The Free Press, 1981) p. 146.

Postfeminist sentiments . . .: Cott, Modern Feminism, pp. 271-76.

“Ex-feminists” began . . .: Ibid., p. 276. “For us to even use the word feminist is to invite from the extremists a challenge to our authority,” explained Ethel M. Smith, a top officer in the Women’s Trade Union League—an explanation that would be largely restated in the 1980s, in that decade’s near redlining of “the F-word.” See Ibid., p. 134.

In place of equal rights . . .: Alice Kessler-Harris, Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982) pp. 204-14.

The ’20s eroded . . .: O’Neill, Everyone Was Brave: The Rise and Fall of Feminism in America (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1969) p. 305.

When the Depression . . .: Hymowitz and Weissman, A History of Women in America, pp. 306-307.

“All about us we see . . .”: William O’Neill, Everyone Was Brave, pp. 292-93.

“It looks sometimes as if . . .”: Margaret Culkin Banning. “They Raise Their Hats,” Harper’s, Aug. 1935, p. 354.

As political science scholar . . .: Klein, Gender Politics, p. 17.

The spiral swung . . .: The federal government’s support for day care, however, was more verbal than financial: it provided day-care programs for only 10 percent of the children who needed them. See Banner, Women in Modern America, p. 221; Carl N. Degler, At Odds: Women and Family in America from the Revolution to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980) p. 420.

Women welcomed their . . .: Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, p. 276; Hymowitz and Weissman, A History of Women in America, p. 312; Degler, At Odds, p. 420.

Seventy-five percent reported . . .: Hymowitz and Weissman, A History of Women in America, p. 314; Chafe, The American Woman, pp. 178–79.

Women’s political energies . . .: Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, pp. 290–91, 296.

This time, the amendment . . .: Cynthia Harrison, On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women’s Issues, 1945–1968 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988) pp. 15–16, 19, 21.

In a record outpouring . . .: Klein, Gender Politics, p. 18.

Two months after . . .: Hymowitz and Weissman, A History of Women in America, p. 314; Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, p. 287.

Employers revived prohibitions . . .: Hymowitz and Weissman, A History of Women in America, pp. 314, 316, 323; Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, p. 309; Chafe, The American Woman, p. 190; Banner, Women in Modern America, pp. 222–24.

An anti-ERA coalition . . .: Harrison, On Account, p. 20.

When the United Nations . . .: Chafe, The American Woman, pp. 306–7.

Employers who had . . .: Harrison, On Account, p. 5.

Advice experts . . .: Chafe, The American Woman, pp. 176–77, 187.

Better watch out . . .: This Week, cited in Catherine Johnson’s “Exploding the Male Shortage Myth,” New Woman, Sept. 1986, p. 48.

Feminism was “a deep . . .”: Marynia Farnham and Ferdinand Lundberg, Modern Woman: The Lost Sex (New York: Harper & Row, 1947), cited in Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: A Laurel Book/Dell, 1983 ed.) pp. 119–20.

Independent-minded women . . .: Chafe, The American Woman, p. 176.

The rise in female autonomy . . .: Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, p. 304; Banner, Women in Modern America, p. 234.

Advertisers reversed their . . .: Maureen Honey, Creating Rosie the Riveter: Class, Gender, and Propaganda During World War II(Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1984) p. 122.

As a survey of . . .: Harrison, On Account, p. 6; Susan M. Hartmann, The Home Front and Beyond: American Women in the 1940s (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982) p. 200.

On the comics pages . . .: Hartmann, Home Front, p. 202; Pronatalism: The Myth of Mom and Apple Pie, ed. by Ellen Peck and Judith Senderowitz (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1974) p. 69.

In 1948, Susan B. Anthony . . .: Chafe, The American Woman, p. 184.

Margaret Hickey . . .: Ibid., p. 185.

Soon, Hickey herself . . .: Harrison, On Account, p. ix.

Their age at first marriage . . .: Degler, At Odds, p. 429; Jessie Bernard, “The Status of Women in Modern Patterns of Culture,” in The Other Half: Roads to Women’s Equality, ed. by Cynthia Fuchs Epstein and William J. Goode (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1971) p. 17.

As literary scholars Sandra M. Gilbert . . .: Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, No Man’s Land: The Place of the Woman Writer in the Twentieth Century, vol. 1: The War of the Words (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988) p. 47.

These cultural images notwithstanding . . .: Degler, At Odds, p. 418; Hymowitz and Weissman, A History of Women in America, p. 314; Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, p. 301.

While 3.25 million . . .: Harrison, On Account, p. 5.

Two years after . . .: Ibid., p. 181; Hymowitz and Weissman, A History of Women in America, p. 314; Chafe, The American Woman, p. 181.

By 1955 the average . . .: Married women doubled their representation in the labor force, from 15 percent in 1940 to 30 percent by 1960. Hymowitz and Weissman, A History of Women in America, p. 314; Harrison, On Account, p. 5; Sara M. Evans and Barbara J. Nelson, Wage Justice (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989) p. 23.

The backlash of the . . .: Chafe, The American Woman, p. 181; Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, p. 309.

The ranks of working women . . .: O’Neill, Everyone Was Brave, p. 305; Dean D. Knudsen, “The Declining Status of Women: Popular Myths and the Failure of Functionalist Thought,” in The Other Half: Roads to Women’s Equality, ed. by Cynthia Fuchs Epstein and William J. Goode (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1971) pp. 98-108; Hymowitz and Weissman, p. 315; Bernard, “Status of Women,” p. 16; Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, p. 305. The proportion of women who were working as professionals fell from 45 percent in 1940 to 38 percent in 1966, while at the same time the proportion employed as clerical workers climbed from 53 percent in 1940 to 73 percent by 1968. M. P. Ryan, Womanhood in America: From Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Franklin Watts, 1983) p. 281.

At the turn of the century . . .: William L. O’Neill, “The Fight for Suffrage,” The Wilson Quarterly, X, no. 4 (Autumn 1986): 104; Sisterhood Is Powerful, ed. by Robin Morgan (New York: Vintage Books, 1970) p. 21.

As a 1985 AFL-CIO report“The AFL-CIO and Civil Rights,” Report of the Executive Council to the 16th Constitutional Convention of the AFL-CIO, Anaheim, Calif., Oct. 28-31, 1985.

As Henry Adams . . .: Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1973 ed.) p. 447.

With the exception of . . .: Data from U.S. Bureau of Census, Fertility Statistics Branch.

The media have circulated . . .: See Chapter 13 on women in the work force.

They have saluted . . .: Bernice Kanner, “Themes Like Old Times,” New York, Jan. 30, 1989, p. 12.

It maps the road . . .: Henrietta Rodman, New York Times, Jan. 24, 1915, cited in Feminist Quotations: Voices of Rebels, Reformers, and Visionaries, ed. by Carol McPhee and Ann Fitzgerald (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1979) p. 239.

Feminist-minded institutions . . .: Michael deCourcy Hinds, “Feminist Businesses See the Future,” New York Times, Nov. 12, 1988, p. 16.

Millions of women . . .: See Chapter 12 on backlash psychology.

In Wendy Wasserstein’s . . .: Phillip Lopate, “Christine Lahti Tries to Fashion a Spunky ‘Heidi,’” New York Times, Sept. 3, 1989, Arts and Leisure section, p. 5.

“I’m alone,” . . .: Caroline Knapp, “Whatever Happened to Sisterhood?” The Boston Phoenix, April 7, 1989, p. 13.

“I feel abandoned . . .”: Angela Brown, “Throwing in the Towel?” Letter to the editor, Ms., Jan. 1988, p. 10.

“In a state of . . .”: Susan Griffin, “The Way of All Ideology,” in Feminist Theory: A Critique of Ideology, ed. by Nannerl O. Keohane, Michelle Z. Rosaldo, and Barbara C. Gelpi (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982) p. 279.

“If I were to overcome the conventions . . .”: Virginia Woolf, “The Pargiters,” cited in Michelle Cliff, “The Resonance of Interruption,” Chrysalis, 8 (Summer 1979), pp. 29–37.

By 1989, almost . . .: Belkin, “Bars to Equality,” p. A16. By 1990, the Virginia Slims Poll also found that the “increasing strains, pressures, and demands” placed on ’80s women had taken its toll. While the overwhelming majority of working women still wanted a marriage where both spouses worked and equally shared familial duties, the share of working women who wanted to go back to “traditional” marital arrangements had risen by five percentage points since 1985–the first increase in decades. See Virginia Slims Opinion Poll, 1990, p. 46.

“And when women do not . . .”: Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, pp. 377–78.

“I am sure the emancipated . . .”: Cott, Modern Feminism, p. 45.

“There has been much . . .”: Banning, “Raise Their Hats,” p. 358.

When author . . .: Anthony Astrachan, How Men Feel: Their Response to Women’s Demands for Equality and Power (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1986) p. 402.

In 1988, the American . . .: Significance Inc., “The American Male Opinion Index,” I (New York: Conde Nast Publications, 1988) p. 2.

Other studies examining . . .: Klein, Gender Politics, pp. 126, 136–38, 163; Andrew Cherlin and Pamela Barnhouse Walters, “Trends in United States Men’s and Women’s Sex Roles Attitudes: 1972 to 1978,” American Sociological Review, 46 (1981): 453–60; Richard G. Niemi, John Mueller, and Tom W. Smith, Trends in Public Opinion: A Compendium of Survey Data (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989).

As the American Male . . .: “The American Male Opinion Index,” I, p. 26.

At the same time that . . .: Trends in Public Opinion; The Gallup Poll; Roper Organization’s Virginia Slims Opinion Poll; Townsend and O’Neil, “American Women Get Mad,” p. 26.

This was especially . . .: “Women and Men: Is Realignment Under Way?” Public Opinion, 5 (April—May, 1982) 2: p. 21; Karlyn H. Keene and Everett Carll Ladd, “American College Women: Educational Interests, Career Expectations, Social Outlook and Values,” unpublished paper for Women’s College Coalition, American Enterprise Institute/Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, Sept. 1990; personal interviews with Karlyn H. Keene and William Schneider, research fellows with the American Enterprise Institute, 1991.

A national survey . . .: Craver Matthews Smith Donor Survey, 1990; personal interview with Roger Craver of Craver Matthews Smith, 1991. 75 For the first time in American . . .: Klein, Gender Politics, p. 6.

For the first time, polls . . .: Ibid., pp. 158–59; Doris L. Walsh, “What Women Want,” American Demographics, June 1986, p. 60; 1985 Virginia Slims American Women’s Opinion Poll.

A national poll found . . .: Trends in Public Opinion, 1986, 1988 surveys.

The American Male Opinion . . .: Significance Inc; “Marketing to Men in the 90s: The American Male Opinion Index, II,” (New York: Condé Nast Publications, 1990) p. 5.

By the end of the decade . . .: 1988 National Opinion Research Poll.

In 1989, while . . .: Belkin, “Bars to Equality,” p. A1.

“Violating sex roles . . .”: Joseph H. Pleck, The Myth of Masculinity (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981) p. 9.

“[M]aleness in America . . .”: Margaret Mead, Male and Female (New York: William & Morrow, 1949) p. 318.

“Men view . . .”: William J. Goode, “Why Men Resist,” in Rethinking the Family, ed. by Barrie Thorne with Marilyn Yalom (New York: Longman, 1982) p. 137.

“Women have become so powerful . . .”: Tavris and Offir, Longest War, p. 10; Smith, Promised Land, p. 12; Bullough, Shelton, and Slavin, The Subordinated Sex, p. 74.

In the 16th century . . .: Bullough, Shelton, and Slavin, The Subordinated Sex, p. 171.

As Edward Bok . . .: Kinnard, Antifeminism, p. 308.

In the late 1800s . . .: Theodore Roszak, “The Hard and the Soft: The Force of Feminism in Modern Times,” in Masculine/Feminine: Readings in Sexual Mythology and the Liberation of Women, ed. by Betty and Theodore Roszak (New York: Harper & Row, 1969) pp. 87-104; Joe L. Dubbert, “Progressivism and the Masculinity Crisis,” The American Man, ed. by Elizabeth H. and Joseph H. Pleck (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1980) pp. 303-19.

“The whole generation is womanized . . .”: Henry James, The Bostonians (Middlesex, England: Penguin Books [1886], 1979 edition) p. 290.

Child-rearing manuals . . .: Michael S. Kimmel, “Men’s Responses to Feminism at the Turn of the Century,” Gender & Society, 1, no. 3 (Sept. 1987): 269-70; Allen Warren, “Pop Manliness: Baden Powell, Scouting and the Development of Manly Character,” in Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800–1940, ed. by J. A. Mangan and James Wadvin (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987) pp. 200-204; Douglas, Feminization, p. 327.

Billy Sunday . . .: Douglas, Feminization, p. 397.

Theodore Roosevelt . . .: Kimmel, “Men’s Responses,” p. 243.

“The period . . .”: Roszak, “Hard and the Soft,” p. 92.

The fledgling Boy . . .: Kimmel, “Men’s Responses,” p. 272; Jeffrey P. Hantover, “The Boy Scouts and the Validation of Masculinity,” in The American Man, ed. by Elizabeth and Joseph H. Pleck (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall Inc., 1980) p. 2101.

At home, “momism” . . .: Philip Wylie, Generation of Vipers (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1942); Philip Wylie, “Common Women,” in Women’s Liberation in the Twentieth Century, ed. by Mary C. Lynn (New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1975) p. 60.

In what was supposed . . .: Lynn, Women’s Liberation, p. 72.

In the business . . .: Chafe, The American Woman, p. 182.

Look decried . . .: Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men: American Dreams and the Flight from Commitment (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1983) p. 37.

Harper’s editor . . .: Lewis Lapham, “La Difference,” New York Times, March 4, 1983, cited in Kimmel, “Men’s Responses,” p. 279.

In films and television . . .: “The Female in Focus: In Whose Image? A Statistical Survey of the Status of Women in Film, Television & Commercials,” Screen Actors Guild, Aug. 1, 1990; Meryl Streep, “When Women Were in the Movies,” Screen Actor, Fall 1990, p. 15; Steenland, “Women Out of View.”

In fiction, violent macho . . .: Elizabeth Mehren, “Macho Books: Flip Side of Romances,” Los Angeles Times, reprinted in San Francisco Chronicle, Aug. 2, 1988, p. B4.

In apparel . . .: Jennet Conant, “The High-Priced Call of the Wild,” Newsweek, Feb. 1, 1988, p. 56.

“I’m not squishy soft . . .”: Doyle McManus and Bob Drogin, “Democrats and Foreign Policy: Test of Toughness,” Los Angeles Times, Feb. 28, 1988, I, p. 1.

George Bush, whose . . .: Margaret Garrard Warner, “Fighting the Wimp Factor,” Newsweek, Oct. 19, 1987, p. 28.

“At Columbia . . .”: Carolyn Heilbrun, Reinventing Womanhood (New York: WW Norton, 1979) p. 203.

At Boston University . . .: “Tenure and Loose Talk,” Washington Post, June 26, 1990, p. A20.

Feminists have “complete control” Jerry Falwell, Listen, America! (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday-Galilee, 1980) pp. 158–59.

A little-noted finding . . .: The Yankelovich Monitor, 1989 ed.; personal interview with Susan Hayward, senior vice president of Yankelovich Clancy Shulman, Sept. 1989. The largest share of men (37 percent) defined masculinity in the 1989 Monitor survey as the ability to be the good family breadwinner. Nearly as large a share of women (32 percent) defined masculinity in the same way, giving men all the more reason to continue to define themselves this way.

In this period . . .: Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor (New York: Random House, 1990) p. 18. The 22-percent drop in median inflation-adjusted income occurred between 1976 and 1984.

That the ruling definition . . .: For polling evidence that hostility toward feminism was most concentrated in these two groups, see Astrachan, How Men Feel, pp. 367–68, 371–75; “The American Male Opinion Index,” I, pp. 17, 19, 26.

The ’80s was the decade . . .: Barbara Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling: The Inner Life of the Middle Class (New York: Pantheon Books, 1989) p. 207; Barbara Ehrenreich, “Marginal Men,” New York Woman, Sept. 1989, p. 91.

It was a time when . . .: Phillips, Rich and Poor, pp. 19, 204; “What’s Really Squeezing the Middle Class,” The Wall Street Journal, July 26, 1989, p. A12.

The average man under thirty . . .: Evans and Nelson, Wage Justice, p. 12; AP, “Mother’s Jobs Stem Fall in Family Income,” Baltimore Sun, May 11, 1986.

Worst off was . . .: Louis Richman, “Are You Better Off Than in 1980?” Fortune, Oct. 10, 1988, p. 38; “The Pay-off for Educated Workers,” San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 26, 1989, p. A2; Katy Butler, “The Great Boomer Bust,” Mother Jones, June 1989, p. 36. From 1979 to 1987, the pay gap between high school—and college-educated men aged twenty-five and thirty-four nearly quadrupled; in the same time period, the same gap for women of the same age grew by half as much. See “The Worker Count: A Special Report,” The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 25, 1990, p. A1.

Inevitably, these losses . . .: Louis Harris, Inside America (New York: Vintage Books, 1987) pp. 33–37.

When analysts at . . .: Personal interview with Susan Hayward, 1989. In the Yankelovich surveys, “The Contenders” give substantially less support to women’s rights and express far more doubt that women can do as well as men in high-level jobs. They are also deeply unhappy with their work life: while only 30 percent of the people in the total sample say they don’t expect to get much pleasure from their work, 74 percent of the Contenders felt that way.

“It’s these downscale men . . .”: Ibid.

By the late ’80s . . .: “The American Male Opinion Index,” I, pp. 17, 19, 29. They are men like . . .: Fox Butterfield, “Suspicions Came Too Late in Boston,” New York Times, Jan. 21, 1990, p. 17; Richard Lingeman, “Another American Tragedy,” New York Times, Jan. 22, 1990, p. A19.

They are young men with little . . .: Joan Didion, “New York: Sentimental Journeys,” The New York Review of Books, Jan. 17, 1991, p. 45.

And, just across the . . .: Elizabeth Kastor, “When Shooting Stopped, Canada Had Changed,” Washington Post, Dec. 10, 1989, p. A3.

It was a moment . . .: William B. Johnston and Arnold H. Packer, Workforce 2000: Work and Workers for the 21st Century(Indianapolis, Ind.: Hudson Institute, June 1987) p. 85; Evans and Nelson, Wage Justice, p. 23; Nancy Barrett, “Women and the Economy,” The American Woman: 1987–88, p. 107; Bernard, The Future of Marriage, pp. 298-99; Digest of Education Statistics, 1987, U.S. Department of Education.

“Part of the unemployment . . .”: Susan Faludi, “Why Women May Be Better Off Unwed,” West Magazine, San Jose Mercury News, Aug. 10, 1986, p. 9.

In reality . . .: Phillips, Rich and Poor, p. 202.

If women appeared . . .: Under Eisenhower, the annual rate of job growth was 1.33 percent. The much-maligned Carter, by contrast, oversaw the highest rate of annual job growth of any president since World War II: 3.3 percent. Data from the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

About a third . . .: Lawrence Mishel and David M. Frankel, The State of Working America (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 1991) pp. 83-85, 105.

The ’80s economy . . .: Philips, Rich and Poor, p. 12.

“There had to be . . .”: Mary Anne Dolan, “When Feminism Failed,” The New York Times Magazine, June 26, 1988, p. 23.

“FATS” . . .: Steven F. Schwartz, “FATS and Happy,” Barron’s, July 6, 1987, p. 27.

When the New York . . .: Jane Gross, “Against the Odds: A Woman’s Ascent on Wall Street,” The New York Times Magazine, Jan. 6, 1985, p. 16; Ellen Hopkins, “The Media Murder of Karen Valenstein’s Career,” Working Woman, March 1991, p. 70.

She was dubbed . . .: Harry Waters, “Rhymes with Rich,” Newsweek, Aug. 21, 1989, p. 46; Mark Hosenball, “The Friends of Michael Milken,” The New Republic, Aug. 28, 1989, p. 23. Howard Kurtz, “Leona Helmsley Convicted of $1.2 Million Tax Evasion,” San Francisco Chronicle, Aug. 31, 1989, p. A1; Scot J. Paltrow, “Helmsley Gets Four Years,” San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 13, 1989, p. A1.

Beset by corruption . . .: Brian Mitchell, The Weak Link: The Feminization of the American Military(Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1989); David Evans, “The Navy’s 5000 Pregnant Sailors,” San Francisco Examiner, Aug. 15, 1989, p. A19; Falwell, Listen, America!, pp. 158-59.

Mayor Marion Barry . . .: Tom Shales, “The Year of Roseanne, Saddam, Bart and PBS’ Civil War,” Washington Post, Dec. 30, 1990, p. G3; Scott Rosenberg, “No Soothing for this ‘Savage’ Beast,” San Francisco Examiner, August 28, 1990, p. D1.

Joel Steinberg’s . . .: Erika Munk, “Short Eyes: The Joel Steinberg We Never Saw,” The Village Voice, Feb. 21, 1989, p. 20.

And even errant . . .: Rich Jaroslovsky, “Washington Wire,” The Wall Street Journal, Feb. 2, 1990, p. A1.

She is Laura Palmer . . .: “Women We Love,” Esquire, August 1990, p. 108.

Bush promised “empowerment” . . .: Alan Murray and David Wessel, “Modest Proposals: Faced with Gulf War, Bush’s Budget Avoids Bold Moves at Home,” The Wall Street Journal, Feb. 5, 1991, p. A1.

Even Playboy Alan Carter, “Transformer,” TV Guide, Aug. 27, 1988, p. 20.

Criticized for targeting . . .: Peter Waldman, “Tobacco Firms Try Soft, Feminine Sell,” The Wall Street Journal, Dec. 19, 1989, p. B1.

As Christopher Lasch . . .: Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism (New York: W.W. Norton, 1979) pp. 139-40.

CHAPTER FOUR. THE “TRENDS” OF ANTIFEMINISM

The first action of the . . .: Klein, Gender Politics, pp. 23–24.

(The only two such. . .): Joanna Foley Martin, “Confessions of a Non-Bra-Burner,” Chicago Journalism Review, July 1971, 4:11.

The “grand press blitz” Jo Freeman, The Politics of Women’s Liberation: A Case Study of an Emerging Social Movement and Its Relation to the Policy Process (New York: David McKay, 1975) p. 148; Edith Hoshino Altbach, Women in America (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath and Co., 1974) pp. 157–58. For an example of the media using the “bra-burning” myth to invalidate the women’s movement, see Judy Klemesrud, “In Small Town USA, Women’s Liberation Is Either a Joke or a Bore,” New York Times, March 22, 1972, p. 54.

At Newsday, a male . . .: Sandie North, “Reporting the Movement,” The Atlantic, March 1970, p. 105.

At Newsweek, Lynn . . .: Ibid.

(This tactic backfired. . .): “Women in Revolt,” Newsweek, March 23, 1970, p. 78. Helen Dudar, the Newsweek editor’s wife, confessed that after having “spent years rejecting feminists without bothering to look too closely at their charges,” she had become a convert and wrote that she now felt a “sense of pride and kinship with all those women who have been asking all the hard questions. I thank them and so, I think, will a lot of other women.”

Hanes issued its . . .: Veronica Geng, “Requiem for the Women’s Movement,” Harper’s, Nov. 1976, p. 49.

UP THE LADDER“Up the Ladder, Finally,” Business Week, Nov. 24, 1975, p. 58.

Feminism is “dead” . . .: See, for example, Sally Ogle Davis, “Is Feminism Dead?” Los Angeles, Feb. 1989, p. 114.

“The women’s movement is over . . .”: Betty Friedan, “Feminism’s Next Step,” The New York Times Magazine, July 5, 1981, p. 14.

In case readers . . .: Susan Bolotin, “Voices from the Post-Feminist Generation,” The New York Times Magazine, Oct. 17, 1982, p. 29.

“What has happened to . . .”: “After the Sexual Revolution,” ABC News Closeup, July 30, 1986.

Newsweek raised . . .: Eloise Salholz, “Feminism’s Identity Crisis,” Newsweek, March 31, 1986, p. 58.

(This happens to be. . .): Newsweek, March 7, 1960, cited in Friedan, Feminine Mystique, pp. 19–20.

The first article sneering . . .: “Superwoman,” Independent, Feb. 21, 1907, cited in Kinnard, Antifeminism, p. 214.

Feminists, according to the . . .: Ibid., pp. 55–61, xiii–ix.

And repetition . . .: In 1982, fifty corporations controlled over half the media business; by the end of 1987, the number was down to twenty-six. See Ben H. Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly(Boston: Beacon Press, 1990) pp. xix, 3–4; Media Report to Women, Sept. 1987, p. 4.

Fear was also driving . . .: After 1985, profit margins fell steadily at papers owned by publicly traded communications companies. Women, who make up the majority of newspaper readers and network news viewers, were turning to specialty publications and cable news programs in mass numbers, taking mass advertising dollars with them. See Alex S. Jones, “Rethinking Newspapers,” New York Times, Jan. 6, 1991, III, p. 1; “Marketing Newspapers to Women,” Women Scope Surveys of Women, 2, no. 7 (April 1989): 1–2.

Anxiety-ridden . . .: In a typical media strategy of the decade, Knight-Ridder Newspapers launched a “customer-obsession” campaign to give readers what management imagined they wanted, rather than what was simply news.

“News organizations are . . .”: Bill Kovach, “Too Much Opinion, at the Expense of Fact,” New York Times, Sept. 13, 1989, p. A31.

NBC, for instance . . .: “Bad Girls,” NBC News, August 30, 1989.

“The media are having . . .”: “The Next Trend: Here Comes the Bribe,”

Advertising Age, June 16, 1986, p. 40.

The “marriage panic” . . .: “Women’s Views Survey: Women’s Changing Hopes, Fears, Loves,” Glamour, Jan. 1988, p. 142.

In 1988, this “trend” . . .: Mark Clements Research, Women’s Views Survey, 1988.

Again, in 1986 . . .: Ibid.

But it wasn’t until . . .: Amy Saltzman, “Trouble at the Top,” U.S. News & World Report, June 17, 1991, p. 40.

THE UNDECLARED WAR Carol Pogash, “The Undeclared War,” San Francisco Examiner, Feb. 5, 1989, p. E1.

Child magazine offered . . .: Sue Woodman, “The Mommy Wars,” Child, Sept.-Oct. 1989, p. 139; Barbara J. Berg, “Women at Odds,” Savvy, Dec. 1985, p. 24.

IS HE SEPARABLE?” . . .: Kate White, “Is He Separable?” Newsday, May 15, 1988, p. 25.

The ABC report . . .: Transcript, “After the Sexual Revolution.”

“Many Young Women Now Say . . .”: Dena Kleiman, “Many Young Women Now Say They’d Pick Family Over Career,” New York Times, Dec. 28, 1980, p. 1. See also “I’m Sick of Work: The Back to the Home Movement,” Ladies’ Home Journal, cover story, Sept. 1984.

Brain Reserve, which had this . . .: “The Brain Reserve Mission Statement,” press packet, and promotional literature, 1988; “Her Ideas on Tomorrow Pop Up Today,” USA Today, Oct. 5, 1987, p. 1; Tim Golden, “In, Out and Over: Looking Back at the 90’s,” New York Times, Jan. 16, 1990, p. B1.

“People is my bible . . .”: Gary Hanauer, “Faith Popcorn: Kernels of Truth,” American Way, July 1, 1987.

“Even if people . . .”: Personal interview with Faith Popcorn, Nov. 1989. 97 The word “just popped . . .”: Ibid.

“We’re becoming a nation of nesters . . .”: Hanauer, “Faith Popcorn.”

As one enthusiastic . . .: “Putting Faith in Trends,” Newsweek, June 15, 1987, pp. 46-47.

“Is Faith Popcorn the ur . . .”: “Eager,” New Yorker, July 7, 1985, p. 22.

Faith Popcorn is “one of the most . . .”: “Putting Faith,” p. 46.

Fewer women will work . . .”: Elizabeth Mehren, “Life Style in the ’90s, According to Popcorn,” Los Angeles Times, Jan. 16, 1987, p. 1.

“Little in-home wombs . . .”: Ibid.

Women steadily increased . . .: The American Woman 1990–91, Table 14, p. 376. 98 Opinion polls didn’t support . . .: Harris, Inside America, pp. 101, 96.

I’m hooked on my work . . .”: Personal interview with Faith Popcorn. (Subsequent quotes are from personal interviews with Popcorn unless otherwise noted.)

In the press, she cited . . .: See, for example, William E. Geist, “One Step Ahead of Us: Trend Expert’s View,” New York Times, Oct. 15, 1986, p. B4.

Popcorn borrowed . . .: Alex Taylor III, “Why Women Are Bailing Out,” Fortune, August 18, 1986, p. 16.

The article, about . . .: USA Today’s story was, in fact, a report on the Fortune “findings”: “1 in 3 Management Women Drop Out,” USA Today, July 31, 1986, p. 1.

A year later at Stanford . . .: Personal interviews with a group of female Stanford MBA students, Summer 1988.

The year after Fortune . . .: Laurie Baum, “For Women, the Bloom Might Be Off the MBA,” Business Week, March 14, 1988, p. 30.

Witham is “happier . . .”: Taylor, “Bailing Out,” pp. 16–23.

“He had this anecdotal evidence . . .”: Personal interview with Alex Taylor III, 1988.

I told him . . .”: Personal interview with Mary Anne Devanna, 1988.

The evidence is . . .”: Personal interview with Taylor, 1988. (Subsequent quotes are from personal interview with Taylor unless otherwise noted.)

“A woman who wants marriage . . .”: Stratford P. Sherman, “The Party May Be Ending,” Fortune, Nov. 24, 1986, p. 29.

In fact, in 1987, . . .: F. S. Chapman, “Executive Guilt: Who’s Taking Care of the Children?” Fortune, Feb. 16, 1987. A later review of the alumni records at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Business for the class of ’76 (the same class that Taylor’s story focused on) found no significant female defection from the corporate world and no differences in the proportion of men and women leaving to start their own businesses. See Mary Anne Devanna, “Women in Management: Progress and Promise,” Human Resource Management, 26, no. 4 (Winter 1987): 469.

The national pollsters were . . .: The 1986 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll; Walsh, “What Women Want,” p. 60. A survey conducted jointly by Working Woman and Success magazines also found that men were more concerned about family life than women and less concerned about career success than women. See Carol Sonenklar, “Women and Their Magazines,” American Demographics, June 1986, p. 44.

In fact, a 1989 survey . . .: Margaret King, “An Alumni Survey Dispels Some Popular Myths About MBA Graduates,” Stanford Business School Magazine, March 1989, p. 23.

Finally Fortune . . .: Julie Connelly, “The CEO’s Second Wife,” Fortune, Aug. 28, 1989, p. 52.

Esquire, a periodical . . .: “The Secret Life of the American Wife,” Special Issue, Esquire, June 1990.

“A growing number of professional . . .”: Barbara Kantrowitz, “Moms Move To Part-time Careers,” Newsweek, Aug. 15, 1988, p. 64. In fact, the polls were finding that more women wanted to work full-time than stay home, and the proportion of women who regarded a full-time job outside the home as “an integral part” of their ideal lifestyle had been sharply increasing since 1975. See The Gallup Poll, 1982, p. 186.

More professional career . . .: Barbara Basler, “Putting a Career on Hold,” The New York Times Magazine, Dec. 7, 1986, p. 152.

“More and more women . . .”: Carol Cox Smith, “Thanks But No Thanks,” Savvy, March 1988, p. 22.

In 1986, just . . .: Barbara Kantrowitz, “America’s Mothers—Making It Work: How Women Balance the Demands of Jobs and Children,” Newsweek, March 31, 1986, p. 46.

Colleen Murphy . . .: Ibid.

“Today the myth . . .”: Ibid., p. 47.

If Newsweek was vague . . .: Ibid., p. 51.

“Fathers are doing . . .”: Ibid., pp. 48, 52.

The media jumped when . . .: Felice N. Schwartz, “Management Women and the New Facts of Life,” Harvard Business Review, Jan.-Feb. 1989, pp. 65-76.

The “mommy-tracking” trend . . .: The New York Times, not Schwartz, came up with the phrase. The interview count comes from a personal interview with Schwartz’s media relations director, Vivian Todini, Nov. 1989.

“Across the country . . .”: Elizabeth Ehrlich, “The Mommy Track,” Business Week, March 20, 1989, p. 126. 104 In fact, at a conference . . .: Ellen Hopkins, “Who Is Felice Schwartz?” Working Woman, Oct. 1990, p. 116.

Women with this . . .: The Newsweek Research Report on Women Who Work: A National Survey(Princeton, N.J.: Mathematica Policy Research, 1984) p. 32.

And a year after . . .: The 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll, pp. 79-81.

That company, Schwartz reveals . . .: Personal interview with Felice Schwartz, Nov. 1989. Apparently Schwartz was no model employer in this regard either. While Schwartz claimed to be “totally flexible about pregnancy,” a Catalyst employee who had had a complicated and difficult pregnancy told Working Woman that when she came back to work, she discovered that her job was no longer available. Schwartz’s explanation to Working Woman’s reporter: The woman “absolutely refused to keep me posted on whether she was coming in or not,” she said, and that was “a ridiculous imposition on Catalyst.” See Hopkins, “Felice Schwartz,” p. 148.

Only in 1989 did Mobil . . .: Personal interview with Derek Harvey, June 1991.

“I was not writing . . .”: Personal interview with Felice Schwartz.

Federal statistics that . . .: Data from division of Health Interview Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics.

In a turnabout . . .: Felice N. Schwartz, “HBR In Retrospect,” pamphlet published by Catalyst, June 1989.

“She speaks with a tone . . .”: Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, “Blowing the Whistle on the ‘Mommy Track,’” Ms., July-Aug. 1989, p. 56.

Later that spring . . .: Alan M. Webber, “Is the American Way of Life Over?” New York Times, April 9, 1989, p. 25.

The New Traditionalist Woman wasn’t . . .: The same year, the New York Times began running “I Read It My Way” ads, in which such women as “Lesley Cooke—Housewife/Mother” recounted the joys of reading the Times’s interior decorating and parenting columns while nestled in her 1920s Colonial home. Country Living issued a similarly pointed ad campaign entitled “Traditions Renew.”

The New York Times even . . .: Patricia Leigh Brown, “The First Lady-Elect: What She Is and Isn’t,” New York Times, Dec. 11, 1988, p. 22. 106 The accompanying . . .: “The New Traditionalist,” Good Housekeeping ad tear sheets, 1988, 1989.

As Good Housekeeping publisher . . .: Carla Marinucci, “The New Woman,” San Francisco Examiner, Dec. 4, 1988, p. D1.

In the ’80s, the circulation . . .: “Seven Sisters Magazines Continue to Lose Readers to Newcomers,” Media Report to Women, Sept.-Oct. 1989, p. 3; Patrick Reilly, “Service Magazines Adapt to Market,” Special Report: Marketing to Women, Advertising Age, March 7, 1988, p. S6.

Well-established brands . . .”: Marinucci, “The New Woman,” p. D4.

The magazine’s circulation climbed . . .: Personal interviews with Working Woman managers, 1989; Working Woman “Rate Card,” 1989; Paul Richter, “New Woman Magazines Catch Advertisers’ Eye Amid Industry Slump,” Los Angeles Times, June 2, 1986, Business section, p. 4.

After all, even . . .: Personal interviews with Good Housekeeping circulation staff, 1989.

he problem, . . .”: Personal interview with Malcolm MacDougall, Oct. 1989. (Subsequent quotes are from personal interview with MacDougall unless otherwise noted.)

“I cheerfully disavow . . .”: Personal interview with Susan Hayward, 1989.

“In all respects, young . . .”: Philip H. Dougherty, “Women’s Self Esteem Up,” New York Times, May 15, 1974, p. 71.

Within just . . .”: “Games Singles Play,” Newsweek, July 16, 1973, p. 52.

The stereotype got so bad . . .: Susan Jacoby, “49 Million Singles Can’t All Be Right,” The New York Times Magazine, Feb. 17, 1974, p. 12.

“Dropout Wives . . .”: Enid Nemy, “Dropout Wives—Their Number Is Growing,” New York Times, Feb. 16, 1973, p. 44.

According to Newsweek . . .: “Games Singles Play,” p. 52.

Newsweek was now . . .: Eloise Salholz, “The Marriage Crunch: If You’re a Single Woman, Here Are Your Chances of Getting Married,” Newsweek, p. 54; Jane Gross, “Single Women: Coping With a Void,” New York Times, April 28, 1987, p. 1.

“TOO LATE FOR . . .”: Salholz, “Marriage Crunch,” p. 54.

On the front page . . .: Gross, “Single Women,” p. 1.

New York magazine’s . . .: Patricia Morrisroe, “Born Too Late? Expect Too Much? You May Be Forever Single,” New York, Aug. 20, 1984, p. 24.

Loveless, Manless . . .”: “Loveless, Manless: The High Cost of Independence,” Chatelaine, Sept. 1984, p. 60.

“Feminism became a new form . . .”: Tricia Crane, “Are You Turning Men Off? Desperate and Demanding,” Harper’s Bazaar, Sept. 1987, p. 300.

New York’s story . . .: Morrisroe, “Born Too Late?” p. 30.

ABC’s 1986 special . . .: ABC News, “After the Sexual Revolution.” 110 Between 1980 and 1982 . . .: Trimberger, “Single Women and Feminism in the 1980s.”

The headlines spoke . . .: “The Sad Plight of Single Women,” Philadelphia Inquirer, Nov. 30, 1980; Kiki Olson, “Sex and the Terminally Single Woman (There Just Aren’t Any Good Men Around),” Philadelphia magazine, April 1984, p. 122.

McCall’s described . . .: Peter Filichia, “The Lois Lane Syndrome: Waiting for Superman,” McCall’s, Aug. 1985, p. 55.

In the late Victorian . . .: Kinnard, Antifeminism, p. 202.

May not some . . .”: Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, p. 255.

Why Is Single Life . . .”: “Why Is Single Life Becoming More General?” The Nation, March 5, 1868, pp. 190–91.

The ratio was so bad . . .: “Wives at Discount,” Harper’s Bazaar, Jan. 31, 1874, p. 74.

By the mid-1980s . . .: Billie Samkoff, “How to Attract Men Like Crazy,” Cosmopolitan, Feb. 1989, p. 168.

“The traumatic news . . .”: Salholz, “Marriage Crunch,” p. 25. 112 A few months later . . .: David Gates, “Second Opinion,” Update, Newsweek, Oct. 13, 1986, p. 10.

“We all knew . . .”: Personal interview with Eloise Salholz, July 1986.

The New York Times William R. Greer, “The Changing Women’s Marriage Market,” New York Times, Feb. 22, 1986, p. 48.

But when it came time . . .: AP, “More Women Postponing Marriage,” New York Times, Dec. 10, 1986, p. A22.

And almost a year after . . .: Gross, “Single Women,” p. 1.

“It was untimely . . .”: Personal interview with Jane Gross, 1988.

The article dealt with . . .: Gross, “Single Women,” p. 1.

The Newsweek story . . .: Salholz, “Marriage Crunch,” p. 55.

“Do you know that . . .”: Promotional letter from Dell Publishing Co., from Carol Tavoularis, Dell publicist, Dec. 5, 1986.

A former Newsweek bureau . . .: Personal interview, Oct. 1986.

Newsweek’s preachers . . .: Salholz, “Marriage Crunch,” pp. 61, 57.

For many economically . . .”: Ibid., pp. 61, 55.

Susan Cohen wishes . . .”: Ibid., p. 57.

“CBS Morning News” devoted . . .: “CBS Morning News,” “What Do Single Women Want,” Nov. 2-6, 1987.

ABC took television . . .: ABC News, “After the Sexual Revolution.”

Apparently still not . . .: ABC, “Good Morning America,” “Single in America,” May 4-7, 1987.

There wasn’t any time . . .”: Personal interview with Richard Threlkeld, 1988.

“wHY WED?” . . .: Trip Gabriel, “Why Wed?: The Ambivalent American Bachelor,” The New York Times Magazine, Nov. 15, 1987, p. 24.

Having whipped . . .: Brenda Lane Richardson, “Dreaming Someone Else’s Dreams,” The New York Times Magazine, Jan. 28, 1990, p. 14.

In what amounted to . . .: See, for example, Barbara Kantrowitz, “The New Mating Games,” Newsweek, June 2, 1986, p. 58; James Hirsch, “Modern Matchmaking: Money’s Allure in Marketing Mates and Marriage,” New York Times, Sept. 19, 1988, p. B4; Ruthe Stein, “New Strategies for Singles,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 29, 1988, p. B1.

“Time is running out . . .”: Gerald Nachman, “Going Out of Business Sale on Singles,” San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 1, 1987, p. B3.

“When they really decided . . .”: Barbara Lovenheim, “Brides at Last: Women Over 40 Who Beat the Odds,” New York, Aug. 3, 1987, p. 20.

USA Today even . . .: Marlene J. Perrin, “What Do Women Today Really Want?” USA Today, July 10, 1986, pp. D1, D5; Karen S. Peterson, “Men Bare Their Souls, Air Their Gripes,” USA Today, July 14, 1986, p. D1. And the women who called weren’t all pleading for a man: “How do you get people to stop asking why I’m not married yet?” was the question posed by one thirty-two-year-old woman from Virginia. See Peterson, “Stop Asking Why I’m Not Married,” p. D4.

Cosmopolitans February . . .: Samkoff, “How To Attract Men,” pp. 163-73.

At Mademoiselle Personal interview with Mademoiselle editors, 1988; Cathryn Jakobson, “The Return of Hard-to-Get,” March 1987, p. 220.

And a New Woman Dr. Joyce Brothers, “Why You Shouldn’t Move in With Your Lover,” New Woman, March 1985, p. 54.

“Singlehood seems so . . .”: Jeffrey Kluger, “Dangerous Delusions About Divorce,”

Cosmopolitan, Sept. 1984, p. 291. 117 CBS revived . . .: Sue Adolphson, “Marriage Encounter, Tube Style,” San Francisco Chronicle, Datebook, Jan. 22, 1989, p. 47.

“How to Stay Married” Barbara Kantrowitz, “How To Stay Married,” Newsweek, August 24, 1987, p. 52.

How times have . . .”: Ibid.

Is this surge . . .”: NBC News Special, “The Baby Business,” April 4, 1987.

“Having It All . . .”: “Having It All: Postponing Parenthood Exacts a Price,” Boston magazine, May 1987, p. 116.

“The Quiet Pain . . .”: Mary C. Hickey, “The Quiet Pain of Infertility: For the Success-Oriented, It’s a Bitter Pill,” Washington Post, April 28, 1987, p. DO5.

As a New York Times Fleming, “The Infertile Sisterhood,” p. B1.

Newsweek devoted two . . .: Matt Clark, “Infertility,” Newsweek, Dec. 6, 1982, p. 102; Barbara Kantrowitz, “No Baby on Board,” Newsweek, Sept. 1, 1986, p. 68.

Newsweek warned . . .: Kantrowitz, “No Baby,” p. 74. 118

The expert that Newsweek Ibid.

Not to be upstaged . . .: Anna Quindlen, “Special Report: Baby Craving: Facing Widespread Infertility, A Generation Presses the Limits of Medicine and Morality,” Life, June 1987, p. 23.

“It’s hard to tell, but . . .”: Clark, “Infertility,” p. 102.

“There are few . . .”: Quindlen, “Baby Craving,” p. 23.

Mademoiselle, for example . . .: Laura Flynn McCarthy, “Caution: You Are Now Entering the Age of Infertility,” Mademoiselle, May 1988, p. 230.

And a 1982 . . .: Georgia Dullea, “Women Reconsider Childbearing Over 30,” New York Times, Feb. 25, 1982, p. C1.

“Career women are opting . . .”: J. D. Reed, “The New Baby Bloom,” Time, Feb. 22, 1982, p. 52.

Time made that . . .: Claudia Wallis, “The Medical Risks of Waiting,” Time, Feb. 22, 1982, p. 58.

“More and more . . .”: Reed, “New Baby Bloom,” p. 52.

McCall’s gushed . . .: “Hollywood’s Late-Blooming Moms,” McCall’s, Oct. 1988, p. 41.

“Motherhood is consuming . . .”: Leslie Bennetts, “Baby Fever,” Vogue, Aug. 1985, p. 325.

Reaching even farther afield . . .: AP, “Koko the Gorilla Tells Keeper She Would Like to Have a Baby,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 12, 1988, p. A3.

And, just as it had done . . .: Roger Munns, “Couples Race to Get Pregnant,” San Francisco Examiner, Nov. 19, 1990, p. B5.

“In our personal life . . .”: “The Marriage Odds Improve,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 1, 1987, p. 38.

“Some college alumnae . . .”: “Mothers a la Mode,” New York Times, May 8, 1988, p. E28. The Times editorial writers appeared to have forgotten their own words. Only two months earlier, they had noted that there was no change in the birth rate: “New Baby Boom? No, Just a Dim Echo,” New York Times, March 30, 1988, p. A26.

“You can’t pick up a magazine . . .”: Kim C. Flodin, “Motherhood’s Better Before 30,” New York Times, Nov. 2, 1989, p. A31.

I wasn’t even thinking . . .”: Bennetts, “Baby Fever,” p. 326.

The formerly quasi-feminist forum . . .: Renee Bacher, “The Ring Cycle,” The New York Times Magazine, Aug. 31, 1989, p. 20; Dava Sobel, “Face to Face With the New Me,” The New York Times Magazine, April 9, 1989, p. 26; Carolyn Swartz, “All That Glitters Is the Tub,” The New York Times Magazine, Nov. 5, 1989, p. 36.

And many smaller . . .: Julie Pechilis, “What Happened to the Women’s Press? No Newspaper of Her Own,” MediaFile, Feb.—March 1989, p. 1.

“We give you permission . . .”: Susin Shapiro, “The Ms. Guide to Minimalist Grooming,” Ms., Oct. 1989, pp. 43–46.

The first magazine ever . . .: Peggy Orenstein, “Ms. Fights for Its Life,” Mother Jones, Nov.—Dec. 1990, p. 32.

What was most curious . . .: “Carbine Says Sale of Ms. to Australian Will Open New Opportunities for the Magazine,” Media Report to Women, Nov.—Dec. 1987, p. 4.

When Summers took . . .: Personal interview with Anne Summers, April 1988.

This point was . . .: Ms. promotional literature to advertisers. See also Susan Milligan, “Has Ms. Undergone a Sex Change?” Washington Monthly, October 1986, p. 17.

(It was, weirdly,. . .): See Media Watch, Summer-Fall 1988, p. 2.

Only women in households making . . .: Personal interview with Anne Summers, April 1988.

They complained . . .”: Ibid. (Subsequent quotes are from personal interview unless otherwise noted.) This was, after all . . .: Ibid.

“As for the Women’s Movement . . .”: Shana Alexander, “A Woman Undone,” Ms., Sept. 1988, p. 40.

Meanwhile, the magazine’s publishers . . .: Orenstein, “Ms. Fights,” p. 82.

Finally, with Sassy’s . . .: Ibid., pp. 82-83.

Not Men or Men’s Life Patrick M. Reilly, “New Magazines Offer ‘Real’ Guy Stuff,” The Wall Street Journal, Aug. 29, 1990, p. B4; Deirdre Carmody, “Magazine Market Targets the Men,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 23, 1990, p. C4.

Not Elle Brenda Polan, “The Age of Confusion,” Elle, November 1986, cited in Janet Lee, “Care to Join Me in an Upwardly Mobile Tango? Postmodernism and the ‘New Woman,’” in The Female Gaze: Women as Viewers of Popular Culture, ed. by Lorraine Gamman and Margaret Marshment (Seattle: The Real Comet Press, 1989) pp. 166, 171.

“We want to . . .”: Media Report to Women, Nov.-Dec. 1988, p. 3.

CHAPTER FIVE. FATAL AND FETAL VISIONS

I don’t get it . . .”: Personal interview with Sabrina Hughes, Oct. 1987.

As Darlene Chan . . .: Personal interview with Darlene Chan, Oct. 1987.

It’s amazing what . . .”: Personal interview with Adrian Lyne, Oct. 1987; Susan Faludi, “Single Wretchedness,” West, San Jose Mercury News, Nov. 15, 1987, p. 14.

The words of one . . .: Marjorie Rosen, Popcorn Venus: Women, Movies and the American Dream (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1973) p. 151; Molly Haskell, From Reverence to Rape: The Treatment of Women in the Movies (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973) pp. 117-18; Julie Burchill, Girls on Film (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986) pp. 24-25.

West infuriated the . . .: Rosen, Popcorn Venus, p. 153.

In the ’30s, she . . .: Ibid., p. 153; Kathryn Weibel, Mirror Mirror: Images of Women Reflected in Popular Culture (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1977) p. 233.

The biggest Depression . . .: Haskell, Reverence to Rape, p. 123; Danelle Morton, “Shirley Temple Black,” West Magazine, San Jose Mercury News, Jan. 8, 1989, p. 5.

During World War II . . .: Hartmann, Home Front, pp. 191-92; Rosen, Popcorn Venus, pp. 190-93.

A crop of films soon . . .: A few examples: And Now Tomorrow, The Spiral Staircase, and Johnny Belinda. Rosen, Popcorn Venus, pp. 219-20; Hartmann, Home Front, p. 202.

As film historian . . .: Rosen, Popcorn Venus, p. 219.

In the ’50s, as . . .: Haskell, Reverence to Rape, pp. 270-71; Rosen, Popcorn Venus, p. 250.

In The Good Mother . . .: Sue Miller’s The Good Mother, the 1986 popular novel on which the movie is based, at least takes note of the injustice behind society’s double standard for divorcing husband and wife. But the film version just moralizes, laying out only the dangers that await the woman who challenges convention. If the film’s makers aimed to critique such repressive codes, they kept that intention well hidden.

And soon after . . .: Marilyn Beck, “She Did Her Best Work Up Real Close,” San Jose Mercury News, Sept. 11, 1987, p. F6.

All of these films were . . .: Rosen, Popcorn Venus, p. 151.

Story after story . . .: Richard Corliss, “Killer!” Time, Nov. 16, 1987, p. 72; James S. Kunen, “Real Life Fatal Attractions,” People, Oct. 26, 1987, p. 88.

A headline in one . . .: Cited in Dan Goodgame, “Getting Close to Stardom,” Time, Nov. 16, 1987, p. 81.

People promoted . . .: Kunen, “Fatal Attractions,” cover line.

British director . . .: Personal interview with James Dearden, Oct. 1987. For longer version of the story of the making of Fatal Attraction, see Susan Faludi, “Fatal Distortion,” Mother Jones, Feb.—March 1988, p. 27.

the early ’80s, American . . .: Personal interview with Stanley Jaffe, Oct. 1987.

Lansing had left . . .: Aljean Harmetz, “Sherry Lansing Resigns as Fox Production Chief,” New York Times, Dec. 21, 1982, p. C11.

“I kept coming back . . .”: Personal interview with Sherry Lansing, Oct. 1987.

“Michael Eisner turned it down . . .”: Personal interview with Adrian Lyne, Oct. 1987.

My short film was . . .”: Personal interview with James Dearden, Oct. 1987. (Subsequent quotes from Dearden are from personal interview unless otherwise noted.)

“The intent was . . .”: Personal interview, Oct. 1987.

Kim Basinger, the actress who . . .: Nina Darnton, “How 9 ½ Weeks Pushed an Actress to the Edge,” New York Times, March 9, 1986, p. C1; personal interview with Adrian Lyne, Oct. 1987; personal interviews with film’s production staff, Oct. 1987.

But Lyne tried to change . . .: Personal interviews with production staff, Oct. 1987; Faludi, “Fatal Distortion,” p. 30; Pat H. Broeske, “The Cutting Edge,” Los Angeles Times, Calendar, Feb. 16, 1986, p. 1.

Where is the new . . .”: Personal interview with Billy Hopkins, Oct. 1987.

Close was determined . . .: Faludi, “Fatal Distortion,” p. 30.

Close was anxious . . .: Lawrence Van Gelder, “Why a Fury’s Furious,” New York Times, Sept. 25, 1987, p. C10.

“I wanted her . . .”: Personal interview with Stanley Jaffe, Oct. 1987.

Casting agent Risa . . .: Personal interview with Risa Bramon, Oct. 1987.

Concurrently, Lyne . . .: Personal interview with Adrian Lyne, Oct. 1987.

inspire this . . .: Ibid. (Rest of Lyne’s quotes are from personal interview unless otherwise noted.) “If you want to know, I’m really . . .”: Joan Smith, Misogynies: Reflections on Myths and Malice (New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1989) pp. 31–32.

Close consulted . . .: Gelder, “Why a Fury’s Furious,” p. C10. 135

Originally, Fatal Attraction . . .: Faludi, “Fatal Distortion,” p. 49.

The film’s creators . . .: Aljean Harmetz, “Fatal Attraction Director Analyzes the Success of His Movie, and Rejoices,” New York Times, Oct. 5, 1987, p. C17.

Lansing concedes that . . .: Personal interview with Sherry Lansing, Oct. 1987. (Rest of Lansing quotes are from personal interview unless otherwise noted.)

Just as silent-era . . .: Kay Sloan, “Sexual Warfare in the Silent Cinema: Comedies and Melodramas of Woman Suffragism,” American Quarterly, Fall 1981, pp. 412–36.

At the time, the female audience . . .: Pauline Kael, Reeling(Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1976) p. 430.

It was important . . .”: Personal interview with Nancy Meyers, Feb. 1988.

As Schrader explained . . .: Glenn Collins, “Natasha Richardson, on Portraying Patty Hearst,” New York Times, Oct. 5, 1988, p. C19.

“Remember the troubles . . .”: Andree Aelion Brooks, “When Fast Trackers Have Kids: Can a Baby Mix With Business,” Child, Sept.-Oct. 1989, p. 88.

“There are certain women . . .”: Jim Jerome, “Annie Hall Gets It All,” Savvy, Oct. 1987, pp. 37-41.

“I don’t see women having it all . . .”: Personal interview with Nancy Meyers, Feb. 1988.

They were very nervous . . .”: Personal interview with Charles Shyer, Feb. 1988.

She was so torn . . .”: Personal interview with Nancy Meyers, Feb. 1988.

“Well, I know it’s Hollywood . . .”: Personal interview with Nadine Bron, 1988. (Rest of Bron’s quotes are from personal interview.)

(In the 1912 A Cure for. . .): Sloan, “Sexual Warfare,” p. 420.

Field was turned away . . .: Personal interview with Gwen Field, March 1988.

In a 1988 essay . . .: “Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered,” New York Woman, Feb. 1988, p. 58.

In such films as Field of . . .: For two good discussions of this phenomenon, see Caryn James, “It’s a New Age for Father-Son Relationships,” New York Times, Arts and Leisure section, July 9, 1989, p. 11; Stephen Holden, “Today’s Hits Yearn for Old Times,” New York Times, Aug. 13, 1989, Arts and Leisure section, p. 1.

Not surprisingly . . .: Streep, “When Women Were in Movies,” p. 15.

In 1988, all but . . .: See Media Watch, Spring 1989 issue, vol. 3, no. 1.

“If anyone thinks this movie . . .”: Bob Strauss, “Hollywood’s ‘Has-It-All’ Woman,” San Francisco Examiner, Oct. 14, 1988, p. C6.

“Until I saw . . .”: Ibid.

CHAPTER SIX. TEEN ANGELS AND UNWED WITCHES

“Under no circumstances . . .”: Personal interview with Tony Shepherd, 1988; personal observations at the Fox press conference for “Angels ’88,” May 5, 1988.

This May morning . . .: D. Keith Mano, “So You Want to Be an Angel,” Life, May 1988, p. 145; Lisa Wren, “Hundreds Wing It for a Chance to Be Angels,” Fort Worth Star Telegram, March 5, 1988, p. 1; Zay N. Smith, “Angels Tryout Not So Divine,” Chicago Sun-Times, March 5, 1988, p. 3; Bill Givens, “Fox Hunt for Charlie’s Angels of the Eighties,” Star, March 22, 1988, p. 2.

Later that same day . . .: Personal interview with Brad Markowitz, May 5, 1988.

Spelling, who later . . .: Personal interviews with Aaron Spelling, May 1988, August 1990.

In the 1987-88 . . .: Joanmarie Kalter, “What Working Women Want from TV,” TV Guide, Jan. 30, 1988, p. 3.

In a sharp . . .: Sally Steenland, Women Out of View: An Analysis of Female Characters on 1987–88 TV Programs, Washington, D.C.: report by National Commission on Working Women, Nov. 1987, pp. 2, 4.

In a resurgence of . . .: Jay Martel, “On Your Mark, Get Set, Forget It,” TV Guide, Feb. 4, 1988, p. 28.

In the single-parent . . .: Steenland, Women out of View, p. 6.

This season it’s . . .”: “Moms at Work,” New York Woman, Feb. 1988, p. 93.

Women’s disappearance . . .: Diana M. Meehan, Ladies of the Evening: Women Characters of Prime-Time Television (Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow Press, 1983) pp. 42, 109–110.

On “Lady Blue” . . .: Sally Steenland, “Trouble on the Set, An Analysis of Female Characters on 1985 Television Programs,” report by National Commission on Working Women, Washington, D.C., 1985, p. 9.

An analysis of . . .: Donald M. Davis, “Portrayals of Women in Prime-Time Network Television: Some Demographic Characteristics,” Sex Roles, 23, no. 5-6 (1990): 325–30.

The “return of . . .”: Peter J. Boyer, “Television Returns to the Hard Boiled Male,” New York Times, Feb. 16, 1986, II, p. 1.

And the networks . . .: John Carman, “Networks Playing It Bland,” San Francisco Chronicle, TV Week, Sept. 17–23, 1989, p. 3.

In audience surveys . . .: Michael A. Lipton, “What You Want to See in the New Decade,” TV Guide, Jan. 20, 1990, p. 11.

Nonetheless, Brandon . . .: Boyer, “Hard Boiled Male,” p. 1. 157

Glenn Gordon Caron, coproducer . . .: Ibid.

Glen Charles, coproducer . . .: Ibid.

When the TV programmers . . .: Peggy Ziegler, “Where Have All the Viewers Gone?” Los Angeles Times, May 1, 1988, p. 6; data from Nielsen Media Research.

None of the . . .: Ziegler, “Where Have All,” p. 6.

But while younger . . .: Nielsen Media Research, Nielsen Report on Television, “Weekly Viewing Activity,” 1980–1989.

Independent women were “seizing . . .”: Harry F. Waters, “Networking Women,” Newsweek, March 13, 1989, p. 48.

Behind the scenes . . .: Michael E. Hill, “Murphy Brown: F.Y.I., We Like Your Show, Sort of,” Washington Post, TV Week, Feb. 26, 1989, p. 8.

The media declared her . . .: “People,” Orange County Register, March 29, 1990, p. A2; Michael McWilliams, “Pauley and Barr: Two Notions of Womanhood,” Gannett News Service, Aug. 8, 1990; Dennis Duggan, “What, Me Judge a Man on Looks Alone? Guilty!” Newsday, Newsday Magazine, Feb. 17, 1991, p. 6; Jeffrey Zaslow, “Roseanne Ban Would Be as Bad as Barr’s Own Antics,” Chicago Sun-Times, Nov. 29, 1990, II, p. 65; Michele Stanush, “Anti-War Sentiments,” Austin-American Statesman, Dec. 16, 1990, p. E1.

TV critic Joyce Millman . . .: Joyce Millman, “Prime Time: Where the Boys Are,” San Francisco Examiner, Sept. 9, 1990, p. F1.

Only two of thirty-three . . .: Ibid.

(And most are men. . .): Davis, “Portrayals of Women,” p. 330.

Women are turning to . . .: “VCRs Reach Working Women,” Marketing to Women, 1, no. 3 (Dec. 1987): 11.

By 1990 . . .: Dennis Kneale, “TV’s Nielsen Ratings, Long Unquestioned, Face Tough Challenges,” The Wall Street Journal, July 19, 1990, p. A 1.

(A mere one-point drop. . .): Paul Richter, “Eyes Focus on People Meter As It Gauges TV Viewing,” Los Angeles Times, May 10, 1987, sections IV, p. 1.

Female viewers consistently . . .: Jean Gaddy Wilson, “Newsroom Management Commission Report,” Sept. 15–18, 1987, p. 7.

It was terrific . . .”: Personal interview with Esther Shapiro, Nov. 1989. (Subsequent Shapiro quotes are from interview.)

And the network’s . . .: Todd Gitlin, Inside Prime Time (New York: Pantheon Books, 1985) p. 251.

When such right-wing . . .: Ibid., p. 251.

“The original script . . .”: Personal interview with Barbara Corday, 1988.

“These women aren’t soft enough . . .”: Personal interview with Barney Rosenzweig, 1988. (Subsequent Rosenzweig quotes from interview.)

“I said I can’t . . .”: Personal interview with Harvey Shephard, 1991. (Subsequent Shephard quotes from interview.)

“Meg Foster came across . . .”: Personal interview with Arnold Becker, April 1991. (Subsequent quotes from Becker are from personal interview unless otherwise noted.)

An additional $15,000 . . .: Julie D’Acci, forthcoming dissertation on “Cagney and Lacey,” Chapter 2, pp. 35-36.

On one segment that dealt . . .: Ibid., p. 35.

Becker complained at . . .: Gitlin, Prime Time, p. 9; D’Acci, p. 55.

Another CBS executive . . .: Frank Swertlow, “CBS Alters Cagney, Calling It ‘Too Women’s Lib,’” TV Guide, June 12-18, 1982, p. 1.

“Cagney and Lacey” producer April . . .: D’Acci, p. 37.

On a talk show . . .: Lorraine Gamman, “Watching the Detectives,” in The Female Gaze, p. 25.

When a women’s studies . . .: Ibid., p. 25.

Nesting will be a crucial . . .”: “Changes,” TV Guide, Oct. 1-7, 1988, p. 83. also Andy Meisler, “Baby Boom!” TV Guide, Dec. 30-Jan. 5, 1989-90, p. 4.

Bill Cosby brought masculinity . . .”: Boyer, “Hard Boiled Male,” p. 1.

“I do believe in control . . .”: Dan Goodgame, “Cosby Inc.,” Time, Sept. 28, 1987, p. 56.

“You see, the wives . . .”: Bill Cosby, Fatherbood (New York: A Dolphin Book/Doubleday, 1986) p. 49.

“Single-woman leads . . .”: Gitlin, Prime Time, p. 23.

Early television actually . . .: Meehan, Ladies of the Evening, p. 154.

She had real . . .: Ibid., pp. 174-75.

In “Mary,” she writes . . .: For excellent critique, see Joyce Millman, “What Are Big Girls Made Of?” Boston Phoenix, Jan. 14, 1986, p. 5.

Under pressure from the network . . .: Mark Harris, “Smaller Than Life: TV’s Prime-Time Women,” New York Woman, Oct. 1988, p. 104.

Maddie’s coerced matrimony was . . .: Joyce Millman, “Is the Sun Setting on ‘Moonlighting’?” San Francisco Examiner, April 5, 1988, p. E1.

It mirrored a behind-the-scenes . . .: Louise Farr, “The ‘Moonlighting’ Mess—Behind the Feuding That Almost Killed the Show,” TV Guide, Jan. 14-20, 1989, p. 9.

“I felt ill when I received . . .”: Ibid., p. 8.

The show “Murder, She Wrote” . . .: Sally Steenland, “Prime Time Power,” Report by National Commission on Working Women, Aug. 1987, p. 9.

“Ten years ago . . .”: Personal interview with Mary Alice Dwyer-Dobbin, Feb. 1988.

In daytime TV . . .: Deborah Rogers, “AIDS Spreads to the Soaps, Sort Of,” New York Times, Aug. 28, 1988, p. 29.

NBC Entertainment’s . . .: Mark Christensen, “Even Career Girls Get the Blues,” Rolling Stone, May 21, 1987, p. 66.

I made her neurotic . . .”: Personal interview with Jay Tarses, 1988. (Subsequent Tarses quotes are from interview.)

Talk shows even . . .: Personal interview with Mel Harris, 1988.

Therapists hailed . . .: Diane Haithman, “Therapy Takes to TV,” Los Angeles Times, April 19, 1988, section VI, p. 1; Patricia Hersch, “thirtytherapy,” Psychology Today, reprinted in San Jose Mercury News, Jan. 4, 1989, p. 1F; Aurora Mackey, “Angst Springs Eternal: Modern-day Therapy Gets Couched in ‘thirtysomething’ Terminology,” Los Angeles Daily News, Dec. 6, 1988, p. 4.

As a professor reported . . .: Bette-Jane Raphael, “ ‘Thirtysomething’: Can This TV Show Help Your Marriage?” Redbook, Oct. 1988, p. 18.

Clergymen used the show . . .: Haithman, “Therapy.”

Dating services. . .,: Susan Faludi, “There’s Something Happening Here. . .” West Magazine, San Jose Mercury News, Feb. 26, 1989, p. 4.

Even George Bush . . .: Ibid.

All this excitement . . .: Howard Rosenberg, “That Made-Up Feeling of ‘thirtysomething,’” Los Angeles Times, Oct. 27, 1987, section VI, p. 1.

The majority of “thirtysomething” viewers . . .: Faludi, “Something Happening.”

Jif peanut butter . . .: Ibid.; James Kaplan, “The ‘thirtysomething’ Sell,” Manhattan, inc., Dec. 1988, p. 78.

“Watching that show . . .”: Personal interview with Marcia Greene, Feb. 1988.

“Hope is so hard . . .”: Personal interview with Ann Hamilton, May 1988.

Hope is married to . . .”: “Biographies,” “thirtysomething” production notes, MGM/UA, 1987.

A former actress . . .: Personal interview with Liberty Godshall, May 1988.

One day in the “thirtysomething” . . .: Personal interview with Godshall and Edward Zwick, May 1988.

She was just described . . .”: Personal interview with Melanie Mayron, Jan. 1989.

Draper recalls that . . .: Personal interview with Polly Draper, Jan. 1989.

Yeah, Ellyn’s a mess . . .”: Personal interview with Liberty Godshall, May 1988.

“We opted for a much more . . .”: Personal interview with Edward Zwick, May 1988.

When you look at the characters . . .”: Personal interview with Ann Hamilton, May 1988. (That Hamilton was even writing for “thirtysomething” is, in itself, a story of the backlash. Her specialty was actually writing action-adventure scripts—and “for a while I got assignments because some of these all-male shows were under pressure to hire women.” But, as she notes, “that’s all let up now.” When she took her action screenplay around to the studios in the mid-’80s, she was roundly rejected. The script wasn’t the problem: When she changed the author’s name to “Buck Finch” and had her husband pitch it, the studio executives optioned it at once.)

“I think I’m a . . .”: Personal interview with Mel Harris, Jan. 1989; Raphael, “ ‘Thirtysomething,’” p. 26.

“From my perspective . . .”: Personal interview with Patricia Wettig, Jan. 1989; Dan Wakefield, “Celebrating ‘the Small Moments of Personal Discovery,’” TV Guide, June 11, 1988, p. 35.

In the show, when Nancy . . .: Joy Horowitz, “Life, Loss, Death and ‘thirtysomething,’” New York Times, Arts and Leisure section, Feb. 10, 1991, p. 29.

ABC market research vice president . . .: Personal interview with Henry Schafer, Jan. 1989.

I think this is a terrible . . .”: Stephen Fried, “What ‘thirtysomething’ Is Saying About Us,” Gentlemen’s Quarterly, April 1989, p. 267.

The “All New Queen for . . .”: Personal interview with Janet Katelman, 1988.

CHAPTER SEVEN. DRESSING THE DOLLS

The pushed-up breasts of . . .: Julie Baumgold, “Dancing on the Lip of the Volcano,” New York, Nov. 30, 1987, p. 36.

These were clothes . . .: Jennet Conant, “Oh La La, Lacroix,” Newsweek, Nov. 9, 1987, p. 60.

The Lacroix price tags, however . . .: “Christian Lacroix,” Current Biography, April 1988, p. 39.

Lacroix’s bubble skirts . . .: Bernadine Morris, “Lacroix Fever Spreads to New York,” New York Times, Oct. 30, 1987, p. A16.

The Luxe gowns . . .: Martha Duffy, “Fantasy Comes Alive,” Time, Feb. 8, 1988. “High Femininity” was one name fashion trendsetters gave to the look, “Fantasy Fashion” another.

After Lacroix’s July 1986 . . .: Kathleen Beckett, “The Frill of It All,” Vogue, April 1987, p. 178; “La Gamine: Fun and Flirty,” Harper’s Bazaar, April 1987, p. 86.

Between 1980 and 1986 . . .: Data from Market Research Corporation of America, Information Services; Trish Hall, “Changing U.S. Values, Tinged with Caution, Show Up in Spending,” New York Times, Oct. 26, 1988, p. B1.

In one poll . . .: Martha Thomases, “Why I Don’t Shop,” The Village Voice, Dec. 27, 1988, p. 37.

Then, in the High Femininity year . . .: Trish Donnally, “Gloomy Fashion Forecast,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 23, 1988, p. B3.

That year, even with . . .: Woody Hochswender, “Where Have All the Shoppers Gone?” New York Times, May 31, 1988. Statistic on 4 percent drop in dress sales comes from Soft Goods Information Service, Market Research Corp. of America. As MRCA notes, total dollar sales of women’s apparel increased in the first seven years of the decade only because the cost of women’s clothes was rising so fast; the unit sales of apparel items ranged from flat to slightly depressed.

Even during the height . . .: Aimee Stern, “Miniskirt Movement Comes Up Short,” Adweek’s Marketing Week, March 28, 1988, p. 2.

And this was a one-gender phenomenon . . .: Ibid.; Jennet Conant, “The High-Priced Call of the Wild,” Newsweek, Feb. 1, 1988, p. 56. Mail-order men’s clothing catalogs profited most, boosting revenues by as much as 25 percent in this period. At Ruff Hewn, a mail-order business hawking gentrified country wear, sales rose 275 percent a year, and by 1988, this small North Carolina company had expanded production into seventeen factories and was planning a nationwide retail chain. The cast of characters in Ruff Hewn’s catalog were backlash archetypes: “Barclay Ruffin Hewn,” the company catalog’s fictional hero, was depicted as a late-19th-century gentleman and highly decorated war veteran who rode with Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders. His wife, “Elizabeth Farnsworth Hampton Hewn,” as company president Jefferson Rives named her, was “a very traditional and feminine lady who stays home to take care of Ruff and the children.” (Ruff Hewn catalogs and brochures; personal interview with Jefferson Rives, 1988.)

In the spring of 1988 . . .: Hochswender, “All the Shoppers;” Donnally, “Gloomy Fashion;” Barbara Deters, “Limited Fashioning a Turnaround,” USA Today, May 20, 1988, p. B3; Stern, “Miniskirt Movement Comes Up Short,” p. 2; Susan Caminiti, “What Ails Retailing: Merchants Have Lost Touch With Older Customers,” Fortune, Jan. 30, 1989, p. 61.

By the second quarter . . .: By contrast, sales of men’s clothing in the same period rose by nearly $1 billion. Data from Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Personal Consumption Expenditures.

They were pushing . . .: Blayne Cutler, “Meet Jane Doe,” American Demographics, June 1989, p. 24; Thomases, “I Don’t Shop,” p. 37. By ignoring the 30 to 40 million women wearing size 16 and over, the fashion industry was passing up a $6 billion industry. See Jolie Solomon, “Fashion Industry Courting Large Women,” The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 27, 1985.

As Goldman Sachs’s . . .: Joseph H. Ellis, “The Women’s Apparel Retailing Debacle: Why?” Goldman Sachs Investment Research, June 8, 1988.

“What’s the matter with . . .”: Personal interview with John Molloy, 1988.

Or, as Lacroix . . .: Personal interview with Christian Lacroix, May 1991.

As fashion designer Arnold . . .: Personal interview with Arnold Scaasi, Feb. 1988.

At a Lacroix fashion . . .: “Lacroix Triumphant,” Women’s Wear Daily, July 27, 1987, p. 1.

Designers wanted to be in . . .: “Christian Lacroix,” p. 38.

Women who had discovered . . .: Weibel, Mirror Mirror, p. 209.

The fashion industry fell into . . .: “Counter-Revolution,” Time, Sept. 15, 1947, p. 87.

More than three hundred thousand women . . .: Jeanne Perkins, “Dior,” Life, March 1, 1948, p. 84.

In a poll that summer . . .: Hartmann, Home Front, p. 203.

“The women who are loudest . . .”: “Counter-Revolution,” p. 92.

And they were obeying . . .: Weibel, Mirror Mirror, p. xvi.

If you want a girl . . .”: Valerie Steele, Fashion and Eroticism: Ideals of Feminine Beauty from the Victorian Era to the Jazz Age (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985) p. 182.

In the last half . . .: Robert E. Riegel, “Women’s Clothes and Women’s Rights,” American Quarterly, XV, no. 3 (Fall 1963): 390–401; Elizabeth Ewins, Dress and Undress (New York: Drama Books Specialists, 1978) p. 89.

The influential Godey’s Kinnard, Antifeminism, pp. 289, 304.

“A lot of women . . .”: Personal interview with Bob Mackie, 1988.

Women have realized . . .: Personal interview with Arnold Scaasi, Feb. 1988; Bernardine Morris, “The Sexy Look: Why Now?” New York Times, Nov. 17, 1987, p. 20.

“We were wearing pinstripes . . .”: Personal interview with Karen Bromley, July 1989.

Wells Rich Greene . . .: Personal interview with Jane Eastman, executive vice president of strategic planning at Wells Rich Greene, Feb. 1988.

You must look as if . . .”: Bernadine Morris, “Self-Confident Dressing,” Harper’s Bazaar, November 1978, p. 151.

“Dress for the job you want . . .”: Amy Gross and Nancy Axelrad Comer, “Power Dressing,” Mademoiselle, Sept. 1977, p. 188.

Its September 1979 . . .: “Your Dress-for-Success Guide,” Mademoiselle, Sept. 1 p. 182.

That earlier book . . .: John T. Molloy, Dress for Success (New York: Warner Books, 1975).

A former prep school . . .: Personal interview with John T. Molloy, 1988; John T. Molloy, The Woman’s Dress for Success Book (New York: Warner Books, 1977) pp. 23–26.

He even dispatched . . .: Molloy, Woman’s Dress for Success, pp. 40–48. 187 “Dressing to succeed . . .”: Ibid., p. 21.

A child of . . .: Ibid., pp. 25, 20–23.

“Many women . . .”: Ibid., p. 22.

When Molloy’s book . . .: Susan Cheever Cowley, “Dress for the Trip to the Top,” Newsweek, Sept. 26, 1977, p. 76.

Retailers began invoking . . .: Molloy, Woman’s Dress for Success, p. 30.

Newsweek declared . . .: Cowley, “Trip to the Top,” p. 76.

And for the next . . .: “Your Get Ahead Wardrobe,” Working Woman, July 1979, p. 46; “Power!” Essence, March 1980, p. 68; “What to Wear When You’re Doing the Talking,” Glamour, Oct. 1978, p. 250.

“The success of suits . . .”: “A Well-Suited Season,” Newsweek, Nov. 5, 1979, p. 111.

They had good reason . . .: Ibid.

Between 1980 and 1987 . . .: Statistics from Market Research Corporation of America; personal interview with John Tugman, vice president and general manager, MRCA, Soft Goods Information Services, 1988.

The $600 million gain . . .: Statistics from MRCA.

Between 1981 and 1986 . . .: “Women’s Coats, Suits, Tailored Career Wear, Rainwear and Furs,” report in Fairchild Fact File (New York: Fairchild Publications, 1987) p. 20.

“When this uniform . . .”: Molloy, Woman’s Dress for Success, p. 36.

In 1986, U.S. apparel . . .: “Women’s Coats,” in Fairchild Fact File, p. 12; U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Industrial Reports, 1987, “Quantity of Production and Value of Shipments of Women’s, Misses’, and Juniors’ Dresses and Suits: 1987 and 1986,” Table 8; personal interview with Judy Dodds, analyst with Current Industrial Reports, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Commerce Department, 1988.

The sudden cutback . . .: “Women’s Coats,” Fairchild Fact File, p. 30.

And this reduction . . .: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Industrial Reports, 1987, “Quantity of Production and Value of Shipments of Men’s and Boys’ Suits, Coats, Vests, and Sports Coats: 1987 and 1986,” Table 2.

Soon, department stores . . .: Mark Potts, “Thirteen Britches for Women Stores to Close,” Washington Post, Dec. 9, 1989, p. 10; personal interview with Harold Nelson, vice president and general manager of Neiman Marcus’s Washington, D.C., store, 1988; Cara Mason,” Paul Harris Stores Rebounds from 1988 Losses, Indianapolis Business Journal, March 12, 1990, p. A13.

When Molloy . . .: Personal interview with John T. Molloy, 1988.

“Bye-bye to the . . .”: Terri Minsky, “The Death of Dress for Success,” Mademoiselle, Sept. 1987, p. 308.

It was one of many . . .: Patricia McLaughlin, “The Death of the Dumb Blue Suit,” Philadelphia Inquirer, Feb. 7, 1988, p. 35; “Dumb Blue Suit: A Uniform for Submission Is Finally Put To Rest,” Chicago Tribune, May 8, 1988, p. C5.

As a fashion consultant . . .: Betty Goodwin, “Fashion 88: Dressing Down for Success,” Los Angeles Times, April 15, 1988, V, p. 1.

John Molloy was the obvious . . .: The defrocking of John Molloy recapitulates in many respects the attack on Gabrielle “Coco” Chanel, the original designer of the power suit in 1920. Chanel fashioned her classic boxy jacket and comfortably low-waisted skirt after the male business suit, and, like Molloy, she spoke to the aspiring New Woman on the lower rungs of the class ladder. (She was one of these struggling women herself, having been consigned to an orphanage as a teenager after her father deserted her.) Her era’s backlash put her out of business, and when she tried for a comeback in the early ’50s her fellow designers unleashed unmitigated scorn—most especially Christian Dior, who reportedly told her that a woman “could never be a great couturier.” See Weibel, Mirror Mirror, pp. 201, 213-14; Lois W. Banner, American Beauty(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983) pp. 275-76.

A major daily . . .: Personal interview with John T. Molloy, 1988.

His book did not champion . . .: Molloy, Woman’s Dress for Success, pp. 43, 52.

And a whole section . . .: Ibid., pp. 27–29.

My book recommended . . .”: Personal interview with John T. Molloy, 1988.

With the suits . . .: Martha Duffy, “Fantasy Comes Alive,” Time (International Edition), Feb. 8, 1988, p. 44.

Instead of serving . . .: Louis Trager, “Nordstrom Abuzz,” San Francisco Examiner, Oct. 6, 1988, p. C1.

“We made a conscious decision . . .”: Personal interview with Harold Nelson, May 1988.

For inspiration . . .: Duffy, “Fantasy,” pp. 46–47.

In 1982, while chief . . .: “Christian Lacroix,” p. 37.

(As Lacroix explains. . .): Personal interview with Christian Lacroix, May 1991.

Nonetheless, he clung . . .: Duffy, “Fantasy,” p. 47.

He timed the grand opening . . .: “Christian Lacroix,” p. 38.

While the fashion press . . .: “Patou’s Baby Dolls,” Women’s Wear Daily, July 25, 1986, p. 1.

As Women’s Wear Daily remarked . . .: Christa Worthington, “Fantasy Fashion Rebounds in Paris,” Women’s Wear Daily, July 29, 1986, p. 1. 191 FASHION GOES MAD“Fashion Goes Mad,” Women’s Wear Daily, July 29, 1986, p. 1.

Lacroix has “restored . . .”: Worthington, “Fantasy Fashion,” p. 1.

He dressed his . . .: Videos of Lacroix’s Paris and New York shows; Bernadine Morris, “For Lacroix, a Triumph; For Couture, a Future,” New York Times, July 27, 1987, p. C14.

Then he sent them down . . .: Martha Duffy, “Welcome to the Fresh Follies,” Time, Feb. 9, 1987, p. 76.

John Fairchild, the magazine’s . . .: Baumgold, “Dancing on the Lip,” p. 49.

The following July . . .: Morris, “For Lacroix a Triumph,” p. C14.

The president of Martha’s . . .: Ibid.; “Lacroix Triumphant,” Women’s Wear Daily, July 27, 1987, p. 1.

Hebe Dorsey of . . .: “Lacroix Triumphant,” p. 3.

The next day, the New York Times . . .: Morris, “For Lacroix, a Triumph,” p. C14.

Time and Newsweek . . .: Duffy, “Fantasy;” Conant, “Oh La La, Lacroix.”

People celebrated . . .: “Paris’ Daring Darling Shakes Up High Fashion with High Jinks,” People, May 19, 1986, p. 138.

Lacroix, who stocked . . .: Baumgold, “Dancing on the Lip,” p. 38.

“Primitive people . . .”: Duffy, “Fantasy,” p. 46.

He looks like Brando . . .”: Ibid., p. 46.

His last effort . . .: Nina Hyde, “The Real Lacroix,” Washington Post, March 17, 1988, p. 1.

In May 1988, big ads . . .: “Introducing Christian Lacroix’s Pret-a-porter first at Saks Fifth Avenue,” Washington Post, May 19, 1988, p. A4.

It’s ridiculous . . .”: Personal interview with Mimi Gott, May 24, 1988. (The comments from Saks employees and shoppers are also from personal interviews the same day.)

A month later . . .: “Lacroix Avoids Markdown Blues,” Houston Chronicle, Jan. 4, 1990, p. 5; Pete Born, “How the French Do in U.S. Stores,” Women’s Wear Daily, March 17, 1989, p. 1; “Stores Lament Designer Sales,” Women’s Wear Daily, June 12, 1990, p. 1; Bernadette Morra, “Mix Master Lacroix Designs with Gusto,” Toronto Star, Oct. 25, 1990, p. D2.

To this end, Bullock’s . . .: Lisa Lapin, “Jeepers! Cool Is Hot, Ralph Kramden Is a Folk Hero and Business Discovers There’s Money To Be Made From Reviving the ’50s,” Los Angeles Times, Jan. 4, 1987, IV, p. 1.

“There has been a shift . . .”: Maureen Dowd, “The New Exec,” The New York Times Magazine, Aug. 24, 1986, p. 145.

In 1987, for example, . . .: Statistics from Market Research Corp. of America.

195 “This thing is not about designers . . .”: Genevieve Buck, “Hemline Lib,” Chicago Tribune, June 3, 1987, p. 7.

“Older women want . . .”: Goodwin, “Fashion 88,” p. 1.

“Gals like to show . . .”: Buck, “Hemline Lib,” p. 7.

“Girls want to be girls . . .”: “La Gamine,” p. 86.

“Women change not at all . . .”: Personal interview with John Weitz, Feb. 1988; Morris, “The Sexy Look.”

As a publicist . . .: Personal interview with Sarah O’Donnell, Alcott & Andrews publicist, 1988.

Bloomingdale’s, which dubbed . . .: Bloomingdale’s advertisement, New York Times, Aug. 24, 1988, p. A5.

“Saks understands . . .”: Saks Fifth Avenue two-page ad, Vanity Fair, March 1988.

The fashion press pitched in . . .: “Dressing Cute Enroute,” Mademoiselle, August 1985, p. 56; “The New Success Looks: Young and Easy,” Harper’s Bazaar, Oct. 1987, p. 76.

Savvy told working women . . .: “Power Flower,” Savvy, March 1988, p. 78.

Women could actually . . .: Goodwin, “Fashion 88,” p. 1.

“A man shortage? . . .”: “Little Dating Looks,” Mademoiselle, Nov. 1987, p. 226.

88 New York Times Men, however, were far more enthusiastic; 71 percent said they preferred skirts that didn’t drop below the knee. Trish Hall, “No Surprise Here: Men Prefer the Mini,” New York Times, March 31, 1988, p. C1. An earlier 1982 survey by Audits and Surveys for the Merit Report found 81 percent of women and men either didn’t want miniskirts to come back into style or just didn’t care. See “Opinion Roundup—Light Fare: Of Legs, Locks, Love and Lancelots,” Public Opinion, April-May 1982, p. 37.

“I will wear . . .”: Kathleen Fury, “Why I’m Not Wearing Miniskirts, I Think,” WorkingWoman, Nov. 1987, p. 184.

Nina Totenberg, legal affairs . . .: For printed version, see Nina Totenberg, “Miniskirt, Maxi Blunder,” New York Times, March 21, 1988, p. A19.

The miniskirt has thrown . . .: Sanford L. Jacobs, “Claiborne Says Miniskirts May Mean Mini-Increase in Earnings for 1988,” The Wall Street Journal, Feb. 26, 1988.

I think it’s really a trend . . .”: Personal interview with Yvette Crosby and observations at California Mart’s Market Week, April 9, 1988, p. 20.

“Last year, the miniskirt was . . .”: Personal interview with Bob Mallard. (Following scenes from personal interviews and observations at Mallard’s showroom, April 9, 1988.) 198 Jean-Paul Gaultier . . .: Holly Brubach, “The Rites of Spring,” New Yorker, June 6, 1988, p. 80.

Pierre Cardin produced . . .: Bernadine Morris, “In Paris Couture, Opulence Lights A Serious Mood,” New York Times, July 26, 1988. 198

Romeo Gigli . . .: Brubach, “Rites of Spring,” p. 81.

The Lacroix brand . . .: Gladys Perint Palmer, “Top to Toe at Paris Show,” San Francisco Examiner, Oct. 29, 1989, p. E3.

By 1990, Valentino . . .: Marylou Luther, “Young and Restless: Haute Couture Sports a New Attitude for the ’90s,” Chicago Sun-Times, Aug. 1, 1990, II, p. 25.

The woman who steps down . . .: Brubach, “Rites of Spring.”

Some enchanted evening . . .”: Personal observation at Bob Mackie’s New York lingerie show, 1988.

“I see it changing . . .”: Personal interview with Bob Mackie, 1988.

Frustrated by slackening sales . . .: Personal interviews with staff and board members of the Intimate Apparel Council. See also Susan Faludi, “Artifice and Old Lace,” West Magazine, San Jose Mercury News, Sept. 10, 1989, p. 14.

The committee immediately issued . . .: Press kit, “Intimate Apparel: How History Has Shaped Fashion,” Intimate Apparel Council, Summer 1989, p. 5.

“It’s not that we aren’t . . .”: Personal interview with Karen Bromley, July 1989.

In anticipation of the . . .: “Underwear and Nightwear,” Current Industrial Reports, 1987, U.S. Department of Commerce.

Du Pont, the largest . . .: Personal interview with Du Pont spokeswoman Ellen Walsh, July 1989. See also “Dupont Says, ‘What A Body!’” Body Fashions/Intimate Apparel, Oct. 1987, p. 2.

“Women have come a long way . . .”: “The Intimate Market: A Profile,” E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Intimate Apparel Marketing, 1987.

“Bra sales are booming . . .”: Jane Ellis, “Bra at 101: Big Biz,” New York Daily News, June 15, 1989.

Enlisting one fake . . .: Woody Hochswender, “Lounge Wear for Cocooning,” New York Times, Jan. 3, 1989, p. B4. 200 Life dedicated . . .: Claudia Dowling, “Hurrah for the Bra,” Life, June 1989, p. 88.

In an interview later . . .: Personal interview with Claudia Dowling, July 1989.

“The ‘Sexy’ Revolution . . .”: “The ‘Sexy’ Revolution Ignites Intimate Apparel,” BFIA, Oct. 1987, p. 1.

“That Madonna look . . .”: Personal interview with Bob Mackie, 1988.

Late Victorian apparel merchants . . .: Steele, Fashion and Eroticism, p. 192.

“Whenever the romantic . . .”: Personal interview with Peter Velardi, July 1989.

“I don’t want to sound arrogant . . .”: Personal interview with Howard Gross, July 1989. (Subsequent Gross quotes are from interview.)

“You can put . . .”: Personal interview with George Townson, June 1989.

A Stanford MBA . . .: Personal interview with Roy Raymond, June 1989. (Subsequent Raymond quotes are from interview.)

“Oh God, the panty table . . .”: Personal interview with Becky Johnson, July 1989. (Following scene and quotes are from personal interviews and observations, July 1989. See Faludi, “Artifice and Old Lace,” p. 18.) 203 203 That year, women’s annual . . .: Data from MRCA, Soft Goods Information Services.

“Part of the professionalism . . .”: Personal interview with John Tugman, 1988.

In 1982, Jockey’s . . .: Personal interviews with Jockey president Howard Cooley, and Don Ruland, vice president of merchandising, July 1989. (Subsequent quotes from Cooley are from personal interview.)

Jockey’s researchers invited . . .: Personal interview with Gayle Huff,

Jockey’s national advertising director, and Bill Herrmann, senior vice president of advertising, July 1989. The brand became . . .: Faludi, “Artifice and Old Lace,” p. 21.

The women complained . . .”: Personal interview with Jay Taub, 1988.

In the windows . . .: Stephanie Salter, “Short Skirts, Long Battles,” San Francisco Examiner, Oct. 20, 1989, p. A25; Jean Kilbourne, “Still Killing Us Softly: Advertising’s Image of Women,” 1987, Cambridge Documentary Films.

In Vogue, “Hidden Delights,” Vogue, March 1987, p. 462.

Other mainstream fashion magazines . . .: These images come from Vogue, Glamour, and Cosmopolitan. I am indebted to Ann Simonton, director of Media Watch, for sharing her collection of these images of women in advertising in the ’80s.

By the late ’80s . . .: Linda Frye Burnham, “Rear Window,” LA Weekly, Nov. 5, 1987.

“He lets me be . . .”: “Jordache Basics,” The New York Times Magazine, Aug. 21, 1988, p. 23.

According to company lore . . .: “The Guess? Success,” Guess press kit, 1988.

But soon Guess would make . . .: From Guess? promotion video.

You should hear . . .”: Personal interview with Lisa Hickey, April 1988.

“When I came here . . .”: Personal interview with Paul Marciano, April 1988. (Subsequent Marciano quotes are from interview.)

In the American West . . .: The Panhandle (Los Angeles: Guess? Inc., undated).

“So what do you think . . .”: Personal interview with Wayne Maser, May 1988. (Following scene and quotes are from personal interviews and observation at the Guess fashion shoot, May 1988.)

“I had heard terrible . . .”: Personal interview with Rosemary McGrotha, May 1988.

“A lot of the big models . . .”: Personal interview with Jeffrey Thurnher, May 1988.

“The only way . . .”: Personal interview, May 1988.

CHAPTER EIGHT. BEAUTY AND THE BACKLASH

“There are no imperfections . . .”: Personal interview with Robert Filoso and personal observations, April 1988. (Subsequent Filoso quotes are from personal interview.) 211 This year, he is making . . .: At the same time, sculptors of male mannequins were producing more macho models. Pucci Manikins, for example, was elevating its male dummies’ height from six feet to six-two and inflating forty-inch chests to forty-two-inch pectorals. See Sam Allis, “What Do Men Really Want?” Time, Special issue, Fall 1990, p. 80.

“It seems like . . .”: Personal interview with Laurie Rothey, April 1988.

“Is your face paying . . .”: Ad for Nivea Visage, 1988.

“The impact of work stress . . .”: Jeanne M. Toal, “Stress and the Single Girl,” Mademoiselle, Sept. 1987, p. 293.

This message was barely . . .: Kinnard, Antifeminism, pp. 307, 20.

In 1981, Revlon’s . . .: “Charlie’s Back,” Barron’s, May 13, 1985, p. 34.

Beauty became medicalized . . .: A medically oriented and physically punishing beauty standard is another backlash hallmark. Late Victorian doctors conducted the first “face skinning” operations and breast enlargements—called “breast piercing” because they inserted a metal ring to irritate and swell the flesh. In the ’30s, face-lifts were popularized; in the “feminine mystique” era, silicone injections were introduced and intensively promoted. See Rosen, Popcorn Venus, p. 181; Maggie Angeloglou, A History of Makeup (London: The Macmillan Co., 1970) p. 103.

(One doctor even. . .): Ann Louise Bardach, “The Dark Side of Cosmetic Surgery,” The Good Health Magazine, New York Times, April 17, 1988, p. 24.

Hospitals facing . . .: By 1988, hospital weight-loss programs were generating $5.5 billion a year and diet clinics $10 billion—not bad for an industry with a 95 percent failure rate. See Molly O’Neill, “Dieters, Craving Balance, Are Battling Fears of Food,” New York Times, April 1, 1990, p. 1.

Historically, the backlash . . .: See, for example, Bram Dijkstra, Idols of Perversity: Fantasies of Feminine Evil in Fin de Siecle Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986) pp. 25–29.

During the late Victorian . . .: Dijkstra, Idols of Perversity, p. 29; Banner, American Beauty, p. 41. The wasting-away look . . .: Banner, American Beauty, p. 47; Joan Jacobs Brumberg, Fasting Girls: The Emergence of Anorexia Nervosa as a Modern Disease (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988) pp. 101–140.

In times of backlash . . .: This was an equation John Ruskin made explicit in his 1864 lecture on female beauty, “Of Queens’ Gardens”: “What the woman is to be within her gates, as the centre of order, the balm of distress, and the mirror of beauty; that she is also to be without her gates, where order is more difficult, distress more imminent, loveliness more rare.” See Banner, American Beauty, p. 12; Steele, Fashion and Eroticism, pp. 104–105.

In the late 1910s and . . .: Banner, American Beauty, p. 277; Angeloglou, History of Makeup, pp. 109, 116–17, 119.

Again, during World War II . . .: See, for example, “The Changing Face of the American Beauty,” McCall’s, April 1976, p. 174.

Harper’s Bazaar described . . .: Tina Sutton and Louise Tutelian, “Play It Again, Roz,” Savvy, April 1985, p. 60.

With the war over, however, . . .: Angeloglou, History of Makeup, p. 131; Weibel, Mirror Mirror, p. 161.

Under the ’80s backlash, the pattern . . .: See, for example, “Action Beauty,” Mademoiselle, April 1979. The beauty magazines of the ’70s are filled with editorial and advertising tributes to athletic, tanned, and all-natural looks.

In the winter of 1973 . . .: Personal interview with Revlon executive vice president Lawrence Wechsler, 1989.

(It actually wasn’t. . .): Angeloglou, History of Makeup, p. 126.

The Revlon team code-named . . .: Personal interview with Lawrence Wechsler, 1989.

“Charlie symbolized . . .”: Ibid. (Subsequent Wechsler quotes are from interview.)

Suddenly in 1982 . . .: Philip H. Dougherty, “Defining ‘A Charlie’ for Revlon,” New York Times, Nov. 28, 1986, p. D7.

The new campaign, however, . . .: Ibid.

In the past few years . . .”: “Light Scents with Strong Appeal,” Glamour, Sept. 1987, p. 386.

A host of ’80s perfume makers . . .: Ronald Alsop, “Firms Push ‘Aroma Therapy’ to Treat Flat Fragrance Sales,” The Wall Street Journal, March 20, 1986, p. 31.

In a new round . . .: At the same time, men’s colognes went macho, as fragrance makers issued such new offerings as “Boss” and “Hero,” the latter endorsed by baseball hero Hank Aaron. See Woody Hochswender, “Men’s Fragrance: The Scent of Money Has Attracted a Striking Number of New Products,” New York Times, Oct. 4, 1988.

In the first half . . .: Lisa Belkin, “Cosmetics Go on Gold Standard,” New York Times, Oct. 11, 1986, p. 52; “Selling Scents Gets Tougher,” Retailing: A Special Report, The Wall Street Journal, May 7, 1987, p. 1.

To promote Passion . . .: Kathleen A. Hughes, “Perfume Firms Go All Out in Effort to Lure Buyers,” The Wall Street Journal, Dec. 10, 1987, p. 29.

You’re a wholesome . . .”: Jean Kilbourne, “Still Killing Us Softly,” 1987, Cambridge Documentary Films.

The flood of . . .: Mark Honigsbaum, “Dollars and Scents,” This World, San Francisco Chronicle, Oct. 16, 1988, p. 9.

At Avon . . .: Walecia Konrad, “The Problems at Avon Are More Than Skin Deep,” Business Week, June 20, 1988, p. 49; Denise M. Topolnicki, “Avon’s Corporate Makeover,” Working Woman, Feb. 1988, p. 57.

By appealing to . . .: Topolnicki, “Corporate Makeover,” p. 59.

As a feature headline . . .: Cynthia Robins, “The Makeup Message for Summer: Be Seen But Not Heard,” San Francisco Examiner, July 31, 1986, p. E5.

Mademoiselle’s cosmetics . . .: “Now You’re Chic. . . Now You’re Cheap—Do Not Cross That Fine (Beauty) Line,” Mademoiselle, April 1988, p. 230. 219 Vogue placed . . .: “The Impact of a New Year. . . And a Difference in Makeup,”

Vogue, Jan. 1987, p. 140. 219 The heaviest users . . .: Laura Sachar, “Forecast: Industry Analysis—Cosmetics,” Financial World, Jan. 5, 1988, p. 21; Joseph Weber, “Why Noxell Is Touching Up Its Latest Creation,” Business Week, July 11, 1988, p. 92.

The makeup companies’ . . .: “Cosmetics Shows Its Age,” Financial World, May 29-June 11, 1985, p. 87.

The labels of dozens . . .: Biotherm’s antiwrinkle cream claimed to use “human placental protein.” Barbara Kallen, “Facing Facts,” Forbes, May 19, 1986, p. 178.

The ad agency that created Oil of . . .: Personal interview with Jane Eastman of Wells Rich Greene, 1988; Kathleen Deveny and Alecia Swasy, “In Cosmetics, Marketing Cultures Clash,” The Wall Street Journal, Oct. 30, 1989, p. B1.

Chanel ads even . . .: Ronald Alsop, “Chanel Plans to Run Ads in Magazines with Less Cachet,” The Wall Street Journal, Jan. 27, 1988, p. 30.

By 1985, a cosmetics trade . . .: Cynthia Robins, “The Quest for Flawless Skin,” San Francisco Examiner, July 27, 1986, p. A19.

By 1986, skin-cream . . .: Ibid.

The claims made on . . .: Melinda Beck, “Peddling Youth Over the Counter,” Newsweek, March 5, 1990, p. 50. 221 Skin-care companies cashed in . . .: Cynthia Robins, “Blocking the Sun’s Rays,”

San Francisco Examiner, July 30, 1986, p. E4.

A century earlier . . .: “The Pale Pursuit,” Ms., Sept. 1987, p. 52

Retin-A, however . . .: Kathy Holub, “Does Retin-A Really Work?” West Magazine, San Jose Mercury News, May 15, 1988, p. 14; Marilyn Chase, “Looking for Miracles, Young and Old Flock to Purchase Retin-A,” The Wall Street Journal, Feb. 12, 1988, p. 1; Beck, “Peddling Youth,” pp. 50-51.

In the one study testing . . .: Jonathan S. Weiss, Charles N. Ellis, John T. Headington, Theresa Tincoff, Ted A. Hamilton, and John J. Voorhees, “Topical Tretinoin Improves Photoaged Skin,” Journal of American Medical Association, 259, no. 4 (Jan. 22-29, 1988): 527-52.

Needless to say, . . .: Holub, “Retin-A.”

In one year, Retin-A sales . . .: Susan Duffy Benway, “Youth for Sale: Anti-Aging Is the Hottest Thing in Cosmetics,” Barron’s, Dec. 22, 1986, p. 24.

That’s what her maker . . .: “Breck Hair Care,” news release from “Breck ’88” press kit.

She was born . . .: “What Ever Happened to the Breck Girl?” Breck promotional literature, 1988.

It was management’s feeling . . .”: Personal interview with Gerard Matthews, Feb. 1988.

She’s back and more . . .: The revival of the term “The Breck Girl” set off a new round of stinging criticism from female journalists who covered the event and angry letters from women. The company finally relented the following year and renamed her “The Breck Woman.”

“These militant feminists . . .”: Personal interview with Robert Anderson, 1988.

“We didn’t want . . .”: Personal interview with Gerard Matthews, Feb. 1988.

Anderson concurred . . .: Robert Anderson, “My Impressions of the Search,” Breck press kit.

I was busy at my . . .”: Personal interview with Cecilia Gouge, May 1988. (Subsequent Gouge quotes are from interview.)

Anderson called off . . .: “Cecilia Gouge Becomes the New Breck Girl,” and “New Breck Girl Combines Career, Motherhood—And She Baits Her Own Hook,” Breck press kit, 1987.

Breck did not pay . . .: Personal interviews with Cecilia Gouge and Breck publicist Susan McCabe, 1988.

“Cecilia came back . . .”: Personal interview with Joe Gouge, May 1988. (Subsequent Gouge quotes are from interview.)

The next year . . .: “Breck Announces Sales Increase and Line Extensions for 1988,” 1988 press release.

“My wife is forty but . . .”: Personal interview with Robert Harvey and personal observations at the Bohemian Club, 1988. (Subsequent Harvey quotes are from interview.) 225 “Good Housekeeping . . .”: Personal interview with one of Harvey’s patientcounselors, who asked not to be identified, 1988.

“It just got worse . . .”: Personal interview with one of Harvey’s patients, who asked not to be identified because she preferred not to make public her decision to have breast implants, 1988.

Starting in 1983 . . .: Lisa M. Krieger, “New Face of Plastic Surgery,” San Francisco Examiner, Jan. 1, 1989, p. A1; press kit from American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons Inc. and its Plastic Surgery Education Foundation.

There is a body . . .”: Krieger, “New Face of Plastic Surgery,” p. A1.

A single issue of . . .: Bardach, “The Dark Side of Cosmetic Surgery,” p. 24.

Cosmetic surgery can even . . .: Ad entitled “Cosmetic Surgery Can Enhance Your Life,” The New York Times Magazine, April 17, 1988, p. 57.

With liposuction, “you can feel . . .”: Ad in Los Angeles magazine, Feb. 1989.

From Vogue to . . .: Teri Agins, “Boom in Busts,” The Wall Street Journal, reprinted in San Francisco Examiner, Dec. 15, 1988, p. D1.

“Go curvy . . .”: “Go Curvy!: The Right Inches/The Right Places,” Mademoiselle, Jan. 1988, p. 108.

“Attention, front and center . . .”: “Breasts. . . the Bare Truth: A Beauty Report,” Mademoiselle, April 1988, p. 221.

A feature in Ladies’ Home Journal . . .: Rita Seiff, “Getting Better All the Time,” Ladies’ Home Journal, July 1987, p. 20.

TV talk shows . . .: “Good Morning Bay Areas” ’s Jan. 13, 1989, segment offered a cosmetic-surgery contest judged by local cosmetic surgeons; the finalists were women who showed the “most potential for positive change.” In Dec. 1988, “Donahue” named a plastic-surgery patient “The Perfect Woman.” See Ryan Murphy, “It’s Not Easy Being Perfect,” San Jose Mercury News, Feb. 14, 1989, p. D1. For radio stations, see Barbara Lippert, “Vanna Doesn’t Speak,” Adweek, July 6, 1987, p. 10.

Even Ms. deemed . . .: Wendy Kaminer, “Of Face Lifts and Feminism,” New York Times, Sept. 6, 1988, p. A23.

By 1988, the cosmetic . . .: Steven Findlay, “Buying the Perfect Body,” U.S. News and World Report, May 1, 1989, p. 68; Susan Jacoby, “Appearance Anxiety,” The New York Times Magazine, Aug. 28, 1988, p. 26.

More than two million . . .: Krieger, “New Face,” p. A22.

A 1987 survey . . .: “Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Study,” cited in Susan L. Wampler, “Mirror: The Changing Face of Beauty,” Indianapolis Business Journal, Feb. 19, 1990, III, p. 28.

In 1988, a congressional . . .: A six-month investigation by the U.S. House of Representatives’ Small Business Subcommittee; its findings were released in the spring of 1989.

Other studies found . . .: Rita Freedman, Beauty Bound (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1986) p. 213.

Follow-up operations to correct . . .: Elizabeth Bennett, “Choice of Doctors May Determine Success in Quest for Youth and Beauty,” Houston Post, May 29, 1987, p. G1.

For breast implants . . .: Sandra Blakeslee, “Breast Implant Surgery: More Facts Are Sought in the Battle Over Safety,” New York Times, Dec. 28, 1989, p. B6.

A 1987 study in . . .: John B. McCraw, Charles E. Horton, John A. I. Grossman, Ivor Kaplan, and Ann McMellin, “An Early Appraisal of the Methods of Tissue Expansion and the Transverse Rectus Abdominis Musculocutaneious Flap in Reconstruction of the Breast Following Mastectomy,” Annals of Plastic Surgery, 18, no. 2 (Feb. 1987): 93-113.

In 1988, investigators . . .: Bardach, “Dark Side,” p. 54. In fact, no comprehensive epidemiological studies of breast implants had been conducted since the devices were first introduced in 1964.

Contracture of scar tissue . . .: Ibid.; Blakeslee, “Breast Implant Surgery;” “Breast Implants Delay Diagnosis of Cancer,” San Francisco Chronicle, July 8, 1988; “Breast Implants Hinder X-Ray Mammography,” The Wall Street Journal, June 14, 1989, p. B1.

In 1989, a Florida . . .: “Dying for Beauty,” Media Watch, 3 (Summer 1989): 2. 230 In 1982, the FDA . . .: Sybil Niden Goldrich, “Restoration Drama,” Ms., June 1988, p. 20.

“The risk to humans . . .”: Warren E. Leary, “Silicone Implants Tied to Cancer in Test Rats,” New York Times, Nov. 10, 1988, p. A8.

Not until April 1991 . . .: Jean Seligmann, “The Hazards of Silicone,” Newsweek, April 29, 1991, p. 56

To all these problems . . .: “Plastic Surgeons’ Society Issues Statement on Breast Implants,” news release from the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons, Jan. 1988.

Between 1984 and 1986 . . .: Data from American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons, 1988; “Five-Year Updated Evaluation of Suction-Assisted Lipectomy,” paper prepared by the ASPRS Ad Hoc Committee on New Procedures, Sept. 30, 1987.

The procedure also could . . .: “Five-Year Updated Evaluation of Suction-Assisted Lipectomy.”

Furthermore, the plastic surgery . . .: Ibid.

On March 30, 1987 . . .: Carrie Dolan, “Fat-cutting Gains Wide Popularity But Can Be Dangerous,” The Wall Street Journal, June 26, 1987, p. A1; Bennett, “Choice of Doctors;” Fred Bonavita, “Pasadena Doctor’s License Revoked,” Houston Post, July 25, 1987, p. 1A.

“This literature she got . . .”: Hope E. Paasch, “Widower Suing Doctor,” Houston Post, April 8, 1987, p. 3A.

Ramirez operated . . .: Ibid.; Bonavita, “Pasadena Doctor.”

By 1987, only five years . . .: “Five-Year Updated Evaluation of Suction-Assisted Lipectomy, pp. 8–11.

A 1988 congressional subcommittee . . .: Laura Fraser, “Scar Wars,” This World, San Francisco Chronicle, May 20, 1990, p. 7.

A woman in San Francisco . . .: Personal interview with a close friend of the woman who asked not to be identified, 1989.

The society’s 1987 report . . .: “Five-Year Updated Evaluations of Suction-Assisted Lipectomy,” p. 2.

As even the report . . .: Ibid., p. 12.

Vogue described . . .: Janice Kaplan, “Fix vs. Lift?” Vogue, Jan. 1985, p. 205.

One Los Angeles plastic . . .: Bardach, “Dark Side,” p. 51.

In fact, the number of . . .: Statistics from American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons. Between 1984 and 1986, the number of breast reconstructive procedures performed fell from 98,800 to 57,200, and the number of burn reconstruction operations slipped from 23,200 to 20,400. Overall, the number of all reconstructive (as opposed to aesthetic) procedures declined from 1,388,700 to 1,259,500.

To me,” said plastic surgeon . . .: Rodney Tyler, “Doctor Vanity,” Special Report, Nov. 1989—Jan. 1990, p. 20. Wagner also performed cosmetic surgery on his mother, mother-in-law, and wife’s sister. This wasn’t just one doctor’s peculiarity. In a 1987 survey of plastic surgeons, nearly half of them said they remodeled their wives, mothers, and daughters.

I just felt sick . . .”: Personal interview, 1988. (Subsequent quotes are from interview.)

“I thought her idea . . .”: Personal interview with Patrick Netter, 1990.