March 4, 1865. Abraham Lincoln delivers second inaugural address. John Wilkes Booth, standing nearby, says he had an “excellent chance” to kill him.
April 14. Around noon Booth learns that Lincoln is coming to Ford’s Theatre that night. He has eight hours to prepare his plan.
April 14. At 10:15 P.M., Booth shoots the president, leaps to the stage, and escapes on a waiting horse.
April 14. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton orders the manhunt to begin.
April 15. About 4:00 A.M., Booth seeks treatment for a broken leg at Dr. Samuel Mudd’s. Cavalry patrol heads south toward Mudd farm.
April 15. President Lincoln dies at 7:22 A.M. Booth leaves Dr. Mudd’s that evening. Stanton summons more troops and detectives to join the hunt.
April 16. Confederate operative Thomas Jones hides Booth in a remote pine thicket for five days, frustrating the manhunters.
April 17. Booth’s coconspirator, Lewis Powell, and other associates are arrested.
April 19. Tens of thousands watch procession to U.S. Capitol, where President Lincoln lies in state. Wild rumors and stories of false sightings of Booth spread.
April 20. After hiding Booth in Maryland for five days, Jones puts him in a rowboat on the Potomac River, bound for Virginia. More than a thousand manhunters are still searching in Maryland. In the dark, Booth rows the wrong way and ends up in Maryland.
April 20–24. Booth lands in the northern neck of Virginia, and Confederate agents and sympathizers guide him to Port Conway, Virginia.
April 24. Booth befriends three Confederate soldiers who help him cross to Port Royal, and then guide him to the Garrett farm.
April 24. Union troops in Washington receive a report of a Booth sighting. They board a U.S. Navy tug and steam south, disembarking in Virginia.
April 25. The Sixteenth New York Cavalry rides right past Booth’s hideout at the Garrett farm. Realizing their error, they turn around and surround the Garrett farm after midnight that night.
April 26. When Booth refuses to surrender, troops set the barn on fire, and Boston Corbett shoots the assassin. Booth dies a few hours later, at sunrise.
When did you first become interested in Abraham Lincoln and his assassination?
Probably the day I was born. I suppose I owe my interest to my parents for picking Lincoln’s birthday, February 12, as my birthday. When I was a child, as far back as I can remember, I received Lincoln books, trinkets, medals, and souvenirs as gifts.
I became interested in the assassination when I was ten years old, when my grandmother, a veteran of the old, long-vanished Chicago tabloid newspaper scene, gave me a wonderful engraving of John Wilkes Booth’s Deringer pistol. Framed with this engraving was a clipping from the Chicago Tribune dated April 15, 1865, the day Lincoln died. Unfortunately the clipping was incomplete, so when I was a child, I could read part of the story, but it came to an abrupt end. I remember vividly one night when I read that clipping over and over and thought, “I want to read the rest of the story” And it took a couple of decades, but one of the most thrilling things I did as part of the research for Manhunt was to acquire an entire run of rare, original issues of the Chicago Tribune—about one hundred newspapers—from the end of the Civil War through the death of Lincoln and the trial of the conspirators.
My grandmother’s gift triggered my obsession with the Lincoln assassination. Later, as I got older and learned more about Lincoln, I began collecting at a more advanced level—books from the Civil War, newspapers, posters announcing the death of Lincoln, original photographs, and more. I remember when in high school, instead of buying a used car, I purchased one of the rare original reward posters offering a $100,000.00 reward for the Lincoln assassins. Once I got to college, I studied the assassination of Lincoln and Lincoln’s era ever more seriously. I was a student of John Hope Franklin at the University of Chicago and took his wonderful courses on the Civil War era and on the history of the American South. That’s really how my interest began, grew, and continues to this day.
“I became interested in the assassination when I was ten years old, when my grandmother … gave me a wonderful engraving of John Wilkes Booth’s Deringer pistol.”
Having a lifetime of interest in Lincoln and the assassination, how did you approach the research specifically for Manhunt?
Manhunt was the result of a lifetime of study, plus two years of intensive research and writing. I had built up a reference library of several thousand books over the years, covering Abraham Lincoln, the presidency, the Civil War, and nineteenth-century American history. Much of what I needed for Manhunt had been sitting on my shelves for years, and I just needed to open these books and read them again. I also consulted my extensive collection of Civil War newspapers, and many rolls of microfilmed documents from the National Archives. Having so many sources in my home library allowed me to work deep into the night—my favorite time for research and writing. Public libraries close at night. My library was open twenty-four hours a day.
I thought I knew the story of Lincoln’s assassination, and of the hunt and capture of John Wilkes Booth, very well when I started, but one of the surprises, and it turns out to have been one of the pleasures of doing the book, was to find out how much I didn’t know and how much new there was to learn.
Is there anything that surprised you, or something you learned that was new or unexpected?
“One of the favorite characters I met was Asia Booth Clarke, John Wilkes Booth’s wonderful, loyal, eloquent sister”.
One of the best things was to meet the cast of characters, especially many hitherto obscure ones. I knew their names, but I didn’t really know how vital each of them was to the story. One of the favorite characters I met was Asia Booth Clarke, John Wilkes Booth’s wonderful, loyal, eloquent sister. She was a fascinating counterpoint to her brother. She knew that John Wilkes Booth had done wrong in murdering the president, and she knew that he was wrong to try to continue the Civil War, revive the Confederacy, and perpetuate slavery. And yet, because of her love for her brother and her loyalty to him, she fought a one-woman campaign to preserve his memory, and to—if not justify—explain and seek forgiveness for him. It was fascinating to read her once-secret memoir about her brother. I’d never read it before, and I knew I had to study it as part of the research for Manhunt. It was astonishing to read her stories about their childhood together and her brother’s dreams and fantasies.
Another favorite character was Fannie Seward, the young daughter of Secretary of State William H. Seward. To read about her heroism the night Louis Powell tried to stab her father to death in his bed, and to read her haunting recollections in her diary, was surprising and inspiring. Her story ended sadly with her dying so young, at age twenty-one. She would have been a wonderful writer. I wish I could have known her.
Another favorite character was Thomas Jones, the Confederate courier and secret agent who helped Booth and David Herold cross the Potomac River by providing them his little boat. So for me, one of the great pleasures of researching the book was to learn much more about the characters who are often quickly passed over as fringe characters or unimportant players. But once you come to know them, they become fascinating and propel Manhunt forward, adding so much character and color to the book.
There is an enduring interest in Abraham Lincoln’s assassination—where do you think this interest comes from? What is it about this event that makes it so fascinating to so many people?
Well, I think the interest is there for a few reasons. First, Lincoln was certainly our greatest president, so there’s an immediate fascination with his death, as there is with all things Lincoln. We look to him for inspiration in times of trouble. We look to him and his words for the meaning of America.
Lincoln’s assassination was a shocking event that is difficult for a modern audience to imagine. It was the first assassination of an American president, and it occurred at the climax of Union victory in the Civil War. We’re children of a more jaded age—we’ve lived through or read about the assassinations of Presidents Garfield, McKinley, and Kennedy, of Robert Kennedy, Martin Luther King, and Malcolm X. Sadly the list goes on and on. I think we return to the Lincoln assassination because that is where this terrible progression of American political assassination began. I think we return to Lincoln and the origins to discover what lessons we can learn, or to think about how these assassinations have affected American history.
“Lincoln’s assassination was a shocking event that is difficult for a modern audience to imagine”.
And then of course there’s the drama itself. John Wilkes Booth was a great Shakespearean, and he scripted and performed the assassination. He did it expertly, with devious style. He assassinated the president and jumped to the stage before an audience of more than one thousand people. One of the most recognizable celebrities of his time, he didn’t try to disguise himself. He raised his bloody dagger in his hand and cried, “Sic semper tyrannis,”“The South is avenged,” and “I have done it!” There’s an inherent drama in the Booth story—the chase for him, his incredible ability to hide from federal authorities, and his capture and death at the burning barn.
“I wanted to immerse myself in the story to the level that when I read a newspaper story about the death of Lincoln published the morning he died, I wanted to have the original newspaper in my hands.”
Many primary source materials are used in Manhunt—contemporary newspaper accounts, books, relics from the assassination. How important were these types of materials in your writing of Manhunt?
They were absolutely essential. I don’t think I could have written the book without my own collection of original materials, and original materials in other collections and libraries. I wanted to immerse myself in the story to the level that when I read a newspaper story about the death of Lincoln published the morning he died, I wanted to have the original newspaper in my hands. I wanted to read the story and see it exactly as someone living at that time would have seen it when they bought the paper from a newsboy. Some of these papers are tough to find on microfilm anyway, but the microfilm gives such a dry, remote sense of history. I want to feel that rag paper in my hands. I want to turn the pages. I want to see how the stories are laid out on the page. When I wrote Manhunt, I wanted to read about the death of Lincoln exactly the way people who were alive then read about it, reading about events as they unfolded at the time.
The same goes for original letters, pamphlets, and photographs produced at the time. I wanted to hold the photos in my hand. See them in the exact size, the exact coloration as someone alive at the time might have done. I also listened to much of the music that was popular in Lincoln’s time, including some of the mourning and death marches written after Lincoln’s death—including a bizarre song about John Wilkes Booth. I tried to immerse myself in these materials so I could really go back in time. The great thing about these original materials is that they create a time capsule, and if you surround yourself with them, I think you can get a point of entry into the mood of the time. I knew that to transport the reader back in time, I had to go there myself first.
During most of the time I was researching Manhunt, I didn’t have time to furnish my house. I’d moved to Washington, D.C., recently, and for more than a year, I had a table, a lamp, a desk, and a bed. No television. No stereo. No radio. It was me and hundreds of Civil War newspapers, books about Lincoln, original photographs, and documents. I think it would have been a different book if I hadn’t surrounded myself with all the original materials. They were just invaluable, indispensable, to making the book what it became.
“There are a couple of wonderful relics I’d sure love to find. Probably number one is Sergeant Boston Corbett’s pistol—the one he used to shoot and kill John Wilkes Booth.”
Is there anything that has been lost to time that you wish you could see?
Well, there are a couple of wonderful relics I’d sure love to find. Probably number one is Sergeant Boston Corbett’s pistol—the one he used to shoot and kill John Wilkes Booth. It was a prize relic, even at the time. Collectors had offered Boston Corbett up to one thousand dollars for the pistol. At the time it had probably cost around fifteen dollars, though it wasn’t his to sell; it had been purchased by the U.S. government and issued to him as a sergeant in the Sixteenth New York Cavalry. But soon enough it was stolen from him. Corbett fell asleep and somebody took the famous pistol, and it’s now been lost to history. The person who took it surely must have known its value, but I imagine that over time as it passed from hand to hand, and generation to generation, its history and importance have been lost. So I would guess that somewhere out there, a collector owns the revolver used to kill John Wilkes Booth and he doesn’t even know he has it. I would like to find that historic weapon.
I’d also like to find the gold stickpin that Colonel Conger removed from John Wilkes Booth’s shirt as he lay dying at the Garrett farm. I’d love to find the missing pages that were torn out of John Wilkes Booth’s diary. I don’t think they contained some ultrasecret of the assassination—probably just drafts of some of Booth’s notes to himself during his escape—but I’d like to know what they said. Alexander Gardner’s photographs of Booth’s autopsy have never been found and are presumed lost. I would love to find some of the missing John Wilkes Booth letters. People were afraid to be connected with Booth in the days after the assassination, so many people destroyed or secreted their letters from Booth.
“The manhunt continues for me. Even though my book has been published, I’m still researching the topic, and I’m still hoping to discover other relics, letters, documents, or photographs that have been lost for more than a century.”
Things are still out there. Recently several John Wilkes Booth love letters were discovered. A teenage girlfriend had kept them hidden until her death and her family kept them secret for more than a century: They weren’t discovered and published until the early 1990s. I am absolutely convinced that Sergeant Corbett’s pistol is out there waiting to be found, and that there are additional John Wilkes Booth letters out there that are hidden away. The manhunt continues for me. Even though my book has been published, I’m still researching the topic, and I’m still hoping to discover other relics, letters, documents, or photographs that have been lost for more than a century. That is the most alluring thing about writing history. The story never really ends, and you never know what amazing thing you might discover tomorrow.
Zekiah Swamp and Nanjemoy Creek,
Charles County, Maryland,
17 and 22 April 1865
April 13th 14 Friday the Ides
Until to day nothing was ever thought of sacrificing to our country’s wrongs. For six months we had worked to capture. But our cause being almost lost, something decisive & great must be done. But its failure is owing to others, who did not strike for their country with a heart. I struck boldly and not as the papers say. I walked with a firm step through a thousand of his friends, was stopped, but pushed on. A Col- was at his side. I shouted Sic semper before I fired. In jumping broke my leg. I passed all his pickets, rode sixty miles that night, with the bones of my leg tearing the flesh at every jump. I can never repent it, though we hated to kill: Our country owed all her troubles to him, and God simply made me the instrument of his punishment. The country is not what it was. This forced union is not what I have loved. I care not what becomes of me. I have no desire to out-live my country. This night (before the deed), I wrote a long article and left it for one of the Editors of the National Inteligencer, in which I fully set forth our reasons for our proceedings. He or the Govmt
Friday 21—
After being hunted like a dog through swamps, woods, and last night being chased by gun boats till I was forced to return wet cold and starving, with every mans hand against me, I am here in despair. And why; For doing what Brutus was honored for, what made Tell a Hero. And yet I for striking down a greater tyrant than they ever knew am looked upon as a common cutthroat. My action was purer than either of theirs. One, hoped to be great himself. The other had not only his countrys but his own wrongs to avenge. I hope for no gain. I knew no private wrong. I struck for my country and that alone. A country groaned beneath this tyranny and prayed for this end. Yet now behold the cold hand they extend to me. God cannot pardon me if I have done wrong. Yet I cannot see any wrong except in serving a degenerate people. The little, very little I left behind to clear my name, the Govmt will not allow to be printed. So ends all. For my country I have given up all that makes life sweet and Holy, brought misery on my family, and am sure there is no pardon in Heaven for me since man condemns me so. I have only heard what has been done (except what I did myself) and it fills me with horror. God try and forgive me and bless my mother. To night I will once more try the river with the intent to cross, though I have a greater desire to return to Washington and in a measure clear my name which I feel I can do. I do not repent the blow I struck. I may before God but not to man.
I think I have done well, though I am abandoned, with the curse of Cain upon me. When if the world knew my heart, that one blow would have made me great, though I did desire no greatness.
To night I try to escape these blood hounds once more. Who who can read his fate. God’s will be done.
I have too great a soul to die like a criminal. Oh may he, may he spare me that and let me die bravely.
I bless the entire world. Have never hated or wronged anyone. This last was not a wrong, unless God deems it so. And its with him, to damn or bless me. And for this brave boy with me who often prays (yes before and since) with a true and sincere heart, was it a crime in him, if so why can he pray the same I do not wish to shed a drop of blood, but “I must fight the course” Tis all that’s left me.
Courtesy of private collection
Ford’s Theatre
Courtesy of private collection
Courtesy of private collection
An authentic Ford’s Theatre playbill for the night of April 14, 1865
Courtesy of private collection
This action-packed April 22, 1865, issue of the National Police Gazette portrays scenes from what it calls “The Assassin’s Carnival”—the assassination of Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre, the attempted assassination of Secretary Seward in his bed, and the deathbed of the president.
Six days after the assassination, John Wilkes Booth and his alleged accomplices, John H. Surratt and David Herold, were still on the loose. To speed their arrests, on April 20, 1865, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton offered a reward of $100,000 for their apprehension—and threatened with death anyone who gave them aid.
Courtesy of private collection
Printmakers hurried to publish prints depicting the historic events at Garrett’s farm. This color lithograph by Kimmel & Forster was the most popular image of the death of the assassin.
Courtesy of private collection
Courtesy of private collection
Alexander Gardner photographed six of the alleged conspirators confined aboard the ironclads Montauk or Saugus on April 27, 1865. One by one, they were brought up to deck, seated before the gun turret, and presented to the photographer. Gardner never photographed Mary Surratt and Dr. Mudd—they were not onboard the ironclads when he photographed the other conspirators. (Top, Lewis Powell; Bottom, David Herold)
Courtesy of private collection
Courtesy of private collection
George Atzerodt
Courtesy of private collection
Samuel Arnold
Courtesy of private collection
Edman Spangler
Courtesy of private collection
Michael O’Laughlin
Courtesy of private collection
John Surratt in the Zouave uniform of the Papal Guard, where he served before his capture and return to the United States. His service in Rome fueled rumors that the assassination of Lincoln was part of a Catholic conspiracy. Copies of this photograph were sold to the public during Surratt’s 1867 trial.
Courtesy of private collection
Through the summer of 1865, during the trial of the conspirators, John Wilkes Booth, even in death, continued to dominate the popular imagery of the assassination. Dion Haco novelized the life of the man he dubbed “the assassinator” in Booth: The Assassin, here in its original and fragile paper wrappers, one of the rarest publications from the time.
