The Allergy Solution: Unlock the Surprising, Hidden Truth about Why You Are Sick and How to Get Well

Introduction

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Chapter 1

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5. Papoutsakis C, Priftis KN, Drakouli M, Prifti S, Konstantaki E, Chondronikola M, Antonogeorgos G, Matziou V. Childhood overweight/obesity and asthma: is there a link? A systematic review of recent epidemiologic evidence. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013 Jan;113(1):77-105; Wang J, Shi GP. Mast cell stabilization: novel medication for obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2011 Nov;27(8):919-24 (Mice fed a Western diet were able to reduce obesity through treatment with anti-allergic drugs that stabilize mast cells [cromolyn and ketotifen]); Ciprandi G, Caimmi D, Raschetti R, Miraglia Del Giudice M, Salpietro C, Caimmi S, Castellazzi AM. Adipokines and their role in allergies. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2011 Oct;24(4 Suppl):136; Litonjua AA, Gold DR. Asthma and obesity: common early-life influences in the inception of disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 May;121(5):1075-84.

6. Hasler G, Gergen PJ, Ajdacic V, Gamma A, Eich D, Rössler W, Angst J. Asthma and body weight change: a 20-year prospective community study of young adults. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006 Jul;30(7):1111-8. (Multivariate longitudinal analyses revealed that asthma was associated with increased later weight gain and later obesity among women after controlling for potentially confounding variables, whereas weight gain and obesity were not associated with later asthma.)

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9. Bellanti JA, Sabra A, Castro HJ, Chavez JR, Malka-Rais J, de Inocencio JM. Are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome allergy related? what is fibromyalgia? Allergy Asthma Proc. 2005 Jan-Feb;26(1):19-28; Stejskal V, Ockert K, Bjørklund G. Metal-induced inflammation triggers fibromyalgia in metal-allergic patients. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2013;34(6):559-65.

10. Tollefsen E, Langhammer A, Bjermer L, Romundstad P, Holmen TL. Allergy: a systemic disease? The HUNT and Young-HUNT study, Norway. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008 Dec;19(8):730-6.

11. Ruoppi P. Mold problem in the work environment—an otorhinolaryngologist’s view. Duodecim. 2009;125(9):983-9.

12. Golding DN. Is there an allergic synovitis? J R Soc Med. 1990 May; 83(5): 312-4; Panush RS, Stroud RM, Webster EM. Food-induced (allergic) arthritis. Inflammatory arthritis exacerbated by milk. Arthritis Rheum. 1986 Feb;29(2):220-6; Panush RS. Food induced (“allergic”) arthritis: clinical and serologic studies. J Rheumatol. 1990 Mar;17(3):291-4; Pulec JL. Allergic arthritis. Ear Nose Throat J. 1993 Feb;72(2):115.

13. Mansfield LE. Food allergy and headache. Whom to evaluate and how to treat. Postgrad Med. 1988 May 15;83(7):46-51, 55; Alam R. Is food allergy giving me a headache? Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2012 Feb;32(1):xiii-xiv; Martin VT, Taylor F, Gebhardt B, Tomaszewski M, Ellison JS, Martin GV, Levin L, Al-Shaikh E, Nicolas J, Bernstein JA. Allergy and immunotherapy: are they related to migraine headache? Headache. 2011 Jan;51(1):8-20; Stefanini GF, Marsigli L, Foschi FG, Emiliani F, Biselli M, Caputo F, Leefield GH, Castelli E, Gasbarrini G. Nonmigrainous headache from food allergy. Allergy. 1996 Sep;51(9):657-8.

14. Husby S, Høost A. Recurrent abdominal pain, food allergy and endoscopy. Acta Paediatr. 2001 Jan;90(1):3-4; Kokkonen J1, Ruuska T, Karttunen TJ, Niinimäki A. Mucosal pathology of the foregut associated with food allergy and recurrent abdominal pains in children. Acta Paediatr. 2001 Jan;90(1):16-21.

15. van Odijk J, Peterson CG, Ahlstedt S, Bengtsson U, Borres MP, Hulthén L, Magnusson J, Hansson T. Measurements of eosinophil activation before and after food challenges in adults with food hypersensitivity. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2006;140(4):334-41.

16. Arora AA, Weiler CR, Katzka DA. Eosinophilic esophagitis: allergic contribution, testing, and management. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2012 Jun;14(3):206-15; Wechsler JB, Schwartz S, Amsden K, Kagalwalla AF. Elimination diets in the management of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Asthma Allergy. 2014 May 24;7:85-94.

17. Kahn A, Mozin MJ, Casimir G, Montauk L, Blum D. Insomnia and cow’s milk allergy in infants. Pediatrics. 1985 Dec;76(6):880-4; Kahn A, Rebuffat E, Blum D, Casimir G, Duchateau J, Mozin MJ, Jost R. Difficulty in initiating and maintaining sleep associated with cow’s milk allergy in infants. Sleep. 1987 Apr;10(2):116-21; Kahn A, Mozin MJ, Rebuffat E, Sottiaux M, Muller MF. Milk intolerance in children with persistent sleeplessness: a prospective double-blind crossover evaluation. Pediatrics. 1989 Oct;84(4):595-603.

18. Sundbom F, Lindberg E, Bjerg A, Forsberg B, Franklin K, Gunnbjörnsdottir M, Middelveld R, Torén K, Janson C. Asthma symptoms and nasal congestion as independent risk factors for insomnia in a general population: results from the GA(2)LEN survey. Allergy. 2013 Feb;68(2):213-9; Jensen ME, Gibson PG, Collins CE, Hilton JM, Latham-Smith F, Wood LG. Increased sleep latency and reduced sleep duration in children with asthma. Sleep Breath. 2013 Mar;17(1):281-7; Terreehorst I, Duivenvoorden HJ, Tempels-Pavlica Z, Oosting AJ, de Monchy JG, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Post MW, Gerth van Wijk R. The unfavorable effects of concomitant asthma and sleeplessness due to the atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS) on quality of life in subjects allergic to house-dust mites. Allergy. 2002 Oct;57(10):919-25.

19. Chen MH, Su TP, Chen YS, Hsu JW, Huang KL, Chang WH, Chen TJ, Bai YM. Higher risk of developing major depression and bipolar disorder in later life among adolescents with asthma: a nationwide prospective study. J Psychiatr Res. 2014 Feb;49:25-30.

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22. Huang KP, Mullangi S, Guo Y, Qureshi AA. Autoimmune, atopic, and mental health comorbid conditions associated with alopecia areata in the United States. JAMA Dermatol. 2013 Jul;149(7):789-94; Barahmani N, Schabath MB, Duvic M; National Alopecia Areata Registry. History of atopy or autoimmunity increases risk of alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009 Oct;61(4):581-91; Ucak H, Cicek D, Demir B, Erden I, Ozturk S. Prognostic factors that affect the response to topical treatment in patchy alopecia areata. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014 Jan;28(1):34-40.

23. Haye KR, Mandal D. Allergic vaginitis mimicking bacterial vaginosis. Int J STD AIDS. 1990 Nov;1(6):440-2; Dworetzky M. Allergic vaginitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989 Dec;161(6 Pt 1):1752-3; Ricer RE, Guthrie RM. Allergic vaginitis, a possibly new syndrome. A case report. J Reprod Med. 1988 Sep;33(9):781-3.

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26. Arthritis: Hvatum M, Kanerud L, Hällgren R, Brandtzaeg P. The gut-joint axis: cross reactive food antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Gut. 2006 Sep;55(9):1240-7; O’Farrelly C, Price R, McGillivray AJ, Fernandes L. IgA rheumatoid factor and IgG dietary protein antibodies are associated in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Invest. 1989 Jul;18(6):753-64; Karatay S, Erdem T, Kiziltunc A, Melikoglu MA, Yildirim K, Cakir E, Ugur M, Aktas A, Senel K. General or personal diet: the individualized model for diet challenges in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2006 Apr;26(6):556-60; Karatay S, Erdem T, Yildirim K, Melikoglu MA, Ugur M, Cakir E, Akcay F, Senel K. The effect of individualized diet challenges consisting of allergenic foods on TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004 Nov;43(11):1429-33. Bronchitis: Chawes BL. Upper and lower airway pathology in young children with allergic- and nonallergic rhinitis. Dan Med Bull. 2011 May;58(5):B4278. Nephritis: Shishkin AN. The role of immediate-type allergic reactions in the pathogenesis of the nephrotic syndrome. Ter Arkh. 1996;68(6):19-21; Lagrue G, Laurent J, Rostoker G. Food allergy and idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int Suppl. 1989 Nov;27:S147-51; Lagrue G, Heslan JM, Belghiti D, Sainte-Laudy J, Laurent J. Basophil sensitization for food allergens in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Nephron. 1986;42(2):123-7; Kovács T, Mette H, Per B, Kun L, Schmelczer M, Barta J, Jean-Claude D, Nagy J. Relationship between intestinal permeability and antibodies against food antigens in IgA nephropathy. Orv Hetil. 1996 Jan 14;137(2):65-9. Colitis: Ruffner MA, Ruymann K, Barni S, Cianferoni A, Brown-Whitehorn T, Spergel JM. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: insights from review of a large referral population. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2013 Jul-Aug;1(4):343-9; D’Arienzo A, Manguso F, Astarita C, D’Armiento FP, Scarpa R, Gargano D, Scaglione G, Vicinanza G, Bennato R, Mazzacca G. Allergy and mucosal eosinophil infiltrate in ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2000 Jun;35(6):624-31.

27. Migraine: Mitchell N, Hewitt CE, Jayakody S, Islam M, Adamson J, Watt I, Torgerson DJ. Randomised controlled trial of food elimination diet based on IgG antibodies for the prevention of migraine-like headaches. Nutr J. 2011 Aug 11;10:85. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-85; Alpay K, Ertas M, Orhan EK, Ustay DK, Lieners C, Baykan B. Diet restriction in migraine, based on IgG against foods: a clinical double-blind, randomised, cross-over trial. Cephalalgia. 2010 Jul;30(7):829-37; Arroyave Hernández CM, Echavarría Pinto M, Hernández Montiel HL. Food allergy mediated by IgG antibodies associated with migraine in adults. Rev Alerg Mex. 2007 Sep-Oct;54(5):162-8. Irritable bowel syndrome: Carroccio A, Brusca I, Mansueto P, D’Alcamo A, Barrale M, Soresi M, Seidita A, La Chiusa SM, Iacono G, Sprini D. A comparison between two different in vitro basophil activation tests for gluten- and cow’s milk protein sensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like patients. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2013 Jun;51(6):1257-63; Stierstorfer MB, Sha CT, Sasson M. Food patch testing for irritable bowel syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013 Mar;68(3):377-84; Guo H, Jiang T, Wang J, Chang Y, Guo H, Zhang W. The value of eliminating foods according to food-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies in irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea. J Int Med Res. 2012;40(1):204-10; Carroccio A, Brusca I, Mansueto P, Soresi M, D’Alcamo A, Ambrosiano G, Pepe I, Iacono G, Lospalluti ML, La Chiusa SM, Di Fede G. Fecal assays detect hypersensitivity to cow’s milk protein and gluten in adults with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Nov;9(11):965-971.e3; Tobin MC, Moparty B, Farhadi A, DeMeo MT, Bansal PJ, Keshavarzian A. Atopic irritable bowel syndrome: a novel subgroup of irritable bowel syndrome with allergic manifestations. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008 Jan;100(1):49-53. Fibromyalgia: Bellanti et al. 2005; Berstad A, Undseth R, Lind R, Valeur J. Functional bowel symptoms, fibromyalgia and fatigue: a food-induced triad? Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012 Sep;47(8-9):914-9. Chronic fatigue syndrome: Straus SE, Dale JK, Wright R, Metcalfe DD. Allergy and the chronic fatigue syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1988 May;81(5 Pt 1):791-5; Bell KM, Cookfair D, Bell DS, Reese P, Cooper L. Risk factors associated with chronic fatigue syndrome in a cluster of pediatric cases. Rev Infect Dis. 1991 Jan-Feb;13 Suppl 1:S32-8. Attention deficit disorder: Hak E, de Vries TW, Hoekstra PJ, Jick SS. Association of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with atopic diseases and skin infections? A matched case-control study using the General Practice Research Database. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2013 Aug;111(2):102-106.e2; Tsai JD, Chang SN, Mou CH, Sung FC, Lue KH. Association between atopic diseases and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in childhood: a population-based case-control study. 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Self-reported allergy-related symptoms and psychological morbidity in primary care. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1997;27(1):47-56. (NOTE: Although people with anxiety disorders are more likely to report a history of allergy, people with allergies are not more likely to report anxiety or psychological distress. There are many ways to interpret this difference. One is that allergies contribute to psychological symptoms in some people (a sub-group of those who have psychological symptoms), but that people with allergies are not more prone to psychological symptoms in general. Depression: Parker G, Watkins T. Treatment-resistant depression: when antidepressant drug intolerance may indicate food intolerance. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2002 Apr;36(2):263-5.

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37. Elamin E, Masclee A, Dekker J, Jonkers D. Ethanol disrupts intestinal epithelial tight junction integrity through intracellular calcium-mediated Rho/ROCK activation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2014 Apr 15;306(8):G677-85; Paganelli R, Fagiolo U, Cancian M, Scala E. Intestinal permeability in patients with chronic urticaria-angioedema with and without arthralgia. Ann Allergy. 1991 Feb;66(2):181-4.

38. Serrano H. Hypersensitivity to “Candida albicans” and other fungi in patients with chronic urticaria. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 1975 Sep-Oct;3(5):289-98; James J, Warin RP. An assessment of the role of Candida albicans and food yeasts in chronic urticaria. Br J Dermatol. 1971 Mar;84(3):227-37; Staubach P, Vonend A, Burow G, Metz M, Magerl M, Maurer M. Patients with chronic urticaria exhibit increased rates of sensitisation to Candida albicans, but not to common moulds. Mycoses. 2009 Jul;52(4):334-8.

39. Liu X, Han Y, Peng K, Liu Y, Li J, Liu H. Effect of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs on Candida spp. from patients with HIV/AIDS. Adv Dent Res. 2011 Apr;23(1):56-60; Iwazaki RS, Endo EH, Ueda-Nakamura T, Nakamura CV, Garcia LB, Filho BP. In vitro antifungal activity of the berberine and its synergism with fluconazole. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2010 Feb;97(2):201-5.

40. Davison HM. Cerebral allergy. South Med J. 1949 Aug;42(8):712-6.

41. Egger J, Stolla A, McEwen LM. Controlled trial of hyposensitisation in children with food-induced hyperkinetic syndrome. Lancet. 1992 May 9;339(8802):1150-3.

Chapter 2

1. Research needs in allergy: an EAACI position paper, in collaboration with EFA. Clin Transl Allergy. 2012; 2: 21. Published online Nov 2, 2012. doi: 10.1186/2045-7022-2-21.

2. World Allergy Association, “WAO White Book on Allergy 2011-2012: Executive Summary.” http://www.worldallergy.org/UserFiles/file/WAO-WhiteBook-on-Allergy_web.pdf.

3. Eder W, Ege MJ, von Mutius E. University Children’s Hospital, Munich, Germany. The asthma epidemic. N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 23;355(21):2226-35.

4. Ellwood P et al. Do fast foods cause asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema? Global findings from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) phase three. Thorax. 2013 Apr;68(4):351-60. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202285. Epub 2013 Jan 14.

5. Sjögren YM, Jenmalm MC, Böttcher MF, Björkstén B, Sverremark-Ekström E. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009 Apr;39(4):518-26. Altered early infant gut microbiota in children developing allergy up to 5 years of age.

6. Yang SN et al. The effects of environmental toxins on allergic inflammation. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2014 Nov;6(6):478-84. doi: 10.4168/aair.2014.6.6.478. Epub 2014 Oct 15.

7. World Health Organization, “Climate change: An opportunity for public health.” http://www.who.int/mediacentre/commentaries/climate-change/en/.

8. New York University Department of Economics, “Vehicle Ownership and Income Growth, Worldwide: 1960-2030,” Joyce Dargay, Dermot Gately and Martin Sommer, January 2007. http://www.econ.nyu.edu/dept/courses/gately/DGS_Vehicle%20Ownership_2007.pdf.

9. Daniel Tencer, “Number of Cars Worldwide Surpasses 1 Billion; Can the World Handle This Many Wheels?” The Huffington Post Canada, August 23, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2011/08/23/car-population_n_934291.html.

10. Albertine JM et al. Projected carbon dioxide to increase grass pollen and allergen exposure despite higher ozone levels. PLoS One. 2014 Nov 5;9(11):e111712. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111712. eCollection 2014.

11. D’Amato G. Effects of climatic changes and urban air pollution on the rising trends of respiatory allergy and asthma. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2011 Feb 28;6(1):28-37. doi: 10.1186/2049-6958-6-1-28.

12. Ibid.

13. Huang SK, Zhang Q, Qiu Z, Chung KF. Mechanistic impact of outdoor air pollution on asthma and allergic diseases. J Thorac Dis. 2015 Jan;7(1):23-33. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.12.13.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. Diaz-Sanchez D, Tsien A, Fleming J, Saxon A. Combined diesel exhaust particulate and ragweed allergen challenge markedly enhances human in vivo nasal ragweed-specific IgE and skews cytokine production to a T helper cell 2-type pattern. J Immunol. 1997 Mar 1;158(5):2406-13.

18. D’Amato 2001.

19. Bell ML, McDermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM, Dominici F. Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987-2000. JAMA. 2004 Nov 17;292(19):2372-8.

20. D’Amato 2001.

21. Beggs PJ, Bambrick HJ. Is the global rise of asthma an early impact of anthropogenic climate change? Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Aug;113(8):915-9.

22. Ayres JG, and colleagues, and the Environment and Health Committee of the European Respiratory Society, Institute of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. Climate change and respiratory disease: European Respiratory Society position statement. Eur Respir J. 2009 Aug;34(2):295-302. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00003409. Epub 2009 Feb 27.

23. Rom WN, Pinkerton KE, Martin WJ, Forastiere F. Global warming: a challenge to all American Thoracic Society members. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 May 15;177(10):1053-4. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200801-052ED.

24. Patz JA et al. Climate change: challenges and opportunities for global health. JAMA. 2014 Oct 15;312(15):1565-80. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.13186.

25. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Climate Change Impacts on Human Health.” http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/impacts/health.html.

26. Robine JM et al. Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003. C R Biol. 2008 Feb;331(2):171-8. doi: 10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.001. Epub 2007 Dec 31.

27. Physicians for Social Responsibility, “More Extreme Heat Waves: Global Warming’s Wake Up Call.” http://www.psr.org/resources/more-extremeheat-waves.html.

28. Ayres et al, 2009.

29. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Climate Change Impacts on Human Health.”

30. Ibid.

31. Ayres et al, 2009.

32. Rom et al, 2008.

33. Yang SN et al. The effects of environmental toxins on allergic inflammation. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2014 Nov;6(6):478-84. doi: 10.4168/aair.2014.6.6.478. Epub 2014 Oct 15.

34. Ibid.

35. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, “Environmental Quality.”

36. Yang et al, 2014.

37. Ibid.

38. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, “Endocrine Disruptors.” https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/materials/endocrine_disruptors_508.pdf.

39. World Health Organization, “Children’s environmental health.” http://www.who.int/ceh/risks/cehemerging2/en/.

40. Ibid.

41. Australian Government Department of Health, “Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) Fact Sheet.” http://www.nicnas.gov.au/communications/publications/information-sheets/existing-chemical-info-sheets/diethylhexyl-phthalate-dehp-factsheet.

42. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, “Endocrine Disruptors.”

43. Yang et al, 2014.

44. World Health Organization. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 17, “Butyl Benzyl Phthalate.” http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/en/cicad17.pdf.

45. Yang et al, 2014.

46. Ibid.

47. Ibid.

48. Minnesota Department of Health, “Formaldehyde in Your Home.” http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/indoorair/voc/formaldehyde.htm.

49. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, “An Update on Formaldehyde.” http://www.cpsc.gov/PageFiles/121919/AN_UPDATE_ON_FORMALDEHYDEupdate03102015.pdf.

50. Minnesota Department of Health, “Formaldehyde in Your Home.”

51. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, “An Update on Formaldehyde.”

52. Australian Government Department of Health, “Formaldehyde Fact Sheet.” http://www.nicnas.gov.au/communications/publications/information-sheets/existing-chemical-info-sheets/formaldehyde-factsheet.

53. Garrett MH et al. Increased risk of allergy in children due to formaldehyde exposure in homes. Allergy. 1999 Apr;54(4):330-7.

54. Rumchev KB et al. Domestic exposure to formaldehyde significantly increases the risk of asthma in young children. Eur Respir J. 2002 Aug;20(2):403-8.

55. Ibid.

56. Krzyzanowski M, Quackenboss JJ, Lebowitz MD. Chronic respiratory effects of indoor formaldehyde exposure. Environ Res. 1990 Aug;52(2):117-25.

Chapter 3

1. Thyssen JP. Nickel and cobalt allergy before and after nickel regulation—evaluation of a public health intervention. Contact Dermatitis. 2011 Sep;65Suppl 1:1-68.

2. Braga M, Quecchia C, Perotta C, Timpini A, Maccarinelli K, Di Tommaso L, Di Gioacchino M. Systemic nickel allergy syndrome: nosologic framework and usefulness of diet regimen for diagnosis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2013 Jul-Sep;26(3):707-16.

3. Karlsson MR, Rugtveit J, Brandtzaeg P. Allergen-responsive CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in children who have outgrown cow’s milk allergy. J Exp Med. 2004 Jun 21;199(12):1679-88.

4. Gourevitch D, Kossenkov AV, Zhang Y, Clark L, Chang C, Showe LC, Heber-Katz E. Inflammation and Its Correlates in Regenerative Wound Healing: An Alternate Perspective. AdvWound Care (New Rochelle). 2014 Sep 1;3(9):592-603; St John AL, Abraham SN. Innate immunity and its regulation by mast cells. J Immunol. 2013 May 1;190(9):4458-63; Metz M, Piliponsky AM, Chen CC, Lammel V, Abrink M, Pejler G, Tsai M, Galli SJ. Mast cells can enhance resistance to snake and honeybee venoms. Science. 2006 Jul 28;313(5786):526-30.

5. Wong GW, Zhuo L, Kimata K, Lam BK, Satoh N, Stevens RL. Ancient origin of mast cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014 Aug 22;451(2):314-8.

6. Kita H. Eosinophils: multifunctional and distinctive properties. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2013;161Suppl 2:3-9.

7. Gell PGH, Coombs RRA. Clinical Aspects of Immunology. London: Blackwell, 1963.

8. Treviño RJ. Immunology of foods. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1986 Sep;95(2):171-6.

9. Berrens L, van Dijk AG, Weemaes CM. Complement consumption in eggwhite and fish sensitivity. Clin Allergy. 1981 Mar;11(2):101-9; Treviño RJ. Immunologic mechanisms in the production of food sensitivities. Laryngoscope. 1981 Nov;91(11):1913-36; Saalman R, Carlsson B, Fällström SP, Hanson LA, Ahlstedt S. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity to beta-lactoglobulin-coated cells with sera from children with intolerance of cow’s milk protein. ClinExpImmunol. 1991 Sep;85(3):446-52; Carini C, Fratazzi C, Aiuti F. Immune complexes in food-induced arthralgia. Ann Allergy. 1987 Dec;59(6):422-8; McCrory WW, Becker CG, Cunningham-Rundles C, Klein RF, Mouradian J, Reisman L. Immune complexglomerulopathy in a child with food hypersensitivity. Kidney Int. 1986 Oct;30(4):592-8; Paganelli R, Atherton DJ, Levinsky RJ. Differences between normal and milk allergic subjects in their immune responses after milk ingestion. Arch Dis Child. 1983 Mar;58(3):201-6; Martelletti P, Sutherland J, Anastasi E, Di Mario U, Giacovazzo M. Evidence for an immune-mediated mechanism in food-induced migraine from a study on activated T-cells, IgG4 subclass, anti-IgG antibodies and circulating immune complexes. Headache. 1989 Nov;29(10):664-70.

10. Fineman SM. Optimal treatment of anaphylaxis: antihistamines versus epinephrine. Postgrad Med. 2014 Jul;126(4):73-81; Campbell RL, Luke A, Weaver AL, St Sauver JL, Bergstralh EJ, Li JT, Manivannan V, Decker WW. Prescriptions for self-injectable epinephrine and follow-up referral in emergency department patients presenting with anaphylaxis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008 Dec;101(6):631-6.

11. Sclar DA, Lieberman PL. Anaphylaxis: underdiagnosed, underreported, and undertreated. Am J Med. 2014 Jan;127(1 Suppl):S1-5.

12. Bublin M, Breiteneder H. Cross-reactivity of peanutallergens. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2014 Apr;14(4):426; Zhuang Y, Dreskin SC. Redefining the major peanut allergens. Immunol Res. 2013 Mar;55(1-3):125-34.

13. Sicherer SH, Muñoz-Furlong A, Burks AW, Sampson HA. Prevalence of peanut and tree nut allergy in the US determined by a random digit dial telephone survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999 Apr;103(4):559-62.

14. Sicherer SH, Muñoz-Furlong A, Sampson HA. Prevalence of peanut and tree nut allergy in the United States determined by means of a random digit dial telephone survey: a 5-year follow-up study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 Dec;112(6):1203-7.

15. Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Peanut allergy: Emerging concepts and approaches for an apparent epidemic. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120(3):491–503.

16. Grundy J, Matthews S, Bateman B, Dean T, Arshad SH. Rising prevalence of allergy to peanut in children: Data from 2 sequential cohorts. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110(5):784–9.

17. Lack G, Fox D, Northstone K, Golding J; Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Study Team. Factors associated with the development of peanut allergy in childhood. N Engl J Med. 2003 Mar 13;348(11):977-85.

18. Dixon V, Habeeb S, Lakshman R. Did you know this medicine has peanut butter in it, doctor? Arch Dis Child. Jul 2007;92(7): 654.

19. Fox AT, Sasieni P, du Toit G, Syed H, Lack G. Household peanut consumption as a risk factor for the development of peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Feb;123(2):417-23.

20. Strid J, Hourihane J, Kimber I, Callard R, Strobel S. Epicutaneous exposure to peanut protein prevents oral tolerance and enhances allergic sensitization. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005 Jun;35(6):757-66. (Here were their exact findings: Epicutaneous exposure to peanut protein induced potent Th2-type immunity with high levels of IL-4 and serum IgE. Primary skin exposure prevented the subsequent induction of oral tolerance to peanut in an antigen-specific manner. Upon oral challenge, mice became further sensitized and developed strong peanut-specific IL-4 and IgE responses. Furthermore, animals with existing tolerance to peanut were partly sensitized following epicutaneous exposure.)

21. Pabst O, Mowat AM. Oral tolerance to food protein. Mucosal Immunology (2012) 5, 232–9.

22. Commins SP, Satinover SM, Hosen J, Mozena J, Borish L, Lewis BD, et al. Delayed anaphylaxis, angioedema, or urticaria after consumption of red meat in patients with IgE antibodies specific for galactose-α-1,3-galactose. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123:426–3.

23. Van Nunen SA, O’Connor KS, Clarke LR, Boyle RX, Fernando SL. An association between tick bite reactions and red meat allergy in humans. Med J Aust. 2009 May 4;190(9):510-1; Hamsten C, Starkhammar M, Tran TA, Johansson M, Bengtsson U, Ahlén G, Sällberg M, Grönlund H, van Hage M. Identification of galactose-α-1,3-galactose in the gastrointestinal tract of the tick Ixodes ricinus; possible relationship with red meat allergy. Allergy. 2013 Apr;68(4):549-52; Hamsten C, Tran TA, Starkhammar M, Brauner A, Commins SP, Platts-Mills TA, van Hage M. Red meat allergy in Sweden: association with tick sensitization and B-negative blood groups. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013 Dec;132(6):1431-4; Gonzalez-Quintela A, Dam Laursen AS, Vidal C, Skaaby T, Gude F, Linneberg A. IgE antibodies to alpha-gal in the general adult population: relationship with tick bites, atopy, and cat ownership. Clin Exp Allergy. 2014 Aug;44(8):1061-8; Wen L, Zhou J, Yin J, Sun JL, Sun Y, Wu K, Katial R. Delayed anaphylaxis to red meat associated with specific IgE antibodies to galactose. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2015 Jan;7(1):92-4.

24. Steinke JW, Platts-Mills TA, Commins SP. The alpha-gal story: Lessons learned from connecting the dots. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015 Mar;135(3):589-96; Soh JY, Huang CH, Lee BW. Carbohydrates as food allergens. Asia Pac Allergy. 2015 Jan;5(1):17-24.

Chapter 4

1. Wan H, Winton HL, Soeller C, Tovey ER, Gruenert DC, Thompson PJ, Stewart GA, Taylor GW, Garrod DR, Cannell MB, Robinson C. J Clin Invest. 1999 Jul;104(1):123-33. Der p 1 facilitates transepithelial allergen delivery by disruption of tight junctions.

Chapter 5

1. Sheri Maxwell, B.S., Charles P. Gerba, Ph.D. “Shoe Study.” Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, March 31, 2008.

2. American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. “Dust Allergy.” http://www.acaai.org/allergist/allergies/types/dust-allergy-information/pages/default.aspx; Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America. “Dust Mites.” http://www.aafa.org/display.cfm?id=9&sub=18&cont=228.

3. Wan et al, 1999.

4. Hewitt CR, Brown AP, Hart BJ, Pritchard DI. A major house dust mite allergen disrupts the immunoglobulin E network by selectively cleaving CD23: innate protection by antiproteases. J Exp Med. 1995 Nov 1;182(5):1537-44.

5. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. “Dust Mites.” http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/allergens/dustmites/index.cfm.

6. Wright LS, Phipatanakul W. Environmental remediation in the treatment of allergy and asthma: latest updates. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2014 Mar;14(3):419. doi: 10.1007/s11882-014-0419-7.

7. Martins-Green M et al. Cigarette smoke toxins deposited on surfaces: implications for human health. PLoS ONE. January 29, 2014.

8. Curtis W. Noonan Center for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Montana. Asthma randomized trial of indoor wood smoke (ARTIS): Rationale and Methods. Contemp Clin Trials. Sep 2012; 33(5): 1080–1087. Published online Jun 23, 2012.

9. Bui DS et al. Ambient wood smoke, traffic pollution and adult asthma prevalence and severity. Respirology. 2013 Oct;18(7):1101-7. doi: 10.1111/resp.12108.

10. Steinemann AC, Gallagher LG, Davis AL, MacGregor IC. Chemical emissions from residential dryer vents during use of fragranced laundry products. Air Qual Atmos Health. 2013 Mar;6(1):151-6. doi: 10.1007/s11869-011-0156-1.

11. Ibid.

12. Zock JP et al. The use of household cleaning sprays and adult asthma: an international longitudinal study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Oct 15;176(8):735-41. Epub 2007 Jun 21.

13. Le Moual N, Varraso R, Siroux V, Dumas O, Nadif R, Pin I, Zock JP, Kauffmann F; Epidemiological Study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma. Domestic use of cleaning sprays and asthma activity in females. Eur Respir J. 2012 Dec;40(6):1381-9. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00197611. Epub 2012 Apr 10.

14. Anne Marie Kelly. “Scented Ads: Not Just For Perfume Anymore.” Forbes, January 17, 2012. http://www.forbes.com/sites/annemariekelly/2012/01/17/scented-ads-not-just-for-perfume-anymore.

15. Bruce Horovitz. “Dollars and Scents: Some Magazines Are Rethinking Those Perfume Ads.” Los Angeles Times, November 17, 1992. http://articles.latimes.com/1992-11-17/business/fi-603_1_perfume-ads.

16. Cone JE, Shusterman D. Health effects of indoor odorants. Environ Health Perspect. Nov 1991; 95: 53–9.

17. Akdag M et al. Does usage of room air fresheners affect the nasal mucosa? Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2014 Sep 11.

18. DaSilva SC et al. Increased skin barrier disruption by sodium lauryl sulfate in mice expressing a constitutively active STAT6 in T cells. Arch Dermatol Res. 2012 Jan;304(1):65-71. doi: 10.1007/s00403-011-1168-2. Epub 2011 Sep 30.

19. Belkaid Y, Segre JA. Dialogue between skin microbiota and immunity. Science. 2014 Nov 21;346(6212):954-9.

20. Fyhrquist N, Ruokolainen L, Suomalainen A, Lehtimäki S, Veckman V, Vendelin J, Karisola P, Lehto M, Savinko T, Jarva H, Kosunen TU, Corander J, Auvinen P, Paulin L, von Hertzen L, Laatikainen T, Mäkelä M, Haahtela T, Greco D, Hanski I, Alenius H. Acinetobacter species in the skin microbiota protect against allergic sensitization and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Dec;134(6):1301-1309.e11.

Chapter 6

1. Park HH, Lee S, Son HY, Park SB, Kim MS, Choi EJ, Singh TS, Ha JH, Lee MG, Kim JE, Hyun MC, Kwon TK, Kim YH, Kim SH. Flavonoids inhibit histamine release and expression of proinflammatory cytokines in mast cells. Arch Pharm Res. 2008 Oct;31(10):1303-11; Park HH, Lee S, Oh JM, Lee MS, Yoon KH, Park BH, Kim JW, Song H, Kim SH. Anti-inflammatory activity of fisetin in human mast cells (HMC-1). Pharmacol Res. 2007 Jan;55(1):31-7; Gong JH, Shin D, Han SY, Kim JL, Kang YH. Kaempferol suppresses eosionphil infiltration and airway inflammation in airway epithelial cells and in mice with allergic asthma. J Nutr. 2012 Jan;142(1):47-56 (Kaempferol is a natural flavonol-type flavonoid that has been isolated from citrus fruits, brussels sprouts, broccoli, apples, and other plant sources); Jung CH, Lee JY, Park JH, Cho BJ, Sim SS, Kim CJ. Flavonols attenuate the immediate and late-phase asthmatic responses to aerosolized-ovalbumin exposure in the conscious guinea pig. Fitoterapia. 2010 Oct;81(7):803-12. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.04.011. Epub 2010 May 10.

Chapter 7

1. Egger J, Carter CM, Soothill JF, Wilson J. Oligoantigenic diet treatment of children with epilepsy and migraine. J Pediatr. 1989 Jan;114(1):51-8.

Chapter 8

1. Kim W, Lee H. Advances in nutritional research on regulatory T-cells. Nutrients. Nov 2013; 5(11): 4305–4315; Issazadeh-Navikas S, Teimer R, Bockermann R. Influence of dietary components on regulatory T cells. Mol Med. 2012; 18(1): 95–110; Wong CP, Nguyen LP, Noh SK, Bray TM, Bruno RS, Ho E. Induction of regulatory T cells by green tea polyphenol EGCG. Immunol Lett. 2011 Sep 30;139(1-2):7-13.

2. Singh A, Holvoet S, Mercenier A. Dietary polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011 Oct;41(10):1346-59.

3. Chiu TH, Huang HY, Chiu YF, Pan WH, Kao HY, Chiu JP, Lin MN, Lin CL. Taiwanese vegetarians and omnivores: dietary composition, prevalence of diabetes and IFG. PLoS One. 2014 Feb 11;9(2):e88547; Yen CE, Yen CH, Huang MC, Cheng CH, Huang YC. Dietary intake and nutritional status of vegetarian and omnivorous preschool children and their parents in Taiwan. Nutr Res. 2008 Jul;28(7):430-6; Krajcovicová-Kudlácková M, Simoncic R, Béderová A, Grancicová E, Magálová T. Influence of vegetarian and mixed nutrition on selected haematological and biochemical parameters in children. Nahrung. 1997 Oct;41(5):311-14.

4. Kuo KL, Weng MS, Chiang CT, Tsai YJ, Lin-Shiau SY, Lin JK. Comparative studies on the hypolipidemic and growth suppressive effects of oolong, black, pu-erh, and green tea leaves in rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jan 26;53(2):480-9.

5. Yun JM, Jialal I, Devaraj S. Effects of epigallocatechin gallate on regulatory T cell number and function in obese v. lean volunteers. Br J Nutr. 2010 Jun;103(12):1771-7.

6. Wang J, Ren Z, Xu Y, Xiao S, Meydani SN, Wu D. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by altering balance among CD4+ T-cell subsets. Am J Pathol. 2012 Jan;180(1):221-34.

7. Kuo CL, Chen TS, Liou SY, Hsieh CC. Immunomodulatory effects of EGCG fraction of green tea extract in innate and adaptive immunity via T regulatory cells in murine model. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2014 Oct;36(5):364-70.

8. Pae M, Ren Z, Meydani M, Shang F, Smith D, Meydani SN, Wu D. Dietary supplementation with high dose of epigallocatechin-3-gallate promotes inflammatory response in mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2012 Jun;23(6):526-31.

9. Nerurkar A et al. When conventional providers recommend unconventional medicine: results of a national study. Arch Intern Med. May 9, 2011; 171(9): 862–864. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.160.

10. Ehren JL, Maher P. Concurrent regulation of the transcription factors Nrf2 and ATF4 mediates the enhancement of glutathione levels by the flavonoid fisetin. Biochem Pharmacol. 2013 Jun 15;85(12):1816-26.

11. Tada-Oikawa S, Murata M, Kato T. Preferential induction of apoptosis in regulatory T cells by tributyltin: possible involvement in the exacerbation of allergic diseases. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi. 2010 Sep;65(4):530-5.

12. Wu MY, Hung SK, Fu SL. Immunosuppressive effects of fisetin in ovalbumininduced asthma through inhibition of NF-κB activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2011 Oct 12;59(19):10496-504; Goh FY1, Upton N, Guan S, Cheng C, Shanmugam MK, Sethi G, Leung BP, Wong WS. Fisetin, a bioactive flavonol, attenuates allergic airway inflammation through negative regulation of NF-κB. Eur J Pharmacol. 2012 Mar 15;679(1-3):109-16.

13. Maher P. Modulation of multiple pathways involved in the maintenance of neuronal function during aging by fisetin. Genes Nutr. 2009 Dec;4(4):297-307.

14. Reganold JP, Andrews PK, Reeve JR, Carpenter-Boggs L, Schadt CW, Alldredge JR, Ross CF, Davies NM, Zhou J. Fruit and soil quality of organic and conventional strawberry agroecosystems. PLoS One. 2010 Sep 1;5(9). pii: e12346. Erratum in PLoS One. 2010;5(10). doi: 10.1371/annotation/1eefd0a4-77af-4f48-98c3-2c5696ca9e7a.

15. Li RR, Pang LL, Du Q, Shi Y, Dai WJ, Yin KS. Apigenin inhibits allergen-induced airway inflammation and switches immune response in a murine model of asthma. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2010 Sep;32(3):364-70.

Chapter 9

1. Tanaka A, Nomura Y, Matsuda A, Ohmori K, Matsuda H. Mast cells function as an alternative modulator of adipogenesis through 15-deoxy-delta-12, 14-prostaglandin J2. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2011 Dec;301(6):C1360-7; Liu J, Divoux A, Sun J, Zhang J, Clement K, Glickman JN, Sukhova GK, Wolters PJ, Du J, Gorgun CZ, et al. Genetic deficiency and pharmacological stabilization of mast cells reduce diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Nat. Med. 2009;15:940–5.

2. Sood A, Seagrave J, Herbert G, Harkins M, Alam Y, Chiavaroli A, Shohreh R, Montuschi P, Campen M, Harmon M, Qualls C, Berwick M, Schuyler M. High sputum total adiponectin is associated with low odds for asthma. J Asthma. 2014 Jun;51(5):459-66.

3. Yamamoto R, Ueki S, Moritoki Y, Kobayashi Y, Oyamada H, Konno Y, Tamaki M, Itoga M, Takeda M, Ito W, Chihara J. Adiponectin attenuates human eosinophil adhesion and chemotaxis: implications in allergic inflammation. J Asthma. 2013 Oct;50(8):828-35.

4. Grotta MB, Squebola-Cola DM, Toro AA, Ribeiro MA, Mazon SB, Ribeiro JD, Antunes E. Obesity increases eosinophil activity in asthmatic children and adolescents. BMC Pulm Med. 2013 Jun 18;13:39.

5. Rönmark E, Andersson C, Nyström L, Forsberg B, Järvholm B, Lundbäck B. Obesity increases the risk of incident asthma among adults. Eur Respir J. 2005 Feb;25(2):282-8 (“Increased body mass index was a significant risk factor for both males and females”); Zhang X, Morrison-Carpenter T, Holt JB, Callahan DB. Trends in adult current asthma prevalence and contributing risk factors in the United States by state: 2000-2009. BMC Public Health. 2013 Dec 10;13:1156; Sideleva O, Dixon AE. The many faces of asthma in obesity. J Cell Biochem. 2014 Mar;115(3):421-6 (NOTE: Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of asthma and causes severe, uncontrolled disease that responds poorly to therapy. The obese state alters early onset allergic asthma and leads to the development of a novel form of late-onset asthma secondary to obesity. The presentation of early onset allergic asthma is altered through effects on immune function. Factors such as mechanical loading, effects of adipokines on airways, altered diet, insulin resistance, and altered metabolism of nitric oxide likely all contribute to increased airway reactivity in obesity, causing late onset asthma in obesity. Obesity also alters responses to environmental factors such as ozone and particulate matter. Focused studies to understand the importance of these factors in the pathogenesis of airway disease in obesity will be essential to develop therapies to intervene in this new epidemic of airway disease); Ma J, Xiao L. Association of general and central obesity and atopic and nonatopic asthma in US adults. J Asthma. 2013 May;50(4):395-402; Forno E, Acosta-Pérez E, Brehm JM, Han YY, Alvarez M, Colón-Semidey A, Canino G, Celedón JC. Obesity and adiposity indicators, asthma, and atopy in Puerto Rican children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 May;133(5):1308-14, 1314.e1-5 (Analysis of a large U.S. population database found that waist to height ratio was associated with the presence of allergic asthma in both women and men); Kilpeläinen M, Terho EO, Helenius H, Koskenvuo M. Body mass index and physical activity in relation to asthma and atopic diseases in young adults. Respir Med. 2006 Sep;100(9):1518-25 (“The risk of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic dermatitis increased quite linearly with BMI among women but not men. Low leisure time physical activity seems not to explain the greater risk of asthma among obese men and women. The quite linear association between BMI and both allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and wheezing among women suggests the independent effect of body fat on atopic diseases”); Silverberg JI, Silverberg NB, Lee-Wong M. Association between atopic dermatitis and obesity in adulthood. Br J Dermatol. 2012 Mar;166(3):498-504.

6. Chung SD, Chen PY, Lin HC, Hung SH. Comorbidity profile of chronic rhinosinusitis: a population-based study. Laryngoscope. 2014 Jul;124(7):1536-41.

8. Visness CM, London SJ, Daniels JL, Kaufman JS, Yeatts KB, Siega-Riz AM, Liu AH, Calatroni A, Zeldin DC. Association of obesity with IgE levels and allergy symptoms in children and adolescents: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 May;123(5):1163-9, 1169.e1-4.

9. Brumpton B, Langhammer A, Romundstad P, Chen Y, Mai XM. General and abdominal obesity and incident asthma in adults: the HUNT study. Eur Respir J. 2013 Feb;41(2):323-9; Von Behren J, Lipsett M, Horn-Ross PL, Delfino RJ, Gilliland F, McConnell R, Bernstein L, Clarke CA, Reynolds P. Obesity, waist size and prevalence of current asthma in the California Teachers Study cohort. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(10):889-93; Shore SA. Obesity and asthma: location, location, location. Eur Respir J. 2013 Feb;41(2):253-4; Jensen ME, Gibson PG, Collins CE, Hilton JM, Wood LG. Diet-induced weight loss in obese children with asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Exp Allergy. 2013 Jul;43(7):775-84; Scott HA, Gibson PG, Garg ML, Pretto JJ, Morgan PJ, Callister R, Wood LG. Dietary restriction and exercise improve airway inflammation and clinical outcomes in overweight and obese asthma: a randomized trial. Clin Exp Allergy. 2013 Jan;43(1):36-49.

10. Hanna BC, Wormald PJ. Gastroesophageal reflux and chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012 Feb;20(1):15-8.

11. DelGaudio JM. Direct nasopharyngeal reflux of gastric acid is a contributing factor in refractory chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2005 Jun;115(6):946-57.

12. McCallister JW, Parsons JP, Mastronarde JG. The relationship between gastroesophageal reflux and asthma: an update. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2011 Apr;5(2):143-50; Sontag SJ. The spectrum of pulmonary symptoms due to gastroesophageal reflux. Thorac Surg Clin. 2005 Aug;15(3):353-68; Komatsu Y, Hoppo T, Jobe BA. Proximal reflux as a cause of adult-onset asthma: the case for hypopharyngeal impedance testing to improve the sensitivity of diagnosis. JAMA Surg. 2013 Jan;148(1):50-8; Banaszkiewicz A1, Dembinski L, Zawadzka-Krajewska A, Dziekiewicz M, Albrecht P, Kulus M, Radzikowski A. Evaluation of laryngopharyngeal reflux in pediatric patients with asthma using a new technique of pharyngeal pH-monitoring. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;755:89-95; Kilic M, Ozturk F, Kirmemis O, Atmaca S, Guner SN, Caltepe G, Sancak R, Kalayci AG. Impact of laryngopharyngeal and gastroesophageal reflux on asthma control in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2013 Mar;77(3):341-5.

13. Canani RB, Cirillo P, Roggero P, Romano C, Malamisura B, Terrin G, Passariello A, Manguso F, Morelli L, Guarino A; Working Group on Intestinal Infections of the Italian Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SIGENP). Therapy with gastric acidity inhibitors increases the risk of acute gastroenteritis and community-acquired pneumonia in children. Pediatrics. 2006 May;117(5):e817-20; Hauben M, Horn S, Reich L, Younus M. Association between gastric acid suppressants and Clostridium difficile colitis and community-acquired pneumonia: analysis using pharmacovigilance tools. Int J Infect Dis. 2007 Mar 2; Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L. Proton pump inhibitors, histamine H2 receptor antagonists, and other antacid medications and the risk of fracture. Calcif Tissue Int. 2006 Aug;79(2):76-83; Gulmez SE, Holm A, Frederiksen H, Jensen TG, Pedersen C, Hallas J. Use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia: a population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med. 2007 May 14;167(9):950-5; Jalving M, Koornstra JJ, Wesseling J, Boezen HM, DE Jong S, Kleibeuker JH. Increased risk of fundic gland polyps during long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Nov 1;24(9):1341-8; Laheij RJ, Sturkenboom MC, Hassing RJ, Dieleman J, Stricker BH, Jansen JB. Risk of community-acquired pneumonia and use of gastric acid-suppressive drugs. JAMA. 2004 Oct 27;292(16):1955-60; Dial S, Delaney JA, Barkun AN, Suissa S. Use of gastric acid-suppressive agents and the risk of community-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated disease. JAMA. 2005 Dec 21;294(23):2989-95; Dial S, Alrasadi K, Manoukian C, Huang A, Menzies D. Risk of Clostridium difficile diarrhea among hospital inpatients prescribed proton pump inhibitors: cohort and case-control studies. CMAJ. 2004 Jul 6;171(1):33-8; Laheij RJ, Van Ijzendoorn MC, Janssen MJ, Jansen JB. Gastric acid-suppressive therapy and community-acquired respiratory infections. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Oct 15;18(8):847-51; Yang YX, Lewis JD, Epstein S, Metz DC. Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture. JAMA. 2006 Dec 27;296(24):2947-53.

14. Blake K, Teague WG. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and childhood asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2013 Jan;19(1):24-9; Writing Committee for the American Lung Association Asthma Clinical Research Centers, Holbrook JT, Wise RA, Gold BD, Blake K, Brown ED, Castro M, Dozor AJ, Lima JJ, Mastronarde JG, Sockrider MM, Teague WG. Lansoprazole for children with poorly controlled asthma: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012 Jan 25;307(4):373-81.

15. Yoshikawa I, Nagato M, Yamasaki M, Kume K, Otsuki M. Long-term treatment with proton pump inhibitor is associated with undesired weight gain. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Oct 14;15(38):4794-8.

16. Untersmayr E, Bakos N, Schöll I, Kundi M, Roth-Walter F, Szalai K, Riemer AB, Ankersmit HJ, Scheiner O, Boltz-Nitulescu G, Jensen-Jarolim E. Anti-ulcer drugs promote IgE formation toward dietary antigens in adult patients. FASEB J. 2005 Apr;19(6):656-8.

17. DeMuth K, Stecenko A, Sullivan K, Fitzpatrick A. Relationship between treatment with antacid medication and the prevalence of food allergy in children. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2013 May-Jun;34(3):227-32.

18. Pali-Schöll I, Herzog R, Wallmann J, Szalai K, Brunner R, Lukschal A, Karagiannis P, Diesner SC, Jensen-Jarolim E. Antacids and dietary supplements with an influence on the gastric pH increase the risk for food sensitization. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010 Jul;40(7):1091-8.

19. Ramírez E, Cabañas R, Laserna LS, Fiandor A, Tong H, Prior N, Calderón O, Medrano N, Bobolea I, Frías J, Quirce S. Proton pump inhibitors are associated with hypersensitivity reactions to drugs in hospitalized patients: a nested case-control in a retrospective cohort study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2013 Mar;43(3):344-52.

20. Hak E, Mulder B, Schuiling-Veninga CC, de Vries TW, Jick SS. Use of acid-suppressive drugs in pregnancy and the risk of childhood asthma: bidirectional crossover study using the general practice research database. Drug Saf. 2013 Nov;36(11):1097-104.

21. Diesner SC, Pali-Schöll I, Jensen-Jarolim E, Untersmayr E. Mechanisms and risk factors for type 1 food allergies: the role of gastric digestion. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2012 Dec;162(23-24):513-8.

22. Pali-Schöll I, Jensen-Jarolim E. Anti-acid medication as a risk factor for food allergy. Allergy. 2011 Apr;66(4):469-77.

23. Rodriguez-Stanley S, Ahmed T, Zubaidi S, Riley S, Akbarali HI, Mellow MH, Miner PB. Calcium carbonate antacids alter esophageal motility in heartburn sufferers. Dig Dis Sci. 2004 Nov-Dec;49(11-12):1862-7; Rich H, Sohn UD, Behar J, Kim N, Biancani P. Experimental esophagitis affects intracellular calcium stores in the cat lower esophageal sphincter. Am J Physiol. 1997 Jun;272(6 Pt 1):G1523-9; Kovac JR, Preiksaitis HG, Sims SM. Functional and molecular analysis of L-type calcium channels in human esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 289: G998-G1006, 2005; Harnett KM, Cao W, Kim N, Sohn UD, Rich H, Behar J, Biancani P. Signal transduction in esophageal and LES circular muscle contraction. Yale J Biol Med. 1999 Mar-Jun;72(2-3):153-68.

24. Lucendo AJ, Arias A. Treatment of adult eosinophilic esophagitis with diet. Dig Dis. 2014;32(1-2):120-5; Kagalwalla AF. Dietary treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis in children. Dig Dis. 2014;32(1-2):114-9.

25. Simon D, Straumann A, Dahinden C, Simon HU. Frequent sensitization to Candida albicans and profilins in adult eosinophilic esophagitis. Allergy. 2013 Jul;68(7):945-8.

26. Vidal C, Pérez-Carral C, Chomón B. Unsuspected sources of soybean exposure. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997 Oct;79(4):350-2.

27. Shimada K, Kawarabayashi T, Tanaka A, Fukuda D, Nakamura Y, Yoshiyama M, Takeuchi K, Sawaki T, Hosoda K, Yoshikawa J. Oolong tea increases plasma adiponectin levels and low-density lipoprotein particle size in patients with coronary artery disease. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2004 Sep;65(3):227-34.

28. He RR, Chen L, Lin BH, Matsui Y, Yao XS, Kurihara H. Beneficial effects of oolong tea consumption on diet-induced overweight and obese subjects. Chin J Integr Med. 2009 Feb;15(1):34-41.

29. Jin T, Kim OY, Shin MJ, Choi EY, Lee SS, Han YS, Chung JH. Fisetin up-regulates the expression of adiponectin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via the activation of silent mating type information regulation 2 homologue 1 (SIRT1)-deacetylase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). J Agric Food Chem. 2014 Oct 29;62(43):10468-74.

30. Jung CH, Kim H, Ahn J, Jeon TI, Lee DH, Ha TY. Fisetin regulates obesity by targeting mTORC1 signaling. J Nutr Biochem. 2013 Aug;24(8):1547-54.

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32. Jennings A, Welch AA, Spector T, Macgregor A, Cassidy A. Intakes of anthocyanins and flavones are associated with biomarkers of insulin resistance and inflammation in women. J Nutr. 2014 Feb;144(2):202-8.

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Chapter 10

1. Marshall GD Jr. Stress and allergic diseases—still underrecognized and undertreated. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014 Apr;112(4):275.

2. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Heffner KL, Glaser R, Malarkey WB, Porter K, Atkinson C, Laskowski B, Lemeshow S, Marshall GD. How stress and anxiety can alter immediate and late phase skin test responses in allergic rhinitis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 Jun;34(5):670-80.

3. Dave ND, Xiang L, Rehm KE, Marshall GD Jr. Stress and allergic diseases. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2011 Feb;31(1):55-68.

4. Kilpeläinen M, Koskenvuo M, Helenius H, Terho EO. Stressful life events promote the manifestation of asthma and atopic diseases. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002 Feb;32(2):256-63.

5. Rosenkranz MA et al. A comparison of mindfulness-based stress reduction and an active control in modulation of neurogenic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun. 2013 Jan;27(1):174-84. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.013. Epub 2012 Oct 22.

6. Posner MI, Tang YY, Lynch G. Mechanisms of white matter change induced by meditation training. Front Psychol. 2014 Oct 27;5:1220; Moore A, Gruber T, Derose J, Malinowski P. Regular, brief mindfulness meditation practice improves electrophysiological markers of attentional control. Front Hum Neurosci. 2012 Feb 10;6:18.

7. Kozasa EH, Sato JR, Lacerda SS, Barreiros MA, Radvany J, Russell TA, Sanches LG, Mello LE, Amaro E Jr. Meditation training increases brain efficiency in an attention task. Neuroimage. 2012 Jan 2;59(1):745-9; van Leeuwen S, Singer W, Melloni L. Meditation increases the depth of information processing and improves the allocation of attention in space. Front Hum Neurosci. 2012 May 15;6:133; Gard T, Taquet M, Dixit R, Hölzel BK, de Montjoye YA, Brach N, Salat DH, Dickerson BC, Gray JR, Lazar SW. Fluid intelligence and brain functional organization in aging yoga and meditation practitioners. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014 Apr 22;6:76.

8. Wolever RQ, Bobinet KJ, McCabe K, Mackenzie ER, Fekete E, Kusnick CA, Baime M. Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace: a randomized controlled trial. J Occup Health Psychol. 2012 Apr;17(2):246-58.

9. Tonelli ME, Wachholtz AB. Meditation-based treatment yielding immediate relief for meditation-naïve migraineurs. Pain Manag Nurs. 2014 Mar;15(1):36-40; Keefer L, Blanchard EB. A one year follow-up of relaxation response meditation as a treatment for irritable bowel syndrome. Behav Res Ther. 2002 May;40(5):541-6.

10. Bae BG, Oh SH, Park CO, Noh S, Noh JY, Kim KR, Lee KH. Progressive muscle relaxation therapy for atopic dermatitis: objective assessment of efficacy. Acta DermVenereol. 2012 Jan;92(1):57-61.

11. Nickel C, Lahmann C, Muehlbacher M, Pedrosa Gil F, Kaplan P, Buschmann W, Tritt K, Kettler C, Bachler E, Egger C, Anvar J, Fartacek R, Loew T, Rother W, Nickel M. Pregnant women with bronchial asthma benefit from progressive muscle relaxation: a randomized, prospective, controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom. 2006;75(4):237-43; Nickel C, Kettler C, Muehlbacher M, Lahmann C, Tritt K, Fartacek R, Bachler E, Rother N, Egger C, Rother WK, Loew TH, Nickel MK. Effect of progressive muscle relaxation in adolescent female bronchial asthma patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. J Psychosom Res. 2005 Dec;59(6):393-8.

12. Bidwell AJ, Yazel B, Davin D, Fairchild TJ, Kanaley JA. Yoga training improves quality of life in women with asthma. J Altern Complement Med. 2012 Aug;18(8):749-55; Pbert L, Madison JM, Druker S, Olendzki N, Magner R, Reed G, Allison J, Carmody J. Effect of mindfulness training on asthma quality of life and lung function: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2012 Sep;67(9):769-76.

13. Henry M, de Rivera JL, Gonzalez-Martin IJ, Abreu J. Improvement of respiratory function in chronic asthmatic patients with autogenic therapy. J Psychosom Res. 1993 Apr;37(3):265-70.

14. Olness K, Hall H, Rozniecki JJ, Schmidt W, Theoharides TC. Mast cell activation in children with migraine before and after training in self-regulation. Headache. 1999 Feb;39(2):101-7.

15. Vempati R, Bijlani RL, Deepak KK. The efficacy of a comprehensive lifestyle modification programme based on yoga in the management of bronchial asthma: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pulm Med. 2009 Jul 30;9:37.

16. Kuo FE. Parks and other green environments: Essential components of a healthy human habitat. Australas. Parks Leisure. 2010;14:1–48.

17. Epsom Salt Council. “About Epsom Salts.” http://www.epsomsaltcouncil.org/articles/universal_health_institute_about_epsom_salt.pdf.

18. Epsom Salt Council. “Report on Absorption of magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) across the skin.” http://www.epsomsaltcouncil.org/articles/report_on_absorption_of_magnesium_sulfate.pdf.

19. Khalfa S et al. Effects of relaxing music on salivary cortisol level after psychological stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Nov;999:374-6.

20. Fibromyalgia: Baptista AS, Villela AL, Jones A, Natour J. Effectiveness of dance in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized, single-blind, controlled study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2012 Nov-Dec;30(6 Suppl 74):18-23; CarbonellBaeza A, Aparicio VA, Martins-Pereira CM, Gatto-Cardia CM, Ortega FB, Huertas FJ, Tercedor P, Ruiz JR, Delgado-Fernandez M. Efficacy of Biodanza for treating women with fibromyalgia. J Altern Complement Med. 2010 Nov;16(11):1191-200. Depression: Pinniger R, Brown RF, Thorsteinsson EB, McKinley P. Argentine tango dance compared to mindfulness meditation and a waiting-list control: a randomised trial for treating depression. Complement Ther Med. 2012 Dec;20(6):377-84; Akandere M, Demir B. The effect of dance over depression. Coll Antropol. 2011 Sep;35(3):651-6. High blood pressure: Aweto HA, Owoeye OB, Akinbo SR, Onabajo AA. Effects of dance movement therapy on selected cardiovascular parameters and estimated maximum oxygen consumption in hypertensive patients. Nig Q J Hosp Med. 2012 Apr-Jun;22(2):125-9. Heart failure: Belardinelli R, Lacalaprice F, Ventrella C, Volpe L, Faccenda E. Waltz dancing in patients with chronic heart failure: new form of exercise training. Circ Heart Fail. 2008 Jul;1(2):107-14. Cancer-related fatigue and quality of life: Sturm I, Baak J, Storek B, Traore A, ThussPatience P. Effect of dance on cancer-related fatigue and quality of life. Support Care Cancer. 2014 Aug;22(8):2241-9; Sandel SL, Judge JO, Landry N, Faria L, Ouellette R, Majczak M. Dance and movement program improves quality-of-life measures in breast cancer survivors. Cancer Nurs. 2005 Jul-Aug;28(4):301-9. Parkinson’s disease: McKee KE, Hackney ME. The effects of adapted tango on spatial cognition and disease severity in Parkinson’s disease. J Mot Behav. 2013;45(6):519-29; Volpe D, Signorini M, Marchetto A, Lynch T, Morris ME. A comparison of Irish set dancing and exercises for people with Parkinson’s disease: a phase II feasibility study. BMC Geriatr. 2013 Jun 4;13:54; Duncan RP, Earhart GM. Randomized controlled trial of community-based dancing to modify disease progression in Parkinson disease. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2012 Feb;26(2):132-43. Rheumatoid arthritis: Moffet H, Noreau L, Parent E, Drolet M. Feasibility of an eight-week dance-based exercise program and its effects on locomotor ability of persons with functional class III rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2000 Apr;13(2):100-11; Van Deusen J, Harlowe D. The efficacy of the ROM Dance Program for adults with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Occup Ther. 1987 Feb;41(2):90-5. Asthma: Wolf SI, Lampl KL. Pulmonary rehabilitation: the use of aerobic dance as a therapeutic exercise for asthmatic patients. Ann Allergy. 1988 Nov;61(5):357-60.

21. Verghese J, Lipton RB, Katz MJ, Hall CB, Derby CA, Kuslansky G, Ambrose AF, Sliwinski M, Buschke H. Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jun 19;348(25):2508-16.

22. Christiane Northrup, Goddesses Never Age (Carlsbad, CA: Hay House, 2014), p. 261.

23. Jaremka LM et al. Loneliness promotes inflammation during acute stress. Psychol Sci. 2013 Jul 1;24(7):1089-97. doi: 10.1177/0956797612464059. Epub 2013 Apr 29.

24. Creswell JD, Irwin MR, Burklund LJ, Lieberman MD, Arevalo JM, Ma J, Breen EC, Cole SW. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction training reduces loneliness and pro-inflammatory gene expression in older adults: a small randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun. 2012 Oct;26(7):1095-101.

25. Powell E. Does habitual stress cause sleep problems and daytime functioning impairments, or is stress the result of poor sleep? Research abstract presented on Wednesday, June 10, at SLEEP 2009, the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies.

26. Howatson G, Bell PG, Tallent J, Middleton B, McHugh MP, Ellis J. Effect of tart cherry juice (Prunuscerasus) on melatonin levels and enhanced sleep quality. European Journal of Nutrition. 2011 Oct 30.

Chapter 11

1. Nation J, Kaufman M, Allen M, Sheyn A, Coticchia J. Incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and positive maxillary antral cultures in children with symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014 Feb;78(2):218-22; de Bortoli N1, Nacci A, Savarino E, Martinucci I, Bellini M, Fattori B, Ceccarelli L, Costa F, Mumolo MG, Ricchiuti A, Savarino V, Berrettini S, Marchi S. How many cases of laryngopharyngeal reflux suspected by laryngoscopy are gastroesophageal reflux disease–related? World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Aug 28;18(32):4363-70. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18. i32.4363.

2. Bernstein JA. Allergic and mixed rhinitis: Epidemiology and natural history. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2010 Sep-Oct;31(5):365-9.

3. Greiner AN, Hellings PW, Rotiroti G, Scadding GK. Allergic rhinitis. Lancet. 2011 Dec 17;378(9809):2112-22. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60130-X. Epub 2011 Jul 23.

4. Bousquet J, Bullinger M, Fayol C, Marquis P, Valentin B, Burtin B. Assessment of quality of life in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis with the French version of the SF-36 Health Status Questionnaire. J Allergy Clin Immunol.1994;94(2 Pt 1):182–188.

5. Vuurman EF, Vuurman LL, Lutgens I, Kremer B. Allergic rhinitis is a risk factor for traffic safety. Allergy. 2014 Jul;69(7):906-12.

6. Wilken JA, Berkowitz R, Kane R. Decrements in vigilance and cognitive functioning associated with ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002 Oct;89(4):372-80.

7. Ciprandi G, Passalacqua G. Allergy and the nose. Clin Exp Immunol. Sep 2008; 153(Suppl 1): 22–26; Ciprandi G, Tosca MA, Fasce L. Allergic children have more numerous and severe respiratory infections than non-allergic children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol.2006;17:389–91; Cirillo I, Marseglia GL, Klersy C, Ciprandi G. Allergic patients have more numerous and prolonged respiratory infections than non-allergic subjects. Allergy. 2007;62:1087–90.

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Chapter 12

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16. Leonard SW, Paterson E, Atkinson JK, Ramakrishnan R, Cross CE, Traber MG. Studies in humans using deuterium-labeled alpha- and gammatocopherolsdemonstrate faster plasma gamma-tocopherol disappearance and greater gamma-metabolite production. Free Radic Biol Med. 2005;38:857–866.

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18. Berdnikovs S, Abdala-Valencia H, McCary C, Somand M, Cole R, Garcia A, Bryce P, Cook-Mills J. Isoforms of vitamin E have opposing immunoregulatory functions during inflammation by regulating leukocyte recruitment. J Immunol. 2009;182:4395–4405.

19. Cook-Mills JM, McCary CA. Isoforms of vitamin E differentially regulate inflammation. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2010;10:348–366; McCary CA, Abdala-Valencia H, Berdnikovs S, Cook-Mills JM. Supplemental and highly elevated tocopherol doses differentially regulate allergic inflammation: reversibility of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol’s effects. J Immunol. 2011;186:3674–3685; Cook-Mills JM, Marchese ME, Abdala-Valencia H. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression and signaling during disease: regulation by reactive oxygen species and antioxidants. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011;15:1607–1638.

20. Cook-Mills JM, Abdala-Valencia H, Hartert T. Two faces of vitamin E in the lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Aug 1, 2013; 188(3): 279–284.

21. Troisi RJ, Willett WC, Weiss ST, Trichopoulos D, Rosner B, Speizer FE. A prospective study of diet and adult-onset asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:1401–1408; Dow L, Tracey M, Villar A, Coggon D, Margetts BM, Campbell MJ, Holgate ST. Does dietary intake of vitamins C and E influence lung function in older people? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154:1401–1404; Kalayci O, Besler T, Kilinc K, Sekerel BE, Saraclar Y. Serum levels of antioxidant vitamins (alpha tocopherol, beta carotene, and ascorbic acid) in children with bronchial asthma. Turk J Pediatr. 2000;42:17–21; Kelly FJ, Mudway I, Blomberg A, Frew A, Sandstrom T. Altered lung antioxidant status in patients with mild asthma. Lancet. 1999;354:482–483; Schunemann HJ, Grant BJ, Freudenheim JL, Muti P, Browne RW, Drake JA, Klocke RA, Trevisan M. The relation of serum levels of antioxidant vitamins C and E, retinol and carotenoids with pulmonary function in the general population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1246–1255; Al-Abdulla NO, Al Naama LM, Hassan MK. Antioxidant status in acute asthmatic attack in children. J Pak Med Assoc. 2010;60:1023–1027.

22. Marchese ME, Kumar R, Colangelo LA, Avila PC, Jacobs DR Jr, Gross M, Sood A, Liu K, Cook-Mills JM. The vitamin E isoforms α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol have opposite associations with spirometric parameters: the CARDIA study. Respir Res 2014 Mar 15;15:31.

23. Abdala-Valencia H, Berdnikovs S, Cook-Mills JM. Vitamin E isoforms differentially regulate intercellular adhesion molecule-1 activation of PKCα in human microvascular endothelial cells. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e41054; McCary CA, Yoon Y, Panagabko C, Cho W, Atkinson J, Cook-Mills JM. Vitamin E isoforms directly bind PKCα and differentially regulate activation of PKCα. Biochem J. 2012;441:189–198.

24. Du CL, Xu YJ, Liu XS, Xie JG, Xie M, Zhang ZX, Zhang J, Qiao LF. Up-regulation of cyclin D1 expression in asthma serum-sensitized human airway smooth muscle promotes proliferation via proteinkinase C alpha. Exp Lung Res. 2010 May;36(4):201-10; Tang YJ, Xu YJ, Xiong SD, Zhao JP, Zhang ZX. The effect of inhaled glucocorticosteroid on proteinkinase C alpha expression and interleukin-5 production in induced sputum inflammatory cells of asthma patients. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2004 Nov;43(11):849-52.

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34. Nagel G, Linseisen J. Dietary intake of fatty acids, antioxidants and selected food groups and asthma in adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jan;59(1):8-15.

35. Galland L. Increased requirements for essential fatty acids in atopic individuals: a review with clinical descriptions. J Am Coll Nutr. 1986;5(2):213-28.

36. Rocklin RE, Thistle L, Galland L, Manku MS, Horrobin D. Altered arachidonic acid content in polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells from patients with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. Lipids. 1986 Jan;21(1):17-20.

37. Li et al, 2013.

38. Galland L. Diet and inflammation. NutrClinPract. 2010 Dec;25(6):634-40; Haidari F, Mohammadshahi M, Borsi SH, Haghighizadeh MH, Malgard S. Comparison of essential fatty acid intakes and serum levels of inflammatory factors between asthmatic and healthy adults: a case-control study. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014 Oct;13(5):335-42; Barros R1, Moreira A, Fonseca J, Delgado L, Castel-Branco MG, Haahtela T, Lopes C, Moreira P. Dietary intake of α-linolenic acid and low ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA are associated with decreased exhaled NO and improved asthma control. Br J Nutr. 2011 Aug;106(3):441-50.

39. Dry J, Vincent D. Effect of a fish oil diet on asthma: results of a 1-year double-blind study. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1991;95(2-3):156-7.

40. Nagakura T, Matsuda S, Shichijyo K, Sugimoto H, Hata K. Dietary supplementation with fish oil rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with bronchial asthma. Eur Respir J. 2000 Nov;16(5):861-5.

41. Villani F, Comazzi R, De Maria P, Galimberti M. Effect of dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids on bronchial hyperreactivity in subjects with seasonal asthma. Respiration. 1998;65(4):265-9.

42. Schubert R, Kitz R, Beermann C, Rose MA, Lieb A, Sommerer PC, Moskovits J, Alberternst H, Böhles HJ, Schulze J, Zielen S. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in asthma after low-dose allergen challenge. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2009;148(4):321-9.

43. Arm JP, Horton CE, Spur BW, Mencia-Huerta JM, Lee TH. The effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil lipids on the airways response to inhaled allergen in bronchial asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Jun;139(6):1395-400.

44. Mickleborough TD, Lindley MR, Ionescu AA, Fly AD. Protective effect of fish oil supplementation on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Chest. 2006 Jan;129(1):39-49; Mickleborough TD, Murray RL, Ionescu AA, Lindley MR. Fish oil supplementation reduces severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Nov 15;168(10):1181-9.

45. Olsen SF, Østerdal ML, Salvig JD, Mortensen LM, Rytter D, Secher NJ, Henriksen TB. Fish oil intake compared with olive oil intake in late pregnancy and asthma in the offspring: 16 y of registry-based follow-up from a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jul;88(1):167-75.

46. Lundström SL, Yang J, Brannan JD, Haeggström JZ, Hammock BD, Nair P, O’Byrne P, Dahlén SE, Wheelock CE. Lipid mediator serum profiles in asthmatics significantly shift following dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2013 Aug;57(8):1378-89.

47. Mickleborough TD, Vaughn CL, Shei RJ, Davis EM, Wilhite DP. Marine lipid fraction PCSO-524 (lyprinol/omega XL) of the New Zealand green lipped mussel attenuates hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Respir Med. 2013 Aug;107(8):1152-63.

48. Treatment of asthma with lipid extract of New Zealand green-lipped mussel: a randomised clinical trial. Emelyanov A, Fedoseev G, Krasnoschekova O, Abulimity A, Trendeleva T, Barnes PJ. Eur Respir J. 2002 Sep;20(3):596-600.

49. Okamoto M, Mitsunobu F, Ashida K, Mifune T, Hosaki Y, Tsugeno H, Harada S, Tanizaki Y. Effects of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids compared with n-6 fatty acids on bronchial asthma. Intern Med. 2000 Feb;39(2):107-11.

50. Broughton KS, Johnson CS, Pace BK, Liebman M, Kleppinger KM. Reduced asthma symptoms with n-3 fatty acid ingestion are related to 5-series leukotriene production. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Apr;65(4):1011-7.

51. Surette ME, Koumenis IL, Edens MB, Tramposch KM, Clayton B, Bowton D, Chilton FH. Inhibition of leukotriene biosynthesis by a novel dietary fatty acid formulation in patients with atopic asthma: a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, prospective trial. Clin Ther. 2003 Mar;25(3):972-9; Surette ME, Stull D, Lindemann J. The impact of a medical food containing gammalinolenic and eicosapentaenoic acids on asthma management and the quality of life of adult asthma patients. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 Feb;24(2):559-67; Lindemann J, David Pampe E, Peterkin JJ, Orozco-Cronin P, Belofsky G, Stull D. Clinical study of the effects on asthma-related QOL and asthma management of a medical food in adult asthma patients. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009 Dec;25(12):2865-75.

52. Covar R, Gleason M, Macomber B, Stewart L, Szefler P, Engelhardt K, Murphy J, Liu A, Wood S, DeMichele S, Gelfand EW, Szefler SJ. Impact of a novel nutritional formula on asthma control and biomarkers of allergic airway inflammation in children. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 40, 1163–1174.

53. Biltagi MA, Baset AA, Bassiouny M, Kasrawi MA, Attia M. Omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin C and Zn supplementation in asthmatic children: a randomized self-controlled study. Acta Paediatr. 2009 Apr;98(4):737-42.

54. Cui L, Morris A, Huang L, Beck JM, Twigg HL 3rd, von Mutius E, Ghedin E. The microbiome and the lung. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014 Aug;11Suppl 4:S227-32; van Woerden HC, Gregory C, Brown R, Marchesi JR, Hoogendoorn B, Matthews IP. Differences in fungi present in induced sputum samples from asthma patients and non-atopic controls: a community based case control study. BMC Infect Dis. 2013 Feb 5;13:69.

55. West CE. Gut microbiota and allergic disease: new findings. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2014 May;17(3):261-6.

56. Fujimura KE, Demoor T, Rauch M, et al. House dust exposure mediates gut microbiome Lactobacillus enrichment and airway immune defense against allergens and virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111:805–10.

57. Chen YS, Jan RL, Lin YL, Chen HH, Wang JY. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of lactobacillus on asthmatic children with allergic rhinitis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010 Nov;45(11):1111-20.

58. Miraglia Del Giudice M, Maiello N, Decimo F, Fusco N, D’Agostino B, Sullo N, Capasso M, Salpietro V, Gitto E, Ciprandi G, Marseglia GL, Perrone L. Airways allergic inflammation and L. reuterii treatment in asthmatic children. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2012 Jan-Mar;26(1 Suppl):S35-40.

59. O’Driscoll BR, Powell G, Chew F, Niven RM, Miles JF, Vyas A, Denning DW. Comparison of skin prick tests with specific serum immunoglobulin E in the diagnosis of fungal sensitization in patients with severe asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009 Nov;39(11):1677-83.

60. Kabe J. Late asthmatic reactions to inhalation of fractions from extracts of Candida albicans and Asperguillus fumigatus. Allerg Immunol (Leipz). 1974-1975;20-21(4):393-401; Tsukioka K. Studies on the mechanism developing bronchial asthma due to Candida albicans. 3. Relationship between types of response after inhalation challenge with Candida albicans and type I, type III allergy. Arerugi. 1985 May;34(5):289-96.

61. Dhamgaye S, Devaux F, Vandeputte P, Khandelwal NK, Sanglard D, Mukhopadhyay G, Prasad R. Molecular mechanisms of action of herbal antifungal alkaloid berberine, in Candida albicans. PLoS One. 2014 Aug 8;9(8):e104554; Iwazaki RS, Endo EH, Ueda-Nakamura T, Nakamura CV, Garcia LB, Filho BP. In vitro antifungal activity of the berberine and its synergism with fluconazole. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2010 Feb;97(2):201-5; Li Z, Geng YN, Jiang JD, Kong WJ. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of berberine in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:289264; Yang N, Wang J, Liu C, Song Y, Zhang S, Zi J, Zhan J, Masilamani M, Cox A, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Sampson H, Li XM. Berberine and limonin suppress IgE production by human B cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from food-allergic patients. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014 Nov;113(5):556-564.

62. Largest grant ever awarded to UW School of Medicine and Public Health will continue inner-city asthma research. University of Wisconsin–Madison News, November 10, 2014. http://www.news.wisc.edu/23279.

Chapter 13

1. Kern DG, Frumkin H. Asthma in respiratory therapists. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1989; volume 110: pp 767-773. Am J RespirCrit Care Med; Christiani DC, Kern DG. Asthma risk and occupation as a respiratory therapist. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Sep;148(3):671-4.

2. Delclos GL1, Gimeno D, Arif AA, Burau KD, Carson A, Lusk C, Stock T, Symanski E, Whitehead LW, Zock JP, Benavides FG, Antó JM. Occupational risk factors and asthma among health care professionals. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Apr 1;175(7):667-75; Dimich-Ward H, Wymer ML, Chan-Yeung M. Respiratory health survey of respiratory therapists. Chest. 2004 Oct;126(4):1048-53.

3. Grammatopoulou EP, Skordilis EK, Georgoudis G, Haniotou A, Evangelodimou A, Fildissis G, Katsoulas T, Kalagiakos P. Hyperventilation in asthma: A validation study of the Nijmegen Questionnaire—NQ. J Asthma. 2014 Oct;51(8):839-46; Gotshall RW. Airway response during exercise and hyperpnoea in non-asthmatic and asthmatic individuals. Sports Med. 2006;36(6):513-27 (“…dynamic exercise has consistently demonstrated improved airway calibre in asthmatic individuals. . . . the exercise has typically been less than 15 minutes. Data from longer duration exercise [20-30 minutes] . . . suggest declining pulmonary function over time during exercise in asthmatic individuals after the initial bronchodilation”); Ritz T, Kullowatz A, Bobb C, Dahme B, Magnussen H, Kanniess F, Steptoe A. Psychological triggers and hyperventilation symptoms in asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008 May;100(5):426-32.

4. Prem V, Sahoo RC, Adhikari P. Comparison of the effects of Buteyko and pranayama breathing techniques on quality of life in patients with asthma—a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2013 Feb;27(2):133-41; Cowie RL, Conley DP, Underwood MF, Reader PG. A randomised controlled trial of the Buteyko technique as an adjunct to conventional management of asthma. Respir Med. 2008 May;102(5):726-32; McHugh P, Aitcheson F, Duncan B, Houghton F. Buteyko Breathing Technique for asthma: an effective intervention. N Z Med J. 2003 Dec 12;116(1187):U710; Cooper S, Oborne J, Newton S, Harrison V, Thompson Coon J, Lewis S, Tattersfield A. Effect of two breathing exercises (Buteyko and pranayama) in asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2003 Aug;58(8):674-9; Opat AJ, Cohen MM, Bailey MJ, Abramson MJ. A clinical trial of the Buteyko Breathing Technique in asthma as taught by a video. J Asthma. 2000;37(7):557-64; Bowler SD, Green A, Mitchell CA. Buteyko breathing techniques in asthma: a blinded randomised controlled trial. Med J Aust. 1998 Dec 7-21;169(11-12):575-8.

5. Celik M, Tuncer A, Soyer OU, Saçkesen C, Tanju Besler H, Kalayci O. Oxidative stress in the airways of children with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2012 Sep;23(6):556-61; Westerveld GJ, Dekker I, Voss HP, Bast A, Scheeren RA. Antioxidant levels in the nasal mucosa of patients with chronic sinusitis and healthy controls. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997 Feb;123(2):201-4; Kassim SK, Elbeigermy M, Nasr GF, Khalil R, Nassar M. The role of interleukin-12, and tissue antioxidants in chronic sinusitis. Clin Biochem. 2002 Jul;35(5):369-75.

6. Zavorsky GS, Kubow S, Grey V, Riverin V, Lands LC. An open-label dose-response study of lymphocyte glutathione levels in healthy men and women receiving pressurized whey protein isolate supplements. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2007 Sep;58(6):429-36.

7. Baumann JM, Rundell KW, Evans TM, Levine AM. Effects of cysteine donor supplementation on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005 Sep;37(9):1468-73.

8. Rushworth GF, Megson IL.Existing and potential therapeutic uses for N-acetylcysteine: the need for conversion to intracellular glutathione for antioxidant benefits. Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Feb;141(2):150-9.

9. Carlsten C, MacNutt MJ, Zhang Z, Sava F, Pui MM. Anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine diminishes diesel exhaust-induced increased airway responsiveness in persons with airway hyper-reactivity. Toxicol Sci. 2014 Jun;139(2):479-87.

10. Yamamoto M1, Singh A, Sava F, Pui M, Tebbutt SJ, Carlsten C. MicroRNA expression in response to controlled exposure to diesel exhaust: attenuation by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine in a randomized crossover study. Environ Health Perspect. 2013 Jun;121(6):670-5.

11. Dabirmoghaddam P, Amali A, Motiee Langroudi M, Samavati Fard MR, Hejazi M, Sharifian Razavi M. The effect of N-acetyl cysteine on laryngopharyngeal reflux. Acta Med Iran. 2013;51(11):757-64.

12. Martinez-Losa M, Cortijo J, Juan G, O’Connor JE, Sanz MJ, Santangelo F, Morcillo EJ. Inhibitory effects of N-acetylcysteine on the functional responses of human eosinophils in vitro. Clin Exp Allergy. 2007 May;37(5):714-22.

13. Sugiura H, Ichikawa T, Liu X, Kobayashi T, Wang XQ, Kawasaki S, Togo S, Kamio K, Mao L, Ann Y, Ichinose M, Rennard SI. N-acetyl-L-cysteine inhibits TGF-beta1-induced profibrotic responses in fibroblasts. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Dec;22(6):487–91.

14. Kirkham P, Rahman I. Oxidative stress in asthma and COPD: Antioxidants as a therapeutic strategy. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 111 (2006):476–494.

15. Nuttall SL, Khan JN, Thorpe GH, Langford N, Kendall MJ. The impact of therapeutic doses of paracetamol on serum total antioxidant capacity. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2012 Jan-Mar;26(1 Suppl):S35-40.

16. Muc M, Padez C, Pinto AM. Exposure to paracetamol and antibiotics in early life and elevated risk of asthma in childhood. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;788:393-400; Lee SH, Kang MJ, Yu HS, Hong K, Jung YH, Kim HY, Seo JH, Kwon JW, Kim BJ, Kim HJ, Kim YJ, Kim HS, Kim HB, Park KS, Lee SY, Hong SJ. Association between recent acetaminophen use and asthma: modification by polymorphism at TLR4. J Korean Med Sci. 2014 May;29(5):662-8; Henderson AJ, Shaheen SO. Acetaminophen and asthma. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2013 Mar;14(1):9-15.

17. Stone J, Hinks LJ, Beasley R. et al. Reduced selenium status of patients with asthma. Clin Sci. 1989;77495-500; Flatt A, Pearce N, Thomson CD, et al. Reduced selenium in asthmatic subjects in New Zealand. Thorax. 1990;4595-99; Misso NL, Powers KA, Gillon RL, et al. Reduced platelet glutathione peroxidase activity and serum selenium concentration in atopic asthmatic patients. Clin Exp Allergy. 1996;26838-847; Hu G, Cassano PA. Antioxidant nutrients and pulmonary function: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Am J Epidemiol. 2000;151975-981; Soutar A, Seaton A, Brown K. Bronchial reactivity and dietary antioxidants. Thorax. 1997;52166-170.

18. Voicekovska JG, Orlikov GA, KarpovIu G, Teibe U, Ivanov AD, Baidekalne I, Voicehovskis NV, Maulins E. External respiration function and quality of life in patients with bronchial asthma in correction of selenium deficiency. Ter Arkh. 2007;79(8):38-41; Gazdik F, Kadrabova J, Gazdikova K. Decreased consumption of corticosteroids after selenium supplementation in corticoid-dependent asthmatics. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2002;103(1):22-5; Jahnova E, Horvathova M, Gazdik F, Weissova S. Effects of selenium supplementation on expression of adhesion molecules in corticoid-dependent asthmatics. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2002;103(1):12-6.

19. Galland L 2010; Britton J, Pavord I, Richards K, Wisniewski A, Knox A, Lewis S, Tattersfield A, Weiss S. Dietary magnesium, lung function, wheezing, and airway hyperreactivity in a random adult population sample. Lancet. 1994 Aug 6;344(8919):357-62; Kurys E, Kurys P, Kuźniar A, Kieszko R. Analysis of antioxidant enzyme activity and magnesium level in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska Med. 2001;56:261-6.

20. Bede O, Nagy D, Surányi A, Horváth I, Szlávik M, Gyurkovits K. Effects of magnesium supplementation on the glutathione redox system in atopic asthmatic children. Inflamm Res. 2008 Jun;57(6):279-86; Bede O, Surányi A, Pintér K, Szlávik M, Gyurkovits K. Urinary magnesium excretion in asthmatic children receiving magnesium supplementation: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Magnes Res. 2003 Dec;16(4):262-70.

21. Gontijo-Amaral C, Ribeiro MA, Gontijo LS, Condino-Neto A, Ribeiro JD. Oral magnesium supplementation in asthmatic children: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jan;61(1):54-60.

22. Kazaks AG, Uriu-Adams JY, Albertson TE, Shenoy SF, Stern JS. Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on measures of airway resistance and subjective assessment of asthma control and quality of life in men and women with mild to moderate asthma: a randomized placebo controlled trial. J Asthma. 2010 Feb;47(1):83-92.

23. Bodenhamer J, Bergstrom R, Brown D, Gabow P, Marx JA, Lowenstein SR. Frequently nebulized beta-agonists for asthma: effects on serum electrolytes. Ann Emerg Med. 1992 Nov;21(11):1337-42.

24. Cates CJ, Wieland LS, Oleszczuk M, Kew KM. Safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol in adults with asthma: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Feb 6;2:CD010314; Rodrigo GJ, Moral VP, Marcos LG, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Safety of regular use of long-acting beta agonists as monotherapy or added to inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. A systematic review. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Feb;22(1):9-19.

25. Anis AH, Lynd LD, Wang XH, King G, Spinelli JJ, Fitzgerald M, Bai T, Paré P. Double trouble: impact of inappropriate use of asthma medication on the use of health care resources. CMAJ. 2001 Mar 6;164(5):625-31.

26. Hernandez M, Zhou H, Zhou B, Robinette C, Crissman K, Hatch G, Alexis NE, Peden D. Combination treatment with high-dose vitamin C and alpha-tocopherol does not enhance respiratory-tract lining fluid vitamin C levels in asthmatics. Inhal Toxicol. 2009 Feb;21(3):173-81.

27. Zal F, Mostafavi-Pour Z, Amini F, Heidari A. Effect of vitamin E and C supplements on lipid peroxidation and GSH-dependent antioxidant enzyme status in the blood of women consuming oral contraceptives. Contraception. 2012 Jul;86(1):62-6; Smith AR, Visioli F, Hagen TM. Vitamin C matters: increased oxidative stress in cultured human aortic endothelial cells without supplemental ascorbic acid. FASEB J. 2002 Jul;16(9):1102-4.

28. Horska A, Mislanova C, Bonassi S, Ceppi M, Volkovova K, Dusinska M. Vitamin C levels in blood are influenced by polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferases. Eur J Nutr. 2011 Sep;50(6):437-46.

29. Karam RA, Pasha HF, El-Shal AS, Rahman HM, Gad DM. Impact of glutathione-S-transferase gene polymorphisms on enzyme activity, lung function and bronchial asthma susceptibility in Egyptian children. Gene. 2012 Apr 15;497(2):314-9; Lima CS, Néri IA, Lourenço GJ, Faria IC, Ribeiro JD, Bertuzzo CS. Glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1) and theta 1 (GSTT1) genetic polymorphisms and atopic asthma in children from Southeastern Brazil. Genet Mol Biol. 2010 Jul;33(3):438-41; Wang IJ, Tsai CH, Chen CH, Tung KY, Lee YL. Glutathione S-transferase, incense burning and asthma in children. Eur Respir J. 2011 Jun;37(6):1371-7; Tamer L, Calikoğlu M, Ates NA, Yildirim H, Ercan B, Saritas E, Unlü A, Atik U. Glutathione-S-transferase gene polymorphisms (GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1) as increased risk factors for asthma. Respirology. 2004 Nov;9(4):493-8.

30. Moreno-Macías H, Dockery DW, Schwartz J, Gold DR, Laird NM, Sienra-Monge JJ, Del Río-Navarro BE, Ramírez-Aguilar M, Barraza-Villarreal A, Li H, London SJ, Romieu I. Ozone exposure, vitamin C intake, and genetic susceptibility of asthmatic children in Mexico City: a cohort study. Respir Res. 2013 Feb 4;14:14.

Chapter 14

1. Millichap JG, Yee MM. The diet factor in pediatric and adolescent migraine. Pediatr Neurol. 2003 Jan;28(1):9-15.

2. Salfield SA, Wardley BL, Houlsby WT, Turner SL, Spalton AP, Beckles-Wilson NR, Herber SM. Controlled study of exclusion of dietary vasoactive amines in migraine. Arch Dis Child. 1987 May;62(5):458-60; Galland L, McEwen LM. A role for food intolerance in childhood migraine. World Pediatrics and Child Care. 1996;6:2-8.

3. Schürks M, Buring JE, Kurth T. Migraine features, associated symptoms and triggers: a principal component analysis in the Women’s Health Study. Cephalalgia. 2011 May;31(7):861-9.

4. Alpay K, Ertas M, Orhan EK, Ustay DK, Lieners C, Baykan B. Diet restriction in migraine, based on IgG against foods: a clinical double-blind, randomised, cross-over trial. Cephalalgia. 2010 Jul;30(7):829-37; Galland and McEwen 1996; Martelletti P, Sutherland J, Anastasi E, Di Mario U, Giacovazzo M. Evidence for an immune-mediated mechanism in food-induced migraine from a study on activated T-cells, IgG4 subclass, anti-IgG antibodies and circulating immune complexes. Headache. 1989 Nov;29(10):664-70; Martelletti P. T cells expressing IL-2 receptor in migraine. Acta Neurol (Napoli). 1991 Oct;13(5):448-56; Mansfield LE, Vaughan TR, Waller SF, Haverly RW, Ting S. Food allergy and adult migraine: double-blind and mediator confirmation of an allergic etiology. Ann Allergy. 1985 Aug;55(2):126-9; Monro J, Carini C, Brostoff J. Migraine is a food-allergic disease. Lancet. 1984 Sep 29;2(8405):719-21.

5. Ozge A, Ozge C, Oztürk C, Kaleagasi H, Ozcan M, Yalçinkaya DE, Ozveren N, Yalçin F. The relationship between migraine and atopic disorders—the contribution of pulmonary function tests and immunological screening. Cephalalgia. 2006 Feb;26(2):172-9; Mortimer MJ, Kay J, Gawkrodger DJ, Jaron A, Barker DC. The prevalence of headache and migraine in atopic children: an epidemiological study in general practice. Headache. 1993 Sep;33(8):427-31.

6. Galland and McEwen 1996; Theodoropoulos DS, Katzenberger DR, Jones WM, Morris DL, Her C, Cullen NA, Morrisa DL. Allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy in the treatment of migraines: a prospective study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2011 Oct;15(10):1117-21.

7. Kox M, van Eijk LT, Zwaag J, van den Wildenberg J, Sweep FC, van der Hoeven JG, Pickkers P. Voluntary activation of the sympathetic nervous system and attenuation of the innate immune response in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014 May 20;111(20):7379-84.

8. van Hemert S, Breedveld AC, Rovers JM, Vermeiden JP, Witteman BJ, Smits MG, de Roos NM. Migraine associated with gastrointestinal disorders: review of the literature and clinical implications. Front Neurol. 2014 Nov 21;5:241.

9. Egger J. Psychoneurological aspects of food allergy. Europ J Clin Nutr. 1991;45(suppl 1):35-45.

10. Stevens LJ, Kuczek T, Arnold LE. Solving the puzzle of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nutr Rev. 2011 Jul;69(7):383-4; Stevens LJ, Burgess JR, Stochelski MA, Kuczek T. Amounts of artificial food colors in commonly consumed beverages and potential behavioral implications for consumption in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2014 Feb;53(2):133-40; Stevens LJ, Kuczek T, Burgess JR, Hurt E, Arnold LE. Dietary sensitivities and ADHD symptoms: thirty-five years of research. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2011 Apr;50(4):279-93; Stevens LJ, Kuczek T, Burgess JR, Stochelski MA, Arnold LE, Galland L. Mechanisms of behavioral, atopic, and other reactions to artificial food colors in children. Nutr Rev. 2013 May;71(5):268-81.

11. Ahrne S, Hagslatt ML. Effect of lactobacilli on paracellular permeability in the gut. Nutrients. 2011 Jan;3(1):104-17.

12. Montenegro L, Losurdo G, Licinio R, Zamparella M, Giorgio F, Ierardi E, Di Leo A, Principi M. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced damage on lower gastro-intestinal tract: is there an involvement of microbiota? Curr Drug Saf. 2014;9(3):196-204.

13. Dagci H, Ustun S, Taner MS, Ersoz G, Karacasu F, Budak S. Protozoon infections and intestinal permeability. Acta Trop. 2002 Jan;81(1):1-5; MaiaBrigagão C, Morgado-Díaz JA, De Souza W. Giardia disrupts the arrangement of tight, adherens and desmosomal junction proteins of intestinal cells. Parasitol Int. 2012 Jun;61(2):280-7; Lejeune M, Moreau F, Chadee K. Prostaglandin E2 produced by Entamoeba histolytica signals via EP4 receptor and alters claudin-4 to increase ion permeability of tight junctions. Am J Pathol. 2011 Aug;179(2):807-18; Frank CF, Hostetter MK. Cleavage of E-cadherin: a mechanism for disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier by Candida albicans. Transl Res. 2007 Apr;149(4):211-22.

14. Neves AL, Coelho J, Couto L, Leite-Moreira A, Roncon-Albuquerque R Jr. Metabolicendotoxemia: a molecular link between obesity and cardiovascular risk. J Mol Endocrinol. 2013 Sep 11;51(2):R51-64.

15. Bode C, Bode JC. Effect of alcohol consumption on the gut. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2003 Aug;17(4):575-92.

16. Leclercq S, Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Stärkel P, Jamar F, Mikolajczak M, Delzenne NM, de Timary P. Role of intestinal permeability and inflammation in the biological and behavioral control of alcohol-dependent subjects. Brain Behav Immun. 2012 Aug;26(6):911-8; Leclercq S, Matamoros S, Cani PD, et al. Intestinal permeability, gut-bacterial dysbiosis, and behavioral markers of alcohol-dependence severity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;pii:201415174.

17. Francavilla R, Miniello V, Magistà AM, De Canio A, Bucci N, Gagliardi F, Lionetti E, Castellaneta S, Polimeno L, Peccarisi L, Indrio F, Cavallo L. A randomized controlled trial of Lactobacillus GG in children with functional abdominal pain. Pediatrics. 2010 Dec;126(6):e1445-52.

18. Majamaa H, Isolauri E. Probiotics: a novel approach in the management of food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997 Feb;99(2):179-85.

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Be Part of the Solution

1. Mark Drajem, “Climate Catastrophe Predicted by US as Obama Urges UN action,” Bloomberg News, June 22, 2015. http://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2015-06-22/climate-catastrophe-predicted-by-u-s-as-obama-urges-un-action.

2. “White House, EPA say climate change a dire threat to economy, human health,” USA Today, June 23, 2015. http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/06/23/white-house-epa-climate-change-threats/29165589/.

3. “Fact Sheet: Obama Administration Announces Actions to Protect Communities from the Health Impacts of Climate Change at White House Summit,” June 23, 2015. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/06/23/fact-sheet-obama-administration-announces-actions-protect-communities.

4. Amanda Stone, “Your Health and Our Environment: How Can We Protect Both?” White House blog, June 18, 2015. https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2015/06/18/public-health-climate-summit.

5. Environmental Protection Agency, “Climate Action Benefits: Air Quality.” http://www2.epa.gov/cira/climate-action-benefits-air-quality.

6. The Lancet Commissions, “Health and climate change: policy responses to protect public health.” http://press.thelancet.com/Climate2Commission.pdf.