The page numbers for the notes that appear in the print version of this title are not in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for the relevant passages documented or discussed.
Sources are given for direct quotations, which are identified by their opening words, for numbers and statistics, and for the attribution of key historical theories. Direct quotations not sourced individually can be cited to the preceding source in that paragraph or, for multiple sources within one paragraph, to the first source in that paragraph. Ephemeral sources cited only once are not listed in the bibliography, nor are newspaper articles. Abbreviations used for newspapers and manuscript collections can be found in the bibliography.
severe coastal storms: Monthly Weather Review 22, no. 1, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., 1894.
“the bottom had dropped out”: Jane Armstrong Tucker (JAT) to Mary Tucker, Dec. 27, 1893, TFP.
“feeble and [grew] childish”: JAT to Richard Tucker, Dec. 15, 1893.
“I’m so tired”: JAT to Maude Tucker, Nov. 20, 1893, TFP.
“I think the shock”: JAT to Mary Tucker, Jan. 5, 1894, TFP.
“bleeding piles”: Mary Tucker to Maude Tucker, Jan. 17, 1894, TFP.
“old duds”: JAT to Mary Tucker, Nov. 15, 1893, TFP.
“Why you, of all persons”: Charles Stoll to JAT, Jan. 21, 1894, TFP.
“pretty, tasteful dress”: Mary Tucker to Maude Tucker, Jan. 17, 1894, TFP.
“My surprise and the feelings”: JAT to Charles Stoll, Jan. 27, 1894, in Tucker, TRMP, 18.
“in the line of detective work”: Charles Stoll to JAT, Jan. 22, 1894, in Tucker, TRMP, 10.
“I leave for Washington Monday”: JAT to Charles Stoll, Jan. 27, 1894, in Tucker, TRMP, 18.
“My lifelong friend”: Charles Stoll to JAT, Jan. 22, 1894, in Tucker, TRMP, 10–11.
“silver-tongued”: “For Breach of Promise,” WP, Aug. 13, 1893.
“the brilliant achievements of its statesmen”: “Breckinridge Defeated,” Louisville Commercial, Sept. 16, 1894.
“Everybody who knows”: “Both Kept Out of View,” WP, Aug. 14, 1893.
“the real motive”: Charles Stoll to JAT, Jan. 22, 1894, in Tucker, TRMP, 12.
“created such a sensation”: Ibid., 13.
“be in a position”: Ibid., 15.
“pitiful tale”: Ibid., 16.
“lying and living a lie”: JAT to Charles Stoll, Jan. 27, 1894, in Tucker, TRMP, 21.
“If I could be the means”: Ibid., 20.
“I have undertaken”: JAT to Mary Tucker, Jan. 28, 1894, TFP.
virgin forest: Michael Bednar, “Nicholas Lewis House—Charlottesville, Virginia,” University of Virginia, Feb. 2002, http://
narrowly escaped: Robert Brickhouse, “University Architects Restore Historic Gem,” (Charlottesville, VA) Daily Progress, July 12, 1995.
sneak home in civilian clothes: Ian Zack, “Couple Buys ‘The Farm’ and a Window to the Past,” WP, Sept. 23, 1995.
Confederate spy, renowned: See Horan, Confederate Agent.
wave of Scotch-Irish Presbyterians: Klotter, Breckinridges of Kentucky, 6.
Mary Hopkins Cabell: Ibid., 11.
six-hundred-acre farm near Lexington and thirty thousand acres: Ibid., 3.
“greater prestige for unborn generations”: Ibid.
“serve[d] the commonwealth”: Ibid., 17.
Kentucky Resolutions of 1789: Ibid., 20.
“They were governors and senators”: Charles Davenport, quoted in Abbott, “Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge,” Social Service Review, 417.
“Breckinridges of Kentucky”: Lexington Herald, March 1, 1914, quoted in Klotter, Breckinridges of Kentucky, ix.
“a reminder of past glories”: Klotter, Breckinridges of Kentucky, 11.
Ann Sophonisba Preston: Ibid., 43.
“Prestons and Breckinridges have intermarried”: Chalkley, Magic Casements, 49.
graduating from Centre College: Klotter, Breckinridges of Kentucky, 140–41.
seventeen-year-old Issa Desha: Ibid., 141.
“I think to lose Kentucky”: Lincoln, Collected Works, 532.
“a bloody repulse”: Klotter, Breckinridges of Kentucky, 141.
“a loving, kind, indulgent father”: Ibid., 139.
John Cabell Breckinridge: Ibid., 117–19.
“I shall never forget your kindness”: Ibid., 142.
“Morgan on the loose”: Foraker, I Would Live It Again, 18.
“the war was over”: Walmsley, “The Last Meeting of the Confederate Cabinet,” 341.
Lexington Observer and Reporter as editor: Klotter, Breckinridges of Kentucky, 146.
“all the elements”: Ibid., 150.
House Ways and Means Committee: Ibid., 156.
“thick growth of silver-gray hair”: Ibid., 154.
“the most gifted and attractive orator”: Ibid., 153.
“vacillated between the law and theology”: Ibid., 141.
Evangelical Alliance of the United States: “Meeting of the Evangelical Alliance,” WP, Sept. 26, 1887.
Eastern Presbyterian Church: “Calvinistic Philosophy,” WP, Feb. 2, 1891.
“the Bible, book by book”: “The Bible Society,” WP, May 3, 1886.
“monogamic marriage”: “The Pilgrim Fathers,” WP, Aug. 2, 1889.
“the foundation, the corner-stone”: Klotter, Breckinridges of Kentucky, 160.
“useless hand-shaking, promiscuous kissing”: Ibid.
“two days of oratory”: Nevins, Cleveland, 391.
“The money in the Treasury”: “The Tariff Reform Issue,” NYT, Jan. 28, 1888.
“the galleries were filled”: Nevins, Cleveland, 391.
“The surplus continues to grow”: The Tariff Speech of Hon. W.C.P. Breckinridge of Kentucky, in the House of Representatives, May 18, 1888, in Comparison of Existing Tariff with Bills Submitted to Ways and Means Committee, House of Representatives, Fiftieth Congress First Session. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1888.
“eternal quality that set them”: Wiebe, Search for Order, 33.
possible Speaker of the House: “Breckinridge Holds Off,” WP, Nov. 8, 1890.
“Colonel Breckinridge is an idol”: “Will Be a Battle of Legal Giants,” New York Herald, March 20, 1894.
“remarkably bright girl”: “Was Known in Pittsburgh,” LCJ, March 20, 1894.
“A Bright and Brainy Woman”: “A Bright and Brainy Woman,” WP, June 24, 1893.
“At last, the devil has got his own!”: Ibid.
“was as careful of me”: Tucker, TRMP, 64.
“There is an apparently well authenticated rumor”: CCG, June 18, 1893.
“I am sorry to have announced”: Madeline Pollard to WCPB, June 23, 1893, as reported in “Miss Pollard Is a Wonder,” NYW, March 17, 1894.
“I cannot go to Charlottesville”: WCPB to Madeline Pollard, June 27, 1893, as reported in “Miss Pollard Is a Wonder,” NYW, March 17, 1894.
“denied that there had ever been a possibility”: “Fooled the Newspaper Man,” NYW, March 18, 1894.
“Written [Maj.] Moore”: Cable from WCPB to Madeline Pollard, July 9, as reported in “Miss Pollard Is a Wonder,” NYW, March 17, 1894.
“Col. W.C.P. Breckinridge”: Lexington Gazette, July 13, 1893, as reported in “Miss Pollard Is a Wonder,” NYW, March 17, 1894.
“said what was false”: Madeline Pollard to WCPB, July 15, 1893, as reported in “Miss Pollard Is a Wonder,” NYW, March 17, 1894.
“engagement is announced”: LCJ, July 16, 1893.
“rather testily”: “Fooled the Newspaper Man,” NYW, March 18, 1894.
“created a sensation in the capital”: “A Congressman in Trouble,” NYT, Aug. 13, 1893.
“a great deal of gossip”: “Tongues Wagged,” CE, Aug. 13, 1893.
“quiet in the extreme”: “Col. Breckinridge Wedded,” LCJ, July 19, 1893.
“spent the past three months”: Ibid.
“clear-cut”: LCJ, July 19, 1893.
“ruined about eight months ago”: “Unparalleled. Mrs. Henry Delaney, a Bride of an Hour,” KL, April 6, 1893.
“he had reason to believe”: “Afraid of Miss Pollard,” WES, Aug. 14, 1893.
“He betrayed no sign”: “Is It Blackmail?,” WES, Aug. 14, 1893.
“a married man of 47 years of age”: “Is It Blackmail?,” NYW, Aug. 13, 1894.
“completed his seduction of her”: Celebrated Trial, 10.
“repair the injury”: “Is It Blackmail?,” NYW, Aug. 13, 1894.
“Victorian Americans obsessively feared”: Ireland, “The Libertine Must Die,” 42, note 20.
“The fallen woman”: Bushnell, The Women Condemned, 10.
“a complete riddle”: Charles Stoll to JAT, Jan. 22, 1894, in Tucker, TRMP, 11.
“any woman, whose reputation”: Ibid., 13.
“a steady succession of trials”: Demos, Little Commonwealth, 152.
“seen upon the ground together”: D’Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, 21.
“seven months” rule: Stiles, Bundling, 80.
“for committing carnall coppulation”: Demos, Little Commonwealth, 158.
“a fine of nine lashes”: D’Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, 22.
men and women were punished: Fischer, Albion’s Seed, 89.
“judged the ‘reputed father’”: Ulrich, Midwife’s Tale, 149.
“Massachusetts during the seventeenth century”: Fischer, Albion’s Seed, 89.
“bundled”: See Stiles, Bundling.
“The lover steals”: Ibid., 29.
namzat bezé: Ibid., 43.
“If she blows out the light”: Ibid., 42.
“family is supposed to be”: H. Ling Roth, Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneu, quoted in Stiles, Bundling, 44–45.
“districts in New England”: Aurand, Little Known Facts About Bundling, 5.
“women of a shady reputation”: Ibid., 24.
“prevailed among the young”: Stiles, Bundling, 7.
“having sat up as long”: Ibid., 71.
“pursue his wooing”: Ibid., 73.
“frolicking” and “night walking”: Godbeer, Sexual Revolution, 237–39.
“very frequently get together”: Ibid., 239.
one-fifth of births in Somerset County: Daniel Scott Smith, “The Long Cycle in American Illegitimacy,” in Bastardy and Its Comparative History, 370.
fewer than 10 percent and more than 20 percent: Smith and Hindus, “Premarital Pregnancy,” 561.
“the only social condition”: Wells, “Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy,” in Bastardy and Its Comparative History, 351.
nearly two-thirds of cases: Godbeer, Sexual Revolution, 23.
prosecutions practically disappeared: Wells, “Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy,” in Bastardy and Its Comparative History, 352.
“fertility testing”: Laslett, “Comparing Illegitimacy,” in Bastardy and Its Comparative History, 8.
“hand-fasting”: James Browne, A History of the Highlands, and the Highland Clans, London, 1853, quoted in Stiles, Bundling, 18.
“a high proportion”: Laslett, “Comparing Illegitimacy,” in Bastardy and Its Comparative History, 54.
“to make its appearance”: Stiles, Bundling, 30.
the standard fine for fornication: Demos, Little Commonwealth, 158.
“There is no evidence”: Ulrich, Midwife’s Tale, 149.
“such liberties in company-keeping”: Marsden, Jonathan Edwards, 130.
“Persons of Rank and figure”: Adams, Diary, vol. 1, 196.
one-third of all brides: Smith and Hindus, “Premarital Pregnancy,” 561.
In one Massachusetts parish: Stiles, Bundling, 80.
Just under 40 percent: Ulrich, Midwife’s Tale, 155.
“Was called … to go”: Ibid., 156.
“Sally declard [sic] that my son”: Ibid., 147.
percentage of truly illegitimate births: Wells, “Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy,” in Bastardy and Its Comparative History, 353.
“rise to profound and widespread anxiety”: Godbeer, Sexual Revolution, 265.
“disintegration of the traditional”: Smith and Hindus, “Premarital Pregnancy,” 558–59.
“a favorite custom”: Stiles, Bundling, 78–79.
“virtuous domesticity”: Godbeer, Sexual Revolution, 289.
widespread reports of sexual assaults: Ibid., 293.
“A New Bundling Song”: Stiles, Bundling, 83–89.
“no girl had the courage”: Ibid., 82.
“The Forsaken Fair One”: Godbeer, Sexual Revolution, 264.
“ruined female”: Ibid., 265.
“By the late 1700s”: Ibid., 266.
“superstitious rite”: Washington Irving, A Knickerbocker’s History of New York, quoted in Stiles, Bundling, 52.
“to have had a child before marriage”: Yankee (Portland, ME), Aug. 13, 1828, quoted in Stiles, Bundling, 120–21.
“an object of disgust and loathing”: From the Middlesex Washingtonian, reprinted in the Advocate for Moral Reform 10 (1844).
about 20 percent of brides: Smith and Hindus, “Premarital Pregnancy,” 561.
innately less sexual desire: See Cott, “Passionless-ness: An Interpretation of Victorian Sexual Ideology,” 219–36.
“the majority of women”: William Acton, Functions and Disorders of the Reproductive Organs, quoted in Degler, “What Ought to Be and What Was,” 1467.
“priceless jewel”: Middlesex Washingtonian, reprinted in the Advocate for Moral Reform 10 (1844).
“who is not engaged”: Deuteronomy 22:29.
“goes with a man clandestinely”: Stiles, Bundling, 35.
seduction lawsuits could be filed: Gonda, “Strumpets and Angels,” 36.
“in the eyes of this law”: Dall, Women’s Rights, 44.
“engaging herself to another”: Demos, Little Commonwealth, 157.
“materially affected by the treachery”: Grossberg, Governing the Hearth, 36.
“the delicacy of the sex”: Ibid., 38.
“woman who falls from virtue”: Ibid., 41–42.
“It is enough to say”: Ibid., 42.
“without sexual fault”: “Is It Blackmail?,” NYW, Aug. 13, 1894.
“A Sensational Suit”: “A Sensational Suit,” WES, Aug. 12, 1893.
“A Congressman in Trouble”: “A Congressman in Trouble,” NYT, Aug. 13, 1893.
“Was Wicked of Him”: “Was Wicked of Him: Breckinridge of Kentucky Sued for Breach of Promise,” San Francisco Morning Call, Aug. 13, 1893.
“The Breckinridge-Pollard case was discussed”: “Rhodes Was Not Breckinridge,” CDT, Aug. 14, 1893.
“Nothing in recent years”: “Romance with Bitter Realities,” CE, Aug. 13, 1893.
two dozen a day: Williams, Years of Decision, 76.
six hundred banks and fifteen thousand businesses: Ibid., 77.
The great railroads: Ibid., 76–77.
15 percent: Ibid., 77.
“famine is in our midst”: Ibid., 77.
“Men died like flies”: Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, 265.
“suspended, for several months”: Ibid., 264.
“was the worst month”: Williams, Years of Decision, 76.
“Mills, factories, furnaces”: Ibid., 76–77.
“the symbol of the country’s ingenuity”: Ibid., 77.
“reshaped ideas, altered attitudes”: Ibid.
“the financial situation which had engrossed”: “Is It Blackmail?,” WES, Aug. 14, 1893.
“These charges are the result of vindictiveness”: “Is It Blackmail?,” WES, Aug. 14, 1893.
“Miss Pollard is not the woman”: “Much Excitement Here,” LCJ, Aug. 13, 1893.
“indirectly”: Ibid.
“prominent gentleman”: “Romance with Bitter Realities,” CE, Aug. 14, 1893.
“well educated, a constant student”: “Miss Pollard’s Story of Col. Breckinridge,” NYW, Sept. 17, 1893.
popular New York weeklies: (Frankfort, KY) Daily Commonwealth, Sept. 12, 1861.
appointed as a local police judge: Journal of the Senate of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, 1863; Civil Appointments by Governor Thomas E. Bramlette, 1863–1867, Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives, Frankfort, KY.
“full of books”: “Miss Pollard’s Story of Col. Breckinridge,” NYW, Sept. 17, 1893.
resigned his position: J.D. Pollard to Gov. Thos. E. Bramlette, May 27, 1865, Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives, Frankfort, KY.
“always held some public office”: “Miss Pollard’s Story of Col. Breckinridge,” NYW, Sept. 17, 1893.
“If you are absolutely determined”: Quoted in Allen, The Law as a Vocation, 25.
“refined influence”: “Miss Pollard’s Story of Col. Breckinridge,” NYW, Sept. 17, 1893.
earnest and active member: Journal of the Proceedings of the Right North Grand Lodge of the United States of the I.O.O.D., 1821–1878, Baltimore, MD: James Ridgeley Publisher, 1879, 7044.
“took cold”: Ibid.
“that the King of Terrors”: Ibid.
“almost on the verge of starvation”: Effie E. Knight to WCPB, Nov. 25, 1893, BFP.
she asked her mother: “Madeline’s Story,” WES, March 16, 1894.
“advantages of a Northern education”: “A Romantic Story Has Little ‘Madge,’” CCG, Aug. 15, 1893.
“seminaries”: See Jabour, Scarlett’s Sisters, 54.
“charmed with my young, widowed auntie”: “A Romantic Story Has Little ‘Madge,’” CCG, Aug. 15, 1893.
“jealously guards every penny”: Ibid.
“old, gray-faced rough-looking customer”: Ibid.
read her letters: “Miss Pollard’s Story of Col. Breckinridge,” NYW, Sept. 17, 1893.
“the liberal education of women”: Shotwell, A History of the Schools, 494.
five hundred students: Ibid., 495.
“I never saw a person who studied”: “Miss Pollard’s Suit,” LCJ, Aug. 16, 1893.
“before a large and brilliant audience”: “Romance with Bitter Realities,” CE, Aug. 14, 1893.
“poor, ambitious, delicate girl”: “A Romantic Story Has Little ‘Madge,’” CCG, Aug. 15, 1893.
“nervous temperament”: “Will She Kill Him?,” LMT, March 15, 1894.
“always looking downward”: Celebrated Trial, 2.
“She had never lived in a city”: “Sister Cecilia Resumes and Finishes Her Testimony,” LMT, March 15, 1894.
“always seemed anxious to raise”: “Will She Kill Him?,” LMT, March 15, 1894.
“When I think of the debt of gratitude”: “Romance with Bitter Realities,” CE, Aug. 14, 1893.
“Your face is very familiar”: “Miss Pollard’s Story of Col. Breckinridge,” NYW, Sept. 17, 1893.
“man of his standing should come to her”: “Sister Cecilia Resumes and Finishes Her Testimony,” LMT, March 15, 1894.
“compel”: “Miss Pollard’s Story of Col. Breckinridge,” NYW, Sept. 17, 1893.
Her face flushed: “Miss Pollard Corroborated,” CCG, Aug. 15, 1893.
“higher proof”: “His Story in Detail,” WP, March 31, 1894.
“I do not want to be like Aunt Lou”: “Breckinridge Testifies,” NYW, March 30, 1894.
“get up some kind of relationship”: “Madeline’s Story,” WES, March 16, 1894.
“he was a relative”: “Miss Pollard’s Suit,” LCJ, Aug. 16, 1893.
“protested about a student”: “Gossip’s Tongue,” KL, Aug. 17, 1893.
“Are we going in a closed carriage”: “Madeline’s Story,” WES, March 16, 1894.
“being an ignorant Kentucky country woman”: “Mr. Breckinridge Testifies,” NYT, March 30, 1894.
“such an act on his part”: “Miss Pollard’s Story of Col. Breckinridge,” NYW, Sept. 17, 1893.
“further liberties”: “Miss Pollard’s Story of Col. Breckinridge,” NYW, Sept. 17, 1893.
“wrenched”: “More About Her Life,” WP, March 20, 1894.
“conduct had not been improper”: “Miss Pollard’s Story of Col. Breckinridge,” NYW, Sept. 17, 1893.
“nervous and excited”: “Miss Pollard’s Story of Col. Breckinridge,” NYW, Sept. 17, 1893.
“uncouth farmer”: “Her Autobiography,” LCJ, Aug. 15, 1893.
“a penchant for rich and gay old men”: “Miss Pollard,” CE, Aug. 13, 1893.
“lady clerk in the Treasury Department”: “Breach of Promise,” NYT, Feb. 9, 1877.
“improper meeting”: “The Oliver-Cameron Suit: Candid Avowals by the Widow,” NYT, March 20, 1879.
“say whether or not he had made the promise”: “The Oliver-Cameron Suit: Closing Events of the Long Trial,” NYT, April 1, 1879.
“disgustingly and without shame”: “The Oliver-Cameron Suit: Candid Avowals by the Widow,” NYT, March 20, 1879.
“Mrs. Oliver was easily shown”: “Breach of Promise Cases,” NYT, April 3, 1879.
“Gentlemen of the jury”: “Mr. Cameron Vindicated,” NYT, April 2, 1879.
Halpin was a young widow: The 1868 Jersey City, New Jersey, City Directory lists Maria as the widow of Frederick Halpin. U.S. City Directories, 1822–1995 (database online). Ancestry.com.
Her husband, Frederick: Frederick Thomas Halpin was the son of Frederick William Halpin, who emigrated from England and became a naturalized citizen in 1858. According to Maria’s father, Robert Hovenden, her husband, Frederick, died of “consumption.” Frederick T. Halpin died on July 27, 1865, and was buried in Cypress Hills Cemetery in Brooklyn. Frederick William Halpin, Petition for Naturalization, June 23, 1858, New York, Index to Petitions for Naturalization filed in New York City, 1792–1989 (database online). Ancestry.com. “Poor Old Hovenden,” CDT, Aug. 18, 1884. Frederick Thomas Halpin, U.S. Find a Grave Index, 1600s–Current (database online). Ancestry.com.
Her son, Frederick, was six: Frederick T. Halpin was born Aug. 27, 1862. Pennsylvania Death Certificates, 1906–1964 (database online). Ancestry.com.
her daughter, Ada, was four: Ada Elise Halpin was born Oct. 6, 1864. New Jersey Episcopal Diocese of Newark Church Records, 1809–1816, 1825–1970 (database online). Ancestry.com.
twenty-five thousand in Boston alone: “Report on the Condition of Women and Child Wage-Earners,” vol. 9, 16.
“a mere pittance”: Penny, The Employments of Women, vi.
“about $2 a week”: “Report on the Condition of Women and Child Wage-Earners,” vol. 9, 23.
The majority of the 533 jobs for women: See Penny, The Employments of Women.
the overwhelming majority of women: Women’s employment as household servants peaked in 1870, when 58 percent of working women were employed as servants. “Report on the Condition of Women and Child Wage-Earners,” vol. 9, 18.
“going into service”: Alcott, “How I Went Out to Service,” in Louisa May Alcott, 806–19.
fifty cents more: Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, 57.
six months or so: “120 Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait,” Fig. 8: Average number of days per year attended by public school students: 1869–70 to 1980–81, 28.
drove down wages and working conditions: Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, 46.
“vests at 18 cents apiece”: Quoted in “Report on the Condition of Women and Child Wage-Earners,” vol. 9, 148.
experience working as a seamstress: The 1860 census lists Maria, along with her mother and sisters, as a “dressmaker.” 1860 U.S. Federal Census (database online). Ancestry.com.
lived near her in-laws: The 1868 Jersey City Directory lists Maria as living at 62 Montgomery and Frederick and Elizabeth Halpin as living at 48 Montgomery. U.S. City Directories, 1822–1995 (database online). Ancestry.com.
the first department store: Christopher Gray, “The A.T. Stewart Department Store; A City Plan to Revitalize the 1846 ‘Marble Palace,’” NYT, March 20, 1994.
“tasteful frescoes”: Haven, “A Morning at Stewart’s,” 431.
nine hundred other seamstresses: Resseguie, “Alexander Turney Stewart and the Development of the Department Store,” 301.
“flock of women and girls”: Haven, “A Morning at Stewart’s,” 432.
“responsible position”: “The Cleveland Scandal,” CDT, July 30, 1884.
“careful matrons”: Haven, “A Morning at Stewart’s,” 432.
“lowest market rate”: “Alexander Turney Stewart,” Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly, 647.
one-third to one-half: Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, 59.
possibly with some of her late husband’s family: Maria’s father, Robert, who apparently didn’t have much contact with her after she married, seemed to think she had gone to Buffalo with Frederick and Elizabeth Halpin, who was a milliner, to work in a millinery establishment, but there is no record of the Halpins ever leaving Jersey City, so it may have been other Halpin kin. “Poor Old Hovenden,” CDT, Aug. 18, 1884.
leaving Ada with her in-laws: In the 1870 census, Ada is living with her paternal grandparents, Frederick and Elizabeth Halpin, in Jersey City. 1870 U.S. Federal Census (database online). Ancestry.com.
making mourning collars: Maria appears in the Buffalo City Directory for the first time in 1871, listed as a widow and “mourning collar manf.,” U.S. City Directories, 1822–1995 (database online). Ancestry.com.
promoted to sales clerk: The 1872 Buffalo City Directory lists Maria as a “clerk.” U.S. City Directories, 1822–1995 (database online). Ancestry.com.
320 or so sales clerks at Stewart’s: Resseguie, “Alexander Turney Stewart and the Development of the Department Store,” 301.
“inferior class position”: Benson, Counter Culture, 24.
“the confidence and esteem”: “Politics for All; Maria Halpin’s Pitiful Story of Her Acquaintance with Grover Cleveland,” CDT, Oct. 30, 1884.
“ladylike, intelligent and fine appearing”: “The Cleveland Scandal,” CDT, July 30, 1884.
“unusual intelligence, modesty, neatness and business tact”: “Is It Gov. Cleveland’s Boy?” CDT, July 22, 1894.
“no longer owed her sexuality”: Wood, Freedom of the Streets, 16.
“You have to dress well”: Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, 104.
“remarkable sweetness of manner”: “Is It Gov. Cleveland’s Boy?” CDT, July 22, 1884.
“persistently sought”: “What Widow Halpin Says,” CDT, Aug. 16, 1884.
“honorable”: “Politics for All,” CDT, Oct. 30, 1884.
in her early thirties: Various census records give different birth years for Maria, which wasn’t unusual at a time with no birth certificates, but the most accurate appears to be the 1865 New York State Census, which lists her birth as “about 1842,” which comports with her father’s recollection that she was “but 19 years old” when she was married. If earlier censuses are correct, she may have been in her mid-thirties at the time. New York State Census, 1865 (database online). Ancestry.com. “Poor Old Hovenden,” CDT, Aug. 18, 1884.
“very marked attention”: “Politics for All,” CDT, Oct. 30, 1884.
“to go with him to dinner”: “The Strife of Parties; Maria Halpin Relates the Story of Her Ruin by Grover Cleveland,” CDT, Oct. 31, 1884.
“by the use of force and violence and without my consent”: Ibid.
“accomplished my ruin”: Ibid.
“sensible, domestic American wife”: Grover Cleveland to Mary Cleveland Hoyt, March 21, 1866, Nevins, Letters, 103–4.
“told him that I never wanted to see him again”: “The Strife of Parties,” CDT, Oct. 31, 1884.
“What the devil are you blubbering about?”: Ibid.
“made it virtually impossible for a mature, healthy woman”: Bock, “An Accusation Easily to Be Made,” 112.
“utmost resistance”: Ibid., 105.
“consummation meant consent”: Ibid., 119.
“there was a general assumption”: Ibid., 20.
“notwithstanding the defendant treated the girl”: Ibid., 88–89.
“without an excitation of lust”: Farr, Elements of Medical Jurisprudence, 42–43.
“ordinarily it is impossible”: Storer, “The Law of Rape,” 55.
“was willing to socialize alone”: Lindemann, “To Ravish and Carnally Know,” 68.
“promised that he would marry me”: “The Strife of Parties,” CDT, Oct. 31, 1884.
“irritated, rude and rebellious”: Merrill, Bourbon Leader, 9.
“man’s man”: Nevins, Cleveland, 71–72.
“the circumstances of her intimacy”: “Maria Halpin; A Buffalo Clergyman Speaks His Mind,” Boston Globe, Oct. 31, 1884.
“was excusable and understandable”: Grossberg, Governing the Hearth, 48.
“the act of a male person”: Humble, “Seduction as a Crime,” 144–45.
“to compel an unmarried man”: Ibid., 151.
“He must marry you”: “Maria Halpin,” Boston Globe, Oct. 31, 1884.
“would be impossible”: Ibid.
“of good repute”: Humble, “Seduction as a Crime,” 146.
“agree to provide for the child”: “Maria Halpin,” Boston Globe, Oct. 31, 1884.
“friend, employé and father confessor”: “Is It Gov. Cleveland’s Boy?,” CDT, July 22, 1884.
“would pay me … and told me several times”: “Maria Halpin’s Terrible Experience Related by Her Child’s Nurse,” CDT, Oct. 1, 1884.
“I begged Cleveland”: “What Widow Halpin Says,” CDT, Aug. 16, 1884.
“very much depressed and broken down”: “The Cleveland Scandal,” CDT, July 30, 1884.
“They came to me in a hurry one day”: “Maria Halpin’s Terrible Experience,” CDT, Oct. 1, 1884.
“overjoyed”: Ibid.
“apprehensive that she might attempt some injury”: “The Cleveland Scandal,” CDT, July 30, 1884.
“in which he demanded that she give the baby up”: “Is It Gov. Cleveland’s Boy?,” CDT, July 22, 1884.
“appealed to the Chief of Police”: “The Cleveland Scandal,” CDT, July 30, 1884.
“could do nothing with her”: “A Terrible Tale,” Evening Telegraph, July 21, 1884.
pay for his care and establish her in a dressmaking business: Nevins, Cleveland, 165.
on April 28 she spirited him from the orphanage: According to the records of the Buffalo Orphan Asylum, Oscar was “stolen” by Maria. “The Charges Swept Away,” NYT, Aug. 12, 1884.
“old crony”: Lynch, Grover Cleveland, 70.
“the assistance of Mr. Baker”: “Is It Gov. Cleveland’s Boy,?” CDT, July 22, 1884.
“It was a hell of a time”: “A Terrible Tale,” Evening Telegraph, July 21, 1884.
“was drunk at the time”: “Is It Gov. Cleveland’s Boy?,” CDT, July 22, 1884.
“without warrant or form of law”: “A Terrible Tale,” Evening Telegraph, July 21, 1884.
“boozy”: “The Cleveland Scandal,” CDT, July 30, 1884.
“abduction and false imprisonment”: Ibid.
“had plotted the abduction”: “A Terrible Tale,” Evening Telegraph, July 21, 1884.
“anxious to avoid public scandal”: Ibid.
“fair lawyer in the host of average lawyers”: “Is It Gov. Cleveland’s Boy?,” CDT, July 22, 1884.
“remarkably unreceptive to new ideas”: Merrill, Bourbon Leader, 25.
“frustrated, uneasy retreat into conservatism”: Ibid., 29.
“much-despised Jay Gould”: Ibid., 27.
“class legislation”: Ibid., 31.
“refreshing moral correctness”: Ibid., 35.
“We do not believe that the American people”: New York Evening Post, quoted in “A Clean Candidate,” CDT, Aug. 5, 1884.
“The issue of the campaign”: “Character and Candidates,” CDT, Aug. 4, 1884.
“serious stampede”: “The Presidential Race,” CDT, Aug. 7, 1884.
“tell the truth”: Nevins, Cleveland, 163.
“I don’t think there is an intelligent man”: “A Methodist Minister on Cleveland,” CDT, Aug. 13, 1884.
“formed an irregular connection with a widow”: “An Amazing Confession,” New York Evening Post, Aug. 5, 1884.
“Is he fool enough to suppose”: Nevins, Cleveland, 168.
let political associates do his dirty work: Merrill, Bourbon Leader, 17.
“a little bit of detective work”: “Cleveland’s Vindication,” NYW, Aug. 8, 1884.
“call[ing] on some of Gov. Cleveland’s friends”: “Beecher; He Flops to Back Cleveland,” CDT, Aug. 7, 1884.
He blamed the Reverend George Ball: “Beecher Means Business,” Boston Globe, Aug. 7, 1884.
“The facts seem to be that many years ago”: “Cleveland’s Vindication,” NYW, Aug. 8, 1884.
“made a habit of visiting every man”: Ibid.
“much esteemed”: “A Terrible Tale,” Evening Telegraph, July 21, 1884.
“dead and the child is his perfect image”: “Cleveland’s Vindication,” NYW, Aug. 8, 1884.
“It is perhaps worthy of note”: “The Defense,” CDT, Aug. 13, 1884.
“vile wretch”: “Politics for All,” CDT, Oct. 30, 1884.
“vile slander”: “Beecher Means Business,” Boston Globe, Aug. 7, 1884.
“committed an error”: “Beecher Supports Cleveland,” NYT, Aug. 7, 1884.
“primary offense”: “The Charges Swept Away,” NYT, Aug. 12, 1884.
“plump, pretty and decidedly attractive”: “Cleveland; History of Wicked Maria Halpin,” New York Mercury, reprinted in CDT, Aug. 13, 1884.
“and to say otherwise is infamous”: “What Widow Halpin Says,” CDT, Aug. 16, 1884.
“quiet, decorous, unobtrusive housekeeper”: “Widow Halpin’s Narrative,” CDT, Aug. 16, 1884.
under cover of night: “The Cleveland Scandal,” CDT, Aug. 13, 1884.
“urging [him] to make a statement”: “Cleveland’s Shame,” CDT, Sept. 30, 1884.
“said she would die”: “Cleveland’s Shame,” CDT, Sept. 30, 1884.
“uniform kindness and courtesy”: “Politics for All,” CDT, Oct. 30, 1884.
“the scandal business is about wound up”: Nevins, Cleveland, 168–69.
“vast audience”: “Beecher’s Great Speech,” CE, Oct. 25, 1884.
“gladly remain silent”: “Politics for All,” CDT, Oct. 30, 1884.
“circumstances under which my ruin was accomplished”: Ibid.
“accomplished my ruin by the use of force and violence”: “The Strife of Parties,” CDT, Oct. 31, 1884.
“good, plain, honest-hearted man”: “Contraction of the Maria Halpin Story,” NYW, Nov. 2, 1884.
“Me make a statement”: “What Widow Halpin Says,” CDT, Aug. 16, 1884.
“blowing hitherto undecided Catholic voters”: Merrill, Bourbon Leader, 67.
by 1,149 votes: Ibid., 67–69.
“I’m only waiting for my wife to grow up”: Nevins, Cleveland, 72.
“tall, pretty and pleasing in manner”: Ibid., 164–65.
“King’s intrusion made me trouble”: Ibid., 168–69.
“did not question [Maria’s] charge”: Ibid., 165.
“woman scrape”: Ibid., 167.
“If a scapegoat was to be chosen”: Lynch, Grover Cleveland, 72.
“preliminary offense”: “The Charges Swept Away,” NYT, Aug. 12, 1884.
the book review editor of the Independent: “Dr. Kinsley Twining,” Independent, 2727.
“transient weakness”: Nevins, Cleveland, 164–65.
was popularized in the 1894 novel: McHatton, “The Honorable Peter Stirling,” 247.
“spare the feelings of his partner’s daughter”: Lynch, Grover Cleveland, 72.
Oscar Folsom was alive and well: Folsom died on July 23, 1875.
only ten at the time: Frances Folsom Cleveland was born July 21, 1865.
“Half a dozen of us floated down the river”: Andrew, “Sea and River Fishing,” 411.
“leading the chubby little girl”: Nevins, Cleveland, 76.
“Col. Breckinridge’s friends say”: “Both Kept Out of View,” WP, Aug. 14, 1893.
“a liberal allowance”: Charles Stoll to JAT, Jan. 22, 1884, in Tucker, TRMP, 11.
“many warm, devoted friends”: Ibid., 14.
“No members of the legal fraternity”: “For Breach of Promise,” WP, Aug. 13, 1893.
Mary Oliver had tried to hire: “The Oliver-Cameron Suit: Candid Avowals by the Widow,” NYT, March 20, 1879.
“men of their reputation”: “A Philadelphia View,” Philadelphia Press, Aug. 13, 1893.
“corroborated by a number of students”: “Miss Pollard Corroborated,” CCG, Aug. 15, 1893.
“stylish ecru-colored”: “Miss Pollard Talks,” WES, Aug. 16, 1893.
“My position is public enough”: Ibid.
“Anyone can see from the character”: Ibid.
“not exactly a beautiful girl”: Ibid.
“bastions of old tradition and culture”: Richardson, “What on Earth Was a ‘Bourbon Democrat’?”
“interfere, beyond the very minimum”: Merrill, Bourbon Leader, 25.
“cheap resources, business opportunities”: Woodward, Origins of the New South, 6.
“They might look like Southern colonels”: Edward F. Prichard, quoted in Woodward, Origins of the New South, 6.
“a helpless, inept air”: Williams, Years of Decision, 19.
“disappearing quorum”: Ibid., 20.
“I deny the power of the Speaker”: Ibid., 23.
slate of landmark bills: Ibid., 40–41.
“force bill”: Ibid., 31.
“paid peddlers to sell household goods”: Ibid., 44.
“we are coming back”: Ibid., 16–17.
“close friend of President Cleveland”: “Congressman Sued by a Pretty Clerk,” CCG, Aug. 13, 1893.
“shared common traits”: Klotter, Breckinridges of Kentucky, 156.
“I do not believe that the power”: Grover Cleveland to U.S. House of Representatives, Feb. 16, 1887.
“system [that] must be wrong”: “The Tariff Reform Issue,” NYT, Jan. 28, 1888.
“looks very much as if Congressman Breckinridge”: Undated clip, WCPB papers, 1892 folder, BFP.
“running very smoothly”: KL, March 30, 1893.
“There is one distinguished member”: Quoted in “The Philadelphia Times Rather Sides with the Plaintiff,” KL, Aug. 17, 1893.
“undiminished confidence” and “spotless honor”: Daniel Bedinger to WCPB, Aug. 13, 1893, BFP.
“would not be further annoyed”: Campbell Carrington to WCPB, Aug. 15, 1893, BFP.
“told her of his engagement”: “Outraged Feels Mrs. Blackburn,” CE, Sept. 2, 1893.
died in infancy: Baird, Luke Prior Blackburn, 19.
knew Madeline’s aunt Mary Stout: WCPB to W. J. Lewis, Feb. 1, 1894, BFP.
put out a call for volunteers: Baird, Luke Prior Blackburn, 48.
“He sat with his hand on the key”: “Miss Pollard’s Story of Col. Breckinridge,” NYW, Sept. 17, 1893.
circumstantially damning: Baird, Luke Prior Blackburn, 22–31.
“Hero of Hickman”: Ibid., 49–50.
told Julia about the Sunday school: WCPB to W. J. Lewis, Feb. 1, 1894, BFP.
Julia was well known: “In- and out-of-state newspapers lauded the first lady’s activities,” says Baird, in Luke Prior Blackburn, 97.
“Black Hole of Calcutta”: Ibid., 78.
“keen, penetrating eyes”: Foraker, I Would Live It Again, 70.
“Mrs. Zane received in a gown”: “Society’s Endless Rounds,” WP, Jan. 28, 1893.
“those utterances of Mrs. Blackburn”: Shelby to WCPB, Sept. 3, 1893, BFP.
“a scandalous report”: William S. McChesney to WCPB, Aug. 17, 1888, BFP.
“not true in many essential particulars”: Joseph S. Blackburn to James F. Robinson, Aug. 21, 1888, BFP.
“had not treated her well”: James B. Beck to James F. Robinson, Aug. 24, 1888, BFP.
“It seems that the publication”: William McChesney to WCPB, Sept. 5, 1893, BFP.
“on the best of authority”: “Will Come Home,” KL, Sept. 14, 1893.
which Shelby had seen: “I have seen the letter of Mrs. Blackburn to Duke,” Shelby wrote to Breckinridge. John Shelby to WCPB, Sept. 3, 1893, BFP.
“utterly depraved”: “Will Come Home,” KL, Sept. 14, 1893.
“vigorously deny that he is the father”: “Col. Breckinridge’s Defense,” LCJ, Sept. 13, 1893.
“has touched womankind”: “Gossip’s Tongue,” KL, Aug. 17, 1893.
“thousands of dead newborns”: Gordon, “Law and Everyday Death,” in Lives in the Law, 63.
“horrible crime of infanticide”: “Apologies for Infanticide,” NYT, Dec. 1, 1868.
young servant named Hester Vaughn: Gordon, “Law and Everyday Death,” in Lives in the Law, 56–57.
“laws of infanticide”: Quoted in Anthony, “Social Purity,” in “The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony,” 1005.
“seduced deserted unfortunates”: Ibid.
looking for a scoop: William McChesney to WCPB, Sept. 5, 1893.
“chief effort of the defense”: “Col. Breckinridge’s Defense,” NYW, Sept. 14, 1893.
“glided to and fro”: “Miss Pollard’s Story of Col. Breckinridge,” NYW, Sept. 17, 1893.
“in the weary interval”: Ibid.
“very much wanted to study”: Ibid.
“claimed to be engaged in literary work”: Ibid.
“Mr. Breckinridge knew each day”: Ibid.
“he had succeeded in fascinating me”: Ibid.
“stating that the school was as good”: Ibid.
“as a result of this course”: Ibid.
“begged in every way”: Ibid.
“by his invitation”: Ibid.
“I have been told many things”: “A Romantic Story Has Little ‘Madge,’” CCG, Aug. 15, 1894.
“My purpose in entering”: “Revenge Not Her Motive,” WP, Oct. 2, 1893.
“Revenge!”: Ibid.
“relics and historic treasures”: Shaw, World’s Fair Notes, 21.
“Old Cairo”: Ibid., 58.
“260 feet above terra-firma”: Ibid., 59.
“caged lightning”: Ibid., 44–45.
some twenty-seven million people attended: Ibid., 6.
“I am very glad I did go”: JAT to Richard Tucker, Nov. 8, 1893, TFP.
“It has been hard to get along”: JAT to Mary Tucker, Nov. 1, 1893, TFP.
Her family made a fortune: “Historical/Biographical Note,” TFP.
“I used to climb”: JAT autobiography, TFP.
“Quaker jail”: JAT to Patty Tucker, Nov. 2, 1879, TFP.
“high-maintenance, high cost”: “Historical/Biographical Note,” TFP.
“I am very much anxious”: JAT to Richard Tucker, Dec. 10, 1883, TFP.
“The old folks have numerous fights”: JAT to Maude Tucker, Feb. 3, 1884.
for women the mean age of marriage was twenty-three: See Table 1, “Nuptiality Measures for the White Population of the United States, 1850–1880,” in Hacker et al., “The Effect of the Civil War on Southern Marriage Patterns.”
nearly a third: Ibid.
“Married life has lost”: Quoted in Chudacoff, The Age of the Bachelor, 73–74.
250,000 “surplus” women on the East Coast: Quoted in Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, 98.
“the popular belief”: “The Domestic Millennium,” WP, May 22, 1881.
“if women do not marry”: Quoted in “Bad Advocate of a Good Cause,” NYT, July 23, 1882.
“no longer a career”: Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, 98.
“Girls are being prepared daily”: Quoted in Livermore, “What Shall We Do with Our Daughters?,” 1883.
“Who are the women whom the social scientists”: Ibid.
“Five years ago the typewriter”: Quoted in Davies, Woman’s Place, 37.
“six women shorthand writers”: “The First Woman Stenographer,” National Stenographer, vol. 3, 1892.
“In every large down-town building”: Catalogue of the Albany Business College, Albany, NY, 1890.
upward of five dollars an hour: Davies, Woman’s Place, 64.
“I have no objection”: Aron, Ladies and Gentlemen, 211, note 32.
“the gentleman whose initials are I.B.”: Stern, So Much in a Lifetime, 140.
“to accompany her to keep her”: Willard, A Woman of the Century, vol. 2, 767.
“Treasury courtesan” scandal: Aron, Ladies and Gentlemen, 166.
“all female clerks (innocent or guilty) now behaved”: Ibid., 169.
“rather quietly, on high-buttoned shoes”: Davies, Woman’s Place, 55.
fewer than 5 percent: Ibid., Appendix, Table 1.
“office is an awfully hard place”: JAT to Mary Tucker, n.d., TFP.
“I suppose you have noticed”: JAT to Mary Tucker, March 1892, TFP.
“going all the time”: JAT to Mary Tucker, June 1891, TFP.
“I stood it as long as I could”: JAT to Mary Tucker, Nov. 12, 1892, TFP.
“I have at last ‘found location’”: JAT to Mary Tucker, Nov. 28, 1892, TFP.
“The money market has been very high”: JAT to Mary Tucker, March 31, 1893.
“I do hope Patty will get through”: JAT to Maude Tucker, Nov. 23, 1893, TFP.
“I hardly know what I want to do”: JAT to Mary Tucker, Jan. 4, 1894.
“Mr. Breckinridge never”: “Silver-Tongued Oratory,” WP, Sept. 29, 1893.
“growing opinion that the Congressman”: The Frankfort Roundabout, Oct. 21, 1893; The Frankfort Call, Sept. 29, 1893.
“I did not believe”: WCPB to Desha Breckinridge, Dec. 18, 1893, BFP.
“most important session”: WCPB to J. H. Cunningham, Dec. 23, 1893, BFP.
“Keep Bob locked up”: NYT, Sept. 22, 1894.
“no apparent aim in life”: WCPB to SPB, Oct. 31, 1891, BFP.
“sleep all morning”: WCPB to SPB, Nov. 13, 1891, BFP.
“notorious”: WCPB to SPB, Nov. 19, 1891, BFP.
“over the hand of a Blue Grass beauty”: “At the Governor’s Ball,” NYT, Nov. 15, 1891.
“more or less under the influence”: WCPB to SPB, March 31, 1892, BFP.
“We are making a mighty effort”: WCPB to SPB, April 4, 1892, BFP.
“This is the damnedest mess”: WCPB to SPB, April 26, 1892, BFP.
“Lock father up”: NYT, Sept. 22, 1894.
he jumped ship in Savannah: Klotter, Breckinridges of Kentucky, 184.
“Happiest Woman in Washington”: Louise Wing Breckinridge to WCPB, March 2, 1893, BFP.
“right serious attack”: WCPB to Desha Breckinridge, Sept. 7, 1893, BFP.
“She does not sleep well”: WCPB to Desha Breckinridge, Jan. 23, 1894, BFP.
“I am somewhat nervous”: Ibid.
“keeper of her husband’s secrets”: May Estelle Cook, “Notes and Comments,” Social Service Review, 93.
“liked all kinds of people”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“missed the point of every joke”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“peace baby”: WCPB to SPB, March 30, 1886, BFP.
childbearing patterns remained: Lewis and Lockridge, “Sally Has Been Sick,” 5.
“There was no doctrine of birth control”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“My father was wonderfully skillful”: Ibid.
“I learnt my letters”: Ibid.
“coveted and forbidden joys”: Chalkley, Magic Casements, 62.
“Long before it was time for me”: Ibid., 4.
“a favorite playground”: Ibid., 9.
“She looks somewhat like”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“a sword in one hand”: Chalkley, Magic Casements, 26.
“ready reference bureau”: Ibid., 22.
young woman’s neat progression: Censer, Reconstruction of White Southern Womanhood, 32.
widespread fear about a generation of spinsters: Hacker et al., “The Effect of the Civil War on Southern Marriage Patterns,” 39.
“hang[ing] like a locket”: Chalkley, Magic Casements, 14.
“when a great number of planters”: Breckinridge, “Mary Desha,” 3.
“If we cannot teach”: Scott, The Southern Lady, 125.
“it was humiliating for a lady”: Chalkley, Magic Casements, 14.
“We were very poor”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“dresses were like”: Chalkley, Magic Casements, 63.
“coming in swift succession”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“We will be coming back”: Chalkley, Magic Casements, 13–14.
“You ought to look squarely”: WCPB to SPB, Oct. 22, 1884, BFP.
“brain a fair chance”: WCPB to SPB, March 30, 1885, BFP.
“established for me or the likes of me”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“The system never does two things well”: Clarke, Sex in Education, 55–56.
“his college life was spent”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
first two black students: Perkins, “Racial Integration of the Seven Sisters Colleges,” 104.
one of the largest slave owners: Klotter, Breckinridges of Kentucky, 24.
“Purchase all the negroes”: Ibid.
“surely mistaken the price necessary”: Quoted in Martin, The Anti-Slavery Movement in Kentucky Prior to 1850, 26.
“by one experiment emancipate our slaves”: Harrison, The Anti-Slavery Movement in Kentucky, 24.
“Kentucky would have been made a free state”: William Birney in James G. Birney and His Times, quoted in Martin, The Anti-Slavery Movement in Kentucky Prior to 1850, 32, note 69.
“void, and of no force”: Klotter, Breckinridges of Kentucky, 21.
“where powers are assumed”: Ibid.
“would form a stepping-stone”: Ibid., 22.
“Domestic slavery cannot exist forever”: Martin, The Anti-Slavery Movement in Kentucky Prior to 1850, 101, note 8.
“to allow for the gradual prospective emancipation”: Ibid., 101.
“considerable money and supplies”: Ibid., 59, note 45.
“Platform of Emancipation”: Ibid., 133.
“a leading spokesman”: Klotter, Breckinridges of Kentucky, 83.
“unchristian”: Ibid., 68.
“aggressive, exclusive and intolerant”: Breckinridge, Papism in the XIX Century, in the United States, 6.
“most degraded and brutal white population”: Ibid., 25.
“take arms in their hands”: Ibid., 163.
three days of rioting: Peter Kumpa, “The Case of the Crazy Nun,” Baltimore Sun, Feb. 19, 1991.
“had been for centuries”: Brown, The Presbyterians, 84.
“took her by the hand”: Chalkley, Magic Casements, 12.
“almost despised”: Klotter, Breckinridges of Kentucky, 87.
“sees fit to ask it in writing”: Quoted in ibid.
“accepted the verdict of the Confederate failure”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“I am aware that this avowal”: Klotter, Breckinridges of Kentucky, 148.
helped several up-and-coming: Ibid., 180.
“loco-foco” Democrat: Ibid., 103.
“he was always for fair play”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“handsomely dressed couple”: Fitzpatrick, Endless Crusade, 7.
“Well, Colonel”: Abbott, “Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge,” 418.
“She got on all right with the boys”: Fitzpatrick, Endless Crusade, 7.
“temporary”: WCPB to SPB, Oct. 3, 1884, BFP.
“hard for people raised with our prejudices”: Issa Breckinridge to SPB, Sept. 19, 1884, BFP.
“nothing of the colored girls”: SPB to Issa Breckinridge, Sept. 26, 1884, SBP.
“proud, even haughty”: Klotter, Breckinridges of Kentucky, 142.
“uncomfortable at their house”: Ibid., 150.
some southern women cultivated: Lewis and Lockridge, “Sally Has Been Sick,” 5.
“I have loved you Willie”: Issa Breckinridge to WCPB, Oct. 24, 1884, BFP.
“You know you are”: Issa Breckinridge to SPB, Sept. 20, 1884, BFP.
“I know it is inevitable”: WCPB to SPB, March 30, 1884, BFP.
“quicksilver—ever active, amazingly fluid”: Wright, “Three Against Time,” 41.
“the most brilliant student”: Cook, “Notes and Comments,” 94.
“keen Southern wit”: Ibid.
“an ease and grace of manner”: Ibid.
“We hear pleasant and sweet things”: WCPB to SPB, Oct. 22, 1884, BFP.
“dutiful”: WCPB to SPB, March 30, 1885, BFP.
“my own food”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“the problem of racial relationships”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“heavy dresses and things”: SPB to Issa Breckinridge, Feb. 1, 1887, BFP.
“I ache to get out and work”: SPB to WCPB, March 20, 1887, BFP.
“The great contradiction”: Fitzpatrick, Endless Crusade, 8.
“in chemistry, botany and such sciences”: WCPB to SPB, Oct. 22, 1884, BFP.
208 women lawyers: Report on Population of the United States at the 11th Census: 1890. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1895.
Ada Kepley: Norgren, Rebels at the Bar, 36.
state bar associations, however, that proved: Ibid., 36–38.
“feminine wiles”: Ibid., 109.
“were designed by God”: Ibid., 39.
“natural and proper timidity”: Ibid., 42.
“mix professionally with all the nastiness”: Ibid., 65–66.
Ada Hulett: Ibid., 36–37.
Belva Lockwood: Ibid., 87–92.
only two women practicing law: Ibid., 156.
“I wish you would be very clear”: SPB to WCPB, March 9, 1887, BFP.
“good girl”: SPB to WCPB, June 10, 1887, BFP.
“She would be a valuable acquisition”: Quoted in Klotter, Breckinridges of Kentucky, 198.
“penchant for a professional career”: “Congressman Breckinridge’s Daughter’s Legal Studies,” NYT, Nov. 28, 1892.
“I had expected to study law”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“I had promised myself”: Ibid.
“did a good deal of the housework”: Ibid.
“incredible number”: Chalkley, Magic Casements, 105.
“at homes”: Ibid., 107.
“fashionable”: Ibid., 95.
“welsh rabbits”: Ibid., 112.
“I fear in my scamper”: Ibid., 97–98.
“family claim”: Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House, 71.
“hard years”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“The salary was”: Ibid.
“it was hard enough”: Ibid.
“I don’t expect Sodom and Gomorrah”: Mary Desha to Breckinridge family, Sept. 16, 1888, BFP.
“muskets instead of shears”: Aron, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Civil Service, 70.
“The truth is”: Ibid., 71.
“war smitten and impoverished South”: Ibid., 46.
“pay such miserable prices”: Ibid., 45.
“special center”: Quoted in Moldow, Women Doctors in Gilded Age Washington, 10.
“heroines and pioneers”: Chalkley, Magic Casements, 89.
“plan her conferences”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“colored and white ladies”: “Women’s War Still On,” WP, March 9, 1891.
“colored men to the entertainments”: “No Color Line Drawn,” WP, March 7, 1891.
“the executive ability of a Yankee”: “Women of High Rank,” WP, Feb. 8, 1891.
“Were there no mothers”: WP, July 13, 1890.
“determined that the contribution”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“daring feat of horsemanship”: “Women of High Rank,” WP, Feb. 8, 1891.
“brought in members by the thousands”: Foraker, I Would Live It Again, 137.
“quite ill for some time”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“One word suffices abundantly”: “’88 Class Letters: 1890–1891,” Wellesley College Archives.
“I am glad that you are studying law”: WCPB to SPB, July 19, 1891, BFP.
asked for a study the organization had done: SPB to Marion Talbot, Jan. 3, 1882, BFP.
“I have seen young girls suffer”: Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House, 70.
“The law practice”: WCPB to SPB, Sept. 4, 1891, BFP.
“more wholesome”: WCPB to SPB, June 28, 1891, BFP.
“you will find”: WCPB to SPB, June 4, 1892, BFP.
“gives me a better idea”: WCPB to SPB, Nov. 7, 1891, BFP.
“entirely herself”: WCPB to SPB, Nov. 30, 1891, BFP.
“better today than she had been”: WCPB to SPB, June 9, 1892, BFP.
“I hardly know exactly”: WCPB to SPB, July 5, 1892, BFP.
“made up his mind”: WCPB to SPB, June 4, 1892, BFP.
“veracity, courage, affection”: WCPB to SPB, Nov. 13, 1891, BFP.
“advantages of college”: Addams, “Twenty Years at Hull House,” 71–72.
“Bowery boys can be found”: Quoted in Fitzpatrick, Endless Crusade, 10.
“day to day was often so exhausting”: SPB to Madeline McDowell, Sept. 20, 1893, in Hay, Madeline McDowell Breckinridge, 33.
“Neither really loved me”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“more pulled down”: Desha Breckinridge to WCPB, Aug. 31, 1893, BFP.
“But when she tried”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“do some work along”: SPB to Madeline McDowell, Sept. 20, 1893, in Hay, Madeline McDowell Breckinridge, 37.
“I shall do some work”: SPB to WCPB, Sept. 6, 1893, BFP.
“seems a great deal”: SPB to WCPB, Jan. 11, 1894, BFP.
“I am very anxious”: WCPB to Desha Breckinridge, Jan. 22, 1894, BFP.
“To tell the truth”: SPB to WCPB, Jan. 27, 1894, BFP.
“until some time”: Enoch Totten to WCPB, Nov. 24, 1893, BFP.
“I wrote to you some little”: Lydia M. Fox to WCPB, June 5, 1893, BFP.
“sent several letters”: Hoffman House to WCPB, Aug. 6, 1893, BFP.
“very worthy liveryman”: James Moore to WCPB, July 27, 1893, BFP.
“was not adequate”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“would take the best part”: Carpenter, Carp’s Washington, 2.
six live-in servants: 1870 U.S. Federal Census (database online). Ancestry.com.
“the advantages he had enjoyed”: Chalkley, Magic Casements, 23.
“I am thoroughly convinced”: Charles Stoll to WCPB, Jan. 16, 1894, BFP.
“wide formal avenues”: Hall, Travels in North America, vol. 3, 1.
“a great, sprawling country village”: Stern, So Much in a Lifetime, 99.
a quarter million: Table 12, “Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1890, U.S. Bureau of the Census,” June 15, 1998, https://
“fairy-tale sense of instability”: Carpenter, Carp’s Washington, 4.
“it has sprung up in a morning”: Ibid., 5.
“capital’s various charms”: Jacobs, Capital Elites, 168.
“beautiful homes with large ballrooms”: Ibid., 147.
“rootless rich”: Ibid., 171.
“it is the fashion”: Quoted in Jacobs, Capital Elites, 168–69.
“the season”: Ibid., 178.
“Houses had been opened up”: Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, 251.
“brilliant”: Foraker, I Would Live It Again, 6.
“rich, spectacular New York-crowd-with-the-names”: Ibid., 7.
“There is enough silk worn here”: Carpenter, Carp’s Washington, 91.
“monumental floral decorations”: Ibid., 88.
“pink and gold” Valentine’s luncheon: “St. Valentine Luncheons,” NYT, Feb. 15, 1891.
“drifting in the dead-water of the fin-de-siècle”: Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, 259.
“a vast army of unemployed”: “Helping the Destitute,” WES, Nov. 30, 1893.
“pitiful tale”: Charles Stoll to JAT, Jan. 22, 1894, in Tucker, TRMP, 16.
“Don’t you know”: JAT to Charles Stoll, Jan. 27, 1884, in Tucker, TRMP, 21.
“delighted”: Ibid., 20.
“carefully curtained windows”: JAT to Charles Stoll, Jan. 30, 1894, in Tucker, TRMP, 23.
“overcoming a strong desire”: Ibid.
“My child”: Ibid., 24.
“going to tell a lie”: Ibid., 24–25.
“could not stand it”: Ibid., 25.
“this resolve on your part”: Ibid., 25–26.
“appalling proposition”: Ibid., 26.
“miserable sinking feeling”: Ibid., 28.
“in a false position”: Ibid.
“a teacher”: Ibid., 29.
“seems determined to tell”: Ibid., 30.
“the woman’s ward of a prison”: Ibid., 31.
“The tea certainly was”: Ibid., 31–32.
“None of them seem”: Ibid., 32.
Sisters of the Good Shepherd: Wood, The Freedom of the Streets, 190.
“millionaire evangelist”: Kunzel, Fallen Women, Problem Girls, 14.
“social purity”: Pivar, Purity Crusade, 111–13.
Working Girls Society: Ibid., 108–9.
“grandeur of womanhood”: “The Welfare of Women,” NYT, April 16, 1890.
“a house of refuge”: “The House of Mercy,” Annual Report of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, Sept. 18, 1884.
“deserving indigent and unprotected females”: “‘Infant Asylum’ Undergoes Renovations,” WP, March 22, 2011.
“The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon”: Pivar, Purity Crusade, 133.
WCTU also started campaigning: Ibid., 104–5.
“Please accept this little outcast”: “Notes pinned to babies at the Foundling Asylum,” in Ephemeral New York, records from the New York Foundling Hospital from a collection at the New-York Historical Society, https://
“fancy dress” and “excitement”: Kunzel, Fallen Women, Problem Girls, 31, 28.
“disproportionate number of the fallen women”: Deutsch, Women and the City, 59.
“dissipation and degradation”: “Reclaiming Fallen Women,” WP, May 2, 1887.
“taught to sympathize”: Tucker, TRMP, 19.
“the necessity of suspending judgment”: “Discussing Society Purity,” WP, May 2, 1887.
“that this woman was really ruined”: Tucker, TRMP, 21.
“very well indeed”: Ibid., 35.
“Her face is almost repulsive”: Ibid., 33–34.
“When she smiles”: Ibid., 34.
“no idea beds”: Ibid., 31.
“cold, cheerless”: Ibid., 36.
“and generally had whatever she wanted”: Ibid., 38.
“stood all the time”: Ibid., 39.
“the luxury of”: Ibid., 43.
“small, weak voice”: Ibid., 40–41.
“the soft side of a pine board”: Ibid., 31.
“fairy tales”: Ibid., 41.
“real prisoner”: Ibid., 42.
“hardly keep back the tears”: Ibid., 44.
“quite confidential”: Ibid., 45.
“begin life anew”: Ibid., 46.
“the pleasantest sort of Bohemian life”: Ibid., 47.
“vexed and disappointed”: Ibid., 55.
“sort of a household drudge”: Ibid., 56.
“vexed her by some little impertinence”: Ibid., 56–57.
“too ill to get up”: Ibid., 63.
“gave him all her girlhood”: Ibid., 64.
“how she had discovered his infidelity”: Ibid., 66.
“strength giving out”: Ibid., 71.
“I am getting out of prison”: Ibid., 68.
“in a sort of stage whisper”: Ibid., 69.
“marble calm”: Ibid., 69.
“a very bitter fight”: Ibid., 69.
“like an Arctic explorer”: Ibid., 71.
“I was simply starved”: Ibid., 71.
“due to a lack of courage”: Ibid., 75.
“the sisters objected to me”: Ibid., 71.
“I think a cold chill”: Charles Stoll to WCPB, Jan. 31, 1884, BFP.
“contemptuous authority”: Tucker, TRMP, 70.
“It is like a jail there”: Ibid., 79.
“I did the best”: Ibid., 79.
“out of the question”: Ibid., 73.
“a certain quick wit”: Ibid., 72.
“a very good actress”: Ibid., 73.
“parents were Kentuckians”: Ibid., 48.
“I thought you were one of those dreadful reporters”: Ibid., 61.
“Mr. S’s associates seem to think”: JAT to Mary Tucker, Feb. 6, 1894, TFP.
“a little icy”: Tucker, TRMP, 81.
“The day my suit”: Ibid., 98.
“had gone about among Madeline’s”: Ibid., 86.
“would not have to be stared at”: Ibid., 83.
“the money to square”: WCPB to Charles Stoll, Feb. 21, 1894, BFP.
“How are you for money”: Desha Breckinridge to WCPB, Feb. 17, 1894, BFP.
“tried to employ him to produce an abortion”: Robert J. Breckinridge to WCPB, Oct. 10, 1893, BFP.
“letting her get sick on their hands”: Charles Stoll to WCPB, Feb. 8, 1894, BFP.
“did some work”: D. Robertson to Charles Stoll, Feb. 15, 1894, BFP.
“absolute falsity of all the more serious”: WCPB to Al Core, Jan. 9, 1894, BFP.
“disorder consequent upon child-birth”: “Madeline Helped by Lady Doctors,” CE, Feb. 11, 1894.
“The name Louise Wilson means nothing”: Charles Stoll to WCPB, Feb. 10, 1894, BFP.
“she and the Buchanan woman had performed”: Charles Stoll to WCPB, Feb. 3, 1894, BFP.
“went into hysterics”: “Scenes Shift in the Famous Case,” CE, March 22, 1894.
“took therefrom a copy of Washington Irving”: “Here in Cincy the Pollard Case Is to Be,” CE, Feb. 27, 1894.
“she must be a bad woman”: Sister Sebastian to Miss Todd, Dec. 28, 1894, BFP.
“Oh no. I was a bad girl”: “Fair Madeline and Colonel Billy,” LMT, Feb. 15, 1894.
“decidedly in favor of Colonel Breckinridge”: “Madeline Pollard,” LMT, Feb. 13, 1894.
“She could not bear to talk of it”: Tucker, TRMP, 102.
“I cannot give this up now”: Ibid., 100.
“unsophisticated”: Ibid., 82.
“by no means able”: Enoch Totten to WCPB, Feb. 23, 1894, BFP.
“rather the best lawyer”: WCPB to “Hinton,” Feb. 22, 1894, BFP.
“I am in a hole”: WCPB to Enoch Totten, Feb. 25, 1894, BFP.
“a mock marriage”: “A Bad Woman,” LCJ, Feb. 17, 1894.
“formerly a sporting woman”: Ibid.
“caused frequent family disturbances”: Ibid.
“the mistress of James Rhodes”: Ibid.
“she told her that her father”: “They Came Near Fighting,” LMT, Feb. 16, 1894.
“a sensation of great magnitude”: “Dead Involved; The Late Col. A. M. Swope Dragged into the Breckinridge Case,” LCJ, Feb. 20, 1894.
“bombshell”: “Scandalized the Name of Col. Swope,” CE, Feb. 20, 1894.
“intensely favorable to Miss Pollard”: “‘Willie,’ That’s What Miss Pollard Called the Colonel,” CE, Feb. 19, 1894.
“came into the parlor”: Ibid.
“looked shocked”: Ibid.
in the spring of 1857: Baird, Luke Pryor Blackburn, 18.
“This seems to me: “‘Willie,’ That’s What Miss Pollard Called the Colonel,” CE, Feb. 19, 1894.
“she was a woman”: “‘Willie,’ That’s What Miss Pollard Called the Colonel,” CE, Feb. 19, 1894.
“appalled”: Ibid.
“terrible denouement”: “Mrs. Blackburn’s Deposition,” LCJ, Feb. 21, 1894.
“star-chamber”: “‘Willie,’ That’s What Miss Pollard Called the Colonel,” CE, Feb. 19, 1894.
“Blackburn put things into my mouth”: WCPB to “Hinton,” Feb. 22, 1894, BFP.
“a gang in Lexington”: WCPB to John Andrew Steel, Dec. 13, 1893, BFP.
“those who have been disappointed”: WCPB to Al Core, Jan. 9, 1894, BFP.
“unqualifiedly false”: “Mock Marriage,” LCJ, Feb. 21, 1894.
“very drunk”: “More Testimony,” LMT, Feb. 21, 1894.
“that he had pulled up the plaintiff’s”: Notes to file, Breckinridge case file, n.d., BFP.
“I mean no disrespect”: “Mock Marriage,” LCJ, Feb. 21, 1894.
“on account of the reputation”: Ibid.
“had attended Mrs. Pollard”: “Mrs. L. P. Blackburn,” LMT, Feb. 21, 1894.
“generally quarreled all the time”: “He Loved Her,” LCJ, Feb. 23, 1894.
“saying that he had an important case”: Ibid.
“friendship led to an engagement”: Ibid.
“a double life”: “Madeline Pollard Accompanied by Her Attorney,” LMT, Feb. 13, 1894.
“he said he was educating”: “Her Character,” LCJ, Feb. 24, 1894.
“his girl”: Ibid.
“soon fell in love”: Ibid.
“prove every thing”: Desha Breckinridge to WCPB, Feb. 23, 1894, BFP.
“At no time in the course of the examinations”: “Madeline Pollard Again Visits Cincinnati,” LMT, Feb. 11, 1894.
“already absorbing interest”: “Mud, Slathers of It Thrown,” CE, Feb. 24, 1894.
“claim he attempted to take advantage of her”: “Charges of Conspiracy,” CE, Feb. 19, 1894.
“The character of the Immaculate Son of God”: “Another Name of National Note,” CE, Feb. 22, 1894.
“your friend and admirer”: Squire M. Tinsely to WCPB, n.d., 1893 folder, BFP.
“unmitigated, contemptible lie”: “Mock Marriage,” LCJ, Feb. 21, 1894.
“one of the most sober”: “Dead Involved,” LCJ, Feb. 20, 1894.
“aroused a storm of indignation”: “Another Name of National Note,” CE, Feb. 22, 1894.
December 10: “A Mistake That Col. Swope Story,” CE, Feb. 25, 1894.
“I can not find anybody”: “His Brother’s Honor,” LCJ, Feb. 16, 1894.
“she was on illicit relations”: WCPB memo to file, n.d., BFP.
“was heartbroken”: “Madeline Pollard Accompanied by Her Attorney,” LMT, Feb. 13, 1894.
“such a fall would have”: Desha Breckinridge to WCPB, Feb. 23, 1894, BFP.
“approached right”: WCPB to John Shelby, Feb. 12, 1894, BFP.
“he couldn’t prove anything”: Charles Stoll to WCPB, Feb. 24, 1894, BFP.
“was in her room at the Elsmere”: WCPB to JAT, March 2, 1894, BFP.
“You don’t know how discouraged”: JAT to Charles Stoll, Feb. 24, 1894, BFP.
“delicate and difficult undertaking”: WCPB to JAT, Feb. 26, 1894, BFP.
“sinking ship”: WCPB to JAT, March 2, 1894, BFP.
“unnatural state of mind”: WCPB to SPB, March 7, 1894, BFP.
“mired in outdated doctrine”: Williams, Years of Decision, 84.
“reincarnated spirit of Andrew Jackson”: “Coxey’s Army Soon to March,” NYT, March 24, 1894.
“Everywhere”: Williams, Years of Decision, 78.
“wonder has been all along”: “The Trial Begun,” LCJ, March 9, 1894.
Old Criminal Court: See “Historic Courthouse/Old City Hall,” https://
“pulpit like”: “Started; Opening of the Great Trial,” CE, March 9, 1894.
“a man who had slept well”: “Breckinridge on Hand,” WP, March 9, 1894.
“shrewd and roguish”: “Started; Opening of the Great Trial,” CE, March 9, 1894.
disaster as a diplomat: Jett, American Ambassadors, 19.
“from the drab existence”: Chalkley, Magic Casements, 75–76.
“I am in such a mood”: Louise Wing Breckinridge to WCPB, Feb. 20, 1893, BFP.
“a time of new delight”: Louise Wing Breckinridge to WCPB, March 2, 1893, BFP.
“pining”: Louise Wing Breckinridge to WCPB, March 7, 1893, BFP.
“I have no leisure moments”: WCPB to SPB, March 10, 1893, BFP.
“no other woman had ever claimed”: “Mrs. Breckinridge Remains Loyal,” LCJ, March 20, 1894.
“disturbed her peace of mind”: Louise Wing Breckinridge to WCPB, March 20, 1893, BFP.
“like a cyclone”: Louise Wing Breckinridge to WCPB, April 16, 1893, BFP.
“weaker instead of stronger”: WCPB to Desha Breckinridge, March 1, 1894, BFP.
“had aroused comment”: “The Women of Breckinridge’s District,” CE, March 3, 1894.
“a full statement to my wife”: Statement to Washington News from W.C.P. Breckinridge, April 15, 1894, BFP.
“nervous affliction”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“clear”: Louise Wing Breckinridge to WCPB, May 5, 1894, BFP.
“crowds before the box office”: “Date Was Fixed,” LCJ, March 10, 1894.
“She is of the style”: “A Smile Played on the Features of Col. Breckinridge,” CE, March 10, 1894.
“a man of family”: “The Date Was Fixed,” LCJ, March 10, 1894.
“careless, contemptuous, recognizing”: “A Smile Played on the Features,” CE, March 10, 1894.
“There are three credible witnesses”: “Miss Pollard’s Side,” WP, March 10, 1894.
“trembled violently”: “Madeline in Tears,” WES, March 9, 1894.
“I shall make her Mrs. Breckinridge”: “If I Had My Husband,” NYW, March 10, 1894.
“If Mr. Breckinridge wishes to act”: Ibid.
“You know that as well”: “Madeline in Tears,” WES, March 9, 1894.
“When I asked the Colonel”: “If I Had My Husband,” NYW, March 10, 1894.
“I extended to Miss Pollard”: Ibid.
“I have told you everything”: Ibid.
“Yes … she used it”: Ibid.
“No cross-examination”: “Miss Pollard’s Side,” WP, March 10, 1894.
“the lady had threatened him”: “If I Had My Husband,” NYW, March 10, 1894.
“very excited and insisted”: “Madeline in Tears,” WES, March 9, 1894.
“if Providence in its wisdom”: “If I Had My Husband,” NYW, March 10, 1894.
ripple went through: “Madeline in Tears,” WES, March 9, 1894.
“No, no—it is not so”: Ibid.
“intended to make it alright”: Ibid.
“who volunteers to become the chief witness”: Tucker, TRMP, 133.
“The opening does not look”: JAT to Mary Tucker, March 10, 1894, TFP.
“she evidently likes her punch”: Tucker, TRMP, 136–38.
“obvious reasons, the impression”: “Women Excluded,” WES, March 12, 1894.
“laws regulating … marriage and divorce”: Anthony, “Social Purity,” in The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, 1009.
“Mr. Marshal, I wish you”: “Women Excluded,” WES, March 12, 1894.
“Col. Breckinridge was holding Miss Pollard’s hand”: Ibid.
“good and distinguished men”: Ibid.
“brought about by artificial means”: Ibid.
“a sensible looking woman”: “Upper Cuts, Not of the Legal Caste,” CE, March 13, 1894.
“an undertaker’s”: “Gave Way to Emotion,” WP, March 13, 1894.
“chicanery” and “insolence”: “Upper Cuts, Not of the Legal Caste,” CE, March 13, 1894.
“You have used language”: “Bad Blood and Blows,” WP, March 13, 1894.
“I shall always cherish”: Louise Wing Breckinridge to WCPB, March 9, 1894, BFP.
“revived much of the gossip”: “Miss Pollard’s Attorneys,” Kentucky Leader, Aug. 17, 1893.
“impatiently”: Telegram from Louise Wing Breckinridge to WCPB, April 24, 1894, BFP.
“Preston very unhappy”: Telegram from Louise Wing Breckinridge to WCPB, April 28, 1894, BFP.
“every day without fail”: Telegram from Preston Wing to WCPB, May 1, 1894, BFP.
“That I should love and wish”: WCPB to Preston Wing, May 14, 1894, Green Family Papers, Western Kentucky University.
“manly letter”: Louise Wing Breckinridge to WCPB, n.d., 1893, BFP.
“want of sleep”: Louise Wing Breckinridge to WCPB, May 18, 1893, BFP.
“Can’t endure this alone”: Telegram from Louise Wing Breckinridge to WCPB, June 1, 1893, BFP.
“the solemnization of a secret marriage”: “Miss Pollard’s Petition,” Celebrated Trial, 12.
“exhausted”: Telegram from Louise Wing Breckinridge to Preston Scott, June 9, 1893, BFP.
“I pay the penalty”: “If I Had My Husband,” NYW, March 10, 1894.
“Too weak [to] return home alone”: Telegram from Louise Wing Breckinridge to Preston Scott, June 9, 1893, BFP.
“until I happened to meet him”: “Colonel Breckinridge and Wife Visited Cincinnati Before Their Public Marriage,” CE, March 24, 1894.
“nervous manner”: “Mrs. Breckinridge Remains Loyal,” LCJ, March 20, 1894.
“entirely reprehensible”: “Sister Celia Proves a Stumbling Block,” CE, March 14, 1894.
“poor unfortunate girl from Kentucky”: “Tilts Over Testimony,” WP, March 15, 1894.
“She had on a dress”: “Miss Pollard’s Witness,” New York Herald, March 16, 1894.
“undressed and in bed”: Ibid.
“about fifty times”: “Tilts Over Testimony,” WP, March 15, 1894.
“loved him and trusted him”: Ibid.
“Yes, sir”: Ibid.
“the negress reproved to his face”: “Shifts the Scene to Lexington,” CE, March 16, 1894.
“hear her sing and play”: “Miss Pollard’s Witness,” New York Herald, March 16, 1894.
“mass of testimony”: WCPB to Dr. J. J. O’Mahoney, March 15, 1894, BFP.
“irregularity, insufficiency and inadequacy”: WCPB to Desha Breckinridge, March 1, 1894, BFP.
“general duplicity of his character”: “Sister Celia Proves a Stumbling Block,” CE, March 14, 1894.
“collected certain moneys”: “The Women of Breckinridge’s District,” CE, March 3, 1894.
“did not hesitate to publish”: WCPB to “Bean,” March 3, 1894, BFP.
“have been hauling me around”: WCPB to Dr. J. J. O’Mahoney, March 15, 1894, BFP.
“gusty spirit of Saint Patrick”: “Miss Pollard a Wonder,” NYW, March 17, 1894.
“struggled with the bailiffs”: “Told Her Sad Story,” WP, March 17, 1894.
“not because I wanted to”: “Miss Pollard a Wonder,” NYW, March 17, 1894.
“the rising and falling of her plaintive voice”: “Told Her Sad Story,” WP, March 17, 1894.
“stagy … as if every word”: “Miss Pollard a Wonder,” NYW, March 17, 1894.
“he had thought it over”: “Madeline Tells Her Own Story,” CE, March 17, 1894.
“told him we ought to wait”: “Miss Pollard a Wonder,” NYW, March 17, 1894.
“I don’t like to state”: Ibid.
“one bit afraid”: Tucker, TRMP, 149.
“People do not know”: Ibid., 151–52.
“asked her forty thousand questions”: “Miss Pollard a Wonder,” NYW, March 17, 1894.
“My father taught me some history”: “Madeline Tells Her Own Story,” CE, March 17, 1894.
“I believe you spoke to him”: “Madeline’s Story,” WES, March 16, 1894.
“now sitting well back”: Ibid.
“You can expect fire-works”: JAT to Mary Tucker, March 17, 1894, TFP.
“I suppose Jane will come home”: Mary Tucker to Maude Tucker, n.d., March 1894, TFP.
“as bad as I had feared”: Tucker, TRMP, 167.
“as a poem of Miss Pollard’s”: Ibid., 169.
“eminence of being the most sensational”: “Madeline’s Story,” WES, March 19, 1894.
“How long did they continue?”: “Madeline’s Story,” WES, March 19, 1894.
“Once an Episcopalian”: “More About Her Life,” WP, March 20, 1894.
“The question of whether”: “Madeline’s Story,” WES, March 19, 1894.
“made love”: “More About Her Life,” WP, March 20, 1894.
“very unmaidenly bit of conduct”: “Madeline’s Story,” WES, March 19, 1894.
“I could have never written that letter”: Ibid.
“He said he came to see me”: “More About Her Life,” WP, March 20, 1894.
“taken off her hat”: “An Outcast, in Tear-Broken Tones,” CE, March 20, 1894.
“Oh, come, come, come”: Ibid.
“I never heard that word before”: “More About Her Life,” WP, March 20, 1894.
“Then you were not misled”: “Miss Pollard at Bay,” NYW, March 20, 1894.
“You of course appreciated”: “An Outcast, in Tear-Broken Tones,” CE, March 20, 1894.
“Since he has made it”: “Miss Pollard at Bay,” NYW, March 20, 1894.
“She said to me”: Ibid.
“I believe these men”: Ibid.
“Had you no thought”: Ibid.
“Miss Pollard is probably”: “Madeline’s Story,” WES, March 19, 1894.
“More than once she turned”: “More About Her Life,” WP, March 20, 1894.
“sat still in silent surprise”: “An Outcast, in Tear-Broken Tones,” CE, March 20, 1894.
“the same old story”: “Life of Shame,” LCJ, March 17, 1894.
“Yes. As bad as it sounds”: “More About Her Life,” WP, March 20, 1894.
“very proper letters”: “Deluded Mr. Rhodes,” WES, March 20, 1894.
“Please, dear, do let me”: “An Abrupt Question,” WP, March 21, 1894.
“Even her own lawyers”: “Tears, Smiles and Tears Again,” CE, March 21, 1894.
“He said Mr. William C. Whitney”: Ibid.
“talked about going to Havana”: Ibid.
“worthy woman”: Ibid.
“telling of his conduct”: Ibid.
“the colonel does not draw”: Lexington, The Celebrated Case, 38.
“revelations of the defendant’s conduct”: “Tears, Smiles and Tears Again,” CE, March 21, 1894.
“Come Willie”: “Whole Court in Tears,” NYW, March 21, 1894.
“I should have liked the court”: “Tears, Smiles and Tears Again,” CE, March 21, 1894.
“If there was a man among the curious”: “Whole Court in Tears,” NYW, March 21, 1894.
“head bent in a dejected way”: “Tears, Smiles and Tears Again,” CE, March 21, 1894.
“The delegation from Kentucky”: “Scenes Shift in the Famous Case,” CE, March 22, 1894.
“It is evident that his attorneys”: “Madeline’s Story,” WES, March 19, 1894.
“the testimony will be overwhelming”: WCPB to A. W. Hardin, Jan. 9, 1894, BFP.
“my own comparatively straitened”: WCPB to Dr. L. B. Woolfolk, March 23, 1894.
“I am authorized to say”: “Scenes Shift in the Famous Case,” CE, March 22, 1894.
“She would come to the door”: “The Other Side,” WES, March 21, 1894.
“fell in with”: “Says She Led Him On,” WP, March 22, 1894.
“life was made an intolerable burden”: “The Other Side,” WES, March 21, 1894.
“on the tiptoe of expectation”: “A Lull in the Pollard Trial,” CE, March 23, 1894.
“severely criticized”: “Attacking Her Story,” WP, March 23, 1894.
“What has this to do with”: “A Lull in the Pollard Trial,” CE, March 23, 1894.
“My finances are”: JAT to William Worthington, March 9, 1894, BFP.
“the great topic everywhere”: JAT to Mary Tucker, March 22, 1894, TFP.
“Practically, I have won”: WCPB to “Lucas,” March 22, 1894, BFP.
“succeeds in blackening”: “Madeline’s Story,” WES, March 19, 1894.
“politically dead”: “Kentucky Men Are Agitated,” New York Herald, March 24, 1894.
“as game as a game cock”: WCPB to “Lucas,” March 23, 1894, BFP.
“defensive canvas”: WCPB to J.D. Lillard, Jan. 9, 1894, BFP.
“acting”: WCPB to “Ben,” March 23, 1894, BFP.
“for I have no secret”: WCPB to “Myall,” March 23, 1894, BFP.
“introduced herself and congratulated him”: G. M. Miller to WCPB, March 5, 1894, BFP.
“Now you have my sympathy”: John M. Allen to WCPB, March 28, 1894, BFP.
“endeavored to make an assignation”: “A Meeting Which Miss Pollard Tried to Make with a Member of the President’s Cabinet,” CE, Jan. 1, 1894.
“couched in such terms”: “Queer Are the Latest Stories,” CE, March 27, 1894.
“I can easily believe it”: H. S. Sutton to WCPB, n.d., BFP.
“considered him a likely successor”: Williams, Years of Decision, 73.
“this case must not come to a trial”: A man named Williams wrote to Breckinridge asking for his help in getting an appointment and reminded him of the note he delivered from Carlisle “last August … in regard to the scandal” and repeating its contents. E. L. Williams to WCPB, Dec. 23, 1893, BFP.
“I need not say”: WCPB to John G. Carlisle, March 24, 1894, BFP.
reported that Breckinridge was promising: “Queer Are the Latest Stories,” CE, March 27, 1894.
“Breckinridge forced him to testify”: “He Sounds Public Sentiment Regarding the Status of Col. Breckinridge,” LMT, April 19, 1894.
“on the grounds they were”: “When She Was Young,” WP, March 27, 1894.
“I am glad you told me”: “The Disputed Letter,” WP, March 28, 1894.
“under the promise”: Ibid.
“didn’t like the way”: “Romeo Rossell Was Coy,” NYW, March 29, 1894.
“unwholesome smell”: “Denials from the Silver-Tongued,” CE, March 30, 1894.
“fresh, new Bible”: Ibid.
“minor key of tenderness and pathos”: “Breckinridge Testifies,” NYW, March 30, 1894.
“When did you first meet”: Ibid.
“much worse than a real marriage”: Ibid.
“no reason for any excuse”: Ibid.
“There were no protestations”: “Denials from the Silver-Tongued,” CE, March 30, 1894.
“Just a case of illicit love?”: Ibid.
“their conversation resulted”: “His Story in Detail,” WP, March 31, 1894.
“young woman of twenty”: “Breckinridge Testifies,” NYW, March 30, 1894.
“ought to marry her”: “His Story in Detail,” WP, March 31, 1894.
“scandal and destruction”: Ibid.
“in distinct violation”: Ibid.
“She would come to the Capitol”: “That Is Not True,” NYW, March 31, 1894.
“before she would allow the scandal”: “His Story in Detail,” WP, March 31, 1894.
“If it is my child”: Ibid.
“silvery and soft-spoken”: “Smoothly the Silver Tongue Wagged,” CE, March 31, 1894.
“One is true”: “More of His Story,” WES, March 30, 1894.
“He was, to hear him talk”: “Denials from the Silver-Tongued,” CE, March 30, 1894.
St. Ann’s Infant Asylum in Washington: Report of the Joint Select Committee to Investigate the Charities and Reformatory Institutions in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1897).
85 and 100 percent: Miller, Abandoned, 163.
“The babies die like sheep”: Quoted in Miller, Abandoned, 158.
“act of humanity”: Miller, Abandoned, 161.
“Lincoln had consented”: WCPB memo to attorneys, n.d., Pollard Case File, BFP.
“having a perfect circus”: JAT to William Worthington, March 20, 1894, BFP.
“Why, Aggie, you are more devoted”: Tucker, TRMP, 191.
“the statue in the circle”: LBD to JAT, March 29, 1894, BFP.
“might cause me my life”: JAT to Maude Tucker, March 28, 1894, TFP.
“done so badly”: Tucker, TRMP, 229.
“this devilish business”: Mrs. Frances to Madeline Pollard, in Tucker, TRMP, 199.
“did perfectly right”: J. B. Moore Bristor to Madeline Pollard, in Tucker, TRMP, 212.
“I do believe every word”: A Friend to Madeline Pollard, in Tucker, TRMP, 223.
“For past times”: J. H. Winter to Madeline Pollard, in Tucker, TRMP, 228.
“You are not ‘ruined’”: “A Poet” to Madeline Pollard, in Tucker, TRMP, 201.
“ought to be deposed”: “Congress No Place for Him,” NYT, March 25, 1894.
“chivalrous people of Kentucky”: “Boston Women Indignant,” NYT, March 27, 1894.
Moral Education Society: Pivar, Purity Crusade, 80–83.
“the disrespectful way that many men”: “Resolved,” The Alpha, April 12, 1878.
“upon women in every station”: “A Woman’s View of Cleveland,” CDT, Sept. 13, 1884.
“intercourse for procreation only”: “The Alpha Doctrine,” The Alpha, Dec. 1, 1883.
“that creeping worm of licentious doctrine”: “Colonel Breckinridge Roasted in a Sermon by a Brooklyn Divine,” CE, March 26, 1894.
“secretly circulating a petition”: “The Colonel’s Scalp Threatened by the Ladies of Lexington,” CE, March 29, 1894.
“an unusual pallor on his countenance”: “Judge Wilson’s Hint,” WP, April 3, 1894.
“nefarious conspiracy”: WCPB to “Myall,” March 30, 1894, BFP.
“cowardly”: WCPB to “Ab,” March 31, 1894, BFP.
“aged sixteen”: “Miss Pollard’s Age,” WP, March 31, 1894.
“What advice would you give”: “Judge Wilson’s Hint,” WP, April 3, 1894.
“There was something internal”: Ibid.
“Up to that time”: “The Colonel Repeats His Oft-Told Tale,” CE, April 3, 1894.
“There wasn’t a man”: “Judge Wilson’s Hint,” WP, April 3, 1894.
“immoral relations”: Ibid.
“I mean to say”: “The Colonel Repeats His Oft-Told Tale,” CE, April 3, 1894.
“the same standard”: “A Living Hell,” LCJ, April 3, 1894.
“feared nothing”: Ibid.
“won them over”: JAT to Mary Tucker, April 1, 1894, TFP.
“Miss Pollard’s character”: “Kentucky Men Are Agitated,” New York Herald, March 24, 1894.
“can’t help it”: “Will Be Battle of Legal Giants,” New York Herald, March 26, 1894.
the Herald paid for a sitting for Madeline: C. M. Bell Studio Log Books, vol. 4, sitting #41108, Miss Madeline Pollard, paid New York Herald, March 28, 1894.
“a silly adventure”: “Breckinridge on the Stand,” New York Herald, March 30, 1894.
“a photo of the adult Madeline”: New York Herald, March 30, 1894.
“I have been so anxious to know you”: Tucker, TRMP, 240.
“Oh, you pitiful cur”: Undated letter in May 1894 file, n.d., BFP.
“full of devotion”: “Mrs. Breckinridge Remains Loyal,” LCJ, March 20, 1894.
“faith in their father was firm”: “Not a Line Does Mrs. Breckinridge Read,” CE, March 28, 1894.
“It is the talk of all the saloons”: “Falls Like Lucifer,” KL, March 29, 1894.
“In that letter did you not say”: “Judge Wilson’s Hint,” WP, April 3, 1894.
“not the faintest recollection”: “The Colonel Repeats His Oft-Told Tale,” CE, April 3, 1894.
“several women or females”: “Letters to Louise,” WES, April 3, 1894.
“in a public place”: Ibid.
“My Dear Sister Louise”: Ibid.
“sooner or later, I would hear”: “Firm in His Denials,” WP, April 4, 1894.
“little Yankee woman”: “Letters and the Writer of ’Em,” CE, April 4, 1894.
“expressions that a man”: “Witness Steps Down,” WP, April 5, 1894.
“a young woman of colloquial”: “Jere Let’s the Colonel Go,” CE, April 5, 1894.
“I was always leaving Mrs. Blackburn”: “Witness Steps Down,” WP, April 5, 1894.
“old colored midwife”: “Constant the Shifting of Scenes,” CE, April 6, 1894.
“as coolly as if about to”: Ibid.
“The writer spoke of the great love”: “Crowning Her Story,” WP, April 6, 1894.
“one of the nicest lunches”: “Constant the Shifting of Scenes,” CE, April 6, 1894.
“perjured testimony”: WCPB to E. P. Holly, April 6, 1894, BFP.
“women doctors who are abortionists”: WCPB to George O. Graves, April 24, 1894, BFP.
“ladies who attend conventions”: WCPB to Kerry M. Lawson, April 6, 1894, BFP.
“secret sins”: WCPB to “Myall,” April 6, 1894, BFP.
“impregnated the homes of the land”: “Miss Pollard Is a Wonder,” WP, April 8, 1894.
“a foul, pestilence-breeding contagion”: “Legal Points Argued Pro and Con,” CE, April 8, 1894.
“lewd and lascivious conduct”: Ibid.
“the woman of experience”: “Lawyers Now Talk,” WES, April 9, 1894.
“florid Kentucky oratory”: “Hard Words Used,” WES, April 10, 1894.
“every decent man”: “Madeline Under Fire,” WP, April 11, 1894.
“old darky”: “Hard Words Used,” WES, April 10, 1894.
“honest and virtuous”: “More Eloquence,” WES, April 12, 1894.
“unnatural”: Ibid.
“deliberately turned from everything”: “Butterworth Closes His Superb Effort,” CE, April 13, 1894.
“few pyrotechnic displays”: “Jere Wilson’s Plea,” WP, April 14, 1894.
“sunlight”: Ibid.
“I stand here for womanhood”: Ibid.
“There was a time”: “Sarcasm That Cut to the Quick,” CE, April 14, 1894.
“clean-shaven, bald-headed”: “Damages Awarded Madge Pollard,” CE, April 15, 1894.
“one code of morals for men”: “Seeking a New Trial,” WP, April 17, 1894.
“nor the country girl”: “Damages Awarded Madge Pollard,” CE, April 15, 1894.
“If it please the court”: “Miss Pollard Wins,” NYW, April 15, 1894.
“Fifteen thousand for the plaintiff”: Ibid.
“Oh, isn’t it good”: Ibid.
“room, board, medical attendance”: Tucker, TRMP, 255.
“observed of all the observers”: “Victory for Miss Pollard,” New York Sun, April 15, 1894.
“was to the satisfaction”: “To Fight It Out,” WES, April 16, 1894.
“not one person”: “Any Verdict a Just One,” LCJ, April 15, 1894.
“All the efforts made”: “A White Life for Two,” Woman’s Tribune, April 21, 1894.
“perniciousness of the unequal standard”: Woman’s Journal, April 7, 1894.
“public men [who] hold immoral”: “The Breckinridge Scandal,” The Philanthropist, May 1894.
“conventional morality”: Kate Field’s Washington, April 11, 1894.
“the women of the world”: “At Home with the Editor,” Ladies’ Home Journal, June 1894.
“supposed popular sentiment”: “For Miss Pollard,” WP, April 15, 1894.
“the ceaseless clamor”: WCPB to John A. Lewis, April 15, 1894, BFP.
“reputable society women”: “Not a Line Does Mrs. Breckinridge Read,” CE, March 28, 1894.
“Breckinridge introduced himself”: “Sustains Miss Pollard,” Cincinnati Tribune, April 18, 1894.
1870 census: 1870 U.S. Federal Census (database online). Ancestry.com.
Franklin County birth records: Kentucky Birth Records, 1847–1911 (database online). Ancestry.com.
1880 census: 1880 U.S. Federal Census (database online). Ancestry.com.
married the Reverend Felix Struve: Semi-Weekly Bourbon News (Paris, KY), Sept. 25, 1883.
thirty-six: 1900 U.S. Federal Census (database online). Ancestry.com.
1920 death certificate: Kentucky Death Records, 1852–1963 (database online). Ancestry.com.
“Miss Pollard … received company”: Mollie Shindlebower to WCPB, Nov. 25, 1893, BFP.
“Mary Pollard was considered”: Effie Knight to WCPB, Nov. 25, 1893, BFP.
Desha confirmed: Desha Breckinridge to WCPB, Sept. 6, 1893, BFP.
“remarkable”: Tucker, TRMP, 122.
“first heard from her”: “Breckinridge Guarded,” NYW, Aug. 15, 1893.
“I wonder how impertinent”: Madeline Pollard to John Hay, May 20, 1890, John Hay Papers, Brown University.
“too expensive for him”: “Miss Pollard’s Suit,” LCJ, Aug. 16, 1893.
“glad to do anything”: McTodd to WCPB, Dec. 2, 1893, BFP.
“nuns are very careful”: Ibid.
“tried hard”: Effie Knight to WCPB, Nov. 25, 1893, BFP.
he had gone back to Cincinnati: Burnet House to WCPB, Aug. 23, 1884, BFP.
“ain’t a good woman”: “Another Assault,” LCJ, Sept. 11, 1894.
“living child”: WCPB to H. H. Gratz, May 11, 1894, BFP.
“she would not obey”: Note in Trial Folder, BFP.
“countrified”: “Gossip’s Tongue,” KL, Aug. 17, 1893.
“was not introduced into society”: “Will Come Home,” KL, Sept. 14, 1893.
“into other homes”: “Miss Pollard’s Story of Col. Breckinridge,” NYW, Sept. 17, 1893.
“had become acquainted”: “Believe Him Innocent,” LCJ, Aug. 14, 1893.
“senseless waste of time”: Dahlgren, Etiquette of Social Life, 35.
“Metamorphosis of Negative Matter”: Jacob, Capital Elites, 217.
“a charitable institution”: “Will Come Home,” KL, Sept. 14, 1893.
February 1888: “Society,” WP, Feb. 14, 1888.
“a charitable ball”: “Col. Breckinridge’s Defense,” LCJ, Sept. 13, 1893.
“Miss Pollard worked her way”: “Will Come Home,” KL, Sept. 14, 1893.
upper right corner: Dahlgren, Etiquette of Social Life, 58.
spring of 1890: “Mrs. Dahlgren’s Party,” WP, March 6, 1890.
“If our good friend”: Madeline Pollard to John Hay, May 20, 1890, John Hay Papers, Brown University.
“Miss Madeline Pollard”: “Personal Paragraphs,” WP, June 3, 1891.
“in strict confidence”: Tucker, TRMP, 58.
“Clothes were really clothes then”: Foraker, I Would Live It Again, 158.
“quite well”: Tucker, TRMP, 113.
modeled on Madeleine Dahlgren: Jacob, Capital Elites, 216.
“seemed to have become a tourist fashion”: Adams, Education of Henry Adams, 258.
“it represented a figure wrapped in meditation”: Tucker, TRMP, 113–14.
“pioneer of Catholic light literature”: “Ella Loraine Dorsey,” A Woman of the Century, 254.
“some years ago”: “Writing Boys’ Stories,” WP, April 12, 1891.
“I honestly believe”: “The Women of Breckinridge’s District,” CE, March 3, 1894.
“she was to be one of the party”: WCPB, note to file, BFP.
“went away and had the advantage”: “His Story in Detail,” WP, March 31, 1894.
“scandal was current”: “Mrs. Breckinridge Remains Loyal,” LCJ, March 20, 1894.
“I see you are endorsed by Col. Breckinridge”: Ibid.
charity garden party: “Social and Personal,” WES, June 1, 1893.
Smith-Judson wedding: “Social and Personal,” WES, June 7, 1893.
“In Washington gossip”: Carpenter, Carp’s Washington, 9.
“It is said that the story”: “Is It Blackmail?,” WES, Aug. 14, 1893.
“faults—grievous ones”: “Miss Pollard Corroborated,” CCG, Aug. 16, 1893.
“some of her visiting cards”: Nannie White to WCPB, March 5, 1894, BFP.
“man and wife”: A. L. Hall to WCPB, March 17, 1894, BFP.
“making a very loud noise”: Mrs. J. Ambrose to WCPB, March 3, 1894, BFP.
Johnstown flood: Note from WCPB, 1893, Pollard case file, BFP.
“shy, absent-minded”: Chalkley, Magic Casements, 84.
“good deal of work”: “Now for Her Scrub Woman,” CCG, Aug. 18, 1893.
“array of costly dresses”: “Miss Pollard’s Story of Col. Breckinridge,” NYW, Sept. 17, 1893.
“irregular amounts”: “Letters and the Writer of ’Em,” CE, April 4, 1894.
“My expenses are very heavy”: Madeline Pollard to James C. Rhodes, Jan. 30, 1890, BFP.
casual prostitution: Stansell, City of Women, 180.
“Many a female clerk”: Carpenter, Carp’s Washington, 3–4.
“social conversation”: “Pure Men in Congress,” WP, April 16, 1894.
“combat the enforcement of”: “For Expulsion,” LCJ, April 16, 1894.
“The Washington women”: “Declare War on Gay Congressmen,” CDT, April 16, 1894.
“take some definite action”: “Pure Men in Congress,” WP, April 16, 1894.
“I do believe”: JAT to Mary Tucker, April 22, 1894, TFP.
“We are confident of success next time”: Ibid.
“scheme for some work”: JAT to Mary Tucker, April 1, 1894, TFP.
“enough money to my credit”: JAT to Mary Tucker, April 22, 1894, TFP.
“Nisba and I have become”: Ibid.
“have been through a hard trial”: JAT to Mary Tucker, May 7, 1894, TFP.
“I shall cut off my hair”: Tucker, TRMP, 153.
“might write in a little room”: Ibid., 293.
“temptations and sorrows”: Ibid., 273.
“religious cranks”: Ibid., 270.
“exhibition”: Ibid., 232.
“much easier life”: Ibid., 293.
“going on the stage”: “Miss Pollard Speaks,” NYW, April 16, 1894.
“nothing can induce me”: “Madeline Pollard’s Hope,” New York Sun, April 18, 1894.
“forty cents”: Tucker, TRMP, 314.
“You are safe in saying”: “House Will Do Nothing, It Is Said,” NYT, April 17, 1894.
“said we were making”: “He Talked Kindly,” LMT, April 5, 1894.
“generous people”: WCPB to S. L. Yager, April 6, 1894, BFP.
“until Mr. Davis”: WCPB to Robert Tucker, Dec. 21, 1893, BFP.
“I shall possibly get”: JAT to Mary Tucker, April 1, 1894, TFP.
“Athens of the West”: Hollingsworth, Lexington, 26.
eight thousand of the twenty thousand: “Mr. Breckinridge,” Cincinnati Tribune, April 19, 1894.
“buttonhole the voters”: WCPB to C. H. Reed, Jan. 31, 1894, BFP.
“I never saw a campaign”: “Mr. Breckinridge,” Cincinnati Tribune, April 19, 1894.
“I couldn’t look my wife and daughters in the face”: Ibid.
“50 ladies—wives and sisters”: “The Women of Breckinridge’s District,” CE, March 3, 1894.
“allowed the open expression”: D’Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, 19.
“distressed Cavaliers”: Fischer, Albion’s Seed, 213.
“held to the strictest”: Ibid., 300.
“until the blood flowed”: Ibid., 299.
“a virgin as a girl”: Ibid., 303.
one in five female servants: Carr and Walsh, “The Planter’s Wife,” 548.
“Masters could abuse the law”: D’Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, 33.
“if the father of a bastard”: Wells, “Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy in Colonial America,” 357.
“humble, obedient, careful and thoughtful”: Scott, The Southern Lady, 15, note 40.
“the thing we can’t name”: Woodward, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 28.
“Every lady tells you”: Ibid.
“If the countless thousands”: “Miss Madeline Pollard Giving Breckinridge and South Hard Time,” Cleveland Gazette, March 24, 1894.
“Many prominent society women”: “Not a Line Does Mrs. Breckinridge Read,” CE, March 28, 1894.
“when they knew”: “Women Up In Arms,” LMT, March 29, 1894.
“fools”: JAT to Mary Tucker, May 15, 1894, TFP.
“deeply humiliated”: “They Take a Hand,” LMT, May 5, 1894.
“Clinching his hands”: “Col. Breckinridge Pleads in Public,” NYT, May 6, 1894.
“Every one says”: JAT to Mary Tucker, May 7, 1894, TFP.
“was no great swarming of the aisles”: “Confession and Defiance,” LCJ, May 6, 1894.
“upon the plea”: “The Breckinridge Candidacy,” LCJ, May 7, 1894.
“very feeble”: SPB to WCPB, May 4, 1894, BFP.
“Are you to choose”: “In Ashland,” LCJ, May 8, 1894.
“conspiracy to destroy me”: WCPB to Henry S. Halley, April 24, 1894, BFP.
“a case of the Cavalier”: John Phillips to WCPB, April 16, 1894, BFP.
“there should be the same”: “Dress and Divorce,” CDT, May 9, 1894.
“moral purity should be”: “Women’s Clubs Adjourn,” WP, May 12, 1894.
“higher obligation”: “Not Women Alone,” LMT, May 13, 1894.
“outside a few women’s suffrage cranks”: “Breckinridge Is Denounced,” LCJ, May 15, 1894.
“Miss Pollard knew from the beginning”: “She Defends Breckinridge,” New York Sun, March 30, 1894.
“in grave danger”: SPB to WCPB, May 7, 1894, BFP.
“one great treat”: JAT to Mary Tucker, May 22, 1894, TFP.
“seems almost like home”: JAT to Mary Tucker, May 22, 1894, TFP.
“systematic course of English literature”: Tucker, TRMP, 335.
“unless she went away”: Ibid., 334.
“dead, practically, in Congress”: Ibid., 335.
“like a gally [sic] slave”: JAT to Mary Tucker, May 31, 1894, TFP.
“very faithful and helpful”: SPB to WCPB, June 7, 1894, BFP.
“prolonged brain rest”: Preston B. Scott to WCPB, June 13, 1894, BFP.
“had no parallel”: “Col. Breckinridge’s Defeat,” WP, Sept. 17, 1894.
“The women are aroused”: “Pollard, Another Story of the Source of the Funds,” KL, May 24, 1894.
“insulting”: “Villainous Threat,” Cincinnati Tribune, June 11, 1894.
“feeble woman”: SPB to WCPB, July 20, 1894, BFP.
“The Breckinridge business floats”: “A Chicago Woman,” KL, Aug. 23, 1894.
“what your relations”: WCPB to H. H. Gratz, May 11, 1894, BFP.
“eighty sheep, eleven [cows]”: Fuller, “Congressman Breckinridge and the Ladies,” 7.
“who all through the course”: “Owens, Owens, Owens,” KL, Aug. 23, 1894.
“to tell you some truths”: “Miss Desha’s Appeal,” WP, Aug. 28, 1894.
“one of the wickedest”: Carpenter, Carp’s Washington, 3.
“parade Pennsylvania Avenue”: Ibid., 110.
“It is an open secret in Washington”: “Declare War on Gay Congressmen,” CDT, April 16, 1894.
“shocking her friends”: “Miss Desha’s Appeal,” WP, Aug. 28, 1894.
“It has been greatly complemented”: Julia C. Blackburn to Mary Desha, Aug. 30, 1894, Mary Desha Papers, the University of Kentucky.
“against Breckinridge is so bitter”: Mary Mitchell Foster to Mary Desha, Aug. 29, 1894, Mary Desha Papers, the University of Kentucky.
“Any woman who would”: “Cut to Death,” LMT, Aug. 31, 1891.
“Everyone looks like”: “Ready to Snap,” LCJ, Sept. 14, 1894.
“What a time”: Susan B. Anthony to Laura Clay, Sept. 21, 1894, Laura Clay Papers, University of Kentucky.
“I feel it would be”: Quoted in Hay, Madeline McDowell Breckinridge, 35.
“Like myself I suppose you”: Julia Blackburn to Mary Desha, Sept. 11, 1894, Mary Desha Papers, the University of Kentucky.
“social duties”: “She’s All Right,” LCJ, Sept. 11, 1894.
“Never before in any canvas”: “Silver Tongue Silenced,” CE, Sept. 16, 1894.
“there is a place”: Anthony and Harper, The History of Woman Suffrage, 667.
“most promising”: Fuller, Laura Clay, 57–59.
“comedy-drama”: “Miss Pollard’s Plans,” KL, Aug. 16, 1894.
“a novel nearly completed”: “Madeline Pollard’s Plans,” WP, Oct. 24, 1894.
“a ruin that is complete”: “Falls Like Lucifer,” KL, March 29, 1894.
“The fall of Breckinridge”: Tapp and Klotter, Kentucky, 337.
“a mediocre representative”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“It is a step toward”: SPB to WCPB, Sept. 8, 1894, BFP.
“To say she did right”: Fayette Lexington, The Celebrated Case, 18.
the second woman: (Lewiston, ME) Weekly Journal, Oct. 4, 1894.
“startled the whole country”: “Kentucky Men Are Agitated,” New York Herald, March 24, 1894.
“shattering Nineties”: Foraker, I Would Live It Again, 7.
“the most significant event”: O’Neill, Everyone Was Brave, 148.
“Sex o’clock in America”: Reedy, “Sex O’Clock in America,” 1.
“teachers, lecturers, novelists”: Repplier, “Repeal of Reticence,” 298.
“There would have been no scandal”: WCPB to A. W. Macklin, Feb. 26, 1894, BFP.
“testimony as a woman of social standing”: “Our Wealthy Widows,” WP, Dec. 9, 1894.
“support and encouragement”: WCPB to A. W. Macklin, Feb. 26, 1894, BFP.
“honor was involved”: “Miss Pollard’s Story of Col. Breckinridge,” NYW, Sept. 17, 1893.
Women’s Auxiliary: “The Women’s Auxiliary Ex-Confederate Aid Society,” WP, Nov. 16, 1891.
“the first one I talked to”: Tucker, TRMP, 262.
“he had the case”: “They May Follow Breckinridge,” WP, Dec. 27, 1894.
“directly or indirectly”: “Motion Filed,” LCJ, April 18, 1894.
“a widow, a Kentuckian”: “For the Defense,” WES, March 22, 1894.
“a man who made such a profession”: “Miss Pollard’s Backers,” NYW, March 27, 1894.
Columbia Working Girls’ Club: “Home for Working Girls,” NYT, Dec. 14, 1893.
“How a Girl’s Life Can Be Transformed”: “The Social World,” NYT, Feb. 8, 1894.
“traveling companion”: “Madeline Pollard to Go Abroad,” Sentinel (Fort Wayne, IN), April 25, 1895.
“one of the few rich”: “Women at the World’s Fair,” WP, Oct. 23, 1892.
“noted philanthropist”: “Under Fire Today,” WP, April 3, 1894.
suit was organized: “The Pollard Fund,” Cincinnati Tribune, May 20, 1894.
“Nothing has ever yet been”: “Madeline Pollard’s Hope,” New York Sun, April 18, 1894.
“one of the richest”: JAT to William Worthington, March 9, 1894, TFP.
one of the city’s most desirable debutantes: “The New Spanish Minister,” NYT, June 11, 1899.
In the spring of 1895: “Days of Romance Not Past,” Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun, June 24, 1895.
“expenses incurred”: “Money for Trial Expenses,” LCJ, March 21, 1894.
“furnished her by lady friends”: Tucker, TRMP, 86.
“troublesome voters upon whom”: Breckinridge, “Issues of the Presidential Campaign,” 274.
“We lost zest after that”: Foraker, I Would Live It Again, 151.
caught a bad cold: Klotter, Breckinridges of Kentucky, 184.
suffered a stroke and suffered a second: “W.C.P. Breckinridge Ill,” “Col. Breckinridge Stricken Again,” NYT, Sept. 30 and Nov. 17, 1904.
November 19: Kentucky Death Records, 1852–1964 (database online). Ancestry.com.
Louise died in 1920: U.S. Find a Grave Index, 1600s–Current (database online). Ancestry.com.
“He was defeated for renomination”: “W.C.P. Breckinridge Dead,” NYT, Nov. 20, 1904.
“The [Breckinridge] name has been connected”: WCPB to SPB, Nov. 16, 1902, BFP.
“some woman’s rights gang”: JAT to Mary Tucker, March 2, 1894, TFP.
“regular hotbed”: Deutsch, Women and the City, 104.
“I’ll bet they were glad”: JAT to Mary Tucker, Dec. 11, 1904, TFP.
“terrible stupid and prosy”: JAT to Mary Tucker, Dec. 7, 1905, TFP.
“sassed”: JAT Obituary, April 29, 1964, TFP.
“such pigeons as one”: JAT to Arthur Warren, Dec. 22, 1908, TFP.
“The world is wide”: JAT to Mary Tucker, June 28, 1898, TFP.
“hard head”: JAT Obituary, April 29, 1964, TFP.
“the question of my health”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“did not have the money”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“He assembled two other justices”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“inherits her love for the law”: “Miss Breckinridge a Lawyer,” NYT, Jan. 26, 1897.
reported erroneously in 1892: “Congressman Breckinridge’s Daughter’s Legal Studies,” NYT, Nov. 28, 1892.
only exam Nisba took: 1897 Kentucky Court of Appeals Order Book 73, 376.
“special women’s interests”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“I am growing quite famous”: WCPB to SPB, June 17, 1904, BFP.
“the system which differentiates”: quoted in Klotter, Breckinridges of Kentucky, 194–95.
“social politics”: Goodwin, Gender and the Politics of Welfare Reform, 6.
“to the bearing and raising of children”: Ibid., 94.
“virtue is in peril”: Fitzpatrick, Endless Crusade, 185.
Chicago Orphan Asylum: Wright, “Three Against Time,” 47.
“mother’s pensions”: See Goodwin, Gender and the Politics of Welfare Reform.
“between lack of political equality”: Fitzpatrick, Endless Crusade, 194.
“An attempt to give a course”: Travis, “Sophonisba Breckinridge,” 112.
“a hectic round of meetings”: “Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge,” Notable American Women, 1607–1950, vol. 1.
“I came to the university”: Travis, “Sophonisba Breckinridge,” 112.
“If we come out of the depression”: Lenroot, “Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge,” 89.
seventh Pan-American Conference: “Roosevelt Limits Montevideo Talks,” NYT, Nov. 10, 1933.
ranked the top ten American political dynasties: Stephen Hess, “America’s Top Dynasties,” WP, Nov. 13, 2009.
“able, eloquent and public spirited”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“municipal housekeeping”: See Porter, Madeline McDowell Breckinridge.
pro-suffrage pamphlet: Breckinridge, Madeline McDowell Breckinridge, 22.
had been having an affair: Porter, Madeline McDowell Breckinridge, 209.
“toward a more modern”: Breckinridge, Madeline McDowell Breckinridge, viii.
long, dark dress: Fitzpatrick, Endless Crusade, 215.
“more honest and simpler”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“the access of women”: Breckinridge, Women in the Twentieth Century, 107.
“afraid of life”: SPB Autobiography, SBP.
“died in a way”: Ibid.
“I have wanted to write”: Ibid.
“outstanding figure”: “Miss Breckinridge Dies in Chicago,” NYT, July 31, 1948.
“thoroughly disgraced woman”: “Madeline Pollard’s Hope,” New York Sun, April 19, 1894.
“in good circumstances”: “Madeline Pollard in London,” WP, June 20, 1897.
“writer of fiction”: 1901 England Census (database online). Ancestry.com.
Madeleine Urquhart Pollard: 1911 England Census (database online). Ancestry.com.
good part of the mid-1920s: U.S. Passport Applications, 1795–1925 (database online). Ancestry.com.
returning to New York: “Paris” from Plymouth to New York, May 23, 1928, New York, Passenger Lists, 1820–1957 (database online). Ancestry.com.
“I am sure that it is providential”: Madeline Pollard to Nicholas Murray Butler, July 3, 1936, Nicholas Murray Butler Papers, Columbia University.
“I have asked”: “Miss Pollard Speaks of Her Past, Present, and Future,” The News (Frederick, MD), Dec. 29, 1894.
December 9, 1945: England and Wales Civil Registration Death Index, 1916–2007 (database online). Ancestry.com.
November 30, 1863: Olympic from Southampton to New York, May 12, 1931, New York, Passenger Lists, 1820–1957 (database online). Ancestry.com.