Acknowledgements

Listed in alphabetical order, these people talked with me, suggested markers or memorials that I should critique, recommended sources, commented on entries, corrected my mistakes, let me stay at their house, or provided other moral or material aid. The book and/or my life while writing it would have been worse without their aid, so readers who think the book bad enough as it stands owe them particular gratitude. I thank them very much: Ken Ames, Fred Armstrong, Dick Atlee, Bill Ayers, Bruce Baker, Will Bagley, Ed Bearss, Cynthia Beeman, Lynda Behan, Ira Berlin, Sanford Berman, Carole Blair, Cindy Bloom, Paul Bloom, Rebecca Bowman, Linda Brew, Bob Brischetto, Carol Bro, Gene Brock, Pete Brown, Thomas Brown, Fitzhugh Brundage, Lonnie Bunch, Vernon Burton, Bonnie Ann Campbell, Donald Capps, George Chester, Jennie Chinn, Richard Church, John Coski, Tom Crouch, Richard Nelson Current, Roger Davidson, R. Townsend Davis Jr., Armand Derfner, Marcia Dickson, John Dittmer, Chris Dodge, Mary Dyer, Bill Evans, Bill Fargo, Gordon Fellman, Paul Finkelman, Henry and Helen Finney, Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Susan Franzen, Matt Gernstein, Mary Giles, Hal Glatzer, Asa Gordon, Henry Guerra, Harold Gulley, Elise Guyette, Dick and Lois Harger, Bonnie and Baxter Harris, Casey Hatton, William Haviland, Steve Heath, Joe Herzenberg, Michael Hill, Sudie Hoffman, James Hollandsworth, Sara Holmes, John Howard, Andrew Huebner, Doug Imboden, Donald Irish, Dayle Irwin, Clifton Johnson, James B. Jones Jr., Lauren Kaminsky, Carol Kammen, Helmi Kortes-Erkkila, David Labaree, April Lambert, Poka Laenui, Lucy Loewen, Nicholas Loewen, Katherine Long, David Lowenthal, Paul Luebke, Sara Martin, Ken Meter, Nancy Murray and HIP-HOP students, Martha Norkunas, Jim O‘Brien, Carole S. O’Neill, Lynn Phillips, Ryan Phillips, Dwight Pitcaithley, Joe Pitti, Larry Pizer, Kevin Poe, Dorothy Redford, Ishmael Reed, Yvette Rosser, Fath Davis Ruffins, Judith K. Schafer, Saul Schniderman, Tony Scott, Edward H. Sebesta, Rick Shenkman, David Shiman, Diane Skvarla, Tricia Stadelmaier, Cinder Stanton, Julia Stein, Mark Stoler, Bryce Suderow, Lee Sultzman, Mike Swickey, Lonn Taylor, Billy Townsend, Fred Ulrich, Mark Van Ells, John Michael Vlach, Kyle Ward, Leon Waters, Robert Weyeneth, Keith Wheelock, Jon and Nancy Wilkman, Darlene Wilson, Melissa Winkler, C. Vann Woodward, Mack Woodward, Leonard Zettel, and Jim Zwick.

In addition, this book depended upon literally hundreds of citizens across the United States who sent me ideas, gave me information about historic sites in their locales, and otherwise shared information. Thank you!

I also thank three institutions: The New Press and especially my editor, Diane Wachtell, for consistent encouragement and intelligent criticism; the National Museum of American History at the Smithsonian Institution, for the privileges of Senior Research Fellow; and Catholic University of America, for adjunct faculty privileges at its Life Cycle Institute.

NOTE

At the end of each entry, a source note lists citations in the approximate order in which they are relevant to the entry, allowing the luxury of footnotes without letting them overpower the page. Abbreviations in the source notes include postal codes for state names, u. for university, UP for university press, and GPO for Government Printing Office. Sites on the World Wide Web are listed by title when appropriate, URL, and date accessed; if a URL is too long for one line, it wraps to the next line without a hyphen, to avoid ambiguity.

PHOTO CREDITS

Leon Waters, 23; James W. Loewen, 34, 39, 46, 37, 55, 58, 104, 119, 136, 165, 170, 187, 198, 274 (2), 297, 336, 392, 423, 431 (2), 439, 448; Karen Osborne, 45; Alaska Div. of Tourism, 51; Robert Weyeneth, 78; Nevada State Historic Preservation Office, 83; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory/ DOE, 85; Idaho State Historical Society, 89; Smithsonian Institution NMAH Photo office, 131; Muscatine Dept. of Parks and Recreation, 144; Hannibal Convention and Visitors Bureau, 150; Chicago Sun-Times, 156; National Park Service, 168; Library of Congress, 180, 190, 212, 220, 291; Louisiana Times Picayune, 218; Jessica Murray/Project HIP-HOP, 231; Patrick Hood, 244; Corbis/Bettmann, 248; Howard University Moorland-Springarn Center, 252, 276, 277, 348, 395; James B. Jones, Jr., 258; National Archives, 284; Metro Richmond Convention and Visitors Bureau, 311; The New Press, 341; Annemei Curlin, 386; University of Vermont Archives, 426.