Notes
1 υ. Foreword to “From Tribe to Empire,”p.ix. vii
2 v. Foreword to “The Nile and Egyptian Civilization,” p. xix.
3 We must not forget, however, the Egyptian revolution in which “the individual had given rein to his appetites and kicked over every kind of discipline.” v. Moret, “The Nile and Egyptian Civilization,” p. 220.
4 v. Jardê, “The Formation of the Greek People,” Foreword, p. xii. Renouvier, in the Introduction to “La Philosophie analytique de l’Histoire” (p. 92), makes a striking contrast between the great empires “which condemned whole races to moral death” and the peoples who created “unfettered science and law and organized the first republics.”
5 Pp. 3, 4.
6 Cf. Jardé, “The Formation of the Greek People,” p. 291.
7 v. Davy, “ From Tribe to Empire.”
8 Cf. for Borne, Homo, “Primitive Italy.” On the names of clans and their origin, v. Ad. Reinach, “Atthis, les origines de l’État athénien ” (extract from the R.S.H., 1912), pp. 19-20.
9 Ad. Reinach, p. 30 ; βαίνω and Xaôs—etymology discussed.
10 Afyos part of the territory which belongs to a community, country ; population of a country, mass of the people ; later only people as opposed to the chiefs, or mass of free citizens, democracy.
11 Phrase used by Cournot in “Traité de l’enchaînement des idées fondamentales,” p. 460.
12 Jardé, “Formation of the Greek People,” p. 294.
13 v. pp. 854-356 and—on the part played by Pericles—Jardé, ibid., pp. 285-289 : “ By his comprehension of the interests of Hellenism, by the breadth of his views, which embraced the entire Greek world, he was worthy to realize the unity of Greece, had this unity been possible.”
14 Jardé, ibid., p. 265. On the question of unity see the whole of Part IV and the Conclusion of this volume.
15 v. Jouguet, “ Macedonian Imperialism.”
16 E.g., pp. 66-67, 75, 114.
17 E.g., pp. 146, 149.
18 Pp. 153-156, 162, 302, 811.
19 Pp. 120, 216, 217.
20 ν. General Introduction to “ The Earth before History,” p. ix. For the theory of the Durkheim school as to the religious origin of institutions cf. our “ Synthèse en Histoire,” p. 201.
21 Cf. Foreword to Toutain, “ Ancient Economic Organization.”
22 v. pp. 311 ff. On the relations between economics and politics cf. Jardé, ibid., p. 160 ff.; Kowaleski, “Annales de l’lnst. int. de Sociologie,” vol. XIV, pp. 187-238 ; R. Hubert, “Manuel de Sociologie,” pp. 212-213.
23 Note that between θίμις and νόμος, there was δίκ-η, which originally ïûas inter-family justice. But the conception of δίκη was extended, and ended by being identified with the νόμοι: δίκαιος and νόμιμος were synonymous. When the idea of equality became associated with the idea of justice, the city looked for κόσμος, good order (works of Herodotus and Thucydides). It was from the city that the concept of κόσμος passed to the universe, as also that of νόμος: “the notion of natural law is explained only by the progress of judicial development.” v. on these various points an interesting discussion in the “ Année Sociologique,” vol. XI, pp. 282-286.
24 Cf. Glotz, p. 123.
25 Ouvré, “Les formes littéraires de la pensée grecque,” pp. 209-213. 8 v. pp. 254-262.
26 V. pp. 263-272.
27 Brochard, “La morale ancienne et la morale moderne,” in Étude de phil. ancienne et de phil. moderne, p. 492. Cf. Gomperz, “Penseurs de la Grèce,” vol. III, p. 341 : “The domains of law and custom, of the coercive and the non-coercive spheres, were far from being clearly defined, as we see . . . from the use of a single word to denote them both. Every usage, even the most trifling and unimportant, such, for example, as that of having hair or wearing a beard, was called nomos ; while the most important and serious law, even one which involved death, as, for instance, that against murder, was likewise called monos.”
28 v. also Declareuil, “Rome the Law-Giver,” Foreword, p. xiv and pp. 3-4.
29 Greek individualism v. Max Wundt, “Griechischc Weltanschauung,” analyzed in A. Diès, “Autour de Platon,” vol. I, pp. 55 jf.
30 Cf. Ad. Reinach, op. cit., pp. 16, 66, 67.
31 Glotz examined this ancient law in his important studies “La Solidarité de la famille en Grèce ” and “L’ordalie dans la Grèce primitive.”
32 v. Ad. Reinach, op. cit., pp. 76-85.
33 Plato,44 Republic, “473b. v. E. Brehier,44 Hist, de la Philosophic.”
34 I, Part I, p. 143; cf. p. 250.
35 On the contrast between Plato, constructer of societies, and Aristotle, observer of societies, cf. P. Janet, 44 Histoire de la science politique dans ses rapports avec la morale,” 3rd edition, vol. I, pp. 229 ff.
36 “…The substitution of codes for customs, the establishment of a written law of nations, and finally the Declaration of Rights, . . . all this is but the natural development from one and the same fact; the progressive extension of reason, and the government of human concerns by reason ...” (P. Janet, op. cit.,p. Ixx). On the preambles of laws in antiquity, v. ibid., p. 60.
37 v. a note in Rousseau, Book I, Chap. VI, which begins in this way : “ The real meaning of this word has been almost wholly lost in modern times; most people mistake a town for a city, and a townsman for a citizen. They do not know that houses make a town, but citizens a city.” For the ideas of Rousseau (and of Condorcet) on direct government by the people v. H. Sée,” L’évolution de la pensée politique en France au xviiie siècle,” pp. 293-94.
38 Rousseau realized this problem : “ In Greece, all that the people had to do, it did for itself ; it was constantly assembled in the public square. . . . All things considered, I do not see that it is possible henceforth for the Sovereign to preserve among us the exercise of its rights, unless the city is very small “ (Book III, Chap. XV). He suggests federations
THE GREEK CITY AND ITS INSTITUTIONS
1Arist., Pol., I, 1, Gjfjf.
2Iliad, VI, 244 ff.; XXIV, 405.
3Cf. XXXIII, p. 96 ff., 130 ff.
4Cf. XXXIX, p. 46 ff.
5Cf. XXXV, p. 12ff.; XXXVI, vol. I, p. 120f.
6Cf. XXXIII, p. 94 ff., 103 ff., 135 ff.
7Odyssey, XIV, 82, 88; XX, 215.
8Iliad, IX, 459 ff.; VI, 351.
9Iliaf, VI, 244 ff. ; Odyssey, III, 387 ff., 412 ff. ; X, 5 ; VI, 62 f.
10Iliad, XVII, 144; VI, 257, 327 ff. ; Odyssey, XIV, 472f.
11Iliad, IX, 589; XV, 680 f.; Odyssey, X, 103 f.; XXIV, 468;
12v. XVIII, for the word άστυ.
13ν. XVIII, for the words πτόλις and πτολΰβρον. Acropolis appears in the Odyssey, VIII, 494, 504.
14Iliad, VI, 88, 96, 297, 305; VII, 345 f ; XI, 46.
15Iliad, VI, 87 ff. ; 287 ff.
16Thuc., III, 101.
17LIII, vol. II, ii, p. 717; IG, vol. XII, 1, no. 677.
18 Iliad, VIII, 519; XVIII, 274 f.; 286 f. Scheria was likewise surrounded with walls and with palisades (Od. VI, 267).
19Cf. XVIII, 11. ce.
20Od., VI, 296 ; Χ, 104 ff. ; XV, 308, 681 ; XVI, 461 ff. ; Iliad III, 116. Iliad, II, 12; IV, 51 f.; Odyssey, XV, 384.
21Cf. Odyssey, VI, 177f. ; VIII, 151 ff.
22Demos=territory: Iliad, V, 78, 710; XVI, 437, 514; Odyssey, XIV, 329; XVII, 536.
23Demos =people: Iliad, XX, 166; Odyssey, II, 291 ; IV, 666; VIII. 157; XIII, 186; XVI, 114.
24Wiegand, Abh. ΒΑ, 1008, p. 494 ff.; cf. Sb. Β A, 1925, p. 275.
25Iliad, IX, 396.
26Cf. VII, vol. I, p. 249.
27RIG, nos. 007, 797.
28IG, vol. XII, 1, no. 605.
29v. XXXVI, vol. I, p. 414.
30RIG no. 1144.
31On the importance of the istmuses v. Thue, I 17.
32Id., II, 15, 2.
33Iliad, IX, 149 ff
34DA, art. “ Perioikoi.”
35Arist., Pol., IV (VII), 10, 4.
36Xen., Hell., VII, 5, 10; Pol., IX, 8.
37Her., I, 141, 163.
38Thuc, VIII, 44; Xen., Hell., III, 2, 27.
39.Cf. XXXVI, vol. I, p. 559.
40Ibid., p. 451.
41Thuc, 1, 2, 1 ; 5, 1 ; 7; 8, 3.
42Cf. IIII, vol. II, 11, p. 778-780.
43The name of Hestia appears for the first time in the Theogony of Hesiod (v. 454).
44Pind., Nem., XI, 1.
45Ausgr. von Olympia, vol. II, p. 58 ff. ; Weniger, Klio, vol. VI (1906), p. 1 ff.;XXX, p. 167 ff.
46Schol. Aristid., Panath., 103, 15; Livy, XLI, 20.
47Thuc, II, 15, 2; cf. Plut., Theseus, 24.
48v. XXXVI, vol. I, p. 398, 399, 424. Her. I 146.
49GDI, nos. 3501 f.; Her., VII, 197.
50υ. Wernicke, .Jb. ΑΙ, vol. IX (1894), p. 127-135; G. Leroux, Les orig de l’édif. Hypostyle, p. 75-77; XXX, p. 271-274.
51Thuc., II, 15, 2-3; Her., I, 170; RIG, nos. 432-435; cf. XXIII, p.195 ff.
52Aris., Pol., VII (VI), 5, 2 (v.trabs. Ellis, p.196).
53Ibid., IV (VII), 11, 2-3.
54Iliad, IX, 807.
55Arist., loc. cit., 2.
56IV, p. 45, 59 f.; SIG3, nos. 47,1. 21 ; 525,1. 11 ; 1045,1. 9, 34; 1012, 1. 2.
57Cf. RIG, nos. 139,1. 23; 142,1. 5; 961, Β, 1. 28; 969,1. 2; 979,1. 16.
58Cf. DA, art. “ Ekklesia,” p. 512.
59Odyssey, IX, 112; Her., I, 153.
60Thuc., I, 7.
61ν. II, III, vol. III, 1, p. 263 ff.; cf. Cavaignac, “La popul. du Péloponèse aux Ve et IVe siècles “ (Klio, vol. XII, 1912, p. 261 ff).
62Thuc, I, 10, 2.
63.Her., I, 151.
64Plato, Laws, IV, p. 707e-708b;
65 cf. Isocr., Paneg., 34-36.
66Cyprin, fr. 1, Kinkel.
67Her., VII, 102.
68Hes., Op. et Dies, 370.
69v. DA, art. “ Expositio.”
70Arist., Pol, II, 5, 2.
71Plato, Latos, V, p. 737d-738e.
72Arist., Pol, IV (VII), 4, 3-8; Nie. Eth., IX, p. 1170b.
73Plut., Timol., 23, 25. Diod., XVI, 52.
74Thuc, I, 100, 3; Diod., XI, 49, 1.
75Xen., Hell., V, 3, 10.
76Diod., XIV, 78, 6.
77.Diog. Laërt., III, 1, 27.
78Her., VII, 135.
79Arist., Pol., VIII (V), 2, 10.
80Her., I, 170
81Arist., Pol., II, 1, 5.
82Thuc, III, 37 ff.
83Id., VIII, 48.
PART I
THE CITY UNDER ARISTOCRACY
1Iliad, II, 198; XII, 213; Odyssey, II, 239; VI, 34.
2 Od., XIII, 192; cf. Il, XI, 242.
3 Il, XV, 558; XXII, 429; Od., VII, 131.
4 Cf. XXXVI. vol. I. p. 125.
5 Il, II, 660.
6 Od., XIX, 174; Il, II, 646 ff.
7 Il, IX, 149 ff.
8 Od., IV, 174 ff.
9 Od., XI, 489 f.
10 Il., IX, 63, 648.
11. XXXIII, p. 85-91.
12 IL, XXIV, 399 f. For the fine, v. Il, XIII, 609; for the redemption, XXIII, 297.
13 ΧΧΧΙΠ, loc. cit.
14 Il, II, 362 f.
15. Il, IV, 65.
16 Od., XIX, 177.
17 Il. II. 654 f. 668.
18 Il, II, 591-602; Od., III, 7-8.
19. Od., VIII, 35f.; 48, 390f.; cf. XXXIV, p. 240.
20 Od., VIII, 392 ff; XIII, 10 ff.; cf. XIX, 196f.
21 Il, XVIII, 556 ff.
22 v. for the ordinary soldiers, Ii, IV, 280; V, 544 ff.
23.Od., VIII, 41, 47; cf. il, XVIII, 507.
24. IX, 160, 392; Χ, 239; Od., XV, 533.
25.IL, IX, 69
26 Od., VIII, 390 f.
27.Od., VII, 167, 11. ε Ibid., 189.
28. Od., XIX, 179; cf. Plato, Minos, p. 319b; Laws, I, p. 624 a-b, 630d, 632d; Strab., X, 4, 8, p. 476; 19, p. 482.
29 Plutarch, Agis, 11.
30 On the right of the eldest son, v. Il, II, 106f. ; Od., XIX, 181-184; cf. Il, XV, 204.
31. Od., I, 387; XVI, 388, 401.
32. Od., VII, 63 .ff.; cf. IL, XX, 180 ff., 231 ff.
33. Il.,VI, 191; cf. XX, 180 ff.
34. Il, II,’ 101ff.; cf. 46, 186; IX, 38; VII, 412. The sceptre of Agamemnon was the object of a cult at Cheronœa (Paus., X, 40, 11).
35. Il, II, 196; cf. I, 279; VI, 159; IX, 37, 99.
36. AEsch., Suppl, 370; Od., VI, 196; XI, 346; cf. 353; VIII, 382.
37 Il, II, 402 ff.; Ill, 271 ff.; VII, 314/ f; IX, 534 f; Od., III, 444 Jf f; VIII, 59/jr.; XIII, 181.
38. Od., VIII, 40 ff.; 56 ff.
39. IL, IX, 98 f; Od., XI, 569; cf. IL, XVI, 542.
40. Od., XIX, 109 ff f
41 XXXVI, vol. I, p. 00; IL, II, 487, 760; VII, 234; XI, 465; Od., XVIII, 106.
42.IL, II, 204 f
43. IL, IX, 252, 438; XI, 783.
44. IL, II, 65g.; 362 ff., 553f.; IX, 69; XVI, 129, 155, 171 f
45. IL, XI, 807; II, 391 ff.; cf. Arist., Pol., Ill, 9, 2.
46. IL, III, 105 ff., 250 ff.; VII, 354 ff.; Od. III, 82; IV, 314.
47. IL, X, 133; VIII, 162; IV, 262; Od., XIX, 225; VIII, 4, 46, 101, 162.
48. IL, VI, 194 f; IX, 578 ff.; XX, 184 f; Od., VI, 291 ff.; XI, 184 f
49.Cf. Od., I, 897 ff.; XI, 174; XXIV, 205 .ff.
50.IL, IX, 154f.; XXIII, 296f.
51. IL, VII, 470 f; cf. XXIII, 744 f
52.IL, I, 124, 161 ff., 368 f; II, 226 / f; VIII, 286 ff.; IX, 130 / f; XVII, 231; Od., VII, 10; IX, 42; XI, 534.
53.Od., I, 392.
54. Od., II, 48, 235.
55.Od., XIV, 48, etc., 121, etc., 100 ff.
56. IL, XI, 322 ; XV, 431 ff. ; XVI, 685 ; XIX, 281 ; XXIII, 90 ; XXIV, 396 f; Od., XV, 96.
57. IL, IX, 438 ff. ; XVI, 148, 279; Od., IV, 22 ff., 35 ff., 216 f; XV, 95 ff.
58. IL, I, 334; VII, 275; VIII, 517; X, 315; XII, 343; XXIV, 412, 575; Od., XVII, 173; XXII, 357 ff.
59 XIX, 196 ff., 247 ff.; XVIII, 558 ff.
60 II., I, 820 ff., 334 ff.
61 Od., VIII, 8.
62 IL, VIII, 517.
63 IL, II, 50, 97 JF, 279 #.; XXIII, 567 ff; Od., II, 6, 37 f
64 XVIII, 503 ff.
65IL, II, 442.
66Od., IX, 90; X, 59, 102; IL, VII, 372 ff.; XXIV, 149 ff., 180 ff.; III, 116 245 ff.
67 Od., XX, 276 ; I, 109 ff. ; VII, 163 ff. ; VIII, 474 ff. ; XVIII, 423 ff.
68 Od., XIX, 135.
69 IL, igo, 202 ff., 211 ff.
70 IL, XVI, 271 f
71 IL, VI, 531; V, 48; XIII, 600; XI, 843; XV, 401.
72 IL, VIII, 109, 113, 119; XII, 76, 111; XIII, 386.
73 IL, XVI, 145 ff., 865.
74 IL, IX, 190 ff. ; XIX, 331 ff. ; cf. XXIII, 78.
75 IL, VII, 149; XVI, 129 ff., 145, 164 ff., 257 ff.
76 v., for all these words, XVIII.
77 IL, 404 ff.; Χ, 300 f; Od., VII, 189.
78 Od., VI, 156; X, 326.
79 IL, II, 55; Od., VI, 53 ff.
80 Od., VII, 95 / f
81 IL., IX, 70 ff., 89 ff
82 Od., XV, 468; Jî., IV, 259; IX, 422.
83 Od., XV, 466 f
84 Od., VII, 95 f; VIII, 422; cf. XVI, 408; XXII, 23. ‘
85 IL, XVII, 247; cf. IV, 344; VIII, 161; IX, 70 ff.
86 IL, II, 56ff.;IX, 672 ff.
87 IL, II, 76, 433; Od., VII, 155; IL, XIV, 122 ff.
88 IL II 76.
89 IL VII, 344; IX, 173, 710; Od., XIII, 16, 47.
90 *IL., IX, 76.ff.
91 IL, II, 86; Od., VIII, 46.
92 Od., II, 14; VIII, 6.78
93 IL., IX, 578.
94 Od., VII, 155 ff.; VIII, 40/ f, 386/ f; XIII, 7/ f, 47/ f
95 Od., XXI, 21.
96 IL., 53 Jf f; VII, 313/ f; XV, 721 /f.; XVIII, 249/ f
97 IL, XXII, 119.
98 Cf. Od., XVI, 402 f. ; XIX, 297; IL, VII, 45.
99 Od., XXII, 55ff.; ‘]V, 164 ff.
100 XVIII, 497 ff.; cf. XXXIII, p. 115 ff., 127 ff.
101 Od., XII, 440.
102 Il.,I, 238; Od., XI, 185 f
103 IL, XVI, 385 ff.
104 Od., XV, 468; cf. II, 26; III, 127.
105 IL II, 143; cf. 268.
106 Od., IX, 112, 215.
107 IL, I, 54;XIX, 40.
108 Od., II, 26 ff.
109 IL, II, 50 ff. ; IX, θ / f ; cf. Od., II, 6-8 ; VIII, 7 ff.
110 IL. II, 48 ff.; VIII, 1 jf f; Od., II, 1 jf f; VIII, 1 ff.
111 Od., Ill, 138 ff
112 IL., II, 92.
113 IL, II, 788; VIII, 325, 382; Od., Ill, 5-6; VI, 266; VIII, 5.
114 Od., Ill, 7-8; cf. VIII, 16.
115IL, XVIII, 504; Od., II, 14; III, 31; VIII, 6.
116 IL, II, 96, etc.; IX, 13; XIX, 50; Od., Ill, 149; XVIII, 246.
117 Od., II, 32.
118 IL I, 59 ff.; XIX, 55 ff.
119 Od., VII, 150; II, 30; IL, XVII, 345 ff.
120 IL, I, 15 ff.;
121II, 110 ff.; VII, 382 ff.
122 Cf. II, 50 ff., 86, 110 ff. ; IX, 16 ff. ; XIX, 55 ff.
123 IL., I, 234, 245; II, 100; Od., II, 37.
124 Il., VII, 126.
125 IL, I, 490; XII, 325; XV, 283 f; Od., XI, 510 ff.
126 IL, III, 150.
127 IL, VII, 385; IX, 17; Od., VIII, 26.
128 IL., I, 59; XIX, 56.
129IL, IX, 31 ff.
130IL, II, 198, 202; XII, 213.
131Od., II, 15 ff.; IL, II, 211-264.
132 IL, 50-378.
133 IL., IX, 9-161.
134 IL., VII, 345-417.
135 Od., VII, 11 ; XI, 346;
136cf. 353; VI, 197; VIII, 382.
137 Od., VIII, 4-46.
138 Od., II, 6-257.
139 IL., 64.
140 Od., Ill, 137-157.
141 Od., XXIV, 420-548.
142 V XXXIII, p. 53 f, 233.
143 Od., XVI, 375 ff.
144 IL, III, 17.
145 Od., XVI, 424 ff.
146 Od., XXIV, 421 ff.
147 Od., XI, 495 ff.
148 Od., XV, 520; XVIII, 34.
149Od., Ill, 214-215.
150 Od., XXIV, 483.
151Od., XIII, 262 ff.
152 The “ kings ” of the
153Phseaeians were called ά.
154ρχοί (Od., VIII, 391), as was the ruler of several peoples, including the
155Athenians (IL, XV, 337) whose archos was, in that case, a polemarchos.
156 Od., I, 141 ; IV, 57; XVI, 252 f; XVII, 331.
157 XXXVI, vol. I, p. 401.
158 Od., XIV, 237-239.
CHAPTER II-ORGIN
1 “Hereditary monarchy is unendurable when men are equal,” says Aristotle, Pol., VIII (V), 1, 6.
2 Dem., C. Lept., 29,31 ; IGPE, vol. II, nos. Iff. ; RIG, nos. 98, 124.
3 Her., VII, 148f.; ΒCH,vol. XXXIV (1910), p. 331 ; Paus., IV, 35,2 (of. II, 19, 2; Diod., VII, fr. 13).
4 Her., V, 92; Diod., VII, fr. 9.
5 Strab., XIV, 1, 3, p. 633; cf. Diog. Laert., XX, 6.
6 Her., VIII, 132; Strab., XIII, 1, 52, p. 607; Arist., loc. cit., 5, 4; Ath. Const., 41, 3.
7 CRAI, 1906, p. 511 ff.; Arist., Pol., loc. cit., 8, 13. « Arist., op. cit., Ill, 9, 8; Isocr., Mgin., 36; IG, vol. XII, v, nos. 54, 1008; CDI, nos. 5653c, 5495; IGPE, vol. I, no. 53.
8 IG, vol. VII, nos. 1 ff., 188 ff., 223 ff.; RIG, nos. 166, 172, 338, 1227.
9 IG, vol. XII, viii, nos. 164 ff., 186 ff.
10 Arist., Ath. Const., 41, 2; 8, 3; 57, 4. Cf. REG, vol. XIII (1900), p. 156.
11 Cf. XXXIII, p. 248.
12 Theophr. ap. Stob., Flor., XLIV, 22; RIG, no. 356, 1. 1, 9, etc.
13 IG, vol. XII, ii, no. 646, a, 1. 45; 6, 1. 14, 37.
14 Plut., Qu. gr., 2, p. 291 f; Arist. ap. Schol. Eurip., Medea, 19.
15 Wilamowitz, Nordionische Steine (Abh. Β A, 1909, p. 66 ff.); RIG, no. 33; GID, vol. Ill, no. 5653.
16 v. XXVIII, 1. IV, chap. IV.
17 Her., II, 143; GDI, no. 5656; Pherecydes, 20 (FHG, vol. I, p. 73); Paus., Ill, 2, 1-3; 7, 1-5.
18 Od., XXI, 335.
19 Cf. Helbig, Les .Wfîs ath. (MAI, vol. XXXVII, 1902, p. 157 ff.).
20 Arist., Pol., VI (IV), 10,10; 3,1-2; VII (VI), 4, 3 (v. Pol. translated William Ellis [Everyman ed.l, p. 131-2, 195).
21 Id., ibid., VI (IV), 3, 2 and 8; VIII (V), 5, 10. Cf. XXXVI, vol. I, 309, 312, 403 ff.
22 LXXXI, p. 123; cf. XXXVI, vol. I, p. 312 ff.
23 Cf. XXXVI, vol. I, p. 326 ff.
24 Her., II, 135; Athen., XIII, 69, p. 5966; Strab., XVII, 1, 33, p. 808.
25 Plut., Sol., 2; Arist., Ath. Const., 11, 1.
26 Alcœus, fr. 49; Theognis, 190; cf. 662 ff.
27 Arist., Pol., VII (VI), 4, 6; Asius ap. Athenœus, XII, 30, p. 525. and Xenophanes, ibid., 31, p. 526&; Thuc. 1, 6; Plut., Sol., 21.
28 Theognis, 523.
29 The last of these expressions frequently occurs in Herodotus: V, 30, 77; VI, 91 ; VII, 156. Cf. Aristophanes, Peace, 639.
30 v. Arist., Pol., Ill, 5, 2.
31 Phocylides, fr. 7; Her., V, 29 (cf. 1,17,19, 21); Heracleides Ponticus ap. Athen., XII, 26, p. 523 f
32 Plut., Qu. gr., 32, p. 298c.
33 Id., ibid. Cf. CBAI, 1906, p. 511 ff.
34 Pol., VI (IV), 5, 1 and 6-8.
35 Cf. XXXVI, vol. I, p. 309 ff.
36 Schol. Eurip., Rhes., 307.
37 Dem., C. Aristocr., 199; Pub. Econ., 23; Plut., Reg. et imper, apophth. Epamin., 17, p. 193e.
38 Pind., Pyth., X, 71.
39 Xen., Hell., VI, 1, 8.
40 IG, vol. IX, ii, nos. 458 f; 513; 517, 1. 20; 524.
41 Arist., Pol., IV (VII), 11, 2.
42 Cf. VII, vol. I, p. 359f.
43 υ. XXXVI, vol. I, p. 319.
44 Pol, IV, 73, 8-10.
45 Arist., Pol., VIII (V), 5, 7-8 (v. translation William Ellis [Everyman ed.], p. 155-156).
46 Cf. REG, vol. XVI (1903), p. 151 ff.
47 Plut., Qu. gr., 1, p. 291c.
48 Strab., IV, 1, 5, p. 179.
49 v. M. Clerc, DA, article “ Timouchoi “; VII, vol. I, p. 357, n. 3; Massalia, vol. I (1927), p. 424 ff.
50 Arist., loc. cit., 2 (trans. Ellis, p. 154).
51 Id., ibid., VII (VI), 4, 5.
52 Id., ibid., VIII (V), 5, 2-3.
53 Cic, Rep., I, 27, 43; 28, 44.
54 Arist., Pol., VI (IV), 5, 7.
55 Heracl. Pont., XI, 6 (FHG, vol. II, p. 217).
56 Xenophan. ap. Athen., XII, 31, p. 526a; Theop., ibid., c (FHG, vol. I, p. 299, fr. 129); ef. Arist., loc. cit., 3, 8.
57 JJG, vol. I, no. xi (cf. IG, vol. IX, 1, no. 334), Β, 1. 14 f.; Polyb., XII, 5, 26. v. Wilhelm, Jh. AI, vol. I (1898), Beiblatt, p. 50,1. 15.
58 Iamblichus, v. Pyth., 35, p. 260; Val. Max., VIII, 15, 12; cf. Diod., XII, 9, 4.
59 Heracl. Pont., fr. 25 (FHG, vol. II, p. 219); cf. RIG, nos. 555, 952.
60 Timœus, fr. 88 (FHG, vol. I, p. 213).
61 Arist., Pol., VIII (V), S, 2 (cf. 4, 2); Diod., XIX, 5, 6; (cf. 4, 3; 6, 1 and 4).
62 Arist., Ath. Const., 29, 5; 33, 1-2; Thuc, VIII, 05, 8; 67, 3; 97, 1; Lys., P. Polystr., 13.
63 Arist., op. cit., 36 ff. Cf. XCII, p. 3 ff., 7 ff.
64 Diod., XVIII, 18; Plut., Phoc, 28.
65 IG, vol. XII, viii, no. 276.
66 v. infra, p. 84.
67 Arist., Pol, VI (IV), 10, 10.
68 P. Oxy., XI, 2; cf. Xen., Hell, V, 4, 9;
69 Arist., Pol, II, 9, 7; III, 8, 4; VII (VI), 4, 5;
70 Heracl. Pont.,fr. 43 (FHG, vol. II, p. 224). v.
71 BCH, vol. XXXII (1908), p. 271 ff.
72 Poll., X, 165; Arist., fr. 518 Rose.
73 P. Oxy., XI, 3-4.
74 IJG, vol. I, p. 410 ff.
75 RIG no, 2 3, 1. 12 f.
76 Arist., Pol, II, 7, 3-8. Cf. IJG, loc. cit., p. 414f.; XXXVI, vol. I., p. 301 f.
77 Ps. Herodes Atticus, Ilepi πολιτάας. v. XCIV; cf. LIX, p. 207.
78 v. infra, p. 120.
79 Arist., Ath. Const., 4, 2-3.
80 Lys., XXXIV. Cf. XCII, p. 420 ff.
81 Arist., Pol., VI (IV), 10, 6-7 (υ. trans. Ellis, p. 130-131).
CHAPTER III
1 Id., ibid., IV (VII), 11, 2.
2 Id., ibid., VI (IV), 11, 9.
3 Id., ibid., II, 7, 4; cf. IJG, vol. I, p. 416.
4 Law of Gortyna, X, 33-36; XI, 10-14 (IJG, vol. I, p. 386); RIG, nos. 53 ff.
5 P. Oxy., XI, 38 ff. v. BCH, vol. XXXII (1908), p. 271.
6 Arist., Ath. Const., 30, 3-0; Thuc, VIII, 67, 3.
7 Thuc, ibid., 97.
8 IG, vol. II2, no. 12. Cf. Ad. Wilhelm, loc. cit., p. 43;
9 LVIII, vol. ΙΙ,Γρ. 430 f Glotz, REG, vol. XXXIV (1921), p. 2.
10 v. DA, art. “ Ekklesia,” p. 512-515.
11 Thuc, V, 68.
12 RIG, nos. 555, 553.
13 Diod., XII, 9, 4; Iambi., op. cit., 35; cf. Val. Max., VIII, 15, 12; Dicsearchus, fr. 29 (FHG, vol. II, p. 244).
14 Arist., Pol., Ill, 1,7
15 v. supra, p. 77.
16 Plut., Ou. gr., I, p. 291e; Thuc, V, 47; IG, vol. IV, no. 554.
17 Her., VII, 148 f; cf. Thuc., loc. cit.; IG, loc. cit., no. 557; BCH, vol. XXXIV (1910), p. 331,1. 25.
18 Plut., Lye, 26; cf. Arist., Pol., II, 6, 15; 8, 2; Polybius, VI, 45, 5.
19 Plut., loc. cit.; Arist., loc. cit., 6, 18-19.
20 Arist., loc. cit., 17-18 (trans. Ellis, p. 55).
21 Id., ibid., VIII (V), 5, 8.
22 RIG, no. 488; Dicajarchus, loc. cit.
23 Arist., Pol., II, 7, 5; cf. Diod., XVI, 65, 6-7.
24 Plut., Qu. gr., 4, p. 292b.
25 Arist., Pol., VI (IV), 12, 8 (trans. Ellis, p. 138); cf. 11, 9; VII (VI), 5, 10 and 13.
26 Nie. Dam., fr. 60, 9 (FHG, vol. III, p. 394); cf. Suid., s.v. ΠΑΝΤΑ ΟΚΤΩ ; Diod., XVI, 65, 6-8. υ. H. Lutz, “The Corinthian Constitution” (Cl. R, vol. X, 1896, p. 418); Szanto, “Gr. Phylen” (SB. WA, vol. CXLIV, 1901, p. 16).
27 IG, vol. IX, 1, nos. 682 ff.; v. RIG, nos. 319 f
28 Cf. IV, p. 45 ff.
29 RIG, no. 263, A, 1. 26.
30 Ib., no. 402, 1. 6, 14, etc.; IG, vol. XII, v, no. 594, 1. 19.
31 v. Holleaux, REG, vol. X (1897), p. 864 ff.; LXXXI, p. 314, 1. 10. 1911, p. 6, 24.
32 RIG, no. 345, 1. 28 f
33 Thue, VIII, 1, 3; Arist., Ath. Const., 29, 1-2.
34 RIG, no. 195 (cf. no. 194); Thuc, V, 47, 6.
35 IG, vol. IV, no 493 (cf. nos. 487, 560).
36 Etym. M., s.v. δημιουργός. Examples: Aigion in Achsea (RIG, no. 288), Samos (ibid., no. 371), Amorgus (ibid., no. 712), Astypalœa (ibid., no. 416), Nisyrus (ibid., no. 43,1. 9), Cnidus (ibid., no. 1340,1. 57, 86), Ithaca (SIG3, no. 558).
37 v. M. Clerc, DA, art. “ Timouchoi; Massalia,” vol. I (1927), p. 430 ff.; VII, p. 357.
38 RIG, nos. 1318, Β, 1. 29; 498, Β,Ι. 60; 499,1. 12; IPr., 4, 6, 10-12; Athen., IV, 32, p. 149 f; Dittenberger, Or. gr. inscr. sel., no. 120.
39 Paus., VII, 20, 1; 21, 6. ‘
40 IL, XXIV, 347; Od., VIII, 258 ff.
41 Sb. ΒΑ, 1904, p. 619; 1005, p. 543.
42 IJG, vol. I, no. xv, A; RIG, no. 1318, Β, 1. 4-5, 9.
43 Arist. ap. Schol. Eurip., Medea, Ιϋ;ΡοΙ., Ill, 0, 5-6; 10,1 ; VI (IV), 9, 2.
44 Id., ibid., Ill, 9, 6; Strab., XIII, 2, 3, p. 617; Plut., Sol., 14.
45 RIG, no. 169; Paus., I, 43, 3.
46 IO, no. 22α, 1. 5.
47 GDI, vol. Ill, nos. 3068, 1. 4, 10; 3052 ff.; RA, 1925, I, p. 258; RIG, no. 338,1. 56.
48 Cf. IV, p. 47 ff.
49 Arist., Pol., VIII (V), 4, 3; RIG, nos. 451, 33, 499, 350, 360, 358.
50 Diod., VII, fr. 9; RIG, nos. 319, 555.
51 Arist., Ath. Const, 3, 5; cf. XXXVI, vol. I, p. 397 ff.
52 Arist., Pol., Ill, 11, 1; IJG, vol. I, no. xi, Β, 1. 16 f
53 Arist., Pol., VIII (V), 4, 3.
54 Diod., loc. cit.; Paus., II, 4, 4. Cf. XXXVI, vol. I, p. 319.
55 RIG, no. 195,1. 3.
56 Hes., Op. et Dies, 38, 263.
57 IJG, vol. II, no. xxi, 1. 12; cf. p. 13.
58 Diod., XVI, 65, 6-8.
59 XXXVI, vol. I, p. 363, 364, 366.
60 Pol., XII, 16.
61 II., I, 238; XVI, 386 ff.
62 .IJG, vol. I, p.420-431 ;ibid., no. xi.B.l. 7-8; vol. II, no. xxi.l. 24 f
63 Arist., Pol., II, 7, 6.
64 Id., ibid., VI (IV), 5,1 and 8.
65 Id., ibid., VII (VI), 1, 10.
66 Id., ibid., VI (IV), 5, 7.
67 Id., ibid., II, 7, 5; cf. IJG, vol. I, p. 414. ε Arist., Po f, VI (IV), 3, 8.
68 Plato, Rep., VIII, 6, p. 550c; 7, p. 553a; Arist., Pol., Ill, 3, 4; VI (IV), 5, 1 ; 7, 3; 12, 7 and 10; VIII (V), 5, 5 and 11.
69 Arist., Pol., VI (IV), 5, 1.
70 Id., ibid., II, 4, 4; VIII (V), 6, 6. ‘
71 Id., ibid., VI (IV), 4, 3; 5, 3.
72 Id., ibid., II, 9,2; Ath. Const, 2, 2; 22, 1 ; 28, 2; Isocr., Areop., 16; Antid., 232.
73 Arist., Ath. Const, 29, 3; Plut., dm., 15.
74 Arist., Pol., VI (IV), 10, 10.
75 Id., ibid., VIII (V), 5, 8.
76 Id., Ath. Const, 30, 2 f; 31, 1.
77 Id., tftid., 4, 3.
78 Id., i&id., 29, 2, 5.
79 Thuc, VI, 38, 5
80 Heracl. Pont., fr. 31, 2 (FHG, vol. II, p. 222).
81 RIG, nos. 402,1. 21 ; 34, 1. 44.ff.; 694, 1. 120.ff.
82 CIG, no. 1845, 1. 47.
83 Dem., C. Androt., 32; C. Timocr., 75
84 Xen., Laced. Rep., 8, 1 ff.
85 Arist., Pol., VI (IV), 3, 5; Plato, Rep., V, v. p. 463a.
86 Hymn. Horn., XXX, 7-16.
87 Arist., Pol., VII (VI), 4, 3.
88 Id., ibid., VIII (V), 9, 21.
89 Id., ibid., 7, 19; VI (IV), 10, 10.
90 Id., Ath. Const., 13, 2. Id., Pol., VII (VI), 4, 5.
91 Id., Ath. Const., 30, 2. Id., Pol., VIII (V), 2, 6; 5, 8.
92 Id., ibid., II, 7, 6-8 (v. trans. Ellis, p. 59). Her., Ill, 82.
CHAPTER IV-THE BIRTH
1 Hes., Op. et Dies, 379 ff.; cf. 299 ff.
2 Id., ibid., 376.
3 Id., ibid., 219 ff., 200 ff.
4 Id., ibid., 20, 252 ff.
5 Id., ibid., 203 ff.
6 This is the term which most nearly approaches to our modern “capitalism” (v. Plato, Gorgias, p. 477a; Euthym., p. 807a; Arist., Pol., I, 2, 2; 3, 10).
7 Alcseus, fr. 40; v. supra, p. 67.
8 Cf. Arist., Pol., VI (IV), 3, 1 and 8; VII (VI), 4, 0.
9 Id., ibid., VI (IV), 10,11.
10 Id., ibid., 9, 3 ff.
11 Plut., Sol., 23.
12 Arist., Pol., VII (VI), 2, 1.
13 Aleœus, fr. 19.
14 Id., fr. 20.
15 Theognis, 53 ff., 677 ff., 847 ff., 349.
16 Thue., Ill, 82-83. 4 v. infra, p. 319.
17 Hes., Op. et Dies, 219 ff., 252 ff.
18 Arist., Pol., II, 9, 5 and 9.
19 Herondas, Mimiambes, II, 41 ff; BJG, no. 34, 1. 60 ff., 120 ff.; Strab., XII, 2, 9, p. 539.
20 Arist., Pol., II, 3, 7; 9, 0-7.
21 IJG, vol. I, no. xviii; Έφ., 1920, p. 76.
22 ΧΧΧΙΠ, p. 244 ff.
23 Arist., Pol., Ill, 9 (14), 5; Dion. Hal., V, 73.
24 Suid., s.i). Άρίσταρχος ; Her., IV, 161.
25 Her., V, 28-29.
26 Cf. XXXVI, vol. I, p. 242-244.
27 Thuc, I, 13.
28 Heracl. Pont. ap. Athen., XII, 26, p. 524a.
29 v. LXXVI.
30 Her., V, 92, 6.
31 Id., ibid., 68.
32 Arist., Pol., VIII (V), 9, 15 (v. trans. Ellis, p. 178).
33 Id., ibid., 4, 5; Rhet., I, 2, 7.
34 Poll., VII, 68; Dion. Hal., VII, 9.
35 Arist., Ath. Const., 16, 5;
36 Hippias of Erythra; (FHG, vol. IV, p. 431); Heracl. Pont., V, 2 (FHG, vol. II, p. 213).
37 Heracl. Pont., loc. cit.; Nicolaus Damascenus, fr. 59 (ibid., vol. Ill, p. 393); cf. Timœus, fr. 48 (ibid., vol. I, p. 202).
38 Her., II, 167.
39 Nie. Dam., loc. cit.; cf. XXXVI, vol. I, p. 321, 434.
40 Arist., Pol., VIII (V), 9, 4.
41 Id., ibid.; Her., Ill, 60.
42 Her., V, 92, 5.
43 Arist., Pol, VI (IV), 8, 5.
PART II
CHAPTER I
1 For details of Spartan institutions v. XXXV, p. 107 ff.; XXXVI, vol. I, p. 335 ff., and references to Sparta in the index of the present work.
2 XXXVI, vol. I, p. 381 ff.
3 Ibid 395 ff 4
4 Ibid., p. 390 ff.
5 Ibid., 416 ff.
6 Ibid., p. 418.
7 Ibid., p. 420 ff.
8 Ibid., p. 411 ff., 425.
9 Ibid., p. 426 ff.
10 Ibid., p. 443.
11 Ibid., p. 441 ff.
12 Ibid., p. 467 ff.
13 Arist., Ath. Const., 22, 2.
14 Ibid., 5; cf. 20, 2.
15 Ibid 23 1-2.
16 Ibid’.’, 25,’ 1-2 ; Philoch., fr. 1416 (FHG, vol. I, p. 407) ; Plut., Pericl., 7, 9; dm., 10, 15.
17 Plut., Sol., 19, 2.
18 DA, art. “ Paranomôn graphè.” Cf. pp. 134, 178-180.
19 Arist., op. cit., 26, 2.
20 v. DA, art. “ Sortitio,” p. 1406 f
21 AEsch., Pers., 241 f; Eurip., Suppl., 404 ff.; cf. CXXVI, p. 129 ff.
22 Her., III, 80; V, 37; Plat., Rep., VIII, p. 5036; Ps. Plat., Menex., p. 230a. Cf. CXXVI, loc. cit.
23 Her., V, 78; Dem., C. Mid., 124.
24 Thue, II, 37 (Eng. trans. Crawley [Everyman], p. 122); cf. Ps. Plat., loc. cit.; Eurip., loc. cit.
25 XXXV, p. 177 ff.; LXXVII, p. IS ff.
26 XCIX, p. 344 ., 864 . ; XXXV, p. 354 / f
27 Arist., op. cit., 51, 3.
28 Lys., Against Com Merch., 5; cf. XCIX, p. 342 ff.
29 Arist., op. cit., 51, 4.
30 Ps. Dem., C. Lacr., 51.
31 Id., C. Phorm., 37; C. Lacr., 50; Lye, C. Leocr., 27.
32 Plut., Pericl., 37; Aristoph., Wasps, 716 et Schol.
33 RTG, no. 569, A, I. 10,12, 14, 23; Β, 1. 5, 6, 9, etc.; Arist., op. cit., 28, 3. Cf. CXXIV, vol. II, p. 212.
34 Harp., s.v. θεωρικά,
35 Arist., op. cit., 42, 1.
36 Xen., Mem., IV, 4, 16. Cf. DA, art. “ Jusjurandum,” p. 753 ff. ‘
37 Plut., Ale, 15; Dem., Emb., 303 et Schol.
38 Plut. loc. cit.
39 v. P. Girard, art. “ Ephebi,” Ό A, vol. II, p. 624-625 and illustration 2677.
40 Poll., VIII, 105; Stob., Floril., XLIII, 48. Cf. P. Girard, loc. cit.
41 Ps. Dem., C. Neaira, 88; cf. Her., Ill, 80; Arist., Pol., II, 9, 3.
42 Ps. Dem., loc. cit.
43 Arist., Pol., VIII (V), 4, 6.
44 Aristoph., Wasps, 549.
45 Arist., loc. cit. ; II, 9, 3; cf. VI (IV), 4, 4-5.
46 Her., VII, 104.
47 χen., Hell., I, 7, 12.
48 Id., ibid., 14; Mem., I, 8; Plat., Apol., p. 326; Ps. Plat., Axioch., p. 368d.
49 Xen., loc. cit., 35.
50 v. XXVm.l. Ill, chap. XI; 1. IV, chap. IX.
51 Arist., Probl., XIX, 28; Hermippos, fr. 7 (FHG, vol. Ill, p. 37); Strab., XII, 2, 9, p. 239.
52 Cf. XXXIII, p. 569 ff.; XXXIV, p. 53 ff.
53 Arist., Pol., Ill, 11, 3.
54 Id., ibid., 10, 4; 11, 6; Her., VII, 104.
55 Arist., loc. cit., 11, 4.
56 Id., ibid., 6, 13.
57 Id., ibid., 11, 8.
58 ISOcr., Areop., 14; cf. 78.
59 Arist., loc. cit., 4, 1 ; VI (IV), 1, 5.
60 Id., ibid., VI (IV), 1, 5 (Eng. trans. Ellis, p. 108).
61 Dem., De Coron., 312.
62 Hyper., P. Euxen., 3, 4, 10.
63 Dem., C. Pantain., 35.
64 Id., C. Timocr., 190.
65 Id. C. Lacr. 3.
66 ‘ v. R. Schoeli; Sb. MA, 1886, p. 92 f; cf. VII, vol. I, p. 303 f
67 Dem., C. Timocr., 20.
68 Id., C. Aristocr., 22; Lys.
69 Murder of Eratosth., 30; C. Andoc, 15.
70 IG, II2, no. 179.
71 Athen., VI, 26, p. 234 f; 27, p. 235c-d.
72 Arist., Ath. Const., 8, 1; 47, 1.
73 Plut., Sol., 24.
74 IG, vol. IX, ii, no. 694
75 IMa, no. 14.
76 LXXXII, p. 6,1. 54; p. 8,1. 80; cf. p. 17.
77 Dittenberger, Or. Gr. inscr. sel., no. 483.
78 Cf. Th. Reinach, NRIID, 1920, p. 583 ff.; 1921, p. 5 ff.
79 Heraclit., fr. 114, 44 (Diels, Fragm. der Vorsokr, 4th ed., vol. I, p. 100, 86).
80 Ps. Dem., C. Arisiocr., I, 15-16. Cf. LXXVII, p. 18 ff.
81 Plat., Crit., p. 50α-51α.
82 Anaxag., fr. 12, 13 (Diels, loc. cit., p. 404 ff.).
CHAPTER II-IDEAS
1 Thuc, II, 30-41.
2 Her., Ill, 80; Eurip., Suppl., 406 ff., 420 ff.
3 Eurip., loc. cit., 438 ff.
4 Her.. Ill, 81.
5 Eurip., loc. cit., 412 ff.
6 Thue., VI, 89, 6.
7 Ps. Xen., Rep. of the Athen., 1, 5.
8 Ibid., 6-8 (Xen., Works, vol. II, p. 277, Eng.
9 trans. Dakyns, [Macmillan]).
10 Ibid., Ill, 7, 12.
11 Xen., Mem., Ill, 7, 5-6.
12 Id., ibid., I, 2, 9; v. infra, p. 212.
13 Plat., Crit., p. 52e-53e.
14 Id., Phœdr., p. 269e-270a.
15 Id., Apol., p. 35a-6.
16 Id., ibid., p. 326-c.
17 Xen., loc. cit.
18 Plat., loc. cit., p. 31e-32a.
19 Id., Repub., VIII, p.
20 557, 560 f; cf. p. 563d.
21 Id., ibid., VI, p. 493a; Laws, III, p. 7016.
22 υ. XXVI, p. 221 ff.; VII, vol. I, p. 440-442.
23 Arist., Pol., VI (IV), 2, 1.
24 Id., ibid., 3, 0-8.
25 id., ibid., 3, 9-15; 4, 1.
26 Id., tMA, 4, 2; 5, 3; VII (VI), 2, 1-2.
27 Id., ibid., VI (IV), 11, 1-3.
28 Id., ibid., 4, 3; 5, 4; VII (VI), 2, 3-4.
29 Id., ibid., VI (IV), 11, 3-4.
30 Id., ibid., 4, 3-4; 5, 3-4.
31 Id., ibid., VII (VI), 2, 7.
32 Id., iWtf., VI (IV), 4, 3-6; 5, 4-5.
33 Id., itarf., 11, 5.
34 Id., ibid., 4, 7.
35 Id., ibid., 2, 2-3.
CHAPTER III-THE ASSEMBLY
1 Arist., Ath. Const., 26, 3; 42, 1 ; Plut., Pericles, 37; cf. Arist., Pol., Ill, 1, 9; 3, 5. v. supra, p. 128. There was the same law at Oreos (Dem., C. Aristocr., 213), at Byzantium (Ps. Arist., Econ., II, 4, p. 1316&) and at Rhodes (IG, vol. XII, 1, no. 766).
2 Thue, VIII, 72.
3 Cf. Arist., Pol., VII (IV), 2, 7; cf. ibid., 1 ; VI (IV), 5, 3; Eurip., Suppl., 420 ff.; Or., 918; Aristoph., Birds, 111.
4 Aristoph., Ass. of Women, 268 ff.
5 Arist., Pol., VII (VI), 2, 7.
6 v. p. 146 ; cf. LXXXV, p. 7 ff. ; XCIII, p. 9.
7 Had the misthos existed in 425 Aristophanes would certainly not have missed the opportunity of satirizing it in the parody of the Ecclesia with which the Acharnians opens.
8 Aristoph., loc. cit., 306-307.
9 Arist., Ath. Const., 43, 3; .^Eschin., Emb., 72.
10 v. CXV; cf. DA, art. “ Ekklesia,” p. 519.
11 The Politeia of the Pseudo-Xenophon asserts that there were more “ inauspicious “ days at Athens than in any other city in Greece, and that great, difficulty was experienced in finding the necessary days for the sessions of the Assembly (HI, 2). Plutarch, Alcib., 24, tells us that it was forbidden to hold an assembly on an unlucky day.
12 Arist., Ath. Const., 43, 4-0; cf. CXV, p. 71 ff.; CXXIV, vol. II, p. 252; LXXXI, p. 170 ff.
13 Cf. Swoboda, art. “Κυρία έκκλησία,” RE, vol. XXIII (1924), p. 171-173.
14 Cf. Andoc, De Myst., 110-116. For the fourth century, v. Dem., De Coron., 107; C. Timocr., 12. There was the same procedure at Samos in the second century (RIG, no. 371).
15 Cf. IG., vol. I2, nos. 50, 103; Aeschin., C. Tim., 22; RIG, nos. 89, 92.
16 v. CXV, p. 71 ff., 78 ff.
17 Arist., op. cit., 43, 4; 44, 2; -iEschin., Emb., 60; Ps. Dem., C. Aristocr.; Phot., s.v. πρόπιμπτα; Anecd. gr., vol. I, p. 296, 8; RIG, no. 129,1.67.ff.
18 RIG, no. 74,1. 40.
19 Dem., Emb., 62; De Coron., 69.
20 Aristoph., Acharn., 19; Thesmoph., 357; Ass. of Women, 20, 100, 238, 291 ; Plato, Laws, XII, p. 961&; Plut., Phoc., 15. This was already the ease with Homeric assemblies (Od., Ill, 138). The assemblies of Iasos took place “ with the rising sun “ (JHS, vol. VIII, 1887, p. 103).
21 Examples: in the fifth century, Halicarnassus (RIG, no. 451) and later Demetrias (IG, vol. IX, I, no. 1106).
22 In the Homeric assembly the chiefs had benches, while others sat on the ground (11., XVIII, 503; Od., II, 14; III, 6ff; VI, 267; VIII, 6). One sat in the Spartan Apella (Thuc, I, 87, 2), as in the Athenian Ecclesia (Dem., De Coron., 169-170). Cf. Sb. ΒΑ, 1904, p. 918 (Samos); IG, vol. XII, vii, no. 50 (Amorgus).
23 Warning must be given that many objections can be raised against the classic description of the Pnyx since the excavations carried out in 1910 and 1911 (υ. ΠΡ., 1910, p. 127-136; 1911, p. 106ff.).
24 XXVm, bk. IV, ch. XI.
25 Aristoph., Ach., 171; Clouds, 581-580 and Schol.; Thuc, V, 45.
26 This law is attributed to Solon (Plut., Sol., 19). The probou-leuma is recalled in decrees in the formula ISo£e τήι βουλήι και τώι δήμωι.
27 AEschin., C. Tim., 23; Dem., C. Timocr., 11-12.
28 Aristoph., Acharn., 45; Thesmoph., 37; Ass. of Women, 136; Dem., De Coron., 170; iEschin., C. Ctcs., 4.
29 Her., V, 78; cf. Ill, 80; Ps. Xen., Rep. of the Atlien., I, 12; Eurip., Suppl., 430; Dem., C. Mid., 124.
30 Ό Seîva thev τα μίν άλλα καθάπίρ τήι βουλήι ΟΓ Kaûâvep ό Seîva.
31 Thue, III, 36 ff. (Eng. transi. Crawley, p. 412).
32 Id., νi,20#.
33 Arist., Pol., VI (IV), 11,1.
34 Cf. Francotte, “ Loi et décret dans le droit publ. des Grecs,” (XXVI), p. 8 jgT.; LXXXI, p. 265; LXXI, p. 122 f; LXXX, p. 58; VII, vol. I, p. 457 ff.
35 v. the definitions outlined by Xenophon, Mem., I, 2, 43 (cf. IV, 4, 13); Plat., Laws, IV, p. 714c (cf. I, p. 644d).
36 Andoe, De Must., 87; Dem., C. Aristocr., 87; C. Timocr., 30.
37 Arist., Pol., VI (IV), 11, 8; Ath. Const., 26, 2; cf. 41, 2.
38 Id., Pol., loc. cit., 7; cf. 4, 3 and 5-6; Nie. Eth., V, 14, p. 11376, 14 ff. It is to be noted that Demosthenes, C. Left., 92, saw no difference between decrees and laws, although the distinction existed, for example, in the oath of the heliasts.
39 IG, vol. I2, no. 22; BIG, nos. 71, 72; cf. nos. 671, 1465, 1495; v. VII, vol. I, p. 440 ff.
40 IJG, vol. II, no. xxi; cf. RIG, no. 71.
41 v. infra., pp. 178, 331, 332.
42 Isoer., Antid., 314; /Eschin., Emb., 145.
43 Dem., C. Lept., 100, 135. One remembers the actions brought under this head against Miltiades.
44 Arist., Ath. Const., 43, 5; 59, 2; cf. DA, art. “ Probole.”
45 Law of Draco. Cf. XXXIII, p. 41-45, 122-123, 296, 313, 324. Example of a unanimous vote demanded from a court at Tegea (RIG, no. 585, 1. 29).
46 Law of Gortyna. Cf. XXXIII, p. 271 ff., 388 ff. At Sparta, the boa (Plut., Lye, 26; Arist., Pol., II, 6, 16 and 18) is a survival of the war cry, and the practice of the pedibus ire in sententiam, which was substituted for the boa in doubtful cases (Thuc, I, 87), recalls the formation of enemy bands which, on the point of coming to blows, preferred to settle the issue by counting their numbers.
47 It is to be noted that in the assemblies of the demes, as in the Ecclesia, a quorum was demanded for important decisions (cf. IG, vol. II, no. 328).
48 Historical examples : amnesty for citizens condemned to ostracism (481-0), the decree’ of Batroclides (405-4).
49 υ. A. Martin, “ Notes sur l’ostrac. dans Ath.” (MAI, vol. XII, ii, 1907, p. 384jf f; DA, art. “ Ostrakismos”; XXXIII, p. 483-484; XXXVI, vol. I, p. 478-479; LXXXIX.
50 Arist., Ath. Const., 22, 3-6.
51 Bruckner, Πρ., 1910, p. 101-111 ; cf. AM, vol. LI (1926), p. 128 ff.
52 Hence in the Atthis of Philochorus (FHG, vol. I, p. 390, fr. 796) this vote is abusively called procheirotonia, a term properly applicable to the vote without discussion on a probouleuma. The proper name is epicheirotonia (Arist., Ath. Const., 43, 5).
53 Two sherds earlier than Solon’s day bearing the word δημώλης (under the ban of the demos) have been exhumed.
54 Cf. BIG, nos. 72, 75, 1. 46; 563, 1. 14, 29, 54.
55 v., in the fourth century, the speech of Demosthenes, C. Timocr., especially 45 ff.
56 Thue, II, 24; VIII, 15.
57v. the decree of Callias (SIG3, no. 91,1. 45 ff.) and the accounts of the sacred treasurers for the years 418-415 (RIG, no. 563, 1. 14, 27, 29, 54).
58 Thue, III, 37, 4; cf. Aristoph., Knights, 1262.
59 Thue, VIII, 68, 1.
60 Id., Ill, 37, 3-4.
61 Id., ibid., 3.
62 Dem., Phil., I, 19.
63 Arist., Pol., Ill, 1, 5.
64 Aristoph., Ass. of Women, 244; Stob., Flor., XXIX, 91.
65 Arist., Pol., Ill, 2.
66 Id., Ath. Const, 28,1-4.
67 On the prostatai of the demos after Pericles, v. West, Classical Philology, vol. XIX (1025), p. 124 ff., 201 ff.
68 IG, vol. I2, no. 22; RIG, nos. 72, 71; IJG, vol. 11, no. XXI; i). F. D. Smith, Athenian Political Commissions, Chicago, 1920.
69 Thue, VIII, 97, 2.
70 Andoc, De Myst., 83-84; Lys., C. Nicom., 27-28. Nomethetai similar to those of the fifth century were still functioning after the fall of Demetrius Phalereus, from 307 to 303 (RIG, no. 1476; Alexis ap. Athen., XIII, 92, p. 610e; Poll., IX, 42; Diog. Laert., V, 38. Cf. Ferguson, Hellenistic Ath., p. 103 ff.).
71 v. DA, art. “ Paranomôn graphe.”
72 Arist., op. cit., 3, 6; 4, 4; 8, 4.
73 Id., ibid., 25, 2.
74 Dem., C. Timocr., 18, 71.
75 Poll., VIII, 44, 56.
76 Dem., C. Lept., 20, 134 ff.
77 Dem., C. Timocr., 9; Andoc., loc. cit., 17.
78 Arist., op. cit., 59, 2; Hyper., P. Euxen., 6; Dem., C. Lepi., 98 ff.
79 Arist., toc. cit. ; Dem., toc.
80 cit., 33; C. Lept., 93.
81 Dem., C. Timocr., 61, 66-108; C. Aristocr., 100-214; C. Androt., 35-78.
82 Id., C. Timocr., 30; C. Aristocr., 87, 218; C. Androt., S4ff.; Andoc., foc. cit., 87.
83 Arist., toc. cit.; Dem., C. Timocr., 33, 61, 138.
84 Dem., ibid., 18, 32 ff.; C. Lept., 93, 96.
85 Id., C. Timocr., 138; iEschin., C. Ctes., 197 ff., 210.
86 Hyper., toe. cii., 18; Dem., C. Mid., 182.
87 C. Theocr., 1, 31, 43; .Æschin., Emb., 14.
88 Dem., C. Timocr., 138; Deinarch., C Aristog., 2.
89 Athen., X, 73, p. 451a; Diod., XVIII, 18, 2; Dem., De Coron., 12.
90 Dem., C. £ςρί., 144.
91 Cf. Xen., Hell., I, 7, 12.
92 Cf. Thuc., Ill, 67; Dem., C. Timocr., 154.
93 JEsch., loc. cit., 191.