Notes

Note to the reader regarding monetary conversion

1. 1 Lough, No More Champagne, 7–8.
2. 2 DOCS 2, 1225.

Preface

1. 1 Dave Turrell, “Hillsdale College’s Official Biography: A Reader’s Appreciation,” The Churchill Project, July 31, 2020.
2. 2 Michigan State University Libraries, Chicago Tribune. The Janet A. Ginsburg Collection. https://lib.msu.edu/branches/dmc/tribune/detail.jsp?id=2195.
3. 3 David Nasaw, The Chief, xiv.
4. 4 Robert Herzstein, 148, 396, 397. Life magazine’s first issue was Nov. 23, 1936; Alan Brinkley, 218.
5. 5 Joseph E. Persico, Edward R Murrow: An American Original; A. M. Sperber, Murrow: His Life and Times; Lynne Olson, Citizens of London: The Americans Who Stood with Britain in Its Darkest, Finest Hour.
6. 6 James Leutze, ed., The London Journal of General Raymond E. Lee, 1940–1941. Foreword by Dean Acheson. General Lee shared Churchill’s concerns. “At a time when the United States was still officially on the sidelines, Lee was increasingly irritated by the alarming reports filed by American journalists based in London, which he feared would undercut support for Britain.” He objected to their reports that London was devastated: “London is not devastated….” Adam Nagorski, June 7, 2019, https://www.historynet.com/this-american-military-attache-bet-on-the-british-when-few-would/.
7. 7 CHAR, 2/417/81.
8. 8 Asa Briggs, The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, vol. II, “The Golden Age of Wireless,” Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1964.
9. 9 William Shirer, Century Journey: A Memoir of a Life and the Times, Volume III, A Native’s Return 1945–1988.
10. 10 The Holocaust Museum Encyclopedia, “Charles E. Coughlin,” https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/charles-e-coughlin.
11. 11 Shirer, 83. But radio, writes Shirer, “despite a myth to the contrary, had not covered the war very well.”
12. 12 Graham Stewart, private communication to the author.

Chapter 1: 1895: New York and Bourke Cockran, Cuba, Whizzing Bullets, and Jennie and Her Network

1. 1 https://www.forces.net/heritage/history/officer-cadet-lieutenant-colonel-winston-churchill-british-army.
2. 2 OB I, 263.
3. 3 Winston Churchill, My Early Life, 74.
4. 4 A subaltern is a British military officer below the rank of captain.
5. 5 James McGurrin, 232.
6. 6 Winston Churchill, My Early Life, 150–152.
7. 7 McGurrin, 33.
8. 8 George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon, https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Frederick-Samuel-Robinson-1st-marquess-of-Ripon.
9. 9 Winston Churchill, Thoughts and Adventures, 32.
10. 10 Andrew Roberts, Churchill, 35.
11. 11 Churchill, Thoughts and Adventures, 32.
12. 12 Anne Sebba, 207.
13. 13 Ibid.
14. 14 Ralph G. Martin, Jennie, 44–46.
15. 15 It is said that Leonard and his brother Lawrence “cunningly hosted posh lunches for editors and planted tips for publication about stocks they owned…. Leonard’s wealth skyrocketed” and Leonard married Clara Hall, “heiress to a small fortune.” Taylor, Finest Hour 176, 10. Later in his life, Churchill admiringly remembered his grandfather as “very fierce” and went on to say to Lord Moran, his doctor, “I’m the only tame one they’ve produced.” Moran, 599.
16. 16 The Times, June 30, 1921.
17. 17 Gilbert, Churchill and America, 18.
18. 18 Chicago Chronicle Nov. 24, 1985, 3, Fall River Daily (Mass.) Nov. 19, 1895, 1. Both the New York Times (“valorous conduct of the English officers”) and Boston Globe, as well as papers in Washington and Atlanta carried notices of his arrival and purposes in visiting Cuba. The Inter Ocean newspaper in Chicago interviewed Lady Randolph Churchill in London. She explained that her son was there merely as an observer and carrying letters from the British War and Foreign Offices to the Spanish General. Inter Ocean, Dec. 8, 1895, 3.
19. 19 DOCS 1, 596.
20. 20 Ibid., 597.
21. 21 Ibid., 589–599. And Fred Glueckstein, Sir Winston Churchill, 286–287.
22. 22 DOCS 1, 598.
23. 23 Gilbert, Churchill: A Life, 56.
24. 24 DOCS 1, 598.
25. 25 Ibid., 600.
26. 26 Ibid., 598.
27. 27 Ibid.
28. 28 Ibid., 600.
29. 29 Hal Klepak, 85.
30. 30 DOCS 1, 601.
31. 31 Klepak, 83.
32. 32 DOCS 1, 601.
33. 33 Birmingham State Herald (Alabama) Dec. 15, 1895, 3. Note how early in his career American newspapers across the country thought he made good copy.
34. 34 Klepak, 242. Extant records do not account for every day of this trip, so some departure dates might not reflect a day spent in a hotel in Havana. Klepak, 158. Or hunting quail, perhaps.
35. 35 DOCS 1, 609.
36. 36 Klepak, “Cuba,” Finest Hour 159, 26.
37. 37 Michael McMenamin and Curt Zoller, Becoming, 90.
38. 38 DOCS 1, 592.
39. 39 Ibid., 592–593.
40. 40 National Army Museum, “Great Commanders. Garnet Wolseley: The Modern Major General.”
41. 41 DOCS 2, 938.
42. 42 CHAR 28/65/65.
43. 43 OB 1, 265–266.
44. 44 DOCS 1, 593.
45. 45 Lough, Champagne p. 38.
46. 46 They were published on 13, 17, 24, Dec. 27, 1895, and Jan. 13, 1896. DOCS 1, 604.
47. 47 DOCS 1, 604, and Sebba 209.
48. 48 Thirteen sketches are in CHAR 8/2. The Daily Graphic did not use all of them. Some are very complete drawings and include portraits of some of his companions.
49. 49 These interesting and varied sketches and drawings are now in the Archives at Churchill College.
50. 50 Lough, Darling Winston, 33.
51. 51 Ibid., 274.
52. 52 CHAR 1/14/21.
53. 53 DOCS 2, 160.
54. 54 Klepak, 157.
55. 55 Ibid., 157, 228.
56. 56 Churchill, My Early Life, 80–81.
57. 57 DOCS 1, 622.
58. 58 Ibid., 613.
59. 59 Churchill, My Early Life, 81.
60. 60 Klepak, 91. Klepak notes that Barnes and Churchill “tried hard to dispel any such notion but their protestations had the opposite effect” on the Spanish soldiers in the field.
61. 61 DOCS 1, 619.
62. 62 Ibid., 620.
63. 63 Ibid., 622.
64. 64 Ibid., 621–622.
65. 65 Gustavus A. Ohlinger, “WSC: A Midnight Interview.”
66. 66 Churchill, My Early Life, 84, 86.
67. 67 New York Herald, Dec. 19, 1895.
68. 68 DOCS 1, 621 from New York Herald, Dec. 19, 1895.
69. 69 DOCS 1, 604.
70. 70 Zoller, Finest Hour 115, 16.
71. 71 McMenamin, and Zoller, 2009, 85–89.
72. 72 Langworth, Churchill by Himself, 334.

Chapter 2: 1898–1899: India, Sudan, and South Africa

1. 1 Lough, Champagne, 102–103.
2. 2 Martin, Jennie, 527.
3. 3 DOCS 7, 1042.
4. 4 Ibid.
5. 5 DOCS 2, 835.
6. 6 See, for example, DOCS 1, 668–671.
7. 7 OB I, 286–287.
8. 8 Ibid., 342.
9. 9 Ibid., 284–285.
10. 10 Ibid., 286.
11. 11 John Cooper, 319.
12. 12 Roberts, Churchill, 40.
13. 13 Ibid.
14. 14 OB I, 319.
15. 15 DOCS 2, 744.
16. 16 Churchill, My Early Life, 111. Some forty years later, Warner Brothers bought the rights to this book hoping to make a movie, which sadly, never happened. CHUR 4/447.
17. 17 Gilbert, A Life, 70.
18. 18 OB I, 319.
19. 19 An extensive list appears in Roberts, Churchill, 40.
20. 20 Roberts, 40.
21. 21 DOCS 2, 742.
22. 22 “Henry King Stewart earned that sobriquet for long and colorful service in the Egyptian army [and] served in the Boer War.” DOCS 2, 733. Also Charles Ritchie, 81.
23. 23 DOCS 2, 743.
24. 24 MEL, 122. Sir Bindon Blood was the general in command of the Malakand Field Force on India’s Northwest Frontier. He served in Egypt, Afghanistan, India, and Africa. Churchill was to serve as his aide-de-camp in 1897. The New York Times published his obituary on May 17, 1940. Blood died at age 97. By way of remaining in touch with a new contact, Jennie had placed Sir Bindon on a list of people from whom to solicit articles for her Anglo-Saxon Review magazine. He apparently did not respond. Martin, Jennie, 508.
25. 25 OB I, 348.
26. 26 DOCS 2, 780.
27. 27 Ibid.
28. 28 Martin, Jennie, 384.
29. 29 DOCS 2, 785.
30. 30 Ibid., 784.
31. 31 Ibid., 786.
32. 32 New York Times, May 28, 1899, 19.
33. 33 Glueckstein, “Anglo-Saxon Review,” Finest Hour 174, 26.
34. 34 Buffalo Morning Express and Illustrated Buffalo Express, March 17, 1901, 21.
35. 35 Chicago Tribune, July 4, 1899, page 1.
36. 36 New York Times, July 12, 1899, 6.
37. 37 DOCS 2, 811.
38. 38 In the long run Churchill was “very happy to have affiliated with the Daily Telegraph and its editor, Lord William Camrose, who helped Winston resurrect his political career when it was at a low ebb after the 1922 general election, and in 1946 organized a group to purchase Chartwell for the National Trust on terms that allowed the Churchills “to live out his days there.” Warren Dockter, “ ‘Playing Fair’: Winston Churchill’s Relationship with The Telegraph.” The Telegraph Historical Archive, 1885–2000. https://www.gale.com/intl/essays/warren-dockter-winston-churchills-relationship-with-telegraph.
39. 39 Roberts, Churchill, 54.
40. 40 DOCS 2, 804.
41. 41 Ibid., 805.
42. 42 Roberts, Churchill 53–54.
43. 43 Reynolds, Winston Churchill, 45. Reynolds was an editor at Collier’s and was reporting from London during the war. Churchill listened to one of his broadcasts and wrote to thank him and invited the American correspondent to view some tank maneuvers with him. Churchill paid close attention to those who reported the news to the Americans.
44. 44 DOCS 2, 836.
45. 45 Ibid., 741.
46. 46 Charles Drazin, 115.
47. 47 DOCS 2, 842.
48. 48 Ibid., 851.
49. 49 Ibid., 850–851.
50. 50 Tom Hartman, foreword to Malakand Field Force, vii. First published in 1898 by Longmans, Green & Co., the title page includes a statement from Lord Salisbury made at the Guildhall in 1892: “They [the Frontier Wars] are but the surf that marks the edge and the advance of the wave of civilisation.”
51. 51 Andrew Roberts, Salisbury: Victorian Titan, 698.
52. 52 A month later he was thinking about writing “A Short & Dramatic History of the American Civil War.” That project emerged almost sixty years later, in 1956, as part of his A History of the English-Speaking Peoples. And his American Civil War history would appear as a separate volume published in 1961, both in London and New York.
53. 53 Churchill/Conover Correspondence, 23.
54. 54 Ibid., 21.
55. 55 Encyclopedia Britannica, “South African War,” https://www.britannica.com/event/South-African-War.
56. 56 Roberts, Churchill, 65.
57. 57 Bennet Burleigh, The Natal Campaign, 77–80. With thanks to Laurance F. Stuntz for access to his extensive library on the Natal Campaign.
58. 58 DOCS 2, 1082.
59. 59 Reynolds, Churchill, 54.
60. 60 Millard, 155.
61. 61 Sarah Churchill, 71.
62. 62 James W. Muller, “Great Writers Have No Minor Works,” The Churchillian, Autumn 2011, vol. 2, no. 3, 8.
63. 63 Aubri Thurmond, iv.
64. 64 Today, Winston Churchill’s great-granddaughter, Jennie Churchill, has started a fund to support broader public success to all the Churchill papers held at the Churchill Archives in Cambridge, UK. Laurence Geller, CBE, chairman of the International Churchill Society, commented further: “I want this fund to send a strong signal that Churchill is relevant to the next generations.”
65. 65 New York Times, Oct. 27, 1899, 2.
66. 66 New York Times, Nov. 9, 1899, 2.
67. 67 Martin, Jennie, 457.
68. 68 Celia Lee adds a fourth, the flag of “The Admiralty’s Transport Fleet, 110 Years On: Remembering Jennie and the Maine,” Finest Hour 146, 22.
69. 69 Thurmond, 60.
70. 70 Martin, Jennie, 349.
71. 71 Ibid., 460.
72. 72 Ibid., 459–460.
73. 73 Thurmond, 33.
74. 74 Martin, Jennie, 461.
75. 75 Ibid., 459.
76. 76 Ibid., 461.
77. 77 Thurmond, 54.
78. 78 Millard, 154.

Chapter 3: 1900–1901: First American Lecture Tour, Part 1: Planning, Then Off to America

1. 1 London to Ladysmith via Pretoria and Ian Hamilton’s March, both published in London and in New York in 1900, republished in 1989 as a single volume under the title The Boer War.
2. 2 His first book, The Malakand Field Force, had been reviewed in the New York Times after its publication in London in March of 1898. The reviewer reported that Churchill “writes simply and modestly” and that he found the book “interesting and readable.” New York Times Saturday Review of Books and Art, April 30,1898.
3. 3 OB I, 541.
4. 4 DOCS 2, 1208.
5. 5 Ibid., 1206. Only Churchill could consider the coming thirty-one-city lecture tour as a time for quiet and seclusion.
6. 6 OB 1, 535.
7. 7 DOCS 2, 1218–1219.
8. 8 Ibid., 1218. The most profitable venue was St. James Hall, London, netting £265 for each of two lectures, the most remunerative single lecture was delivered in Liverpool (£273).
9. 9 OB 1, 541.
10. 10 Ibid.
11. 11 DOCS 2, 1209.
12. 12 The Times, Oct. 31, 1900.
13. 13 DOCS 2, 1214.
14. 14 Carlo D’Este, 132.
15. 15 Fred McKenzie, Harper’s Monthly, July 1900, 215.
16. 16 DOCS 2, 851, n. 1.
17. 17 DOCS 2, 1156.
18. 18 Robert Pilpel, 34.
19. 19 Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Dec. 11, 1900, 13.
20. 20 James B. Pond, 546–548. His book was republished in 2018. The original is of uncertain date, but before Pond launched Churchill on the lecture circuit, as Churchill is not included among the “famous men” referred to in the subtitle. Early in 1895, Pond had managed a speaking tour for Mark Twain that included twenty-three “performances” in twenty-two cities across the U.S. and Canada. Twain would read from his books and tell stories. Paul Fatout, 241. That provided Churchill with some reason to believe Pond was familiar with venues, promotion, pricing, hotels, transportation, and other details of a multicity tour.
21. 21 Buffalo Times, March 26, 1899. The newspaper also drew a picture of a coiled-snake bracelet it said Lady Randolph wore on her upper arm. It was gold, the serpent’s head was green enamel with a ruby tongue. On top of the head was an “emerald shaped like a horn.” When asked for its origins, Lady Randolph “is as silent as the sphinx.”
22. 22 CHAR 28/66/81.
23. 23 Ibid., 28/66/82.
24. 24 DOCS 2, 1216.
25. 25 But see Andrew Roberts, The Last King of America.
26. 26 McGurrin, 198.
27. 27 “Churchill and the Great Republic,” Winston Churchill to the Duke of Marlborough, Sept. 29, 1898, https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/interactive/_html/wc0020.html.
28. 28 The Malakand Field Force, published 1898, and The River War, published 1899.
29. 29 London to Ladysmith via Pretoria and Ian Hamilton’s March both were published in 1900.
30. 30 The Reader in The Bookman, London, July 1908. The American edition was printed first in 1899, the second in 1900, both from Longmans, Green and Co., New York. Cited in Langworth, A Connoisseur’s Guide to the Books of Sir Winston Churchill. London: Brassey’s, 1998, 39. “Although Savrola was Churchill’s third published book, it was the first one that he had undertaken and the second one he completed. He had already finished five chapters, about one-quarter of the text, when he set it aside on his return to Bangalore at the end of August 1897 to begin work on The Malakand Field Force.” On Feb. 10, 1900, the New York Times review noted: “He has written an original and clever book, sufficiently unique to give a distinctively new flavor to the jaded tastes of novel readers.” Ronald I. Cohen MBE, “The Bibliography of Savrola,” Finest Hour 160, 58. Mr. Cohen is the doyen on the publication of all Churchill books.
31. 31 Churchill is here quoting Rudyard Kipling’s short story “The Maltese Cat.”
32. 32 Brough Scott, 184.
33. 33 DOCS 2, 1218–1219.
34. 34 Ibid., 1219–1220.
35. 35 Ibid., 1219. In fact, Cockran resided at 763 Fifth Avenue. Churchill’s confidence in his ability to recall addresses was to prove almost fatal thirty years later, when he emerged from a taxi to hunt on foot for Bernie Baruch’s mansion, 1054-5 Fifth Avenue only to be struck by a car according to the New York Times’ Baruch obituary (Jan. 11, 1946).
36. 36 About one hundred years later, in March 2001, the United States Navy would commission a destroyer named the USS Winston S. Churchill, whose home port is Norfolk, Va.
37. 37 DOCS 2, 1220, n 1, and Brooklyn Daily Eagle Dec. 8, 1900, 2. At Sidney Street, London, in 1911, Churchill was photographed standing directly behind one of the riflemen in what Prime Minister Asquith called “the zone of fire” in the shootout between two Latvian revolutionaries and a police force buttressed by an army contingent. His direct involvement was widely criticized, and Churchill many years later regretted yielding to his “curiosity.” OB II, 409. In most cases, curiosity was an important Churchillian asset.
38. 38 DOCS 2, 1220.
39. 39 Ibid., 2, 1221.
40. 40 Now remembered as the first mayor of Greater New York, which included all five boroughs, and for having a major expressway named in his honor.
41. 41 Star-Gazette (Elmira, N.Y.), Dec. 8, 1900, 1.
42. 42 Colonel A.B.F. de Frece was a well-known businessman and philanthropist. While a student, he had invented the machine to split whalebone. He won the contract to provide iron for the New York Post Office. From the New York Tribune, Jan. 10, 1903.
43. 43 New York Tribune, Dec. 9, 1900.
44. 44 Schwarz, “When the Twain Met: Winston Churchill and Samuel Clemens,” Finest Hour 149, 40.
45. 45 Whitelaw Reid owned the New York Tribune, a famous voice for the Republican Party. He served as ambassador to France and Britain, and was an unsuccessful vice-presidential candidate in the 1892 election. He was a member of the U.S. Peace Commission after the Spanish-American War and urged America to acquire the Philippines in the Treaty of Paris. Source: Ohio History Connection, https://ndnpohio.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/WhitelawReid.pdf. Reid also wrote an article titled “Some Consequences of the Last Treaty of Paris” for Jennie Churchill’s Anglo-Saxon Review (June 1899).
46. 46 George W. Smalley: Yale, Harvard Law, Civil War battlefield correspondent for the (London) Times, and later while living in London alternately American correspondent for the New York Tribune and the (London) Times, widely admired in Tory circles. Mathews, passim.
47. 47 Elting E. Morrison, ed., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 1454.
48. 48 Frank Luther Mott, A History of American Magazines, vol. 4, 694.
49. 49 Vincent Sheehan, “Who’s Who—And Why: England’s T.R.,” 27. It was only later that a Churchill biographer, Philip Guedalla, began calling him “The Rough Rider of Downing Street” and pointing out the Churchill’s charge up a dangerous hill in Cuba preceded Roosevelt’s by two years. Guedalla: “Imagination falters at the possibility of an encounter [of the two men] on the same terrain [sic],” 49.

Chapter 4: 1900–1901: First Lecture Tour, Part 2: Into the Hinterlands, the Other Winston Churchill, New York, and Home

1. 1 Winston Spencer Churchill MP, “What Americans Think about the Boer War,” Collier’s Weekly Journal of Current Events, January 26, 1901, 3. This was how Churchill signed the article, his use of the initial S. not yet having been established as explained later in this chapter.
2. 2 Philadelphia Inquirer, Dec. 2, 1900, 31. An ad placed above the one announcing Churchill’s appearance. Another ad promised a “three-legged boy… and a group of attractive features,” Philadelphia Inquirer, Dec. 6, 1900, 4.
3. 3 Philadelphia Inquirer, Dec. 5, 1900, 28.
4. 4 Churchill, MEL, 361. Churchill must have used a pointer in his other lectures, but the only press report I’ve found describing his use of a pointer is from 1929 in the Winnipeg Evening Tribune: David Dilks, 27.
5. 5 McMenamin and Zoller, 156. The existence of the slide showing General Kruger is inferred from his mention by Churchill. Record-Journal, Meriden, Conn., Dec. 15, 1900, 4.
6. 6 Glueckstein, Setting the Stage, The Churchill Project, July 5, 2019.
7. 7 Chicago Tribune, Jan. 10, 1901, 3. Churchill paid for the slides personally; Glueckstein: Setting the Stage.
8. 8 Chicago Tribune, Jan. 22, 1901, 5.
9. 9 Chicago Tribune, Jan. 12, 1901, 7.
10. 10 New York Times, Dec. 13, 1900. “Fashionable” from the Standard Union, Dec. 13, 1900, 12.
11. 11 Schwarz, When the Twain Met, 149, 40.
12. 12 Martin, Jennie, 509.
13. 13 Fatout, 274.
14. 14 OB I, 543.
15. 15 Churchill had read both Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer in his youth. And in The World Greatest Stories Retold for the News of the World (Jan. 8, 1933), Churchill included Uncle Tom’s Cabin. He was well-read in American literature including Stephen Crane. Churchill had planned a book to be titled American Impressions incorporating some of his 1931–1932 trip journalism pieces in it, but it was not to be. DOCS 12, 426.
16. 16 Twain was sixty-five; Churchill was sixty-six when he became prime minister.
17. 17 Churchill, MEL, 362.
18. 18 OB I, 543.
19. 19 CHAR 1/75/76.
20. 20 DOCS 2, 1223.
21. 21 https://www.senate.gov/senators/FeaturedBios/Featured_Bio_Depew.htm.
22. 22 Washington Times, Dec. 16, 1900, 8.
23. 23 DOCS 2, 1223.
24. 24 Ibid., 1224.
25. 25 Fall River Daily Herald, Jan. 22, 1901, 1.
26. 26 Fall River Daily Herald, Dec. 22, 1900, 1.
27. 27 DOCS 2, 1224.
28. 28 Springfield Republican, Dec. 21, 1900, no page number.
29. 29 Chicago Tribune, Jan. 12,1901, 7.
30. 30 Indianapolis Journal, Jan. 17, 1901, 8.
31. 31 Cincinnati Enquirer, Jan. 16, 1901, 7.
32. 32 Hartford Courant, Jan. 20, 1940, 10.
33. 33 Hartford Courant, Dec. 21, 1900, 10.
34. 34 Star Tribune, Jan. 19, 1901, 4.
35. 35 Ibid., 8.
36. 36 Minneapolis Journal, Jan. 16, 1901, 7–8.
37. 37 Springfield Republican, Dec. 21, no page number.
38. 38 DOCS 2, 1221.
39. 39 Ibid., Francis L. Patton. He was succeeded two years later by Woodrow Wilson, with whom Churchill jousted at the post-First World War Paris conference over the use of British troops to oppose the Bolsheviks in Russia in 1918.
40. 40 Novelist, literary critic, and playwright, nicknamed “The Dean of American Letters.”
41. 41 “Prominent Boer War sympathizer,” per Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Dec. 11, 1900.
42. 42 Churchill, Winston Spencer, “What Americans Think about the Boer War,” Collier’s Weekly Journal of Current Events, 3.
43. 43 Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Dec. 11, 1900, 13.
44. 44 Inter Ocean (Chicago), Jan. 14, 1901, 4. And https://www.bluemountainbooks.com/product/181343.
45. 45 DOCS 2, 1222, 1225.
46. 46 MEL, 362.
47. 47 Myrmidons were Achilles’s band of brothers who served under him during the Trojan War. They feature in Homer’s Iliad.
48. 48 DOCS 2, 1225.
49. 49 CHAR 28/26.
50. 50 OB I, 543.
51. 51 DOCS 2, 1222.
52. 52 Encyclopedia of Chicago, http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/652.html.
53. 53 Churchill, MEL, 362.
54. 54 Churchill, Collier’s Weekly Journal of Current Events, 3.
55. 55 Todd Ronnei, Churchill in Minnesota, Minnesota Historical Society, Fall 2001, 350.
56. 56 DOCS 2, 1223.
57. 57 Churchill, MEL, 217.
58. 58 Ibid.
59. 59 Ibid., 219.
60. 60 “Spencer” was part of the family name. Since 1817 it became (and has remained ever since) Spencer-Churchill (hyphenated). Winston’s father was actually born Lord Randolph Spencer-Churchill; he merely chose to be styled “Churchill” without the hyphenation and passed on this unhyphenated form of his surname to his son.
61. 61 Lord Rosebery, a former Liberal prime minister.
62. 62 DOCS 2, 1205.
63. 63 Langworth, July 1, 2015. Churchill and the Presidents, Churchill Project, Hillsdale College.
64. 64 Boston Globe Dec. 16, 1900, 36.
65. 65 Churchill, “What Americans Think about the Boer War,” Collier’s Weekly Journal of Current Events, 3.
66. 66 Boston Evening Transcript, Dec. 15, 1900, 8.
67. 67 Boston Globe, Dec. 17, 1900, 9. Apparently the Globe printed an extra edition at 5:00 o’clock with these headlines.
68. 68 Boston Globe, Dec. 18, 1900, 2.
69. 69 Ibid.
70. 70 St. Paul Globe, Jan. 25, 1901, 3.
71. 71 Ronnei, 352.
72. 72 Roberts, Churchill, 79.
73. 73 Star Tribune, Jan. 19, 1901, 4.
74. 74 Minneapolis Journal, Jan. 19, 1901, 6.
75. 75 Star Tribune, Jan. 19, 1901, 8.
76. 76 Toronto Daily Star, Dec. 29, 1900.
77. 77 CHAR 28/26/80–82.
78. 78 Glueckstein, Sir Winston Churchill, 10–17.
79. 79 New York Times, Jan. 20, 1901, 21.
80. 80 Harding also covered the war in South Africa for the Daily Mail. McKenzie, 216.
81. 81 Indianapolis Journal, Jan. 17, 1901, 3.
82. 82 The Times, Feb. 5, 1901, 6.
83. 83 South Wales Echo, Jan. 10, 1901, 3.
84. 84 Runcorn Guardian (Runcorn, Cheshire, England), Jan. 16, 1901, 3.

Chapter 5: Building the American Network, Link by Link

1. 1 In a communication to the author, dated June 23, 2022, Richard Langworth advises, “Possibly this familiar form of expression is manufactured, since I have tracked no direct attribution. But ‘re-rat’ has been mentioned too often by sound sources to doubt that Churchill coined it. The most reliable reference is Sir John Colville’s diary.” See Colville, The Fringes of Power, 345.
2. 2 DOCS 4, 1337.
3. 3 Roberts, Churchill, 150–153.
4. 4 Colin Coote, 99. Ambassador John Winant was invited to dinners but not as a member. The few American members included Ambassador Lewis Douglas, and P. G. Wodehouse. And on Jan. 29, 1942, “The Club gave the Prime Minister portraits of his American grandparents. They were the Jeromes…. Nobody knows the artist, who was not a brilliant performer.” Coote, 98.
5. 5 Stelzer, Dinner with Churchill.
6. 6 Roberts, Churchill, 324–325.
7. 7 CHAR 13/48/8.
8. 8 Warren, 242.
9. 9 Ibid., 158–159.
10. 10 Woodrow Wilson, “Message on Neutrality,” speech, Aug. 19, 1916.
11. 11 CHAR 13/40/98. Also Robert Hessen, 211–212.
12. 12 Hessen, 212–213.
13. 13 Kazin, 217, 233, and passim.
14. 14 Richard Langworth, ed., Churchill by Himself, 503.
15. 15 DOCS 7, 961.
16. 16 Warren, 162–163.
17. 17 Ibid., 170.
18. 18 CHAR 1/207/17.
19. 19 Frank Whelan, “Steel President Schwab Straddled Two Eras,” The Morning Call (Allentown, Penn., newspaper), Feb. 2, 1986, 3. Carnegie famously devoted about 90 percent of his fortune to various philanthropies, including the construction of thousands of libraries around the world: 660 of them in Great Britain and Ireland, and 1,679 in America. https://www.carnegie.org/interactives/foundersstory.
20. 20 Charles Neu, 302.
21. 21 Randolph S. Churchill, Twenty-One Years, 83.
22. 22 Bernard Baruch, The Public Years, 300.
23. 23 Neu, 414.
24. 24 Baruch, The Public Years, 121.
25. 25 Ibid., 300, 345. And Tommy Howard, Georgetown (S.C.) Post and Courier, Jan. 30, 2019.
26. 26 Baruch kept a portrait of Churchill, painted by Douglas Chandor, in his New York City apartment.
27. 27 Baruch, The Public Years, 71, 122.
28. 28 Margaret L. Coit, 193.
29. 29 War Department, general orders no. 62 (1919).
30. 30 OB IV, 49.
31. 31 Edward Marsh, as cited in OB IV, 48.
32. 32 https://www.history.navy.mil/research/publications/documentary-histories/wwi/october-1917/winston-churchill-to/_jcr_content.html.
33. 33 Earlier, the ABC-1 Staff Talks concluded with an agreed strategy “that would be adopted in the event of the United States entering the [Second World] war.” Roberts, Masters, 50.
34. 34 The alumni of the War Industries Board would meet yearly for dinner to revive past friendships, and this association was still meeting as late as 1938.
35. 35 CHAR 2/449.
36. 36 Bernard Baruch, “A Birthday Letter,” Winston Spencer Churchill: Servant of the Crown and Commonwealth, Sir James Marchant, ed., London: Cassell & Company, 1954, 163. Details at https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1918Supp01v01/d710.
37. 37 Margaret MacMillan, Peacemakers, 479.
38. 38 Baruch, The Public Years, 121–122.
39. 39 Will Brownell and Richard N. Billings, So Close to Greatness, 94.
40. 40 CHAR 20/195b/155.
41. 41 Gilbert, Churchill and America, 64–65.
42. 42 Baruch, My Own Story, 246.
43. 43 Philip M. Chase, William Gibbs McAdoo, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2008, 148. https://www.proquest.com/openview/cd53ec292226de8b256c946d4f53fa3b.
44. 44 Chase, 148.
45. 45 CHAR 1/207/57.
46. 46 CHAR 1/207/29
47. 47 CHAR 8/487/173
48. 48 OB IV, 356.
49. 49 William H. Harbaugh, 155.
50. 50 CHAR 2/106/133–137. Davis, as an advocate for “plain English” and the usage of Anglo-Saxon words, would have appealed to Churchill.
51. 51 Harbaugh, 161.
52. 52 Parrish, 24.
53. 53 Lovell, for a sense of the style of life there. In his later years, “Churchill liked nothing better than to sit under an umbrella… painting seaside landscapes.” Nancy Smith, Churchill on the Riviera, 167.
54. 54 Ruby Abramson, 156.
55. 55 MacMillan, 78–85.
56. 56 Abramson, 156.
57. 57 Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, 51.
58. 58 Abramson, 299, 302.
59. 59 Arthur Schlesinger, “The Supreme Partnership,” The Atlantic, October 1984.
60. 60 Abramson, 279.
61. 61 Lynne Olson, Citizens of London, 71.
62. 62 Sonia Purnell, 254–255.
63. 63 Abramson, 302. Harriman was a member of the Croquet Hall of Fame and admitted that one of his regrets for his war service “was that it took him out of the championship competition,” 264.
64. 64 CHUR 2/372/88.
65. 65 Marie Brenner, Vanity Fair, April 18, 2018.
66. 66 Hessen, 283.
67. 67 Fredrik Logevall, 630.
68. 68 Roberts, Churchill, 83.
69. 69 Glueckstein, Finest Hour 157. Before sending his admission-fee check for five shillings Churchill received assurances from the organizer of the union’s local division that there was no union regulation limiting the number of bricks that a man might lay in a day. Churchill was told he would be eligible for one pound per week if he was called out on strike and unemployment benefit “should you at any time fall out of employment.” The induction took place in Churchill’s office at the Treasury on October 10, 1928.

Chapter 6: 1929: Westward Ho, Nibbling Some Grass, the Troupe Goes to Hollywood

1. 1 Title of an 1855 novel by Charles Kingsley based on the adventures of a corsair who set sail with Sir Francis Drake. Viola in Twelfth Night urges Countess Olivia Westward Ho, 3.1.134. It was also the familiar cry of London boatmen looking for passengers heading west across the Thames.
2. 2 OB V, 334.
3. 3 Roberts, Churchill, 335.
4. 4 Randolph Churchill (son), Twenty-One Years, 71.
5. 5 A group or gang of traveling entertainers.
6. 6 CHAR 1/400A/82.
7. 7 CHAR 8/596.
8. 8 William John Shepherd, reviewing Tolppanen’s book in Finest Hour 168, 39–49.
9. 9 OB V, 351, n 1. And CHAR 8/656, IMAGES 4, 62, 40.
10. 10 DOCS 2, 20.
11. 11 Speaking for Themselves, 337.
12. 12 Churchill, “Old Battlefields of Virginia,” Daily Telegraph, December 16, 1929.
13. 13 The Times ad for the show promised: “Grand stand for 20,000 people…. Indians, Cowboys, Scouts and Mexican Vaqueros. Riding, Shooting, Lassoing and Hunting. Attacks on Stage Coach and Settler’s Cabin. 200 Native Mustang, Indian Fighting. Riding Bucking Horses, Frontier Girl Riders and Cowboys Bands.” All in an hour and a half! DOCS 1, 134.
14. 14 Gilbert, Churchill and America, 9.
15. 15 The American title was Amid These Storms, published at the same time as the British edition.
16. 16 Churchill, Thoughts and Adventures, 13.
17. 17 Muller, “Great Writers Have No Minor Works,” 8.
18. 18 DOCS 1, 147.
19. 19 https://www.shapell.org/manuscript/mark-twain-ulysses-grant-memoirs.
20. 20 John F. Marszalek, ed., The Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant, xxvi.
21. 21 Manfred Weidhorn, “Notes on the Memoirs of U. S. Grant and W. S. Churchill,” Finest Hour 96, 26–27.
22. 22 Grant, Memoirs, 721–722.
23. 23 Churchill, HESP, vol. IV, 206.
24. 24 Golden Book of Favorite Songs, 13.
25. 25 Muller, Great Writers have No Minor Wo 14, n 8.
26. 26 DOCS 1, 174–175. The Colonel had fought at Gettysburg and the Colonel’s wife had been at school with Lady Randolph Churchill. Ulysses S. Grant, after stepping down as president of the United States, visited Ireland for a week in January 1879. Churchill does not mention that visit as he would have been only four years old, but he does write, “I left Ireland early in 1879,” so perhaps it’s a lost memory. MEL, 1.
27. 27 DOCS 1, 218.
28. 28 The country’s geography had been of interest as well. In 1888, aged thirteen and studying for Harrow, he boasted to his mother that he was learning “the Geography of the U.S. When I come home, you must question me.” DOCS 1, 157.
29. 29 Churchill, “The Great Democracies,” vol. IV, 105–207.
30. 30 John H. Chettle, “Winston Churchill in America,” Smithsonian Magazine, April 1, 2001.
31. 31 CHAR 1/207/18–20.
32. 32 Ibid.
33. 33 Figures are from the 1900 and 1930 censuses.
34. 34 DOCS 12, 48 n 1.
35. 35 OB V, 335.
36. 36 McMenamin and Zoller, Becoming Winston Churchill, 2009.
37. 37 Lough, No More Champagne, 180–181.
38. 38 William Chenery, So It Seemed, 212. Chenery was a friend of President Roosevelt’s, often at the White House. Mott, A History of American Magazines, 1885–1905, vol. 4, 474.
39. 39 DOCS 12, 16, 17, 19–21. Page 17 contains brief biographies of the men Churchill was asking Baruch to contact on his behalf, and a note that earlier Churchill had wired Armsby that he was “most anxious renew our pleasant wartime association.”
40. 40 CHAR 1/206/16.
41. 41 Ibid.
42. 42 David Freeman, “Prelude to Power: Churchill and the American Presidency before the Second World War,” Finest Hour 192, 11.
43. 43 CHAR 1/206/16.
44. 44 MEL, 180.
45. 45 Scott, 150.
46. 46 Ibid., 28–29.
47. 47 DOCS 12,16–17.
48. 48 Nasaw, xiv, 227–228.
49. 49 DOCS 12, 22.
50. 50 Ibid., 31.
51. 51 Roberts, Churchill, 686, 717–718.
52. 52 CHAR 1/206/60.
53. 53 DOCS 12, 17.
54. 54 CHAR 1/206/61.
55. 55 CHAR 1/206/17.
56. 56 Ibid.
57. 57 Singer, 122.
58. 58 DOCS 12, 95.
59. 59 CHAR 1/209/37–52.
60. 60 DOCS 12, 55.
61. 61 Ibid., 61.
62. 62 OB V, 344 n 1.
63. 63 Randolph S. Churchill, 74.
64. 64 Lough, No More Champagne, 185.
65. 65 Baruch, The Public Years, 218, 222.
66. 66 The Gazette, Montreal, Aug. 26, 1929, 11.
67. 67 DOCS 12, 57.
68. 68 Ibid., 5 contains Ashley’s biography and a list of his extensive writings, including in 1968 Churchill as Historian.
69. 69 Ibid., 63.
70. 70 Ibid., 86.
71. 71 Ibid., 64.
72. 72 Ibid., 86.
73. 73 Ibid.
74. 74 Piers Brendon, Churchill’s Bestiary: His Life through Animals.
75. 75 Speaking for Themselves, 343.
76. 76 DOCS 12, 67.
77. 77 CHAR 13/9/44.
78. 78 The Province (Vancouver, BC), Sept. 4, 1929, 21. And Vancouver Sun, Sept. 5, 1929, 24.
79. 79 DOCS 12, 82.
80. 80 Ibid.
81. 81 Churchill, Randolph, 77.
82. 82 Churchill, “On Prohibition,” Daily Telegraph, Dec. 2, 1929.
83. 83 DOCS 12, 82, n 1.
84. 84 Gilbert, WSC and America, 112.
85. 85 Ibid. In Britain, beer is served at “cellar temperature” around 55°F; in the U.S. it is served chilled, at around 35°F.
86. 86 DOCS 12, 82.
87. 87 Churchill, Randolph, 76.
88. 88 DOCS 1, 170.
89. 89 DOCS 12, 82.
90. 90 Ibid.
91. 91 Sir Gerald Campbell, Of True Experience, 59.
92. 92 Tolppanen, Churchill in North America, 1929, 138.
93. 93 DOCS 12, 73.
94. 94 Ibid., 82.
95. 95 Churchill, The Dream: A Private Article, in OB VIII, 364. Churchill was interested in American slang as early as March 1899. As he sailed home from India, he met Christine Lewis (later Mrs. Conover), a young American woman, who was also aboard. She noted in her memoir of him: “Although he himself always used Oxfordian English he liked to learn the latest American slang.” McMenamin and Zoller, expanded edition, 307.
96. 96 “Although the giant sequoia and redwood are closely related, they exhibit many individual characteristics that distinguish them from each other…. The giant sequoia is found growing singly or in groups scattered for a distance of 250 miles along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada in central California at elevations of 4,000 to 8,000 feet. The redwood grows near the Pacific Ocean along the northern California coast in a more or less continuous belt about 450 miles long and 15 miles wide.” Source: U.S. National Park Service.
97. 97 Churchill, “Nature’s Panorama in California,” Daily Telegraph, Dec. 23, 1929. One of Churchill’s favorite phrases is “command the moment to remain.” I like to think he would have felt this way in this “cathedral.”
98. 98 Jennifer Basye Sander (named as Gin Sander) and Roxanne Langer, Churchill: A Drinking Life, 69–70.
99. 99 CHAR 8/592/46.
100. 100 Churchill, Randolph (son), 79.
101. 101 Taylor & Norton, Wine Merchants, Beaulieu Vineyards, 2003, 1.
102. 102 CHAR 1/209/1.
103. 103 CHAR 8/592/46. And Churchill, “Peter Pan Township of the Films,” Daily Telegraph, Dec. 30, 1929.
104. 104 Crocker, who was called the “First Citizen of California,” had inherited a railroad fortune from his father. In addition to the Crocker National Bank, which financed much of the reconstruction after the great fire, he sat on the boards of the state’s leading insurance, telephone, electric, and gas companies. He received a copy of Life of Randolph Churchill as a thank-you: DOCS 12, 89.
105. 105 Baruch, My Own Story, 240–241.
106. 106 DOCS 12, 93–94.
107. 107 Ibid., 98.
108. 108 http://taggedwiki.zubiaga.org/new_content/7aaefc4737b604df1ea2a9e8cb7b4b9b.
109. 109 Churchill, “Nature’s Panorama in California,” Daily Telegraph, Dec. 23, 1929.
110. 110 DOCS 12, 85.
111. 111 Ibid., 30.
112. 112 Ibid., 31.
113. 113 Ibid., 94. Also in CHAR 1/207.
114. 114 Churchill, “Nature’s Panorama in California.”
115. 115 DOCS 12, 30.
116. 116 Ibid., 95.
117. 117 Ibid., 89.
118. 118 DOCS 12, 98.
119. 119 Churchill, “What I Saw in America of Prohibition,” Daily Telegraph, Dec. 2, 1929. By the time this appeared Churchill was back in Britain.
120. 120 Churchill, “Peter Pan Township,” Daily Telegraph, Dec. 30, 1929.
121. 121 San Francisco Examiner, Sept. 20, 1929, 3.
122. 122 Tolppanen, Churchill in North America, 1929, 163.
123. 123 DOCS 12, 89.
124. 124 Churchill, Randolph, 83.
125. 125 Ibid.
126. 126 CHAR 1/208/64.
127. 127 CHAR 1/207/58.
128. 128 So important was Churchill’s habit of thanking his friends with gifts of his books that he asked Charles Scribner to bind copies nicely of The World Crisis and to have them ready for Churchill to give them to “a friend.” CHAR 1/207/97, Sept. 9, 1929.
129. 129 CHAR 1/208/59.
130. 130 Churchill, “What I Saw in America of Prohibition,” Daily Telegraph, Dec. 23, 1929.
131. 131 Churchill, “Peter Pan Township,” Daily Telegraph, Dec. 30, 1929.

Chapter 7: 1929: Winston in Tinseltown, with Hearst at His Castle at San Simeon

1. 1 Swanberg, 351, and Nasaw, 387–389.
2. 2 Nasaw, xiv.
3. 3 http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Independent-Film-Road-Movies/National-Cinema-NATIONAL-CINEMA-POLITICAL-ECONOMY-AND-IDEOLOGY.html
4. 4 DOCS 11, 656.
5. 5 Gilbert, Churchill and America, 103.
6. 6 DOCS 11, 1119.
7. 7 David T. Leary, 7; as reported in Los Angeles Examiner, Sept. 19, 1929.
8. 8 Architectural Digest, April 1994, 172.
9. 9 W. A. Swanberg, Citizen Hearst, 14.
10. 10 DOCS 12, 87, 96.
11. 11 Gordon Fuglie, 160–215.
12. 12 Hearst’s Castle is on 240,000 acres.
13. 13 Churchill, Randolph, 80.
14. 14 Mary Soames, 346. Letter dated Sept. 29, 1929.
15. 15 John Spencer Churchill, 71. Known to all as Johnny.
16. 16 Fuglie, 200, 215.
17. 17 Leary, 6.
18. 18 DOCS 12, 96.
19. 19 Doran, 17–18.
20. 20 Churchill, Randolph, 83.
21. 21 John S. Churchill, 71.
22. 22 Carolyn Kellogg, Los Angeles Times, July 27, 2009.
23. 23 Nasaw, 444–445.
24. 24 https://www.anothermag.com/art-photography/3200/the-forgotten-story-of-the-hearst-castle-ranch.
25. 25 Swanberg, 416.
26. 26 Daily News (New York), Sept. 17, 1929, 40.
27. 27 San Francisco Examiner, Sept. 19, 1929. Among other attendees were Major Bowes, Louella Parsons, D. W. Griffith, Rabbi Edgar F. Magnin, Hedda Hopper, Joan Crawford, and Basil Rathbone.
28. 28 San Francisco Examiner, Sept. 19, 1929, 1.
29. 29 Gilbert, Churchill and America, 28.
30. 30 Lough, “Churchill and the Silver Screen: Film Turns the Tide,” Finest Hour, 174, 30.
31. 31 See Lough, Champagne, passim.
32. 32 Drazin, 214–215.
33. 33 Stelzer, Working with Winston, 206, 232–233.
34. 34 Churchill, Randolph, 81.
35. 35 Los Angeles Times, Sept. 19, 2019.
36. 36 San Francisco Chronicle, Sept. 19, 1929.
37. 37 Ibid., 7.
38. 38 Leary, 7, “Tracking him remains a challenge.”
39. 39 DOCS 12, 97. On Casa del Desierto letterhead: see DOCS 12, 96.
40. 40 DOCS 12, 97.
41. 41 CHAR 8/315/41–44.
42. 42 Leary, 10.
43. 43 Los Angeles Times, Sept. 23, 1929, sect. 2, 1.
44. 44 DOCS 12, 98.
45. 45 Tuna Club emails to author 5/13/22.
46. 46 A History of the Tuna Club: 1898–1998. Charlie Chaplin was member of the Tuna Club, as were other notable Hollywood stars. Churchill was never a member, but an honorary member until 1959.
47. 47 Kenjonesfishing.com.
48. 48 A History of the Tuna Club: 1898–1998.
49. 49 Architectural Digest, 172.
50. 50 San Francisco Examiner, Sept. 22, 1929.
51. 51 Nasaw, 363.
52. 52 Architectural Digest, 175.
53. 53 DOCS 12, 88.
54. 54 Nasaw, 363.
55. 55 Architectural Digest, 277.
56. 56 San Francisco Examiner, Sept. 22, 1929.
57. 57 Nasaw, 418.
58. 58 DOCS 12, 98.
59. 59 San Francisco Examiner, Sept. 24, 1929, 4.
60. 60 DOCS 12, 98.
61. 61 CHAR 2/417/44.
62. 62 DOCS 12, 97.
63. 63 Ibid.
64. 64 John Spencer Churchill, 102.
65. 65 Chaplin, 333, 334.
66. 66 Churchill, “Everybody’s Language,” Collier’s, Oct. 26, 1935, 24.
67. 67 Roy Jenkins, 445.
68. 68 Robert Sklar, 110.
69. 69 Ibid., 116.
70. 70 Tolppanen, “Churchill and Chaplin,” Finest Hour 142, 21.
71. 71 Millikan lived in California and from 1921 until his retirement in 1945 was chairman of the executive council of Caltech, one of the premier scientific research institutions in the world.
72. 72 Leary, 6.
73. 73 Not always to his advantage. J. T. Rhys took umbrage at his attacks on Prohibition, complaining that his article was “void of facts and absolutely barren of statistics.” Proofs of “the success of the law… are overwhelming.” Citizen, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, Dec. 5, 1929, 6.
74. 74 DOCS 12, 87.

Chapter 8: 1929: Eastward Ho to Chicago, New York, A Lesson from Wall Street, and Home

1. 1 First protected in 1864, Yosemite National Park is best known for its waterfalls, but within its nearly 1,200 square miles, you can find deep valleys, grand meadows, ancient giant sequoias, a vast wilderness area, and much more.
2. 2 Fresno Bee, Sept. 29, 1929, 9.
3. 3 Modesto Bee, Sept. 30, 1929, 8.
4. 4 Brendon, Churchill’s Bestiary, passim.
5. 5 CHAR 1/209/3, 5, 41.
6. 6 Tolppanen, Churchill in North America, 1929, 183.
7. 7 Kay Halle, ed., Winston Churchill on America and Britain, 264.
8. 8 John Spencer Churchill, 74.
9. 9 DOCS 12, 99, fn 4.
10. 10 DOC 2, 99; CHAR 1/207/118.
11. 11 Randolph Churchill, 83.
12. 12 Encyclopedia of Chicago, http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/512.html.
13. 13 Santa Maria Times, CA Oct. 2, 1929, 2.
14. 14 https://www.marshmclennan.com/about/history.html.
15. 15 Tolppanen, Churchill in North America, 1929, 188.
16. 16 CHAR 1/217.
17. 17 Hugh J. Dawson, 71–78.
18. 18 FDR spoke here during the 1932 Democratic Convention.
19. 19 New York Times, Oct. 5, 1929, 4.
20. 20 Tolppanen, Churchill in North America, 1929, 192–193.
21. 21 The Journal, Meriden, Conn., Oct. 9, 1929, 3.
22. 22 John Campbell, F. E. Smith, First Lord Birkenhead, 811.
23. 23 https://www.loopnet.com/Listing/120-Broadway-New-York-NY/16753299/.
24. 24 “The Equitable Building and the Birth of NYC Zoning Law,” Curbed, March 15, 2013.
25. 25 The Journal, Meriden Conn., Oct. 9, 1929, 3.
26. 26 Ibid.
27. 27 Richard Norton Smith, The Colonel, xv.
28. 28 The Journal, Meriden, Conn., October 9, 1929, 3.
29. 29 New York Times, October 9, 1929, 3.
30. 30 San Francisco Examiner, September 24, 1929, 4.
31. 31 Detroit Free Press, October 13, 1929, 37.
32. 32 Sir Harry was one of the eight donors who contributed to buy Churchill a new Daimler in January 1932 to welcome him home. OB V, 424.
33. 33 Ibid., 61.
34. 34 Ibid., 86.
35. 35 CHAR 1/208/9.
36. 36 DOCS 12, 87.
37. 37 Baruch, The Public Years, 116.
38. 38 Encyclopedia Britannica editors, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Dana-Gibson.
39. 39 Churchill, Randolph, 85.
40. 40 history@mail.house.gov.
41. 41 Boston Globe, Oct. 10, 1929, 22.
42. 42 Philadelphia Inquirer, Oct. 13, 1929, 1.
43. 43 CHAR 1/208/70.
44. 44 Sunday Dispatch (London), Oct. 13, 1929, 9.
45. 45 Philadelphia Inquirer, Oct. 13, 1929, 1.
46. 46 Sunday Dispatch, London, Oct. 13, 1929, 9.
47. 47 New York Times, Oct. 12, 1929.
48. 48 Ibid., 12.
49. 49 CHAR 1/208/23.
50. 50 In 1933, Mrs. Vanderbilt would receive Churchill’s first two volumes of Marlborough.
51. 51 New York Times, Oct. 19, 1929, 12.
52. 52 His usual private railway car, the Loretto, awaited him at Pennsylvania Station at 12:35 A.M. and would arrive in Washington at 6:05 A.M. The private car “will be held in a convenient location during your stopover in that city,” per a letter from the Division Passenger Agent. CHAR 1/208/44.
53. 53 Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Oct. 19, 1929, 3.
54. 54 In 1929, President Hoover appointed Stimson as secretary of state. In October 1929, Stimson invited Churchill to “dine quietly,” CHAR 1/208/84. On May 7, 1945, he telegraphed WSC on his Allied victory.
55. 55 Mellon participated in various efforts by the Hoover administration to revive the economy and maintain the international economic order, but he opposed direct government intervention in the economy. After Congress began impeachment proceedings against Mellon, President Hoover shifted Mellon to the position of U.S. ambassador to Great Britain. His daughter married Ambassador Bruce.
56. 56 Adams was appointed secretary of the navy on March 5, 1929, by President Hoover. He vigorously promoted public understanding of the navy’s indispensable role in international affairs, and worked strenuously to maintain naval strength and efficiency during the Great Depression. He served at the London Naval Treaty in 1930, where he successfully maintained the principle of United States naval parity with Britain. A scion of the Adams family that produced two presidents, Charles Francis Adams III, a son of John Quincy Adams II, the oldest son of Charles Francis Adams Sr., was a great-grandson of the sixth U.S. president John Quincy Adams and a great-great-grandson of the second U.S. president John Adams.
57. 57 Evening Star, Washington, Oct. 21, 1929, 8.
58. 58 Times-Dispatch, Richmond, Va., Oct. 19, 1929, 1.
59. 59 Admiral Grayson would serve as chairman of FDR’s two inaugural committees in 1933 and 1937, among his other duties.
60. 60 Daily Press, Newport News, Va., Oct. 20, 1929, 2.
61. 61 CHAR 1/244/55.
62. 62 Edwin Slipek Jr., “Winston Churchill in Richmond,” Style Weekly, Jan. 16, 2018. Pages unnumbered.
63. 63 Ibid.
64. 64 CHAR 1/256/64.
65. 65 DOCS 12, 1229. Churchill’s article “If Lee Had Not Won the Battle of Gettysburg” appeared in Scribner’s Magazine in December 1930, his contribution to the “what if” histories. Churchill remained a great admirer of General Lee. See https://winstonchurchill.hillsdale.edu/gettysburg-lee/.
66. 66 Slipek.
67. 67 Celia Sandys, Chasing Churchill: The Travels of Winston Churchill, 97.
68. 68 Davies, The Times We Had, 187.
69. 69 Slipek.
70. 70 Daily Telegraph, Dec. 16, 1929, and CHAR 8/592/49.
71. 71 When the senator died unexpectedly in 1937, Baruch telegraphed Churchill to apprise him of the death and to postpone his own trip to Britain. CHAR 1/299.
72. 72 Montreal Star, Oct. 22, 1929.
73. 73 Platt, 351–356, and passim.
74. 74 Bethlehem Area Public Library, the Eagle Hotel, and Bethlehem. https://www.bapl.org/local-history/local-history-timeline/hotelbethlehem/.
75. 75 CHAR 1/39/23.
76. 76 CHAR 1/207/22.
77. 77 New York Times, Oct. 26, 1929, 3.
78. 78 Sydnor Thompson, 1680–1684.
79. 79 Judge Chad C. Schmucker, 1322.
80. 80 James Grant, 285.
81. 81 CHAR 1/208/55.
82. 82 CHAR 1/208/113.
83. 83 CHAR 1/208/125.
84. 84 CHAR 1/208/128.
85. 85 CHAR 1/208/92.
86. 86 CHAR 1/208/101.
87. 87 CHAR 1/208/91.
88. 88 Grant, 282.
89. 89 Daily Telegraph, Dec. 9, 1929.
90. 90 Gary Richardson et al., “Stock Market Crash of 1929,” Federal Reserve on Black Monday, Oct. 28, History, https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/stock-market-crash-of-1929.
91. 91 OB V, 350.
92. 92 CHAR 1/208/71.
93. 93 OB V, 350.
94. 94 Galbraith, 111.
95. 95 Grant, 274.
96. 96 Lough, No More Champagne, 194.
97. 97 DOCS 12, 85.
98. 98 Lough, No More Champagne, 195.
99. 99 OB VIII, 345.
100. 100 Char 1/207/108–110.
101. 101 CHAR 8/592/36. Winston S. Churchill, “The American Mind and Ours,” printed in The Strand Magazine, Aug. 1931. Essential reading.
102. 102 Leary, 9.
103. 103 Douglas Fairbanks, 297.
104. 104 Lewis, 193. “Churchill was never seriously interested, but he toyed with the idea, merely because he was so enormously entertained by the sound of Swope on the subject,” hypothesized the author.
105. 105 Fairbanks, 290–291.
106. 106 Singer, Barbara. In the event, Roosevelt received a lesser appointment as assistant secretary, a post that would enable him to address Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, as a “former naval person” in the early days of preparing America to aid Britain in its battle against Hitler.
107. 107 https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/bernard-baruch-coins-the-term-cold-war.
108. 108 Fairbanks, 364–365, 383–394.
109. 109 Speech delivered in the Senate March 20, 1941, Vital Speeches of the Day, vol. VIII, 446–448.
110. 110 https://doyle.com/auctions/11df01-estate-douglas-fairbanks-jr/doyle-new-yorks-auction-estate-douglas-fairbanks-jr. Doyle reports, “A 1941 signed and dated gelatin silver print photograph of Winston Churchill inscribed as a gift to Mr. Fairbanks shortly after the Battle of Britain estimated at $2,500–3,500 fetched $9,375. A signed set of Winston Churchill’s A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (London: 1956–58) bound by Sangorski & Sutcliffe, estimated at $4,000–6,000 achieved $8,750.” Doyle report on auction of the Estate of Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Sept. 13, 2011.
111. 111 CHAR 2/109/74.
112. 112 CHAR 1/209/37–59.
113. 113 CHAR 1/209/82.
114. 114 Reprinted in Halle, Winston Churchill on America and Britain, 225.
115. 115 Finest Hour 154, 62.

Chapter 9: 1931–1932: Stepping Off the Curb in New York, Meets a Car, and Recuperates in Nassau

1. 1 Roberts, Churchill, 348.
2. 2 Ibid., 357.
3. 3 Churchill, “Success in Journalism,” The Inlander, Feb. 1901, Reprinted in Finest Hour 159, 32–33, after verification against the original by Ronald I. Cohen.
4. 4 Baruch, The Public Years, 218.
5. 5 Ibid., 219.
6. 6 CHAR 1/217, a handwritten telegram.
7. 7 David Lough, “Churchill’s World,” Finest Hour 170, 18.
8. 8 OB I, letters to his mother at 359; see also 349, 363, and passim.
9. 9 Ibid., 363.
10. 10 Lough, Champagne, 151.
11. 11 Ibid., 214.
12. 12 CHAR 1/219.
13. 13 Cita Stelzer, Working with Winston, 19.
14. 14 DOCS 12, 95.
15. 15 Abramson, 299.
16. 16 John Colville, The Churchillians, 86.
17. 17 Lough, Champagne, 4.
18. 18 Stelzer, Working with Winston, 212.
19. 19 Lough, Champagne, 4.
20. 20 Letter on file in the archives maintained by J. J. Fox.
21. 21 Speech by Grace Hamblin cited Stelzer, Working with Winston, 24.
22. 22 ICS Publication, Oct. 17, 2008, 1. https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/reference/the-books-of-sir-winston-churchill/.
23. 23 Lough, Champagne, 3.
24. 24 Churchill, The Story of the Malakand Field Force: An Episode of Frontier War.
25. 25 DOCS 12, 403; Feb. 1932 from Atlanta.
26. 26 The American title of My Early Life, published in the U.S. Oct. 23, 1930.
27. 27 DOCS 12, 321.
28. 28 Ibid., 326.
29. 29 Ibid., 351.
30. 30 CHAR 1/397B. Much later in 1958, Louis Alber would ask Churchill to write an introduction to a book he had written on Churchill’s 1931–1932 tour, as he could not publish portions of it without the former prime minister’s permission, which was denied. Churchill declined to write a foreword. CHUR 4/467A–B/11–14.
31. 31 William Randolph Hearst sent his prime gossip columnist, Igor Cassini, writing as Cholly Knickerbocker, to meet Randolph at the dock and escort him that night to a speech at Princeton University, attended by numerous reporters (His Father’s Son, 71). Randolph thought the tour a success and extended it, at the expense of not returning to Oxford. His extravagant lifestyle while in the United States absorbed all his lecture income but he would supplement his meagre earnings with a lecture tour in Britain on his US talks. Randolph Churchill, Twenty One Years, 104–107.
32. 32 Roberts, Churchill, 359.
33. 33 Churchill reporting to his friend, Robert Boothby, Feb. 6, 1932; DOCS 12, 399.
34. 34 Hickman, Churchill’s Bodyguard, 72–73.
35. 35 Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 110.
36. 36 DOCS 12, 399, n 2.
37. 37 Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Dec. 19, 1931, 8.
38. 38 The publication of The World Crisis is unusual and complex in many ways. One of those ways is that two stanzas of A. E. Housman’s “A Shropshire Lad” are quoted on a separate introductory page in the American abridged volume, but alas not requoted in the Bloomsbury full four-volume paper edition (London, 2021).
39. 39 Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Dec. 11, 1931, 1. In 1932, Brooklyn had some 2.5 million residents and many newspapers.
40. 40 DOCS 12, 381.
41. 41 Daniel Othfors, “Europa,” The Great Ocean Liners, May 7, 2018; thegreatoceanliners.com/articles/Europa.
42. 42 Gilbert, Churchill, 503.
43. 43 CHAR 8/293. The exchange of topic ideas between Churchill and the Collier’s editor can be found at DOCS 12, 400–405. Churchill rejected “American politicians and political machines” in part not to antagonize any members of his network. “I meet a great many American politicians and have friendly relations with them which I hope to renew and cultivate, and I do not wish to be either their apologist or their critic…”
44. 44 A difficult job in which he was regarded as a success. Chisholm and Davie, 373.
45. 45 Lough, Champagne, 159.
46. 46 Graham Stewart, Burying Caesar, 322, 321.
47. 47 Lewis Broad, Winston Churchill: The Years of Achievement, 37.
48. 48 Stewart, Burying Caesar, 418.
49. 49 Lough, Champagne, 9.
50. 50 Ibid., 262–265.
51. 51 DOCS 12, 350.
52. 52 CHAR 8/290.
53. 53 DOCS 12, 411. Churchill received Mr. Lee’s letter shortly after he returned to Britain in 1932.
54. 54 CHAR 1/400B.
55. 55 Advertisement in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, March 3, 1856, 1.
56. 56 Brooklyn Daily Eagle of Dec., 8, 1900.
57. 57 Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Dec., 11, 1931, 1.
58. 58 A small water bird, of monogamous nature with a tendency to return to the same nest every year. And able to fly great distances over oceans. It is a stormbird, and seems to delight in the commotion of the elements; from Project Gutenberg. Richard Langworth, the doyen of Churchill facts, says H. H. Asquith first used this phrase to describe both Kitchener and Churchill in Dec. 1914. Letter to author dated Aug. 10, 2022, and DOCS 6, 315.
59. 59 Boston Globe, Dec. 12, 1931.
60. 60 He was never foreign secretary.
61. 61 Chicago Tribune Dec. 12, 1931, 11.
62. 62 Thompson, 106.
63. 63 New York Times, Dec. 12, 1931, 15.
64. 64 Atlanta Constitution, Dec. 13, 1931, 2.
65. 65 When Morgan died in March 1943, Churchill sent his son, J. S. Morgan, then at Claridges, a very lovely sympathy note. The son was in the U.S. Navy and working in London at the time. CHAR 20/97B/215.
66. 66 Not to be confused with the British Sir Gilbert Parker who had contributed to Jennie’s Anglo-Saxon Review. He was a Canadian novelist and British politician. In 1899, he invited Lady Randolph to speak at the Whitefriars Club, “in response to a toast to The English-Speaking Peoples.” CHAR 28/65/40.
67. 67 DOCS 12, 395.
68. 68 Hickman, 67.
69. 69 Ibid., 68.
70. 70 Mario Edward Cantasano, Times-Dispatch (Richmond, Va.), Feb. 7, 1932, sect. 3, 1.
71. 71 Churchill had given the night off to Thompson so he only arrived at the hospital with Clemmie late that night. Thompson always regretted his nonappearance at the scene of the accident, and felt remorse the rest of his life. Churchill paid for all his bodyguard’s expenses and salary during this trip. Hickman, 68.
72. 72 Roberts, Churchill, 360. “…witnesses recalled how it [the scar] reddened during the Second World War when he got angry.”
73. 73 Allister Valle and John Scadding, 12.
74. 74 New York Times, Dec. 14, 1931, 1.
75. 75 Hickman, 67.
76. 76 Birmingham Gazette, Birmingham, UK, Dec. 21, 1931, 7.
77. 77 Springfield Daily News (Springfield, Mass.), Dec. 18, 1931, 7.
78. 78 Pilpel, 103.
79. 79 CHAR 1/399.
80. 80 CHAR 1/399B.
81. 81 New York Times, Dec. 18, 1931, 19.
82. 82 CHAR 1/400A.
83. 83 Ibid.
84. 84 Chenery, 211 ff. He received his own copies of the first two volumes of Marlborough—always a sign of approval from Churchill—in Oct. 1934. DOCS 12, 870.
85. 85 Landers, 189. Circulation at the time was over one million copies per month, 192.
86. 86 DOCS 12, 388.
87. 87 Daily Mail, Jan. 4 and 5, 1932.
88. 88 Churchill told the Hartford Courant that he knew the driver that hit him “was indignant because the newspapers spelled his name wrong, Mr. Churchill said with a smile.” Hartford Courant, Jan. 25, 1932, 8. In fact, it was almost never spelled the same way in accounts. This was a newspaper that identified Lady Randolph Churchill “of Baltimore” and “Winston… was educated at Eaton…” Dec. 27, 1931, 8.
89. 89 Times-Dispatch, Richmond, Va., Feb. 7, 1932, 1, sect. 3.
90. 90 New York Times, Dec. 1, 1931, 23.
91. 91 Times-Dispatch, Richmond, Va., Feb. 7, 1932, 1, sect. 3.
92. 92 CHAR 1/222.
93. 93 Winston S. Churchill, “My New York Misadventure,” Daily Mail, Jan. 4 and 5, 1932.
94. 94 Churchill, Thoughts and Adventures, 141–142.
95. 95 Courtesy of Chartwell Booksellers, item #19479.
96. 96 DOCS 12, 384.
97. 97 Ibid., 385.
98. 98 Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Dec. 30, 1931, 2.
99. 99 New York Times, Dec. 31, 1931, 4.
100. 100 New York Times, Dec. 31, 1931, 4.
101. 101 Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Jan. 2, 1932.
102. 102 Daily Dispatch, Moline, Ill., Jan. 5, 1932.
103. 103 Minneapolis Tribune, Jan. 9, 1932, 12. And in Minneapolis Churchill felt “his small party had its most affectionate welcome… amid its rolling plains,” Collier’s, “Land of Corn and Lobsters,” Aug. 5, 1933.
104. 104 CHAR 1/399A/84.
105. 105 CHAR 1/398B/172.
106. 106 CHAR 1/398B/171.
107. 107 Nassau is the capital city the Commonwealth of the Bahamas and is located on the island of New Providence.
108. 108 Hickman, 70.
109. 109 Polly Leach, who owned the inn, was a companion of the infamous gangster Al Capone, who spent some time in Nassau, bootlegging liquor during Prohibition.
110. 110 CHAR 1/400A/32.
111. 111 DOCS 12, 389 in a letter from minister of tourism to Sir Martin Gilbert.
112. 112 New York Times, Jan. 6, 1932.
113. 113 New York Times, Jan. 10, 1932.
114. 114 DOCS 12, 389 in a letter from minister of tourism to Sir Martin Gilbert.
115. 115 CHAR 1/401A.
116. 116 DOCS 12, 394–396.
117. 117 Winston S. Churchill, “My Happy Days in the ‘Wet’ Bahamas,” reprinted in Finest Hour 145.
118. 118 DOCS 12, 395.

Chapter 10: 1931–1932: On the Road Again, Death Threats, Hunting Lecture Fees, and Policy Influence

1. 1 Roberts, Churchill, 339.
2. 2 Dr Pickhardt served in both world wars, and in 1943 set up an evacuation hospital in Wales, an experimental unit using tents instead of permanent buildings allowing for quick movement to battle sites. New-York Historical Society Museum and Library, 2011.
3. 3 CHAR 1/400A/46. This letter is dated Jan. 26, 1932, after his accident in New York City.
4. 4 Thompson, 109–110.
5. 5 CHAR 1/400A.
6. 6 CHAR 1/407.
7. 7 CHAR 1/397A.
8. 8 CHAR 1/400A.
9. 9 Ibid.
10. 10 CHAR 1/398A–B/3.
11. 11 Daily Express, March 5, 1932, and Pearson, 227.
12. 12 CHAR 1/398A–B/9.
13. 13 Phyllis Moir, 57.
14. 14 His amazing recuperative powers helped him throughout his life. In 1897, he wrote his mother from India that his temperature was “103… but I hope to be alright tomorrow.” Many young men would not have survived Indian fevers. DOCS 2, 797. Later, in Dec. 1943, he survived a serious bout of pneumonia, serious enough that Clemmie flew out to Cairo to be with him. Luckily, Sarah, another daughter, was already with him as they had been in Teheran together. Violet Bonham Carter wrote, “Unsquashable resilience had long been among his defining characteristics.” Leaming, 22.
15. 15 Brooklyn Daily Times, Jan. 27, 1932, 6.
16. 16 The Standard Union, Brooklyn, N.Y., Jan. 28, 1932, 24.
17. 17 https://www.royal-oak.org/past-projects/churchills-chartwell/.
18. 18 For fuller descriptions, see Trethewey.
19. 19 Democrat and Chronicle, Rochester, N.Y., Feb. 4, 1932, 2.
20. 20 Thompson, 113.
21. 21 Courier-Journal, Louisville, Ky., Feb. 5, 1932, 6.
22. 22 Democrat and Chronicle, Rochester, N.Y., Feb. 4, 1932, 2.
23. 23 Detroit Free Press, Feb. 6, 1932, 7.
24. 24 New York Times, Feb. 4, 1932, 23.
25. 25 Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 7, 1932, 11.
26. 26 OB I, 541.
27. 27 www.wscbooks.com/pages/books/36549.
28. 28 DOCS 2, 1222.
29. 29 Hartford Courant, Dec. 20, 1900, 10.
30. 30 Ibid., Jan. 28, 1932, 11.
31. 31 Ibid., Jan. 27, 1932, 1.
32. 32 Evening Star (Washington) Jan. 25, 1932, sect. B, 6. Mrs. Swormstedt appears to have been a prominent socialite and suffragette who, among other things, served as toastmistress at a reception for the wife of Vice President Calvin Coolidge at a dinner sponsored by the Woman’s National Homeopathic Society. Washington Herald, Feb. 19, 1917, 3, and Washington Post, June 23, 1921, 17.
33. 33 Hartford Courant, Jan. 28, 1932, 11.
34. 34 Ibid., Jan. 24, 1932, 14.
35. 35 Edith Cavell (1865-1915), was a British nurse who remained in Belgium after the Germans occupied the country, and treated both German and British wounded while smuggling British soldiers out of Belgium. The Germans, becoming suspicious, arrested her, obtained a confession, and on its basis executed Cavell by firing squad. Imperial War Museum, “Who Was Edith Cavell?” https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/who-was-edith-cavell.
36. 36 This and other summaries are based on reports in the various issues of the Hartford Courant already referenced unless otherwise indicated.
37. 37 Standard Union, Brooklyn, N.Y., Jan. 29, 1932, 18.
38. 38 Brooklyn Daily Times, Jan. 29, 1932, 2.
39. 39 Walter Russell Meade, “Britain’s Decline from Winston Churchill to Liz Truss and Rishi Sunak,” Wall Street Journal, Oct. 24, 2022.
40. 40 Roberts, Churchill, 86.
41. 41 Brooklyn Daily Times, Jan. 29, 1932, 2.
42. 42 MEL, 362.
43. 43 Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Jan. 29, 1932, 3.
44. 44 Springfield Daily Republican, March 12, 1932, 7.
45. 45 Sir Martin Gilbert, Churchill and America, xxii.
46. 46 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, Feb. 1, 1932, 22.
47. 47 St. Louis Star, Feb. 2, 1932, 5.
48. 48 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Feb. 2, 1932, 1C and 3C.
49. 49 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Feb. 3, 1932, 18.
50. 50 St Louis Post-Dispatch, Jan. 29, 1932, 38. From Encyclopedia Britannica: “By 1881, [this] was the largest evening paper in the city.” Owned by Joseph Pulitzer.
51. 51 New York Times Book Review, Nov. 30, 1930, 5.
52. 52 Times Recorder (Zanesville, Ohio), Nov. 28, 1930, 4.
53. 53 Olean Evening Times, Olean, N.Y., Nov. 29, 1930, 8. This is just one paper that carried Bruce Catton’s syndicated reviews. He would later be very well-known indeed for his histories of the American Civil War.
54. 54 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Feb. 2, 1932, 1C and 3C.
55. 55 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, Feb. 1, 1932, 22.
56. 56 Letter from Wallace Stratton Ogilvy, principal of Nathaniel School, requesting “a few minutes of your time when in Cleveland.” CHAR 1/401A/144.
57. 57 Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, “Halle Brothers Co.” https://case.edu/ech/articles/h/halle-brothers-co. His daughter, Katherine “Kay” Murphy Halle, was a socialite, broadcaster, intelligence operative with the OSS, and “mistress of luminaries,” including Randolph Churchill. Randolph stayed at her family’s residence when he lectured in Cleveland in 1931, and she stayed at Chartwell the following year when she visited England. There were rumors that she had become engaged to Randolph. She took the lead in persuading President John F. Kennedy, whose father, Joseph P. Kennedy, was perhaps another of her lovers, to confer honorary U.S. citizenship on Winston. Washington Post, Kay Halle obituary by J. Y. Smith, August 12, 1997.
58. 58 “Recollections of Winston Churchill’s 1932 Cleveland Visit Thirty-Four Years Later In 1966.” Louis B. Seltzer in Halle, Winston Churchill in America, 86–87.
59. 59 It later turned out that the check in payment for the Cleveland lecture bounced, the first of three to do so. David Lough, Champagne, 212.
60. 60 The Register (Sandusky, Ohio), Jan. 24, 1932, 3.
61. 61 New York Times, Feb. 6, 1932, 11.
62. 62 Hartford Courant, Feb. 1, 1932, 12.
63. 63 New York Times, Feb. 6, 1932, 11; Detroit Free Press, Feb. 6, 1932, 7, puts the contingent at a more modest “10 detectives,” but the larger number might refer specifically to the evening of the lecture.
64. 64 Courier-Journal (Louisville Ky.), Feb. 5, 1932, 6.
65. 65 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Feb. 2, 1932, 1C.
66. 66 Fremont Messenger, Feb. 4, 1932, 8, and Akron Beacon Journal, Ohio, Feb. 4, 1932, 2.
67. 67 Data from U.S. decennial census.
68. 68 Chicago Tribune, Feb. 7, 1932, 4.
69. 69 Ibid., Feb. 8, 1932, 9. Also reported in New York Times, Feb. 8, 1932, 3.
70. 70 Joseph Gies, 101.
71. 71 Philip P. Larson, “Encounters in Chicago,” Finest Hour 118, 32.
72. 72 Chicago Tribune, May 19, 1901, 9.
73. 73 Smith, The Colonel, 155.
74. 74 Chicago Tribune July 27, 1915, incorporated into Robert R. McCormick, With the Russian Army, 286 (original 1918).
75. 75 Gies, 53.
76. 76 CHAR 1/399B/157.
77. 77 Gies, 165.
78. 78 Smith, The Colonel, 141–142.
79. 79 Ibid., 268–269. He bought an airplane in 1922 and exuberantly described it to his mother as “the only way to travel,” 245.
80. 80 John H. Maurer, “Churchill, Air Power, and Arming for Armageddon,” Finest Hour 185, 12.
81. 81 Piers Brendon, The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 320.
82. 82 Chicago Tribune, Feb. 6, 1932, 10.
83. 83 Chicago Tribune, Feb. 14, 1932, sect. 8, 1–2.
84. 84 CHAR 1/398B/116.
85. 85 CHAR 1/399B/160.
86. 86 CHAR 1/399B/199.
87. 87 Chicago Tribune, Feb. 14, 1932, sect. 8, 1–2.
88. 88 Philip and Susan Larson, “Winston S. Churchill and Robert R. McCormick,” Finest Hour 131, 35, 36.
89. 89 Godwin, 303. FDR did not have the benefit of afternoon naps, a Churchill daily habit. Eleanor wrote that it took her husband “several days to catch up on sleep after Mr. Churchill left.” Eleanor Roosevelt, 243.
90. 90 Larson, “Encounters with Chicago,” Finest Hour 118, 33.
91. 91 Hartford Courant, Feb. 1, 1932, 12.
92. 92 Thompson, 114 and DOCS 12, 399, n 2. And letter to his friend Bob Boothby, Feb. 6, 1932.
93. 93 https://www.tiogapublishing.com/potter_leader_enterprise/famous-rolls-royce-to-be-at-ness-fest-vintage-car-show/article_f216bd78-5f4f-11e8-a9e5-a384a1c2ac3c.html.
94. 94 Thompson, 114.

Chapter 11: 1931–1932: New York and the World Economic Crises, Washington to Woo Congress, More Cities in Which to Meet More Americans

1. 1 CHAR 1/400A/42. Secretaries at Chartwell sent requests for “cheques for a few pressing bills,” including payment for Dr. Fish, Churchill’s dentist, and for Mary Churchill’s riding lessons (she was then nine years old). CHAR 1/400B/109.
2. 2 In 1931, one secretary complained that “The lectures and speech notes came home with Mr. Churchill in a great muddle and undated for the various places where speeches [were] made, therefore have no clues,” CHAR 8/656/107. One Archive item listed the articles he wrote—and the amounts paid—for newspapers in the “Colonies”: India, Australia, Malta, Ceylon, Ghana, and Kenya. CHAR 8/656/112. Fortunately, later record keeping at Chartwell was immaculate and very detailed. On a trip to Cairo in 1921, one item lists the date and costs for a “camel for Mrs. C.” CHAR 1/154/19. A gift for historians.
3. 3 Legacy Archive, Economic Club of New York, https://www.econclubny.org/legacyarchive/-/blogs/1932-winston-churchill. Press reports are not clear on precise dates.
4. 4 He had been at a dinner at Chartwell Oct. 13, 1928. DOCS 11, 1161, n 1. He invited Churchill to a dinner when he arrived in New York in 1931—or “to spend this week-end in the country with us.” CHAR 1/399A/29.
5. 5 CHAR 1/397A/81.
6. 6 CHAR 1/398A/78.
7. 7 CHAR 1/400A/86. Strakosch at Bracken’s request later saved Chartwell for Churchill by accepting responsibility for “all debts and losses” incurred by Churchill so that Winston would be free to concentrate on preparedness for war. He was to leave £20,000 to Churchill among several others that included Bracken. New York Times, Feb. 6, 1944.
8. 8 CHAR 2/186.
9. 9 CHAR 9/99A–B. All quotations are taken from the copy of the lecture notes filed at that location. Churchill also used a shortened version as a column for a local newspaper, Yonkers Statesman, Feb. 11, 1932, 8.
10. 10 Roberts, Churchill, 296.
11. 11 CHAR 9/99A–B/121.
12. 12 New York Times, Feb. 10, 1932, 41.
13. 13 Ibid.
14. 14 https://www.britishpathe.com/video/its-the-highest-ive-ever-been-said-mr-winston and the New York Times, Feb. 15, 1932, 13.
15. 15 Springfield Daily Republican (Springfield, Mass.), Feb. 10, 1932, 2.
16. 16 Baruch, The Public Years, 213.
17. 17 It was a close-run election. Kennedy received 49.7–49.5 percent of the popular vote and 303–219 electoral votes, with 269 needed to win.
18. 18 Halle, Winston Churchill on America, 160–164.
19. 19 I am indebted to tenor Ian Bostridge for first asking me this question and leading me to research the answer.
20. 20 Cockran Archive: William Bourke Cockran Papers, Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library.
21. 21 Sir Martin Gilbert, Churchill and America, 149.
22. 22 Colville, The Churchillians, 105; Roberts, Churchill, 129.
23. 23 Roberts, Churchill, 129.
24. 24 Himmelfarb, 207–208.
25. 25 There is some confusion among historians about whether this lecture actually took place, in part because Churchill did lecture at Carnegie Music Hall in Pittsburgh on March 7 to over 1,000 people: https://www.wpxi.com/archive/this-day-march-7-1932-winston-churchill-gives-speech-oakland/WVBFU47CH5BGXFPCZWUTS4452Y/.
26. 26 CHAR 1/400B/115.
27. 27 Churchill would write an article for Collier’s on July 11, 1936, one John D. Rockefeller titled “Oldest and Richest” on the occasion of JDR’s ninety-seventh birthday. CHAR 8/545/77.
28. 28 Churchill’s typically crowded schedule of events combined with less-than-precise reporting to make it difficult to determine which event occurred when during the Rochester visit. No matter, we know what he did even though we cannot be certain about the timing.
29. 29 https://mcnygenealogy.com/pictures/2600/pic-2678.htm.
30. 30 Democrat and Chronicle (Rochester, N.Y.), Feb. 7, 39.
31. 31 Churchill, “Land of Corn and Lobsters,” Collier’s, Aug. 5, 1933, 45. Also, Jennie Jerome was born in Brooklyn, N.Y. Some confusion: in the introduction to My Early Life, Churchill writes: “My mother, the second of Leonard Jerome’s daughters, was born in Rochester,” xxii.
32. 32 Democrat and Chronicle, Feb. 11, 1932, 15–16.
33. 33 Recorder News, Aug. 24, 2018.
34. 34 Born in Sweden, Solbert emigrated to the United States as a child. He attended West Point, in the same class as George S. Patton, and as an instructor there lectured to a cadet named Eisenhower. He worked in intelligence during the First World War, and as military attaché in London for five years after that war. He worked for George Eastman for many years until he returned to London to assist the ambassador to the governments-in-exile in London, Anthony Drexel Biddle. He remained active in intelligence matters until the war’s end. Back in Rochester, he founded and managed the Eastman Museum and Theater.
35. 35 The 3,352-seat Eastman Theatre opened Sept. 4, 1922. It was presented to the University of Rochester for use as a music school and theater by George Eastman, who had founded the Eastman Kodak company, and who “gave away most of his money to community benefits.” Carved over the entrance facade is FOR THE ENRICHMENT OF COMMUNITY LIFE. Lenti, “A History of the Eastman Theatre,” Rochester History.
36. 36 CHAR 1/400A/80.
37. 37 CHAR 1/400A/81.
38. 38 Democrat and Chronicle, Feb. 11, 1932, 15–16.
39. 39 Margaret Andrews, University of Rochester Library Bulletin: A Churchill Episode, vol. XX, Spring 1965, no. 3. https://rbscp.lib.rochester.edu/2481. The details of the occasion were widely covered by the press and by articles in the Rochester Review at the time. In this speech he again referred to Rochester as his mother’s birthplace.
40. 40 America’s National Churchill Museum, “The Old Lion.” June 16, 1941. https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/the-old-lion-1941.html.
41. 41 Sir Ronald Charles Lindsay GCB GCMG CVO PC (May 3, 1877–Aug. 21, 1945) was a British civil servant and diplomat, the British ambassador to Turkey from 1925 to 1926, to Germany from 1926 to 1928, and to the United States from 1930 to 1939—important years.
42. 42 Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich in Power, 8–11.
43. 43 This was the last time such a large gap between election and inauguration would exist. The date at which an elected president was inaugurated was moved from March 4 to Jan. 20 with the passage in 1933 of the Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution.
44. 44 Moir, 81–82. Moir wrote a memoir, I Was Winston Churchill’s Private Secretary, and she would thank William Chenery of Collier’s Weekly, Charles Scribner, and Dr. Otto Pickhardt for help in writing it. She wrote: “[Churchill] seems to cast a spell…” a fact borne out by other secretaries that fell under Churchill’s spell. The New York Times review said: “An interesting personal glimpse is given here in the quality of Mr. Churchill’s personal letters… she draws a swift picture of the serious thinker.” April 13, 1941, 53.
45. 45 Stelzer, Working with Winston, 135.
46. 46 Colville, Footprints in Time, 75.
47. 47 Chicago Tribune, Feb. 12, 1932, 21.
48. 48 CHAR 1/401A/112–113.
49. 49 Democrat and Chronicle (Rochester, N.Y.), Feb. 13, 1932, 1.
50. 50 Springfield Republican (Mass.), Feb. 13, 1932, 7.
51. 51 Evening Star (Washington), Feb. 13, 1932, 16.
52. 52 History 282 U.S. Diplomatic History, Dickinson College, Spring 2022. https://blogs.dickinson.edu/hist-282pinsker/course-syllabus/commercial-diplomacy.
53. 53 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1925/dawes/facts/; office of the historian, Department of State, “The Dawes Plan, the Young Plan, German Reparations, and Inter-Allied War Debts.” https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/dawes.
54. 54 Dunlap, 87–88.
55. 55 Freeman, “Prelude to Power: Churchill and the American Presidency before the Second World War,” Finest Hour 192, 11.
56. 56 The date is probably but not certainly correct.
57. 57 Churchill, “Land of Corn and Lobsters,” Collier’s, Aug. 5, 1933, 16.
58. 58 Ibid.
59. 59 Times-Picayune, New Orleans, Feb. 21, 1932, sect. 2, 9. In 1933 Alice Longworth would be sent a copy of Marlborough on Churchill’s specific instructions.
60. 60 American Battle Monuments Commission, “Remembering World War I: General John J. Pershing Arrives in Europe,” June 13, 2017. https://www.abmc.gov/news-events/news/remembering-world-war-i-gen-john-j-pershing-arrives-europe. Churchill, with Ambassador Davis at his side, had met Pershing again in London at the victory parade.
61. 61 Atlanta Constitution, Feb. 28, 1931, sect. M, 6.
62. 62 Lina Mann, “Alice Roosevelt Longworth Presidential Daughter and American Celebrity,” White House Historical Association. https://www.whitehousehistory.org/alice-roosevelt-longworth-presidential-daughter-and-american-celebrity. Her father once said, “I can do one of two things, I can be President of the United States or I can control Alice. I cannot possibly do both.”
63. 63 CHAR 1/271/127.
64. 64 Baltimore Sun, Feb. 14, 1932, 3. A later edition describes Churchill as “a tea guest of Governor Ritchie.” Baltimore Sun, Feb. 16, 1932, 14.
65. 65 National Governors Association, “About Albert C. Ritchie.” https://www.nga.org/governor/albert-cabell-ritchie/.
66. 66 Baltimore Sun, Feb. 16, 1932.
67. 67 Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, vol. IV, 139.
68. 68 Baltimore Sun, Feb. 7, 1932, 6. One of the Baltimore Sun reporters covering this visit was Drew Pearson, whose column appeared in the Feb. 12 issue of the newspaper. Pearson went on to become one of the more influential nationally syndicated columnists, first for the Washington Times-Herald and then the Washington Post, urging “U.S. involvement in the looming war in Europe.” Tyler Abell, ed., Drew Pearson Diaries, xiii.
69. 69 “The story went around that when the editor of the Morning Post had sent Churchill a proof copy of one of his speeches, which included the bracketed word ‘cheers’ after one of his remarks, he had returned it with the edited addition, ‘loud and prolonged applause.’ ” Roberts, Churchill, 83.
70. 70 Baltimore Sun, Feb. 16, 1932, 14.
71. 71 Gilbert, Churchill: A Life, 723.
72. 72 Evening Star, Feb. 13, 1932, 5.
73. 73 New York Times, Feb. 17, 25, 26.
74. 74 https://text-message.blogs.archives.gov/2017/05/02/winston-churchill-goes-to-gettysburg-1932/.
75. 75 Gettysburg Times, Feb. 17, 1932, 1.

Chapter 12: 1931–1932: Chickamauga, Boston, A Radio Broadcast to Americans, and Home

1. 1 Baruch, My Own Story, 256. Hobcaw means “between the waters” in an Indian language. In 1949 Baruch asked Churchill to “inscribe a copy of THEIR FINEST HOUR [sic] to his three children: Bernard Baruch, Jr., Miss Belle Baruch [and] Mrs. Renee Samstag [his second daughter].” CHUR 2/263. After Baruch’s death, his daughter Belle established a foundation to support Hobcaw. During the First World War, she was appointed to the U.S. Army Signal Corps and taught Morse code to aviation recruits. She was a noted horsewoman and lectured around the world in favor of the League of Nations. https://charlestonmag.com/features/the_baroness_of_hobcaw.
2. 2 Baruch, My Own Story, 42.
3. 3 The State (Columbia, S.C.), Feb. 20, 1932, 1. The paper reports that another guest was a Captain Andrews, described as “formerly commander of the Mayflour [sic], the President’s [Theodore Roosevelt’s] private yacht.”
4. 4 Baruch, My Own Story, 256.
5. 5 Baruch’s figure is equivalent to 60 percent of the acreage of the nation’s capital. James Grant puts the total at “about 15,000 acres” bought at a cost of $55,000, for which Baruch was offered $1 million a few years later by Harry Payne Whitney, “an awe-struck guest.” Grant, 114.
6. 6 Baruch: My Own Story, 256.
7. 7 Ibid., 257.
8. 8 Coit, 641.
9. 9 This was a substantial concession. Herbert Bayard Swope, a man with whom Baruch interacted almost daily, never visited Hobcaw because it did not have a telephone and Baruch would not have one installed. Kahn, 81. Swope was a journalist, and later an adviser to Democrats such as Roosevelt and Baruch.
10. 10 Moir, 110.
11. 11 Florence Morning News [S.C.], Feb. 20, 1932, 5.
12. 12 Atlanta Constitution, Feb. 23, 1932, 2.
13. 13 Indianapolis Star, Feb. 28, 1932, 1–2.
14. 14 Indianapolis News, Feb. 26, 1932, 15.
15. 15 Indianapolis Star, Feb. 28, 1932, 1–2.
16. 16 Churchill “thought it the most beautiful of the inland cities of the Union.” “Land of Corn and Lobsters,” Collier’s Aug. 5, 1933.
17. 17 Cincinnati Enquirer, Feb. 28, 1932, 71–72.
18. 18 Ibid., Feb. 26, 1932, 6.
19. 19 Moir, 103–104.
20. 20 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWh2TOphgLc. Also on the Society’s website: Cincinnatus on Downing Street by Ellen McAllister Clark, Cincinnati Fourteen 47, no. 2 (Spring 2011): 1015.
21. 21 https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/140710. And Gregory B. Smith, “All the General’s Men,” Finest Hour 137, Nov. 10, 2019.
22. 22 A city which he later described as surrounded by “its rich red soils, the cotton-quilted hills, and uplands… are all alive with the tragic memories of the Civil War.” Collier’s, “Land of Corn and Lobsters,” Aug. 5, 1933.
23. 23 Atlanta Constitution, Feb. 24, 1932, 1.
24. 24 Indianapolis Star, Feb. 7, 1932, 3.
25. 25 In 2014, Randolph Churchill, Winston’s great-grandson, and his sister, Jennie Churchill, visited Knoxville Tennessee, some two hours away. Invited to give a presentation to the East Tennessee Historical Society, they read letters exchanged between American-born Jennie Jerome Churchill and her husband, Lord Randolph, during their courtship. Alas, Churchill’s great-grandchildren did not have time on this visit to follow in his footsteps to Chattanooga.
26. 26 Churchill raved about this city, asking, “Who would miss Chattanooga, lying in its cup between the Blue Ridge and Lookout Mountain? The scenery itself is exhilarating, but to all is added the intense significance of history.” Collier’s, “Land of Corn and Lobsters,” Aug. 5, 1933.
27. 27 Chattanooga News, Feb. 25, 1932, 5.
28. 28 Churchill, History of the English-Speaking Peoples, vol. 4, 194–195.
29. 29 In August 1932, Churchill would tour the Blenheim, Germany, battle site as he prepared to write Marlborough. His daughter Sarah accompanied him on that tour.
30. 30 CHAR 1/399A/59.
31. 31 CHAR 1/399A/60.
32. 32 Jean Edward Smith, 486. The phrase was first used by French official Jean Monnet, but when he mentioned it to Felix Frankfurter, Frankfurter asked him not to use it again so that it could be reserved for FDR.
33. 33 Yonkers Herald, March 12, 1932, 18. Yonkers is just outside New York City, where the Jeromes had once lived.
34. 34 Boston Globe, March 10, 1932, 8.
35. 35 Perkins was best man at the White House wedding of Nicholas Longworth and Alice Roosevelt. During the First World War, he was chief counsel to the War Industries Board and assistant director of munitions. After the war, he was a member of the War Reparations Commission in Paris, 1924–1926.
36. 36 Boston Globe, March 10, 1932, 8.
37. 37 Springfield Daily Republican, March 12, 1932, 7.
38. 38 https://dissolve.com/video/1918-Admiral-Sims-Winston-Churchill-are-among-notable-royalty-free-stock-video-footage/001-D378-83-572.
39. 39 New York Times, July 5, 1918, 7.
40. 40 DOCS 8, 339.
41. 41 New York Times, July 5, 1918, 7.
42. 42 Swetland, 11.
43. 43 Ibid., 21.
44. 44 CHUR 2/17/176A–B.
45. 45 A precursor to FDR’s popular and useful “fireside chats” on this new medium.
46. 46 CHAR 1/399A. A list of “all commercially recorded [Churchill] speeches” has been compiled by Ronald I. Cohen MBE and can be found in Langworth’s The Churchill Project, Nov. 18, 2016.
47. 47 CHAR 1/398A/31.
48. 48 CHAR 1/399A/66–79.
49. 49 Roberts, Churchill, 367.
50. 50 CHAR 2/190, and DOCS 12, 408.
51. 51 In 1933, Levy would also receive a gift of the first two volumes of Marlborough. Baruch arranged for Levy to act as Churchill’s New York lawyer during Sarah Churchill’s elopement to New York in 1936, and also arranged for Sarah to stay at his apartment during that difficult time.
52. 52 Lough, Champagne, 212. This was less than the £50,000 that had been expected, but certainly satisfactory for a tour of a country in the midst of the Great Depression.
53. 53 CHAR 8/656/28.
54. 54 “Ah, but the brain of Mr. Churchill and his ability to please, to charm, to enthrall!” By “Cousin Eve,” a columnist for the Chicago Tribune, Feb. 14, 1932, 2.
55. 55 DOCS 12, 394.
56. 56 Roberts, Churchill, 362, reports that 140 of Churchill’s friends, including Charlie Chaplin, contributed £15 each.
57. 57 DOCS 12, 394.

Chapter 13: 1932–1941: The Wandering Lecturer Returns to a Wilderness, Keeps His Network Intact, and Kisses Hands

1. 1 Headline of New York Times April 5, 1931, by Kathleen Woodward. A phrase and description by Dorothy Thompson in her introduction, used in some printings of the second American edition of A Roving Commission (British title: My Early Life). One quote from her introduction: “of a scintillating and sometimes devastating intelligence, a political maverick, a viveur with a gusty love of life and an unmitigated passion for England,” Finest Hour 157, Ronald I. Cohen MBE, 49.
2. 2 Churchill described his time out of government in the 1930s as being in the wilderness. Sir Martin Gilbert converted that to an enduring description in Winston Churchill, The Wilderness Years, describing Winston’s “political and Parliamentary isolation.” 112.
3. 3 Simon Heffer, vol. 1, 433.
4. 4 Purnell, 194 and DOCS 13, 521.
5. 5 On Churchill’s instructions, both Levy and Admiral Grayson received copies of Marlborough when published.
6. 6 CHAR 20/94A/113 and CHAR 1/244/56.
7. 7 CHR 1/244/74. Note from Violet Pearman advising Churchill of that fact.
8. 8 DOCS 12, 426–430, broadcast version. Also CHAR 9/102.
9. 9 DOCS 12, 427. Here is Churchill adjusting to what he thinks of as American slang. He was in love with language.
10. 10 CHAR 2/590/15–16.
11. 11 CHAR 2/590/17.
12. 12 CHAR 9/132/94–110.
13. 13 Baruch, The Public Years, 122–123. No dates given but one report is of a visit during Churchill’s “bleak years” between the wars when his host was “out-of-office and in disfavor even in his own party.”
14. 14 New York Post, July 6, 1938.
15. 15 Vol. I was published in Oct. 1933, vol. II in Oct. 1934, Vol. III in 1936, and, finally, Vol. IV in Sept. 1938, the same month as the Munich agreement.
16. 16 DOCS 12, 426–430.
17. 17 Baruch’s son, Bernard Jr., and Baruch’s principal assistant, Miss A. Boyle, received their own copies on Churchill’s orders.
18. 18 CHAR 8/337.
19. 19 Among others who received copies were Rudyard Kipling, T. E. Lawrence, and the American Maxine Elliott, whose villa in the South of France would provide Churchill with many relaxing vacations over the years, a place in the sun where he could paint, be pampered, and dictate. Deluxe editions went to the king, Mrs. Churchill, and the Duke of Marlborough. Churchill may or may not have met Cecil B. DeMille, the American movie director, on his Hollywood tour, but the director did own a first American edition of Amid These Storms (published Nov. 1932) and placed his own book plate in it. From Churchill Book Collector: https://www.churchillbookcollector.com/pages/books/007488/winston-s-churchill/amid-these-storms-legendary-hollywood-filmmaker-cecil-b-demilles-copy; March 2023.
20. 20 Warren F. Kimball, ed., Churchill & Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, 23.
21. 21 “In 1933, Churchill had seemed enthusiastic about Roosevelt and his ‘New Deal’ economics, but by 1935 he was speaking out against the level of interference and regulation it was spawning in the US economy.” Stewart, Burying Caesar, 135. As Britain’s need for aid from America increased Churchill spent less time speaking out against the New Deal.
22. 22 When sending this article to William Chenery, the Collier’s editor, Churchill wrote, “There is no doubt that this Economic article is like a soufflé. It must be served while hot.” DOCS 12, 654.
23. 23 Sandys, Chasing Churchill, 98; Lough, No More Champagne, characterizes the required effort as “remorseless schedule,” 198.
24. 24 Nichols, Beverley, p. 64.
25. 25 Lough, Darling Winston, 288, letter dated April 25, 1898, written in Bangalore to “My dearest Mamma” from “Ever your loving son, Winston S. Churchill.”
26. 26 DOCS 12, 22.
27. 27 It took a decade for the 4,000-copy Volumes I and II to sell out, and sales declined with each successive volume. “Not many Americans in the 1930s wanted to buy a very long and expensive biography of the founding father of the British Empire.” Rose, 208.
28. 28 Ronald Cohen, MBE, private communication to the author.
29. 29 DOCS 12, 404. Churchill did not understand why “American meals nearly always start with a large slice of melon… accompanied by ice water. This is surely an austere welcome for a hungry man at the midday or evening meal.” “Land of Corn and Lobsters,” Collier’s, Aug. 5, 1933.
30. 30 DOCS 12, 402–403.
31. 31 Churchill, “Defense in the Pacific,” Collier’s, Dec. 17, 1932, 12.
32. 32 Churchill, “Land of Corn and Lobsters.” Collier’s, Aug. 5, 1933.
33. 33 Weidhorn, “America Through Churchill’s Eyes,” Thought, vol. 50, no. 196, March 1975, 13.
34. 34 Churchill, “My Dramatic Days with the Kaiser in All His Glory,” Cosmopolitan, Aug. 1924.
35. 35 Churchill, “Ogre of Europe,” Cosmopolitan, March 1930.
36. 36 Churchill, “G.B.S.—Sage or Clown?” Cosmopolitan, Sept. 1931.
37. 37 Lough, No More Champagne, 273.
38. 38 CHAR 1/255/138.
39. 39 CHAR 2/446B.
40. 40 Churchill enjoyed and acknowledged both gifts. CHAR 20/54A/4 and CHAR 20/54A/42.
41. 41 “Mixed up” and “mixing up” were favorite phrases of Churchill’s and perhaps a Churchillian way of saying “allies.” Another favorite phrase was “dread naught.”
42. 42 CHAR 9/141A/37–68, speech Aug. 20, 1940, in the House of Commons.
43. 43 Colville, Fringes, 227.
44. 44 Gilbert, Churchill: A Life, 689.
45. 45 Roberts, Churchill, 351. Rose claims that the writing Churchill was compelled to do “involved so much labor that he could spend little time on the floor of Parliament”; 259.
46. 46 Harold Nicolson, Diaries & Letters 1930–1964, 123.
47. 47 Richard J. Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich, especially Chapter 4. See also United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Hitler Comes to Power,” Feb. 23, 2022. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/hitler-comes-to-power.
48. 48 Baruch, The Public Years, 273.
49. 49 Kimball, Correspondence, 24.
50. 50 Several writers report that FDR, then assistant secretary of the navy, came away from a July 29, 1918, dinner in Grey’s Inn with an unfavorable view of Churchill after the two had met briefly. That tale is based on a report by Joseph P. Kennedy. Andrew Roberts quite properly notes in his Churchill that Kennedy is “not a wholly reliable source” (261). Kennedy also told the president that Churchill was anti-American and hated Roosevelt, “a fiction completely dispelled by [Harry] Hopkins’s visit.” 631.
51. 51 Ronald, 274, 280, 304.
52. 52 United States Senate, “Joseph T. Robinson: A Featured Biography”; https://www.senate.gov/senators/FeaturedBios/Featured_Bio_Robinson.htm.
53. 53 Abramson, 302.
54. 54 Roberts, Churchill, 641.
55. 55 Abel, 147.
56. 56 Kimball, Churchill & Roosevelt, The Complete Correspondence, vol. 1, 102–109.
57. 57 Kimball, The Most Unsordid Act, Lend-Lease, 1939–1941, 124.
58. 58 Ibid., 236.

Chapter 14: 1932–1941: FDR, Luce, and Churchill’s Network Take on the Isolationists

1. 1 Robert Kagan, The Ghost at the Feast, 409.
2. 2 DOCS 16, 200.
3. 3 Susan Dunn, 66.
4. 4 Black, 662. The AFC was dissolved after Pearl Harbor.
5. 5 Sherwood, 243.
6. 6 McJimsey, 136–149.
7. 7 This characterization of Japan was contained in Roosevelt’s famous phrase “a date which will live in infamy” address to Congress. National Archives, Winter 2001, vol. 33, no. 4, “Our Heritage Documents.”
8. 8 Simms and Laderman, 167.
9. 9 Persico, 162.
10. 10 Michael Neiberg, 73.
11. 11 Reproduced in Reporting World War II: American Journalism 1938–1946. New York: Literary Classics of the United States, 40–44.
12. 12 Glueckstein, “This is… London,” Finest Hour 144.
13. 13 Glueckstein, Sir Winston Churchill, 266.
14. 14 The ambassador was so close to Churchill during the war years that Colville wrote of him, “Winant became almost an appendage of the Prime Minister,” Colville, The Churchillians, 92. Winant “counseled the PM on how to convince Roosevelt” to join the war. Garrison, 38. Winant had served in France during the First World War.
15. 15 The King’s Medal for Courage in the Cause of Freedom is a British medal for award to foreign nationals who aided the Allied effort during the Second World War.
16. 16 Glueckstein, Sir Winston Churchill, 272.
17. 17 Sperber, 185.
18. 18 Persico, 113.
19. 19 Ibid., 117.
20. 20 Glueckstein, “This… is London,” Finest Hour 144.
21. 21 Persico, 165, 168–182, 193–194, and 232.
22. 22 Spartacus Educational, “Lend-Lease,” https://spartacus-educational.com/2WWlendlease.htm. And Franklin D. Roosevelt, Day by Day, a project of the Pare Lorenz Center at the FDR Presidential Library, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday/event/november-1944-9/.
23. 23 Gies, 165.
24. 24 George Will, “1940,” Washington Post, June 19, 2016.
25. 25 Lance Morrow, “When Time’s ‘Man of the Year’ Meant Something,” Wall Street Journal, Dec. 3–4, 2022, A 17. Churchill of course was not a candidate for canonization, but he was for a Nobel Prize which he won for Literature in 1953 for his memoir, The Second World War.
26. 26 Lance Morrow, Typewriters, 79.
27. 27 Morris, 204. This described Luce circa 1948.
28. 28 Time, Jan. 2, 1950, 28.
29. 29 Ibid., 41.
30. 30 In June 1941 Life counted 3.2 million readers and Time more than one million. Robert Herzstein, 396–397. And Mott, vol. V, 324. It was to reach to over three million.
31. 31 Pamela Churchill (later Harriman) was Churchill’s daughter-in-law, at that time.
32. 32 Life’s description of this photo quotes Cecil Beaton saying the infant had the “typical Churchill mouth”; 15.
33. 33 Life, Jan. 27, 1941, 59.
34. 34 Judith Mackrell, 15, 365. Thompson was described by the New York Times’ obituary writer as “Newspaper Columnist, Author; Foreign Affairs Specialist Had Wide Pre-War Influence.” New York Times, Feb. 1, 1961. In July 1941, she was invited to spend the weekend at Chequers with the prime minister “to help [Harry] Hopkins.”
35. 35 “Winston Churchill: He Inspires an Empire in Its Hour of Need,” Life, Jan. 27, 1941, 70.
36. 36 Susan Hertog, 294.
37. 37 Peter Kurth, 318.
38. 38 Deborah Cohen, 291.
39. 39 Ibid., 328.
40. 40 Hertog, 299.
41. 41 Cohen, 320.
42. 42 Deborah Cohen, 20/216/72.
43. 43 Herzstein, 10–11.
44. 44 Joseph P. Lash, 209.
45. 45 Berinsky, 46–49.
46. 46 Heffer, ed., Channon: Diaries 1938–1943, 123 fn.
47. 47 Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 183.
48. 48 Peter Conradi, 213.
49. 49 Wheeler-Bennett, 388.
50. 50 Kimball, Correspondence, 37.
51. 51 Wheeler-Bennett, 511.
52. 52 Dunn, 1940, 310.
53. 53 Pearson and Allen, “The Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Jan. 1, 1942, typescript copy in the collection of American University.
54. 54 Pearson and Allen.
55. 55 Churchill, The Second World War, The Grand Alliance, vol. III, 539–540.
56. 56 Sims and Laderman, 188–189.
57. 57 In June 1942, when Churchill was meeting with President Roosevelt in Washington, he first met Major General Eisenhower. A few days later, General Marshall, then the president’s chief of staff, arranged for the prime minister to visit an army training camp in Fort Jackson, S.C., along with Secretary of War Henry Stimson. Churchill commented, “I was given a ‘walkie-talkie’ to carry. This was the first time I had ever handled such a convenience”; https://winstonchurchill.hillsdale.ed/churchills-view-us-troops/.
58. 58 Churchill was confronting a formidable opponent. General Eisenhower called Clark “the best organizer, planner and trainer of troops that I have ever met.” One historian of the Second World War notes that he was “short-tempered,” and some of Clark’s colleagues used words such as “goddamned study in arrogance… conceit wrapped around him like a halo…” Atkinson, 183, 184.
59. 59 Persico, 233.
60. 60 Lewis E. Lehrman, Lincoln & Churchill.
61. 61 Brinkley, 330–331.
62. 62 Graebner, 12–13.
63. 63 Brinkley, 331.
64. 64 Publication dates: I June 21, 1948; II March 29, 1949, III April 24, 1950; IV Nov. 27, 1950; V Nov. 23, 1951; VI Nov. 30, 1953, per Langworth, Guide, 258.
65. 65 New York Times April 16, 1948.
66. 66 Henry A. Laughlin, “My Encounters with the Charismatic Churchill,” Finest Hour 121, 33.
67. 67 Laughlin, Glimpses of Winston Churchill, Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1965, Third Series, vol. 77 (1965), 77.

Epilogue

1. 1 DOCS 13, 950–951.
2. 2 He once told Harriman, “Worldly goods have never come my way… I lived by the ink of my pen… by the sweat of my pen.” Abel, 114.
3. 3 Ian Kershaw, 157.
4. 4 Sandbrook, Review, Sunday Times, Sept. 18, 2022.
5. 5 OB VIII, 1322–1323.
6. 6 Churchill was also made made an honorary citizen of several states, including North Carolina and West Virginia.
7. 7 CHAR 1/323/63 and 83.

Appendix A: List of American Magazines that Published Articles by Winston Churchill

1. 1 Collier’s was an American general interest magazine founded in 1888 by Peter Fenelon Collier. It was launched as Collier’s Once a Week, then renamed in 1895 as Collier’s Weekly: An Illustrated Journal, shortened in 1905 to Collier’s: The National Weekly and eventually simply to Collier’s.

Appendix C: WSC articles in Collier’s

1. 1 Mott, vol. IV, 473.