*Pioneered by ER’s great mentors Jane Addams, Florence Kelley, Lillian Wald, and Julia Lathrop of the U.S. Children’s Bureau, the Sheppard-Towner Infant and Maternity Act had been signed by Warren Harding in 1921. Vigorously opposed by right-wing groups and the American Medical Association, it was repealed in 1929. The Social Security Act of 1935 had restored the guarantee of prenatal education and infant care, but national infant health services remained underfunded.