Notes



1 : PRELUDES
1
Margaret Truman, ed., Where the Buck Stops: The Personal and Private Writings of Harry S. Truman (New York: Warner Books, 1989), 1.
2
Alonzo L. Hamby, Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 3.
3
Thomas Wolfe, You Can’t Go Home Again (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1940), 508.
4
Hamby, Man of the People, 8–9.
5
Harry S. Truman, Memoirs of Harry S. Truman, vol. 1, Year of Decision s (New York: Doubleday, 1955), 119–20.
6
Harry S. Truman, The Autobiography of Harry S. Truman (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002), 41.
7
David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 89–90.
8
Ibid., 63.
9
Hamby, Man of the People, 15, 58.
10
McCullough, Truman, 113–35; Hamby, Man of the People, 66–82.
11
Hamby, Man of the People, 94–100.
12
McCullough, Truman, 158–66.
13
Hamby, Man of the People, 86.
14
Ibid., 101–14.
15
McCullough, Truman, 166–71; Hamby, Man of the People, 115–31.
16
McCullough, Truman, 171–73; Hamby, Man of the People, 145–47.
17
McCullough, Truman, 173–92.
18
Ibid.
19
Ibid., 193–95, 201–4. Also see, H. Truman, Autobiography of Harry S. Truman, 67.
20
H. Truman, Autobiography of Harry S. Truman, 67–68; McCullough, Truman, 204–12; Hamby, Man of the People, 188–99.
21
Hamby, Man of the People, 198.
22
H. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 1, 142.
23
Hamby, Man of the People, 199.
24
McCullough, Truman, 214.
25
Ibid., 213–34.
26
Ibid., 217.
27
Hamby, Man of the People, 200–27.
28
McCullough, Truman, 239.
29
Hamby, Man of the People, 235.
30
McCullough, Truman, 241–52; Hamby, Man of the People, 228–47.
31
McCullough, Truman, 253–91; Hamby, Man of the People, 248–60.
32
James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970), 503–6.
33
Hamby, Man of the People, 278.
34
McCullough, Truman, 294.
35
Ibid., 320.
36
Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Cycles of American History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), 337–42.
37
McCullough, Truman, 333–42.
38
Ibid., 339.
39
Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 519.
40
McCullough, Truman, 342; Hamby, Man of the People, 286–90.
41
Hamby, Man of the People, 293.
2: ENDING THE WAR AND PLANNING THE PEACE
1
Alben Barkley, That Reminds Me—The Autobiography of the Veep (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1954), 197.
2
George H. Gallup, The Gallup Poll, 1935–1971, vol. 1, 1935–1948 (New York: Random House, 1972), 503–4, 512, 558.
3
McCullough, Truman, 383.
4
Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945–1948 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), 57.
5
McCullough, Truman, 451.
6
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. Truman, 1945 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1961), 209.
7
McCullough, Truman, 391.
8
Hamby, Man of the People, 331–32.
9
H. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 1, 416.
10
David Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War, 1943–1945 (New York: Vintage Books, 1987), 692.
11
McCullough, Truman, 443; Hamby, Man of the People, 332.
12
McCullough, Truman, 413; M. Truman, Where the Buck Stops, 205–6.
13
M. Truman, Where the Buck Stops, 205.
14
Ibid., 204.
15
Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War: Triumph and Tragedy (New York: Bantam Books, 1962), 546.
16
Charles Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), 231.
17
Hamby, Man of the People, 339.
18
John L. Gaddis, The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 31–32.
19
H. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 1, 551–52.
20
Dallek, Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 517–19.
21
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, chap. 16.
22
Burns, Roosevelt, 422–26.
23
Alonzo Hamby, Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973), 61–62.
24
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 107.
25
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 1, 558. Also, Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 117.
26
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 1, 528, 558.
27
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, chap. 13; Hamby, Beyond the New Deal, chap. 3.
28
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 123, 125.
29
Robert Dallek, Hail to the Chief: The Making and Unmaking of American Presidents (New York: Hyperion, 1996), xii–xiii.
30
Robert Ferrell, ed., Dear Bess: The Letters from Harry to Bess Truman, 1910–1959 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1983), 523–24.
3: THE WORST OF TIMES
1
T. D. Schellhardt, “Do We Expect Too Much?” Wall Street Journal, July 10, 1979.
2
McCullough, Truman, 481.
3
Ibid., 477.
4
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 1, 499–500, 523, 558, 611.
5
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, chap. 19.
6
McCullough, Truman, 493.
7
Ibid., 482.
8
H. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 1, 506.
9
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 127.
10
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 1, 544–45, 566; Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 128.
11
H. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 1, 509; Public Papers of the Presidents: Harry S. Truman, 1946, 15–16.
12
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 165; Public Papers of the Presidents: Harry S. Truman, 1946, 47–48.
13
Harry S. Truman, Memoirs of Harry S. Truman, vol. 2, Years of Trial and Hope (New York: Doubleday, 1956), 53–55.
14
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 198.
15
Public Papers of the Presidents: Harry S. Truman, 1946, 1ff.
16
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 164.
17
McCullough, Truman, 481–82, 492–506.
18
Hamby, Beyond the New Deal, 77.
19
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 121–22, 167, 198–99, 235–36.
20
Hamby, Beyond the New Deal, 78.
21
McCullough, Truman, 482, 485, 492–93.
22
Hamby, Beyond the New Deal, 83; McCullough, Truman, 485; Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 236.
23
M. Truman, Where the Buck Stops, 81–82, 87.
24
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 170–71, 187; McCullough, Truman, 486.
25
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 187.
26
John L. Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), 302–4.
27
Ibid., 306–9, 312–15.
28
McCullough, Truman, 486–90.
29
Gaddis, Origins of the Cold War, 308–9, 314–15.
30
McCullough, Truman, 490.
31
Gaddis, Origins of the Cold War, 309–312; Hamby, Man of the People, 348–50.
32
Gaddis, Origins of the Cold War, 332–35; Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 203–7; Hamby, Man of the People, 350–52; Time, September 30, 1946.
33
H. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 1, 555–60; Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 219–28; McCullough, Truman, 513–18; Hamby, Man of the People, 352–59.
34
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 229–38; McCullough, Truman, 520–24.
35
Ralph Keyes, The Wit and Wisdom of Harry Truman (New York: Gramercy Press, 1995), 57–60; Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 239.
4: POLITICIAN AND STATESMAN
1
McCullough, Truman, 529.
2
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 245.
3
Ibid., 240.
4
Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 388.
5
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 240, 242.
6
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 1, 581, 606, 608, 610.
7
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 240–42; Hamby, Man of the People, 419–20.
8
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 1, 617, 623.
9
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 242–43.
10
For an excellent portrait of the Eightieth Congress, see Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, chap. 27, including the Wherry quote on p. 258.
11
McCullough, Truman, 550–53.
12
Margaret Truman, Harry S. Truman (New York: Pocket Books, 1973), 381–83; Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, chap. 32; Hamby, Beyond the New Deal, 184–85.
13
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 279–85.
14
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 1, 636–37, 639; Ronald Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century (New York: Little, Brown, 1980), 438–39.
15
Gaddis, Origins of the Cold War, 348–52; Melvyn Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1992), 121–27, 142–47.
16
McCullough, Truman, 561–65; H. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 2, 110–19; George F. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950 (New York: Little, Brown, 1967), chap. 14; Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 157–65; Arnold Offner, Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945–1953 (Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2002), chap. 9.
17
The best recent analysis of the Marshall Plan is in Greg Behrman, The Most Noble Adventure: The Marshall Plan and the Time When America Helped Save Europe (New York: Free Press, 2007). Also see Niall Ferguson, “Dollar Diplomacy: How Much Did the Marshall Plan Really Matter?” The New Yorker, August 27, 2007.
18
Michael J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945–1954 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 24–68, 194–206.
19
McCullough, Truman, 483.
20
Ibid., 579–80.
21
Merle Miller, Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman (New York: Berkeley Publishing, 1974), 230–32.
22
Public Papers of the Presidents: Harry S. Truman, 1946, 228; Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 314, 315, 318–19.
23
John Morton Blum, The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace, 1942–1946 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), 606–7.
24
Public Papers of the Presidents: Harry S. Truman, 1946, 442–44.
25
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 324–31. There is a well-drawn summary of Truman’s views and actions leading up to the UN partition vote in Offner, Another Such Victory, 274–90.
26
Donovan, 243–45, 332–37; Hamby, Beyond the New Deal, 61–65, 188–90; McCullough, Truman, 569–70.
5: AGAINST ALL ODDS
1
McCullough, Truman, 584–86.
2
Ibid.
3
Gallup, The Gallup Poll, vol. 1, 623, 633, 636, 650, 665, 680.
4
Clark Clifford, Counsel to the President (New York: Random House, 1991), 189–94.
5
Ibid.
6
John C. Culver and John Hyde, American Dreamer: A Life of Henry A. Wallace (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 456–58.
7
Clifford, Counsel to the President, 194–96; McCullough, Truman, 585–86.
8
Clifford, Counsel to the President, 203–8; McCullough, Truman, 586–90.
9
Clifford, Counsel to the President, 208–209.
10
McCullough, Truman, 589; Hamby, Beyond the New Deal, 214–15.
11
Offner, Another Such Victory, 236–37; Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 204–9.
12
Offner, Another Such Victory, 238–40; Hogan, Cross of Iron, 145–46.
13
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 363–66.
14
Ibid., 367–68, 408–9, 423, 426, 436. Also see, Offner, Another Such Victory, chap. 10.
15
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 1, 686–87; Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 237–46.
16
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 1, 722, 724–25, 727, 732, 734, 739, 745.
17
Hamby, Man of the People, 439.
18
Ibid., 441–44.
19
Time, June 28, 1948.
20
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 1, 749.
21
McCullough, Truman, 612, 632–36.
22
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 388–89.
23
McCullough, Truman, 636–46.
24
Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 410–12.
25
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 1, 744–45, 747–48.
26
Ibid., 750–51, 753–54, 757, 759.
27
McCullough, Truman, chap. 14, especially 664, 670–72.
6: COLD WAR PRESIDENT
1
Public Papers of the Presidents: Harry S Truman, 1948, 941.
2
Hamby, Beyond the New Deal, chaps. 13 and 14.
3
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 2, 780–83, 797, 801–5.
4
Hamby, Beyond the New Deal, 311–14.
5
Robert J. Donovan, Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1949–1953 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982), 120–22.
6
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 2, 787, 791, 808, 853.
7
Miller, Plain Speaking, 139.
8
Donovan, Tumultuous Years, chap. 3.
9
Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 208–18, 234–35, 280–86; Kennan, Memoirs, 407–11.
10
Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 9, 116, 313, 325–26; David E. Lilienthal, The Journals of David Lilienthal, 1945–1950 (New York: Harper & Row, 1964), vol. 2, 570–71.
11
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 2, 800, 815, 829–30, 834, 860, 867, 869.
12
Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 326–30; McCullough, Truman, 749, 756–58.
13
Offner, Another Such Victory, 347–57.
14
Quoted in Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 328–29.
15
Offner, Another Such Victory, 329–37.
16
The China White Paper, August 1949, vol. 1 (Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1967), iii–xvii; James Chace, Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998), 219–20.
17
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 2, 852–53, 868–89.
18
Donovan, Tumultuous Years, 114–18.
7: MISERIES AT HOME AND ABROAD
1
Public Papers of the Presidents: Harry S. Truman, 1950, 2ff.; New York Times, January 5, 1950.
2
McCullough, Truman, 759–61.
3
Hamby, Man of the People, 529.
4
Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 327–33; McCullough, Truman, 761–64.
5
Offner, Another Such Victory, 365–67.
6
Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969), 374.
7
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 2, 906–7.
8
Donovan, Tumultuous Years, chap. 16.
9
Ibid., 166, 168.
10
Leffler, A Preponderance of Power, 92–94.
11
Don Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1997), 8–9.
12
Glenn D. Paige, The Korean Decision, June 24–June 30, 1950 (New York: Free Press, 1968), part 3; Burton Kaufmann, The Korean War (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986), chap. 1; Hamby, Man of the People, 534–39.
13
Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 364–69.
14
Ibid., 374–78.
15
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 2, 943.
16
Hamby, Man of the People, 542–46.
17
Miller, Plain Speaking, 308, 315–17.
18
McCullough, Truman, 808–13.
19
Ibid., 813–14; the McCarthy quote is on p. 813.
20
Hamby, Man of the People, 549–51; the Schlesinger quote is on p. 551.
21
Public Papers of the President: Harry S. Truman, 1950, 714.
22
Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 398–400; Hamby, Man of the People, 551–52.
23
Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 400–401; Hamby, Man of the People, 552–53.
24
McCullough, Truman, 826–29; Miller, Plain Speaking, 87.
25
McCullough, Truman, 830.
26
Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 401–3; Hamby, Man of the People, 553.
8: LOST CREDIBILITY
1
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 2, 958, 960–61, 964–65, 968–69, 972–73, 976–77.
2
John W. Spanier, The Truman-MacArthur Controversy and the Korean War (New York: W. W. Norton, 1965), chap. 10, especially 197–202.
3
Ibid., 202–7; Hamby, Man of the People, 555–56.
4
H. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 2, 436–50.
5
Miller, Plain Speaking, 308, 312–13.
6
H. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 2, 443–44; Spanier, Truman-MacArthur Controversy, 205–7.
7
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 2, 981–82, 984, 987, 998.
8
Hamby, Man of the People, 561–64.
9
Spanier, Truman-MacArthur Controversy, 215–16, 219–20; Hamby, Man of the People, 561–62.
10
Michael Schaller, Douglas MacArthur: The Far Eastern General (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 242–43; William Manchester, American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur, 1880–1964 (New York: Little, Brown, 1978), 612, 662; Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 2, 982, 998.
11
Manchester, American Caesar, 644.
12
Hamby, Man of the People, 558; Manchester, American Caesar, 644, 648–49.
13
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 2, 989, 995, 999–1000.
14
H. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 2, 451–52; Hamby, Man of the People, 557–58, 562; Robert H. Ferrell, ed., Off the Record (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), 310.
15
H. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 2, 451; McCullough, Truman, 852–54.
16
McCullough, Truman, 853; Murray Polner, “Review of David Halberstam’s The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War,” on History News Network, November 12, 2007.
17
Offner, Another Such Victory, 406–9; Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 2, 1019, 1027.
18
Hamby, Man of the People, 574.
19
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 2, 1007, 1019–22, 1032.
20
David Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy (New York: Free Press, 1983), chaps. 12–15; McCullough, Truman, 860–62; Robert Dallek, Lone Star Rising: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1908–1960 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 451–59; New York Review of Books, November 22, 2007, p. 25.
21
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 2, 1007–8; Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 391–93.
22
Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 408–13.
23
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 2, 1010, 1016–18; Hamby, Man of the People, 575–80.
24
McCullough, Truman, 862–72.
9: LAST HURRAHS
1
Gallup, Gallup Poll, vol. 2, 977–78, 997, 1015, 1021–22, 1038.
2
Donovan, Tumultuous Years, 171–72, 392.
3
Ibid., chap. 35; Hamby, Man of the People, 589–93.
4
Donovan, Tumultuous Years, chap. 36; McCullough, Truman, 895–903; Hamby, Man of the People, 593–98.
5
Offner, Another Such Victory, 409–17.
6
Donovan, Tumultuous Years, 392–401; Hamby, Man of the People, 599–614; McCullough, Truman, 887–913.
7
Donovan, Tumultuous Years, 402–404; McCullough, Truman, 920–21; Hamby, Man of the People, 614–18.
8
McCullough, Truman, 918–20.
9
Hamby, Man of the People, 618.
EPILOGUE
1
The material in the epilogue is drawn from McCullough, Truman, chap. 18; and Hamby, Man of the People, chap. 34.
2
Robert Dallek, An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963 (New York: Little, Brown, 2003), 235.
3
McCullough, Truman, 966.
4
Ibid., 978.
5
Hamby, Man of the People, 632.