The page numbers in this index refer to the print edition of this book.
Aeterni Regis (bull), 78, 143, 149
Afonso V (king of Portugal):
abdication of throne, 54; death,
55; invasion of Castile, 33 –35,
48 –53, 75,76; betrothal to Juana la
Beltraneja, 48; plan to marry Isabella,
11–13, 35, 36, 42, 43; sponsor of
Atlantic voyages, 48, 73, 74, 75
Albuquerque, Afonso de, 163
Alcazar of Madrid, 12
Alexander VI (pope). See Borgia,
Rodrigo (Pope Alexander VI)
Alfonso de Coca, friar, 14, 15, 36
Alfonso of Palencia, 47, 50, 53
Almeida, Francisco de, 132
Alonso de Aragon, 52
Alvarado, Pedro, 193
Anghiera, Pietro Martire d’, 129
Arana, Beatriz Enríquez de, 99, 104
Archimedes, 81
Aristotle, 80, 81
Atahualpa, emperor of the Incas, 193
Azores, 77, 78, 87, 96, 97, 98, 121, 122,
128, 148
Aztec Empire, 160, 192, 193, 194, 198
Badajoz Conference, 195–97
Balboa. See Nuñez de Balboa
Barbosa, Beatriz, 164
Barbosa, Diego, 164, 173
Barros, João de, 96, 125, 169
Bermuda, 121
Bernáldez, Alonzo, 218
Bernáldez, Lorenzo, 216, 217
Bojador, Cape, 60, 66 –68, 73, 74
Borgia, Alonso, 134
Borgia, Cesare, 137, 138
Borgia, Lucrezia, 137, 146
Borgia, Rodrigo (Pope Alexander VI):
appearance, 134, 136, 138; becomes
pope, 140 –42; birth and childhood,
134, 135; children, 137, 146;
corruption and immorality, 134 –
39; death, 150; early career, 135;
personality, 134 –36; relations
with Ferdinand and Isabella, 44, 45,
139, 140, 144 –47, 153, 160; support
for Jews, 138, 267; Inter Caetera
(divides the world), 145, 146, 148,
149, 154, 166, 202, 252, 253,
266, 267
Brazil, 4, 159, 167, 173, 174,
200, 216, 262, 266
Burchard, Johann, 137,
Bynkershoek, Cornelius, 260
Cabot, John, 158, 199, 200
Cabot, Sebastian, 195, 199, 200
Cabral, Pedro Álvares, 159
Cadamosto, Alvise, 68
Calixtus III (pope), 74
Canary Islands, 75–78, 87, 97,
98, 103, 111, 114, 129, 145, 149,
154, 173, 217, 247
cannibals, 120, 217, 218
Cão, Diogo, 78, 91, 94
Cape of Good Hope, 62, 159, 241
Carillo de Acuña, Alfonso (archbishop
of Toledo), 14, 15, 26, 27, 40, 42
Cartagena, Juan de, 174, 176
Casa de Contratacíon, 164, 171,
203, 204
Castile: civil war, 26 –29, 43; economy,
geography and population, 16, 17;
Portuguese invasion, 49 –53
Cathay (China), 85, 91
Ceuta, Morocco, 63, 66, 91
Charles I (king of Spain). See Charles V
Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor), 162,
165, 166, 170, 171, 187, 188,
195, 197 –202, 213, 242
Charles VIII (king of France), 147, 148
Cimarrons, the, 227 –33
Cipangu (Japan), 89, 95, 117, 120
Coca, Alfonso de, 14, 36
Colón, Cristobal. See Columbus,
Christopher
Columbus, Bartolomeo, 84, 104
Columbus, Christopher: appearance, 86,
127; attitude to native peoples, 119,
120, 129, 130; birth and childhood,
85, 86; first arrival in Castile, 98;
first arrival in Portugal, 54, 84, 85;
departs on first voyage, 114, 115,
142; geographical discoveries, 4,
116 –23,130, 131; geographical
theories, 79, 85–87, 89, 92, 93;
personality, 114, 126, 127, 131;
relations with Isabella and Ferdinand,
99, 101–3, 110 –12, 127, 130;
relations with João II, 3, 90, 94,
96, 104, 124 –26, 153;
Columbus, Ferdinand, 113, 116;
Constantinople, 83, 100
Côrte-Real, Gaspar, 159
Cortés, Hernán, 167, 189 –94, 198
Counter-Reformation, 236, 237
Cuba, 118, 205, 221
Cueva, Beltrán de la.
See “La Beltraneja,” Juana
da Gama, Vasco, 63, 158, 163, 164, 241
d’Ailly, Pierre, 89
Dias, Bartolomeu, 60 –62, 78, 94, 104
Díaz de Solís, Juan, 167, 168
Drake, Francis, 5, 220 –35
Drake, Joseph, 230
Dudum Siquidem (bull), 154
Duero River, 50
Dulmo, Fernão, 96, 104
Dutch East India Company
(Vereenigde Oost-Indische
Compagnie) (VOC), 240, 246,
249, 257, 258
Dutch Republic, 237, 242, 243,
250, 265
Dutch West India Company, 263
Eannes, Gil, 67, 69
Ea Quae (bull), 159
Elcano, Juan Sebastián de,
185, 186, 195, 198
Elizabeth (queen of England),
226, 233 –36
English East India Company, 258
Enrique (king of Castile): arranging
Isabella’s marriage, 11, 12, 14,
32, 39; ascends the throne, 25, 73;
death, 46, 47; impotence, 13, 44;
symbolic dethroning, 27
Enríquez, Martin, 222, 223
Eratosthenes, 81, 83
Faleiro, Ruy, 162, 164, 171
Ferdinand (king of Aragon and Castile):
appearance, 14, 15; becomes king,
47; death, 165; expulsion of the Jews,
113; leading armies, 33 –35, 50 –53;
marriage to Isabella, 37 –39, 40 –41,
110; Treaty of Alcáçovas, 75–78.
See also Isabella (queen of Aragon
and Castile)
Freitas, Seraphim de, 256, 259
Gama, Vasco da. See da Gama, Vasco
Girón, Pedro, 28, 29
gold trade, 64, 75, 83, 202, 203
Gomes, Fernão, 70
Gonçalves, Antão, 69
Granada, Moorish kingdom, 100, 101,
103, 104, 109, 110, 112, 128, 135
Grootenhuys, Jan, 240
Grotius, Hugo: appearance, 238; birth
and early career, 239, 244; Mare
Liberum, 5, 240, 241, 250 –60, 265
Guinea Coast, 75–77
Hawkins, John, 216 –26
Heemskerck, Jacob van, 247 –49
Henry VIII (king of England), 213
Henry the Navigator (prince), 63,
68, 73, 74, 84, 128
Herrera, Lope de, 132
Hispaniola, 119, 128, 167, 168, 189,
191, 205, 216, 228, 262
Hostilius, Tullius, 111
Houtman, Cornelis de, 245
Humabon (rajah of Cebu), 182, 184
Iberian peninsula: 18, 45, 54, 55, 63,
76, 86, 100, 132, 133, 147, 201
Inca Empire, 193 –94
Indigenous Law Institute, 2
Innocent VIII (pope), 140
Inquisition, 99, 113, 138, 243
Isabella (queen of Aragon and Castile):
appearance, 30; becomes queen,
47; birth and youth, 15, 21; daughter
Catharine, 213; death of brother,
30; defeat of Portuguese invasion,
53; expulsion of the Jews, 113, 138;
marriage to Ferdinand, 37 –39,
40 –41, 110 –12; marriage prospects,
11–16, 28, 35; miscarried male fetus,
50; negotiates Treaty of Tordesillas,
155–57; personality, 12, 15, 30, 102,
112, 113; princess of Asturias, 13, 31;
relations with Enrique, 27, 35, 36, 39,
42, 43, 46, 47; relations with João II,
3, 77, 132, 133, 142, 143, 149, 153;
relations with Rodrigo Borgia, 44,
45, 139, 140, 144, 145, 153, 267;
support for Columbus,
99, 101–3, 127, 130; support for
the Inquisition, 99, 113, 138;
treatment of native peoples, 152,
153. See also Ferdinand (king of
Aragon and Castile)
Inter Caetera (bull), 1–4, 145, 146,
148, 149, 154, 266
Jamaica, 263
João II (king of Portugal), appearance,
56; becomes king, 55, 71, 76;
negotiates Treaty of Tordesillas,
155–57; personality, 55, 56; relations
with Columbus, 3, 91, 94 –96, 104,
105, 124 –26; relations with Ferdinand
and Isabella, 6, 33 –35, 37, 54 –56,
132, 133, 142, 143, 155; ruthlessness,
57, 72, 126, 149, 150, 155; sickness
and death, 157; sponsor of Atlantic
voyages, 57, 58, 62, 71, 93, 129
João III (king of Portugal), 162, 188,
195, 200, 201
John II (pope), 152
Juan II (king of Aragon), 14, 16, 43, 45
Juan II (king of Castile), 20, 21
Juana (princess and queen), 13
Juana la Beltraneja.
See “La Beltraneja,” Juana
Julian II (pope), 159, 166
“La Beltraneja,” Juana, 13, 26, 29,
31, 43 –45, 48 –50, 53, 55, 76
La Navidad, 120
Landa, Diego de, 194
Lapu-Lapu, Datu
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 91,
102, 111, 165, 194
Leonor, 162, 171
Leo X (pope), 212, 213
Lepanto, Battle of, 214
line of demarcation, 156, 157,
159, 160, 165, 188, 195,
201, 202, 207. See also Treaty
of Tordesillas
Linschoten, Jan Huygen van, 244
Lisbon, 86, 87, 88, 91, 104, 105, 123,
124, 126, 132, 142, 153, 155, 159,
161, 169, 244
Louis XI (king of France), 14, 49, 54
Lovell, John, 220, 221
Lucas de Iranzo, Miguel, 43, 44
Luna, Alvaro de, 21, 22
Luther, Martin, 2, 162, 212, 213
Macao, 247, 248
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 110 –11, 137
Magellan, Ferdinand: appearance, 161;
birth, 163; circumnavigation of
the world, 5, 182, 185, 186, 213;
crossing the Pacific, 179 –81;
death, 182, 183; early career, 163;
geographical theories, 164, 165;
leaves Portugal for Castile, 162, 163,
169, 170; mutiny attempts, 173 –77;
Patagonia, 175; preparations for
voyage, 170 –72; scurvy, 180, 181;
Strait of Magellan, 178, 179;
Tierra del Fuego, 177
Malacca, 163
Manuel I, king of Portugal, 157, 159,
161–63, 166, 169 –71, 188
mare clausum, 255
Mare Liberum. See Grotius, Hugo
Martel, Charles, 18
Martyr, Peter, 164, 168
Mayan city states, 193, 194
Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 98
Medinaceli, Duke of, 98, 101
Mehmet the Conqueror, 19, 83, 101
Montezuma, emperor of
the Aztecs, 192
Morgan, Henry, 262
Munster Treaties, 261
Neck, Jacob Corneliszoon van, 245
Netherlands, the. See Dutch Republic
Newfoundland, 128, 129
Nicholas V (pope), 73
Nombre de Dios, 227 –229, 232, 135
Nuñez de Balboa, Vasco, 165, 168
Oldenbarnevelt, Johan, 239, 240
Ortiz, Diogo, 91
Pacheco Pereira, Duarte, 95
Panama, 165
Papal States, 147, 148
Pereira, Juan Solorzano, 256
Perestrello y Moniz, Felípa
Philip II (king of Spain), 202, 212,
214, 234, 236, 237, 242, 244
Philippines, 181, 202, 266
Pigafetta, Antonio, 173 –83, 186, 188
Pina, Rui de, 125
piracy (Caribbean), 204, 209,
210, 227, 233 –35, 248, 249, 262
Pius II (pope), 135, 136
Pizarro, Francisco, 193
Plato, 81
Port St. Julian, 174, 175, 179, 185
Polo, Marco, 89, 91, 92, 95
Protestant Reformation, 213 –15,
227, 232, 261, 265
Pulgar, Fernando de, 24
Ptolemy, Claudius, 81–83,
89, 92, 128, 129
Quesada, Gaspar, 176, 177
Reconquista, 18, 19
Reformation. See Protestant
Reformation
Reigersbergh, Marie van, 239
Renaissance, 151
Ribera, Diego, 195
Rio de Janeiro, 174
Rio de la Plata, 174
Roman Empire, 83, 255
Romanus Pontifex (bull), 74
Sande, Rui de, 132
San Salvador, 117
Santa Catarina, 248, 250, 253
Sargasso Sea, 115
Sebastian I (Portugal), 212
Selden, John, 256, 257
Serrano, Francisco, 163, 164
Seville, 17, 19, 73, 98, 162, 164,
170, 171, 184, 198, 199, 203,
204, 205, 207, 222, 225
Sforza, Ascanio, 141
Sierra Nevada, 18
Sixtus VI (pope), 78, 145
slave trade, 58, 68 –71, 73, 83, 129,
130, 152, 153, 190, 216, 217, 220
Soto, Hernando de, 193
Spanish Armada, 236
spice trade, 5, 62, 83, 160, 163, 184,
185, 198, 199, 245
St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre, 232
Tagus River, 122
Taínos (native people), 117, 190
Talavera, Hernando de, 103, 110
Tariq the One-Eyed, 18
Tetzel, Johann, 212
Thirty Years War, 214, 215
Toros de Guisando, 31, 43
Toro, Battle of (1476), 33 –35,
52, 53, 54, 56
Torquemada, Tomás de, 113
Tosconelli, Paolo del Pozzo, 90
Treaty of Alcáçovas, 55, 76 –78,
97, 99, 143, 145, 163
Treaty of Madrid, 262
Treaty of San Ildefonso, 262
Treaty of Tordesillas, 4 –7, 155–57, 159,
160, 164, 166, 167, 169, 170, 172,
195, 196, 207, 209, 212, 215, 233,
241, 242, 245, 260, 261, 264 –67.
See also line of demarcation
Trojan War, 267
Tuareg people, 69
United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea, 3, 260
United Netherlands.
See Dutch Republic
Urdaneta, Andrés de, 198, 200
Valderrama, Father, 182
Vasconcellos, Bishop, 171
Velázquez, Diego, 191
Verrazzano, Giovanni de, 159
Vespucci, Amerigo, 131, 158
Vespucci, Giovanni, 195
Vinland, 87, 128
Viziñho, José, 01
VOC (Vereenigde Oost-Indische
Compagnie). See Dutch East India
Company (Vereenigde Oost-
Indische Compagnie) (VOC)
Waldseemüller, Martin, 165
Welwood, William, 256
Zaragoza, Treaty, 201, 202, 212
Zurara, Gomes Eanes de, 65, 66