acre homes, Wright’s, 70–71, 72, 74, 76
Adler, Dankmar, 96
age: and cities Americans want, 179
Age of Planning, 93
Age of the Market, 93
Age of Urban Crisis, 79–80
Albuquerque, New Mexico, 178
Alexandria, Virginia, 11
Allen, Paul, 137
amenities: architecture as urban, 138;
and Brooklyn Bridge Park, 2, 5;
and cities Americans need, 183, 197;
and cities Americans want, 170, 171, 174;
and density, 145–46;
Jacobs’s views about, 89;
at lifestyle centers, 105, 107;
at malls, 105;
at mixed-use projects, 150, 158, 161;
in modernist apartment towers, 88
American City Planning Institute, 33
American Civic Association, 18, 115
American League for Civic Improvement, 18–19
American Park and Outdoor Art Association, 19
American Renaissance, 22
American Society of Landscape Architects, 19, 33, 115
Anacostia Riverwalk Trail (Washington, D.C. area), 158
Annapolis, Maryland, 10
apartments, 81, 87–88, 92, 133. See also housing; mixed-use centers
arcades/passages, 94–96, 99, 104, 108
architecture: and advertising, 132–33;
and City Beautiful movement, 23;
iconic, 128–43;
impact of Great Depression on, 198. See also urban design; specific person or style of architecture
Ardmore, Pennsylvania, 97
Army War College, 25
Art Deco style, 25, 41, 87, 97
Arts and Crafts movement, 36
Atlanta, Georgia, 75, 152–53, 154, 167, 176, 177
Atlantic Station (Atlanta), 152–53
Atterbury, Grosvenor, 35–36, 37, 38, 50
Austin, Texas, 178
Australia: iconic architecture in, 133–34
automobiles: alternative fuels for, 186–87;
and Broadacre City, 76;
and Cash for Clunkers program, 185–86;
and cities Americans need, 182, 185, 187–88;
and cities Americans want, 167;
and cities as dangerous, 64;
and City Beautiful movement, 24;
and environment, 187–88;
and European and American differences, 190;
and Garden City movement, 38;
and Le Corbusier’s vertical cities, 47–48. See also commuting; parking
Back-of-the-Yards (Chicago, Illinois), 57, 90
“backwoods baroque,” 13
Baillie Scott, M. H., 32
Baldwin Park, Florida, 86
Baltimore, Maryland, 58, 64, 76, 81–82, 113, 118, 125, 148, 176
Barone, Michael, 79
Bartholomew, Harland, 24
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 13
Battery Park City (New York City), 129, 150–51, 156, 158, 175, 192
Bayside Marketplace (Miami), 125
Beatley, Timothy, 190
Beaux Arts style, 22, 36, 115, 135, 157
Bedford-Stuyvesant (New York City), 79
Behrens, Peter, 39
Bel Geddes, Norman, 48
Bellamy, Edward, 28–29
Bellevue Arts Museum (Washington), 138
Bello, Francis, 54
Benjamin Franklin Parkway (Philadelphia), 58–59
Bennett, Edward H., 24, 116, 117
Bergdoll, Barry, 132
Berlin, Germany: arcades in, 95
Beverly, Massachusetts, 97
Beyer Blinder Belle, 128–29
Big Ben Tower (London), 135
big-box stores, 101–5
Big Ideas, 58. See also City Beautiful movement; Garden City movement; Radiant City
Bilbao Effect, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 199
Bilbao Guggenheim Museum (Spain), 133–35, 137, 140
Boca Raton, Florida, 106
Bon Marché stores, 97
Boston, Massachusetts: Bellamy’s vision of, 29;
and benefits of cities, 175;
and City Beautiful movement, 16;
city center of, 76;
density of, 177;
department stores in, 97;
employment in, 183;
government center in, 82;
as port city, 118;
riots in, 79;
shopping center in, 124–25;
size of, 165;
as transit-oriented city, 183;
waterfronts in, 113, 118, 124–25, 148;
West End of, 90
Boston Redevelopment Authority, 124
Boulder, Colorado, 83
Bridgeport, Connecticut, 38
Broadacre City: and cities Americans want, 197;
spread of concept of, 76–77;
Wright’s vision of, 64–65, 69–70, 71–75, 79, 92, 114
Brockett, John, 9
Brookfield Properties, 142
Brooklyn Bridge, 136
Brooklyn Bridge Park, 1–3, 4–8, 120, 150, 197
Brooklyn Bridge Park Development Corporation, 4
Brooklyn Heights Promenade, 4
Brooklyn, New York, 1–8, 30, 54, 104, 113, 120
Brooklyn-Queens Expressway, 4, 5
Brooks, David, 170
Brussels, Belgium, 95
Bryant Park (Manhattan), 1, 27
Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 166
Burj Khalifa (Dubai), 77
Burlington Arcade (London), 95
Burlington, Vermont, 83
Burnham, Daniel H., 14, 21, 22, 24, 64, 96, 116, 117
Calatrava, Santiago, 141
Calgary, Canada, 82
California Institute of Technology, 25
The Cannery (San Francisco), 121, 122
Capper, Arthur, 159
Capper/Carrollsburg housing (Washington, D.C.), 160–61
carbon emissions, 187–88, 189, 190
Carrollsburg Dwellings (Washington, D.C.), 159
Cash for Clunkers program, 185–86
Celebration, Florida, 86
Central Park (New York City), 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 30, 40, 62, 87
Centrosoyuz Building (Moscow, Russia), 46
Chareau, Pierre, 41
Charleston, South Carolina, 87, 118
Charlotte, North Carolina, 183
Charlottesville, Virginia, 83
Chicago, Illinois: Back-of-the-Yards in, 57, 90;
Burnham and Bennett’s plans for, 24, 64, 116–17;
and City Beautiful movement, 16, 24;
Civic Center (Daley) Plaza in, 82;
department stores in, 96;
and Garden City movement, 27, 30;
Great Fire in, 27;
iconic architecture in, 136;
Jacobs’s visit to, 57;
John Hancock Building in, 77;
Le Corbusier’s views about, 68;
motto of, 30;
neighborhoods in, 178;
public housing in, 82;
and ranking of global cities, 174;
Robert Taylor Homes in, 49;
size of, 165;
State Street Mall in, 84;
as transit-oriented city, 183;
waterfronts in, 116–17, 118, 125;
World’s Columbian Exposition (1893) in, 19–21, 22, 23, 24, 59, 117. See also specific building
Childs, David, 141
China: Radiant Cities in, 49
Chrysler Building (New York City), 85, 135
Cincinnati, Ohio, 79–80, 118, 176
cities: and adjustments versus radical change, 157–58;
ambitions of, 164;
benefits of, 174–75;
challenges facing American, 92, 140;
city planning as rejection of, 56;
classless, 90;
crime in, 79;
decline of, 64;
definition of, 166;
demand-side pressures on, 92, 199;
differences between European and American, 190–97;
disincentives of, 183;
ecological footprints of, 189–90;
favorite, 170;
as field of darkness, 65;
Fortune magazine survey about, 54;
impact of recession on, 185;
importance of, 163–64;
and kind Americans need, 181–99;
and kind Americans want, 166–79;
lessons about building, 157–58;
middle class departure from, 54, 64;
old, 168;
older people returning to, 54;
and quality of life, 166;
ranking of global, 174;
riots in, 79;
surprises of American, 164–65;
Wright’s changing, 67–68, 76–77. See also specific city or person
City Beautiful movement: and Age of Planning, 93;
and architectural style, 23;
as benchmark for successful urban architecture, 84–85;
characteristics of, 16–18;
criticisms of, 84;
and downtowns, 92;
in Europe, 17;
and favorite U.S. buildings, 84–85;
and historic preservation, 84;
influence of, 67;
Jacobs’s views about, 58–59, 60, 64;
and McMillan Plan, 22, 23, 24, 116;
national interest in, 18–19;
popularity of, 80;
Radiant Cities compared with, 50;
spread of, 24–25;
and waterfronts, 114–15;
and World’s Columbian Exposition (1893), 19–21, 23. See also Robinson, Charles Mulford
city planning: in colonial America, 9–12;
foundation for profession of, 63;
as fusion of Howard–Le Corbusier ideas, 57;
Jacobs’s critique of, 89, 91, 128, 132;
“mistakes” of, 80–81;
need for, 18;
in nineteenth century, 13–14, 18;
as practical art, 27;
as rejection of cities, 56;
and separation of functions, 49. See also urban design “city practical,” 84
city/town centers, 25, 76, 88–91, 92, 193, 197
CityPlace (West Palm Beach), 106–7
Civic Alliance to Rebuild Downtown New York, 128–32
civic art. See City Beautiful movement
Civic Center (San Francisco), 58–59
Classical tradition, 21–22, 23
Cleveland, Ohio, 13, 25, 76, 79–80, 96, 118, 176, 177
Clyde’s (Reston, Virginia), 111
college campuses, urban, 25
college towns, 171–72
colonial America, 9–12, 87, 164
Columbia Heights (Brooklyn), 54
Columbia University, 26
Commission of Fine Arts, U.S., 24, 33
Commissioner’s Plan, 164
community, sense of, 85
concentration: and cities Americans want, 171, 179
Congrés Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM), 46
Conklin, William J., 107–8
containerports, 119–20
“A Contemporary City of Three Million Inhabitants” (Le Corbusier), 40–41, 43–44, 45, 50, 71, 72, 114
Cooper, Alexander, 129, 142, 143, 150–51
Cooper Robertson & Partners, 142
corporations: role in American cities of, 89
Corvallis, Oregon, 174
Costco, 104
Court of Honor (World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893), 19–20, 21
Crystal Palace (London), 30, 95
Cubism, 39
Dallas, Texas, 25, 82, 105–6, 113, 167, 176, 177, 183
Dayton Company, 98
de Forest, Robert Weeks, 33–34, 35, 36, 37
De Long, David, 74
de Monzie, Anatole, 42
The Death and Life of Great American Cities (Jacobs), 57–62, 64–66, 67, 88, 89, 90, 108, 196
decentralization: and cities Americans want, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173, 174, 179;
and European and American differences, 191–92;
Wright’s vision of, 69–76, 92. See also Broadacre City
Del Monte Company, 120–21
density: and cities Americans need, 183, 185, 187, 189;
and cities Americans want, 167, 177, 197;
and differences between Europe and American cities, 190, 191, 193, 196–97;
of
and environment, 189;
and Garden City movement, 33;
and horizontal cities, 167;
importance of, 158;
and mixed-use centers, 145–47, 154–55;
and sense of community, 85;
in suburbs, 152, 177, 185, 186
Denver Art Museum, 138
Denver, Colorado, 23, 151–52, 154, 168, 170, 176, 177, 183
department stores, 93, 96–98, 100–101, 104, 105, 106, 132, 133, 136
Des Moines, Iowa, 23
Detroit, Michigan, 13, 25, 57, 76, 79–80, 82, 97, 118, 176
The Disappearing City (Wright), 70, 71, 72, 74
discount clubs, 101
District of Columbia Housing Authority, 159
downtowns: beautification of, 25;
characteristics of people living in, 178;
and cities Americans need, 183–84;
and cities Americans want, 171, 175–78, 179;
and City Beautiful movement, 92;
cost of, 177–78;
department stores in, 93, 96–97;
differences among, 175–76;
gentrification of, 91;
impact of recession on, 185;
Jacobs’s views about, 55–56;
and mixed-use centers, 175;
population of, 176–77, 178, 185;
rejuvenation of, 100;
retirees in, 183–84;
revival of, 88–91;
size of, 176;
of suburbs, 177;
and taxes, 178;
walkability of, 177;
as wealthy enclaves, 178. See also specific city
Dubai: Burj Khalifa in, 77
Dufrêne, Maurice, 41
dumbbell plan, 98
East Harlem housing project (New York City), 53
Eaton, Theophilus, 9
Eaton’s (Montreal), 97
Eckstut, Stanton, 150–51
École des Beaux-Arts, 21
Edina, Minnesota, 98
Edinburgh, Scotland, 140
Eiffel Tower (Paris), 132, 135
Eisenman, Peter, 131
El Dorado Building (New York City), 87
Ellicott, Andrew, 13
Ellicott, Joseph, 13
Empire State Building (New York City), 85, 135
employment, 183
Emporium (San Francisco), 97
energy: and cities Americans need, 182–83, 184
entrepreneurship, 174–75
environmental issues, 187–90, 193, 194, 196, 197
Epstein, Jason, 57
Erwin, Tennessee, 37
Europe: city beautification in, 18;
City Beautiful movement in, 17;
differences between cities in America and, 190–97;
iconic architecture in, 132
Evanston, Illinois, 110
Experience Music Project, 137
Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, 41, 42–43
expressways, 80
face-to-face contact, 171–72, 178
factory outlets, 101
Fallingwater (Wright house), 71
favorite buildings, 84–85, 136
favorite cities, 170
Federal-Aid Highway Act, 76
Federal Hall (New York City), 12
festival marketplaces, 125
Field, Marshall, 96
Filene’s (Boston), 97
Fisherman’s Wharf (San Francisco), 120, 121, 122
Foreign Office Architects, 131
Forest City (developer), 152, 156, 159
Forest Hills Gardens (Queens, New York), 34–37, 38, 50, 64, 85, 197, 198
Fort Wayne, Indiana, 23
Fort Worth, Texas, 52, 82, 183
Fortune magazine: urban development series in, 53–56, 57, 58
Freedgood, Seymour, 54
Friedberg, Paul, 157
Frieden, Bernard, 100
Futurama (New York World’s Fair, 1939), 48
Futurism, 39
Galen, John, 24
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II (Milan, Italy), 95–96, 98
The Gallery at Market East (Philadelphia), 100
Garden City: Howard’s blueprint for, 30
Garden City Association, 30–31, 33
Garden City movement: and Age of Planning, 93;
and cities Americans want, 197;
and European and American differences, 195–96;
Geddes’s support for, 63;
Glazer’s views about, 56–57;
Jacobs’s views about, 58, 59, 64, 196;
and mixed-use centers, 107;
and Modi’in, 195;
Mumford’s views about, 61;
Olmsted Jr.’s role in, 33–34, 37;
origins of, 27–32;
popularity of, 80;
Radiant Cities compared with, 50;
spread of, 31–39;
and Three Big Ideas, 14;
and waterfronts, 114. See also Howard, Ebenezer; specific example
Garreau, Joel, 109–10, 174, 178
gated communities, 76
Gehry, Frank, 133–35, 137, 138
General Motors, 48
General Services Administration (GSA), 155–56, 161
George, Henry, 70
Georgetown (Washington, D.C.), 113
Germany: Olmsted Jr.’s trip to, 33, 34
Ghiradelli Square (San Francisco), 120, 121, 122, 124, 158
Glazer, Nathan, 55–57, 58, 60, 89–90
global village, 168
Goldberger, Paul, 130
Goldman, Sylvan N., 103
government: and mixed-use centers, 146, 154–55, 161–62
Graham, John Jr., 97
Grand Central Station (New York City), 26, 84, 85
Grand Junction, Colorado, 174
Grant Park (Chicago), 117
Gray, Eileen, 41
Great Britain: Olmsted Jr.’s trip to, 33, 34
Great Depression, 25, 51, 80, 85, 135, 149, 198
green buildings, 188
Greenwich, Connecticut, 166
Greenwich Village (New York City), 57, 64, 89, 90, 91
grid planning model, 9, 13, 40, 71, 108, 164
Gropius, Walter, 46
Guggenheim Museum (Bilbao, Spain), 133–35, 137, 140
Gulf Oil Corporation, 108
Gwathmey, Charles, 131
Hall of Fame (Seattle), 137
Hampstead Garden Suburb (England), 32–33
Harborplace (Baltimore), 125, 128
Harlem (New York City), 62–63, 79
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 114–16
Harvard Graduate School of Design: Jacobs speech at, 52–53, 57
Harvard University: architecture program at, 33;
city planning program at, 23
Haskell, Douglas, 52
Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, 94
Heroes Park (New York City), 141, 143
high-rise buildings, 81, 87, 92. See also skyscrapers
highways, 69, 71, 76, 92, 118, 147. See also expressways
Hilton Palacio del Rio (San Antonio), 124
Himmelblau, Coop, 134
Hines, Gerald, 154
historic centers, 190
historic preservation, 57, 84, 89, 136, 155, 156, 157, 161, 171
history: and cities American need, 199
Hoffmann, Josef, 41
Holme, Thomas, 9–10
Home Depot, 104
Home Shopping Network, 167
Honda, 186–87
Hong Kong, 189
Honolulu, Hawaii, 23
HOPE VI project, 160–61
Horta, Victor, 41
hotels, 133. See also mixed-use centers; specific hotel
housing: and cities Americans need, 183, 184, 186;
and cities Americans want, 167, 178, 197;
and European and American differences, 190, 191, 195, 196;
as expressions of middle-class culture, 91;
in exurbs, 186;
impact of recession on, 185;
Jacobs’s concerns about, 52–53;
Le Corbusier’s views about, 68;
market-rate, 160–61;
in Modi’in, 195;
in older cities, 183;
ranch, 75;
social, 160–61;
in subdivisions, 75;
Usonian, 74–75;
worker, 92. See also apartments; mixed-use centers; public housing
Housing Act (1937), 80–81
Housing and Urban Development, U.S. Department of, 160
Houston, Texas, 75, 82, 118, 119, 165, 167, 169–70, 174, 183
Howard, Ebenezer, 14, 27–39, 41, 44, 51, 56–57, 59, 63, 85, 181
Howard, John Galen, 24
Hudson’s (Detroit), 97
Hughes, Robert, 46
Hunt, Richard Morris, 21
Huxtable, Ada Louise, 141
IKEA, 104
India: Radiant Cities in, 49
Indianapolis, Indiana, 13
Industrial Arts Exposition (New York City), 72
Inner Harbor (Baltimore), 125
International Style, 46, 69, 195
I’On, South Carolina, 86
Isozaki, Arata, 134
Jackson, C. D., 55
Jackson Park (Chicago), 117
Jacobs, Jane Butzner: appeal of, 89;
at Architectural Forum, 52, 56, 57, 58;
and cities Americans want, 175;
and complexity of cities, 92;
critique of city planning of, 91, 128, 132;
The Death and Life of Great American Cities by, 57–62, 64–66, 67, 88, 89, 90, 108, 196;
death of, 88;
and Fortune series, 53, 55–56;
Gans critique of, 90–91;
and Garden City movement, 58, 59, 64, 196;
and Glazer, 56, 57, 58, 89–90;
and importance of density, 158;
influence/reputation of, 51, 88–89, 108, 110, 191;
as libertarian conservative, 89–90;
and Lincoln Center, 82;
and Mumford, 61–63;
and pedestrian malls, 83;
personal and professional background of, 51;
style of, 64;
and tourism, 122
Jacoby, James F., 153
Javits Convention Center (New York City): World Trade Center meeting at, 128–32, 140–43
Jeanneret, Pierre, 42
Jefferson Memorial (Washington, D.C.), 84
John Hancock Building (Chicago), 77
Johns Hopkins University, 25
Kahn, Louis I., 57
Kansas City, Missouri, 25, 38, 118
Kauffman, Richard, 196
Kaufmann, Edgar J., 71
Kentlands, Maryland, 86
Kimmel Concert Hall (Philadelphia), 138–39
Kingsport, Tennessee, 38
Kohler, Wisconsin, 37
Kotkin, Joel, 178
Krens, Thomas, 134
Lafayette Park (Detroit), 57
Lake Anne Village (Reston, Virginia), 107–8
Lake Michigan, 116
landscape architects, 8
Langlois, M., 94
Larkin Building (New York City), 136
Las Vegas-Clark County Library District (Nevada), 169
Las Vegas, Nevada, 83, 167, 184
Le Corbusier: characteristics of designs by, 82;
and cities Americans want, 197;
death of, 49;
early career of, 39–40;
Geddes’s influence on, 63;
Glazer’s views about, 56–57;
and high-rise modern urban apartments, 88;
influence and reputation of, 14, 46;
Jacobs compared with, 51;
Jacobs’s views about, 59–60;
Mumford’s views about, 61;
Radiant City of, 45–50;
towers in the park of, 39–50, 92;
unsuccessful theories of, 87–88;
and Wright, 68, 69–70, 71, 72. See also Radiant City
League of Nations headquarters (Geneva, Switzerland), 46
L’Enfant, Pierre-Charles, 11–12, 13, 22, 156, 164
Letchworth, England, 31–32
Libeskind, Daniel, 131, 138, 141, 143
libraries, 107
lifestyle centers, 105–7
Lincoln Center (New York City), 55, 82
Lincoln Memorial (Washington, D.C.), 24, 84
Linneman, Peter, 101
London, England, 94–95, 135, 140, 164
Los Angeles, California: benefits of, 174;
and City Beautiful movement, 24, 25;
downtown of, 176;
expansive shape of, 164;
growth of, 164;
as horizontal city, 167;
iconic architecture in, 138;
public safety in, 64;
and ranking of global cities, 174;
riots in, 79;
shopping centers in, 97;
size of, 165;
waterfronts in, 118;
Wright in, 70;
zoning in, 49
Louisville, Kentucky, 113, 118
Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, 128–32
Luce, Henry, 52
Lutyens, Edwin, 32
MacMonnies, Frederick, 21
Macy’s (New York City), 97
Madison Square Garden (New York City), 136
Madison, Wisconsin, 13
Maki, Fumihiko, 141
Mall of America (Minneapolis), 98–99
Mall (Washington, D.C.), 22, 24
Mallet-Stevens, Robert, 41
malls: and Broadacre City concepts, 76;
department stores in, 97–98;
in the future, 93;
mega-, 98–99;
origins of American, 94;
outdoor, 105;
parking at, 83, 97–98, 99, 100, 105, 111;
pedestrian, 82–84;
regional, 108;
semi-, 83;
shoppers acceptance of, 106;
topless, 105;
and traffic separation, 83;
transit, 83;
urban, 94–95, 99–100, 104. See also mixed-use centers; specific mall
Marble Palace (New York City), 96
Mariemont, Ohio, 38
Market Street (Philadelphia), 100
Marshall Field store (Chicago), 136
Martin, Leonard, 120–21
mass transit, 177, 182, 185, 186, 187, 193
massing models, 129
Mayer, David, 96
McArthur, John Jr., 135
McKim, Charles, 21, 22, 116, 136
McKim, Mead & White, 84
McMillan (James) Plan, 22, 23, 24, 116
Meier, Richard, 130–31
Memphis, Tennessee, 102–3, 118
Mendelsohn, Erich, 196
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 48
Meyerson, Martin, 92
Miami Beach, Florida, 83
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 46, 57, 191
Mile High Illinois (Chicago), 77
Mill Creek housing (Philadelphia), 57
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 118, 176
Minneapolis, Minnesota, 82, 98–99, 118, 183
mixed-use centers, 107–8, 146–62, 175. See also specific city or center
Mizner Park Center (Boca Raton, Florida), 106
Mobil Oil Corporation, 108
Mobile, Alabama, 118
Modern Civic Art (Robinson), 17, 24
Modi’in, Israel, 190–95, 196, 197
Montgomery, Roger, 89
Montreal, Canada, 82, 97, 113, 118
Morris, William, 31
Mountain Lake Club (Lake Wales, Florida), 38
Moy, Deborah, 101
Mumford, Lewis, 17, 29, 37, 53, 59, 61–64, 74, 81, 88, 196
Municipal Building (New York City), 26
municipal housing agencies, 81
Museum of Modern Art, New York, 46, 69
Nailcrete, 36
Naples, Italy, 95
Nash, John, 94–95
Nashville, Tennessee, 183
National Gallery of Art (Washington, D.C.), 85
Nationals Park (Washington, D.C.), 158
Navy Pier (Chicago), 125
Navy Yard (Washington, D.C.), 157
neighborhoods: and cities Americans want, 178
neighborliness, 86
Netherlands, 33
New Haven, Connecticut, 9, 164
New Jersey: containerports in, 119
New Orleans, Louisiana, 54, 118, 120
New Urbanism, 85, 92, 129, 191
New York Central Building (New York City), 26
New York City: affordability in, 169–70;
Age of Urban Crisis in, 79–80;
benefits of, 174;
big-box stores in, 104;
and cities Americans want, 169–70;
and City Beautiful movement, 16, 25, 26–27;
city center of, 76;
college campuses in, 26;
Commissioners’ Plan (1811) for, 164;
costs of building in, 169;
density of, 177;
downtown of, 89, 91, 176, 177;
favorite U.S. buildings in, 85;
and Garden City movement, 30;
greenhouse gases in, 189;
housing in, 53, 87–88, 89, 91;
iconic architecture in, 128–32, 135, 136, 140–43;
Industrial Arts Exposition in, 72;
Le Corbusier’s views about, 46–47, 68;
mixed-use projects in, 129, 150–51, 156, 158;
neighborhoods in, 178;
population growth in, 169;
Radiant City versions in, 48–49;
riots in, 79;
size of, 165;
train stations in, 25, 26, 84, 85, 136, 141;
as transit-oriented city, 183;
waterfronts in, 113, 118, 119–20, 125;
World’s Fair in (1939), 48;
zoning in, 49. See also specific site
New York Public Library (New York City), 26–27, 85, 139
New York Times, 23, 43, 69, 70, 129, 131, 137–38
New York Times Magazine: Wright article in, 69–70
New York University: City Beautiful design at, 26
Nichols, Jesse Clyde, 38
Nicholson, Francis, 10
Nobel, Philip, 132
noise, 5
Nolen, John, 38, 50, 63, 85, 88
Norfolk, Virginia, 176
Northgate shopping center (Seattle), 97–98
Nuremberg, Germany, 114
Oakland, California, 120
Office of Technology Assessment, U.S., 168
office parks, 171
Oglethorpe, James, 10–11
oil/gas prices, 182–83, 184, 185–86, 187
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 18, 19, 28, 30, 114
Olmsted, Frederick Law Jr., 22, 24, 25, 30, 33–34, 37–38, 50, 63, 115, 116
The Organization Man (Whyte), 53
Owen, David, 189
ownership, of iconic architecture, 137
Palace of the Soviets (Moscow, Russia), 46
Palestine, 33
Palos Verdes Estates (California), 38, 85
Paris, France, 43, 87, 94, 96, 135, 140, 193
Parkchester (New York City), 48
parking: and big-box stores, 104;
and European and American differences, 193;
and Gans’s views about urban neighborhoods, 90;
at malls, 83, 97–98, 99, 100, 105, 111;
at mixed-use centers, 108, 110–11, 148;
at power centers, 103;
and shopping, 97–98, 99, 100, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110–11;
and waterfronts, 114, 119, 120, 125
parks: and cities Americans want, 171, 197;
and City Beautiful movement, 18;
differences between European and American, 2;
as distinctive of North American cities, 2–3;
Jacobs’s views about, 62;
Le Corbusier’s views about, 69;
in Modi’in, 194;
Mumford’s views about, 62;
and public-private partnerships, 155;
towers in, 14;
and waterfronts, 113, 114–15, 117. See also specific park or type of park
Paseo del Rio (San Antonio), 124, 125
Passage Feydeau (Paris), 94
PATH train station (New York City), 141
Pavilion de L’Esprit Nouveau (Le Corbusier), 42–43
Paxton, Joseph, 95
Peabody, Robert, 21
pedestrianization, 82–84
Pelli, Cesar, 151
Penn Center (Philadelphia), 55
Penn’s Landing (Philadelphia), 146–50
Pennsylvania Station (New York City), 84, 136
Perret, Auguste, 39
Perry, Clarence Arthur, 38
Peter Cooper Village (New York City), 48
Peterson Littenberg, 129
Philadelphia City Hall, 135–36
Philadelphia Museum of Art, 85
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Age of Urban Crisis in, 79–80;
Benjamin Franklin Parkway in, 58–59;
bicentennial celebration in, 147, 148;
and cities Americans want, 168, 169;
and City Beautiful movement, 16, 25, 58–59;
city hall in, 135–36;
density of, 177;
favorite U.S.
buildings in, 136;
fiscal crisis in, 169;
iconic architecture in, 135–36, 138–39;
infrastructure in, 168;
malls in, 100;
Mill Creek housing in, 57;
mixed-use projects in, 146–50;
neighborhoods in, 178;
public housing in, 82;
Rendell’s comments about, 163, 164;
size of, 165;
traffic separation in, 82;
transit mall in, 84;
Phoenix, Arizona, 75, 165, 167, 176
Piggly Wiggly, 103
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 13, 25, 55, 58, 176, 177
planned communities, 28, 38, 63–64, 85–87, 167, 171, 198. See also specific community
Port Authority, New York, 3, 142
Portland, Oregon, 118, 120, 176, 177
Post Office Building, U.S. (New York City), 26
Poughkeepsie, New York, 84
prefabricated homes, 36, 37, 72–73
Princeton University: Wright’s Kahn Lectures at, 67–68, 69, 70
Prospect Park (Brooklyn), 2, 3, 7
Providence, Rhode Island, 96
Pruitt-Igoe complex (St. Louis), 81
public housing, 80–82, 92, 159, 160–61
public-private partnerships, 146–50, 154–55, 160, 161–62
Purism movement, 39
Quincy Market (Boston), 124, 125, 158
race: and Jacobs’s views of cities, 90
Radburn, New Jersey, 38–39, 63, 108
Radiant City: Glazer’s views about, 56–57;
and high-rise apartment living, 87;
influence on urbanism of, 67;
of Le Corbusier, 45–50;
and Mumford, 61;
promotion of, 81;
re-attempt at implementing, 198;
and traffic separation, 84;
and Whyte’s concerns about cities, 54
ranch homes, 75
recession: impact of, 185, 198–99. See also Great Depression
regional planning, 59
Regional Planning Association of America, 63
regional shopping malls, 167
Rendell, Edward G., 163, 164, 169, 170
Reston Town Center (Virginia), 107–11, 128, 151, 156
retirees, 183–84
review boards, 56
Rice University: City Beautiful design at, 25
Ritz Tower (New York City), 87
Riverfront Park (Harrisburg), 114–15
Robert A.M. Stern Architects, 156
Robert Taylor Homes (Chicago), 49, 82
Robertson, Jaquelin T., 10, 142
Robinson, Charles Mulford, 14–27, 44, 51
Rochester, New York, 23
Rock-and-Roll Museum (Seattle), 137
Rockefeller Center (New York City), 25, 72, 110, 149
Rockefeller Foundation, 57
Rockville Town Square (Rockville, Maryland), 107
Rodwin, Lloyd, 61
Rogers, Richard, 141
Roth, Emory, 87
Roth, William, 120
Rothenburg, Germany, 35
Rouse Company, 148
Rouse, James, 124–25
Royal Opera Arcade (London), 94–95
RTKL, 108
Ruhlmann, Jacques-Émile, 41, 42
Russell Sage Foundation, 33–34, 36, 37, 38
Russian Hill (San Francisco), 54
Sacramento, California, 23
Safdie, Moshe, 190–91, 192, 195, 196
Sagalyn, Lynne, 100
Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, 21, 22
Saint Petersburg, Russia, 95
Salisbury, Harrison, 56
Salon d’Automne show, 40–41, 42, 50
Salt Lake City, Utah, 183
San Antonio, Texas, 122–24
San Diego, California, 24, 118, 170
San Francisco, California: and benefits of cities, 175;
and City Beautiful movement, 24, 58–59;
city center of, 76;
Civic Center in, 58–59;
density of, 177;
department stores in, 97;
employment in, 183;
grid planning model in, 13;
residential streets in, 54;
riots in, 79;
tourism in, 184;
as transit-oriented city, 183;
walkability in, 193;
World’s Fair in, 24
San Jose, California, 106, 167
San Remo Building (New York City), 87
Sandusky, Ohio, 13
Santa Barbara, California, 23
Santa Fe Effect, 174
Santa Monica, California, 83
Santana Row (San Jose, California), 106
Saunders’s grocery (Memphis), 102–3
Savannah, Georgia, 10–11, 87, 164
Schlesinger, Leopold, 96
Science Fiction Museum (Seattle), 137
Scott, M. H. Baillie, 32
Sears Tower (Chicago), 77
Seaside (Florida resort), 85
Seattle, Washington: and benefits of cities, 175;
and cities Americans want, 168;
and City Beautiful movement, 25;
employment in, 183;
as favorite American city, 170;
iconic architecture in, 137;
shopping centers in, 97–98;
as transit-oriented city, 183;
waterfronts in, 113, 118, 120;
and Wright’s Broadacre City, 72
Second Empire style, 135
Seligman, Daniel, 54
Shaker Heights, Ohio, 38
Shalom Baranes Associates, 156
Sheep Meadow (Queens), 7
shipping containers, 119–20
shopping: Jacobs’s concerns about, 52;
origins of changes in, 94. See also arcades; big boxes; lifestyle centers; malls; shopping centers
shopping carts, 103
shopping centers, 93, 97–98, 100–101. See also malls
shotgun homes (New Orleans), 54
Shreve, Richmond H., 48–49
Silverstein, Larry, 129
Simon DeBartolo Company, 148–49
Sitte, Camillo, 114
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, 49, 77, 129, 141
skyscrapers: as iconic architecture, 133, 141;
Italian, 87;
and Le Corbusier’s towers in a park concept, 40–50. See also high-rise buildings; specific building
Smith, Cloethiel Woodward, 107–8
socialism, 29
South Street Seaport (New York City), 125, 128
Southdale arcade (Edina, Minnesota), 98
Southern Methodist University, 25
Space Needle (Seattle), 137
St. Louis, Missouri, 23, 24, 52, 64, 81, 96, 118, 165, 176
St. Paul, Minnesota, 82
St. Regis Hotel (New York City), 85
Stamford, Connecticut, 110
Stapleton (Denver), 86, 151–52, 154
Starbucks, 111
Station Square (Forest Hills Gardens, New York), 34–35, 36
Stern, Robert A. M., 20, 38, 59, 63, 110
Stewart, Alexander Turney, 96
Stone Street (New York City), 128–29
Strawbridge & Clothier (Philadelphia), 97
Stuttgart, Germany, 46
Stuyvesant Town (New York City), 48–49
subdivisions, residential, 75
“suburban nation”, U.S. as, 165
Suburban Square (Ardmore, Pennsylvania), 97
suburbs: and cities Americans need, 182, 185–86, 187;
and cities Americans want, 167, 197;
and commuting between suburbs, 184;
and decentralized cities, 75–76;
and definition of cities, 166;
density in, 152, 177, 185, 186;
downtowns of, 177;
garden, 85–87;
and Garden City movement, 85, 86;
Glazer’s views about, 57;
and horizontal cities, 167;
impact of recession on, 185;
Le Corbusier’s views about, 68;
Mumford’s views about, 63;
power centers in, 103;
as preference of families with children, 91;
shopping centers in, 93;
town centers of, 185;
Whyte’s views about, 54. See also Garden City movement; planned communities; specific community
Sunnyside Gardens (Queens, New York), 38, 63–64
superhighways, 48
Supreme Court Building (Washington, D.C.), 84
SWMW (planner), 156
Sydney Opera House (Australia), 133–34
Tamburi, Orfeo, 54
Tampa, Florida, 170
technology, 67, 69, 71, 76, 96, 119, 157–58, 167, 168, 170–72, 186, 188–89
Tel Aviv, Israel, 195–96
theme parks, 171
30th Street Station (Philadelphia), 84
Thompson, Benjamin, 125
Three Big Ideas, 14
three-dimensional communities, 190
tourism, 122, 124, 134, 135, 158–59, 178, 184
towers in a park concept. See Le Corbusier
Toyota, 186
traffic separation, 82–83, 198
train stations, 25, 40, 84, 132, 133. See also specific station or city
transportation, 181–83. See also automobiles; commuting; mass transit
Transportation, U.S. Department of, 155, 185
Tribune Tower (Chicago), 86
Tysons Corner (Maryland), 109–10
UN Studios, 131
Union Park Gardens (Wilmington, Delaware), 37–38
Union Settlement, 53
Union Station (Los Angeles), 84
Union Station (Washington, D.C.), 14–15, 22, 84, 96, 139
University of Colorado, 25
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 23
University of Pennsylvania; urban design program at, 127
University of Virginia, 20, 190
Unwin, Raymond, 31, 32, 33, 44, 59, 63, 85, 86–87, 88, 114
Urban Atlantic, 159
urban beautification. See City Beautiful movement
urban design, 127–43. See also Bilbao Anomaly
urban junctions, 5
urban planning: disillusionment with, 80;
impact of recession on profession of, 198–99
urban renewal: and Age of Planning, 93;
and Age of Urban Crisis, 80;
and calls for change, 198;
and challenges facing American cities, 92;
and City Beautiful movement, 25;
and European and American differences, 191;
funding for, 92;
Jacobs’s view about, 55–56;
and mixed-use projects, 146, 147, 151, 154;
and tourism, 122;
and willingness to attempt change, 198
Urban Renewal Act, 54
urbanism: demand-side of, 79–92, 199;
key concepts of, 8. See also specific topic
Usonian homes, 74–75
Utzon, Jorn, 133
Van Sweringen brothers, 38
Van Valkenburgh, Michael, 1–2, 3, 4–5, 6–8
Venice, Florida, 38
Venturi, Robert, 138
Victory Park center (Dallas), 105–6
view plane, 4–5
Villa Savoye, Le Corbusier design of, 46
Voisin, Gabriel, 42
Voisin Plan, 43–44, 46, 48, 68
Waldorf-Astoria Hotel (New York City), 85
walkability, 177, 179, 186, 193
Walt Disney Hall (Los Angeles), 138
Wanamaker, John, 96
Washington, D.C.: and City Beautiful movement, 14–15, 22, 24, 25;
and favorite U.S. buildings, 84–85;
iconic architecture in, 139;
Jacobs’s visit to, 52;
L’Enfant’s design of, 11–12, 22, 164;
mixed-use centers in, 154, 155–62;
monuments in, 22;
and ranking of global cities, 174;
train stations in, 14–15, 25, 84, 139;
urban college campuses in, 25;
Washington, George, 11, 12, 16
Washington Navy Yard, 155
waterfronts, 113–25, 146–51, 155–62, 171
Webb, Sydney, 28
Wedge of Light (New York City), 141
Wenatchee, Washington, 174
West Edmonton Mall (Alberta, Canada), 98
West, John Jr., 11
West Palm Beach, Florida, 106–7
West Side Tennis Club (Forest Hills Gardens, New York), 36
Wharton Real Estate Center, 163
White Plains, New York, 110
White, Stanford, 136
Whittlesey, Julian H., 107–8
Whyte, William H. Jr., 53–54, 55
wilderness areas, 170
Williamsburg, Virginia, 10, 11, 164
Wilson, William H., 114
Wood, John, 10
Woodward, Augustus, 13
Woolworth Building (New York City), 85
Worcester, Massachusetts, 37
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 123
World Financial Center (New York City), 142, 151
World Trade Center (New York City), 81, 128–32, 140–43, 145, 150
World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago, 1893), 19–21, 22, 23, 24, 59, 117
World’s Fair, New York (1939), 48
World’s Fair, St. Louis (1904), 23, 24
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 67–77, 79, 92, 98, 114, 136
Wright, Henry, 38, 59, 63, 127
Wurster, Bernardi & Emmons, 120, 122
Yamasaki, Minoru, 81
The Yards (Washington, D.C.), 155–62, 197–98
Yorkship Village (Camden, New Jersey), 37