43. This essay was added in 1723. – Ed.

44. Dr John Radcliffe (1650–1714), the famous physician, who left his large fortune to the University of Oxford. – Ed.

45. The primary cause of a disease. – Ed.

46. Mandeville is referring to the South Sea Bubble. – Ed.

47. ‘Rule over beasts’, Terence, Eunuchus, 415. – Ed.

48. Punishments in waiting. – Ed.

49. The alphabet. – Ed.

50. Gratuities. – Ed.

51. Footmen. – Ed.

52. A play by Scarron. – Ed.

53. In 1720 seven thousand tailors formed a trade union which was outlawed by an act of Parliament later in the year. – Ed.

54. ‘There is no disputing tastes’, according to the well-known Latin proverb. – Ed.

55. ‘The gods sell everything for labour.’ Latin proverb. – Ed.

56. Peter the Great, who reigned from 1682 to 1725. – Ed.