Bibliographic Abbreviations and Quotations

Because there are three archives and collections that I used repeatedly in researching this book, I have abbreviated references to them in the chapter citations.

           BHC: Burton Historical Collections, Detroit Public Library, Detroit, MI.

           BHL: Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

           MPHC: This abbreviation, standing for Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, is commonly used in Michigan histories to indicate a massive set of compiled primary materials originally published under the separate titles of: Pioneer Collections (1876–1886), Historical Collections (1886–1912), and Michigan Historical Collections (1915–1929).

Quotations in this book duplicate the original text of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century sources to the extent possible. This includes varied spellings for the same names or places and grammatical errors. I have tried to reduce usage of the indicator “[sic]” to denote an error in the original.