Index

Note: Page numbers followed by f refer to figures.

 

• Abbott, Charles, 30, 176n1

• Acoustic ecology, 164
• Acoustic phonetics, 130
• Acoustics
  • biological, 4
  • buildings effect on, 72
  • field, controlling, 79–80, 82–83, 85–86
• Agassiz, Luis, 29
• Albert Brand Bird Song Foundation, 97
• Alexander, Horace, 68
• Allen, Arthur A., 1, 29, 60–63, 93, 97–98, 108, 114, 119, 129
• Altman, Rick, 83
• American Bird Songs (Kellogg and Allen), 97, 168
• American Foundation for the Blind
• American Museum of Natural History, 1, 13
• American Ornithologists’ Union, 27
• Amphibian vocalizations, 129, 182n9
• Amplifier Corporation of America, 101
• Andrew, Richard J., 133
• Anechoic chamber, 58
• Animal behavior studies, 42–43
• Animal communication studies, 105
• Animal Language (Huxley), 67
• Animal Phonography Collection, 93–94
• Ansley, Hudson, 148–149
• Ansley, Sandra, 148–149
• Anthropomorphism, 153
• Anti-Noise League, 77
• Art and Birdsong (Kunst und Vogelgesang) (Hoffmann), 41
• Association for the Study of Animal Behavior, 130
• Audile technique, 89, 174n7
• Audio Research Laboratories, 62
• Auk, The (journal), 27–28
• Authorship identification, 117–118
• Axtell, Harold, 69–70

• Baker, Myron, 189n1
• Barrow, Mark V., Jr., 26
• BBC Sound Archives Natural History Recordings Catalogue, Plate 4
• Beach, Amy, 32–34, 35, 179n17
• Behavior (journal), 130
• Bell, Alexander Melville, 126
• Bell Laboratories, 63, 125–126, 130
• Biagioli, Mario, 118
• Bioacousticians, 13, 102–107
• Bioacoustics, 4, 15, 163–166
• Bioacoustics Bulletin (CLNS), 101
• Bioacoustic sounds library, 93–94
• Bird Fancyer’s Delight, The, 177n2
• Bird protection movements, 26–27, 34
• Birds
  • in fiction, 177n1
  • learning ability of, 132–134
  • teaching to sing, 177n2
• Bird shooting regulations, 27
• Birds in Britain (BBC), 98
• Bird societies, 27
• Birds of Britain and Europe (Delin and Svensson), 168
• Birds of North America: A Guide to Field Identification (Robbins and Zim), 142
• Birds of the New York City Region (Griscom), 29
• Birds of the Western Palearctic, The (Cramp and Simmons), 150
• Birdsong
  • behavioral role debate, 43
  • census of, 67–68
  • evolution of, 41–43
  • listening to, ways of, 25
  • naturalist’s celebration of, 30–31
  • popular interest in, 30–32
  • species-specific patterns, 132–133
  • in urban environments, 163
  • writing on, sentimental treatment of, 36
• Bird Song (Stillwell), 103f
• Bird-Song (Thorpe), 190n13
• Birdsong analysis
  • by ear, 20, 124, 131
  • by musical notation, 145–154, 146f, 170
  • by spectrograph, 20, 123–141
• Birdsong biology, 12, 15–18
• Birdsong imitations
  • acceptance of, 71–72
  • whistled, 34–35, 61, 71
• Birdsong of the Month (BBC), 66
• Bird Song Panel (BBC), 111, 131
• Bird Songs, Flower Songs (Olds), 33
• Birdsong studies, 104, 177n2
• Birds World of Song, The (Ansley and Ansley), 148
• Birdwatching, 11, 26, 65
• Blackbirds, 147–148
• Blind Tom, 47
• Boas, Franz, 46
• Bobolink song, 23–24, 24f, 47, 53–54
• Body, the human, 168–169
• Borror, Donald, 103, 130–131, 134, 139, 142–143, 184n4
• Botany, 54
• Boyes, Ed, 185n11
• Brand, Albert R., 1, 57, 62–63, 67–70, 72–73, 76–77, 83, 85, 90, 93, 97, 124, 131, 145
• Brandt-Rauf, Sherry, 96
• British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 12, 65–66, 98–100, 109, 111, 131
• British Institute for Recorded Sound, 94
• British Library of Wildlife Sounds, 15, 176n24
• British Ornithologists’ Union, 27
• British Recording Institute, 176n24
• British Trust for Ornithology, 65, 67, 98
• Broadcasting industry, 97–100
• Brown, Earle, 177n3
• Brunswick Records, 71
• Burroughs, John, 31, 176n1
• Burton, John, 99

• Cage, John, 177n3
• California School of Artistic Whistling, 35
• Calls of the Savannah (Schrei der Steppe) (Heck), 64
• Camera, 87
• Capital
  • social, 111, 115–117
  • symbolic, 117–119
• Cardinals, 142, 157, 158f, 159f, 177n1
• Carolina wren, 142
• Carson, Rachel, 3, 164
• Chaffinches, 105, 130, 132–134, 144, 145, 157
• Chappuis, Claude, 176n23
• Chautauqua movement, 34
• Cheney, S. P., 34, 48, 177n2, 180n32
• Children, nature study for, 33–34
• Children’s Hour (BBC), 65
• Clark, Xenos, 36
• Coffin, Lucy, 48
• Collias, Nicholas, 129
• Columbia Records, 71
• Comstock, Anna Botsford, 33
• Conscription devices, 52–53
• Conservation, 3, 26, 33–34
• Cooper, Franklin, 128, 136
• Copyright, 107–111, 120–121
• Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology (CLO), 1–2, 60, 93–94, 107–108
• Cornell Library of Natural Sounds (CLNS)
  • archival status, 106–107
  • authorship identification, 117–118
  • beginnings, 94–95
  • collaborators, 95–96
  • copyright, economics of, 107–111, 120–121
  • decline, 119–120
  • exchange economy, 107–113, 119–121, 169
  • exchange relations, 96–97, 100, 107, 108–109
  • expansion of, 99–100
  • listeners, use of, 115–117
  • moral economy, 119–120
  • ownership regimes, 112–113
  • problems faced, 106–107
  • production standards, 113–115
  • recording protocols, 113–115
  • recordists, relations with, 101–102, 112–119, 169
  • research associates, 118–119
  • social capital, 111, 115–117
  • symbolic capital exchange, 117–119
  • unsanctioned uses, 108–109
• Cornell Trust for Ornithology, 108
• Cornell University
  • bioacoustic research, 106
  • ivory-billed woodpecker recordings, 1, 13, 76
  • jungle sound recordings, 12–13
  • movie industry and, 60–63
• Cornish, Vaughan, 77
• Council for the Protection of Rural England (CPRE), 77
• Country Magazine (BBC), 65
• Craft, Robert, 177n3
• Crist, Eileen, 42, 153

• Dansk Stadsradiofonien, 64
• Dart, Thurston, 146
• Darwin, Charles, 41–42
• Daston, Lorraine, 8, 141
• Data, 96
• Davis, L. Irby, 102–103, 111, 140
• Dawn in a Duckblind (Kellogg and Allen), 97, 112
• Deafness, 127, 160
• Decibel, 77
• Denmark, 64
• Der Wald erschallt (The Forest Resounds) (Heck), 64
• Descent of Man (Darwin), 41–42
• Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft, 61
• Deutsche Ornithologen-Gellschaft, 27
• Die Anfänge der Musik (The Origins of Music) (Stumpf), 42
• Dilger, William C., 104, 106
• Dixon, Charles, 30
• Dobson, Charles, 152
• Doegen, Wilhelm, 185n5
• Dreyfus-Graf, Jean, 189n3

• Ear
  • the avian, 145–146
  • the human, 7, 23, 29, 33, 39, 44, 67–70, 77–78, 113, 132, 142–144, 168
  • the microphone as an, 77–78
  • the phonographic, 47
  • the spectrographic, 123–129
• Ecology, 106, 164
• Electric and Musical Industries (EMI), 65
• Electroacoustics, 57
• Endangered species, documenting, 63, 76
• Entertainment
  • Chautauqua movement, 34
  • whistled bird imitations, 34–35
• Entertainment industry, 13–14, 60–64, 97–100, 107
• Ethnomusicology, 46–47, 191n27
• Ethology, 42–43, 64, 106, 130, 153
• Evening at Sapsucker Woods, An (Kellogg and Allen), 97, 112
• Evolution, 41–42
• Exchange economy, CLNS, 107–113, 119–121, 169
• Exchange relations, 96–97, 100, 107, 108–109, 169
• Eyring, Carl, 63

• Falls, Bruce, 105
• Fassett, James, 98, 148
• Fewkes, Jesse, 180n32
• Feynman, Richard, 53
• Field, the
  • epistemic authority, 59–60
  • laboratorization process, 59–60, 89–90
  • listening in the, 142–143, 169–171
  • mobilizing the studio into the, 72–79, 74f, 75f
  • soundscapes, 57–60, 90
• Field Book of Wild Birds and Their Music (Mathews), 23, 31, Plate 1
• Field guides, 31–32, 54, 97, 142
• Field Guide to the Birds (Peterson), 88
• Field Guide to Western Bird Songs, A (Kellogg), 97, Plate 3
• Field recording. See also Recordings
  • acceptance of, 71–72
  • acoustics, controlling, 79–80, 82–83, 85–86
  • BBC, 65–66
  • collaborators, 13
  • contexts of, 97–100
  • formative conditions, 60–66
  • techniques, 59
  • technological challenges, 72–79, 74f, 75f, 80, 82–83, 84f
• Field studies, 11–13
• Fieldwork, amateur
  • interest in, 24, 26
  • listeners, 30, 37–39, 67
  • professional acceptance of, 28–29
  • training in, 29
• Fieldwork observational standards, 29–30
• Fish, William R., 103, 111, 134, 141, 148, 155, 156f, 184n3
• Fisher, James, 98
• Fox-Case Movietone, 60–62
• “Fox Sparrow as a Songster, The” (Moore), 40f
• Frings, Hubert, 93, 105
• Frog/toad vocalizations, 129, 182n9

• Galison, Peter, 8, 141
• Garstang, Walter, 42
• Gefiederte Meistersänger (Feathered Master Singers) (Heinroth and Koch), 64, 71
• “Geographical Variation in the Vocalization of the Western Meadowlark” (Lanyon and Fish), 156f
• Germany, 64
• Gieryn, Thomas, 59–60
• Gift economy, 112
• Gift exchange, 121
• Gitelman, Lisa, 9
• Goodwin, Derek, 142
• Gorst, Charles Crawford, 71
• Green, Harriet, 129, 137–138
• Greenewalt, Crawford H., 140
• Griscom, Ludlow, 29–30, 178n14
• Gunn, William, 141, 184n4

• Haley, William, 98
• Hall-Craggs, Joan, 146–148, 150, 151f, 152–153
• Harrison, Beatrice, 62
• Hartshorne, Charles, 100
• Harwood, Michael, 120
• Hearing, 68–70, 91–92, 124, 127–128, 161. See also Ear
• Heck, Lutz, 64
• Heinroth, Oscar, 64, 71
• Henderson, Kathryn, 181n36
• Hensen, Victor, 126
• “Hermit Thrush at Eve, A” (Beach), 32
• “Hermit Thrush at Morn, A” (Beach)
• Herzog, A., 157, 158f, 159f
• Hilgartner, Stephen, 96
• Hinde, Robert, 130, 138
• HMV, 62, 64
• Hockett, Charles, 129
• Hoffmann, Bernard, 41
• Hold, Trevor, 146
• Hornbostel, Erich Moritz von, 46–47
• Horning, Susan Schmidt, 79
• Hunt, Richard, 43
• Huxley, Julian, 28, 65–67, 80, 86, 98–99, 130, 182n15

• Ince, S. A., 143–144
• Industrialization, 26, 76–78
• Inscription, 52–53, 154–160, 156f, 167
• International Bioacoustics Council (IBAC), 184n3
• International Committee of Bioacoustics (ICBA), 93–95, 103
• International Library of Publications in Biological Acoustics, 93

• Jairazbhoy, N. A., 191n27
• Joos, Martin, 129–130
• Judgment, trained, 141
• Jungle sounds, 13, 63, 182n9

• Kahn, Douglas, 124
• Kaiser, David, 53
• Kay Electric Company, 129, 131, 135, 189n3
• Kellogg, Peter P., 2f, 60–63, 70, 82–83, 85, 91, 93–98, 101–102, 104, 106–110, 114–115, 117–120, 134–135, 139–140, 148, Plate 3, Plate 5
• Kircher, Athanasius, 177n2
• Kirkman, Frederick, 28
• Kirtland warbler, 70
• Knowledge, scientific
  • commercialization of, 120
  • production of, 58–59
• Knowledge acquisition, 7
• Koch, Ludwig, 64–67, 71–80, 74f, 75f, 84f, 85–86, 91, 98–99, 176n24, Plate 2
• Kohler, Robert, 31, 59, 97
• Konishi, Masakazu, 133
• Kopp, George, 129, 137–138
• Krause, Bernie, 164
• Kreit, M., 137f
• Kroodsma, Don, 171

• Laboratory, the, 58–60, 89–90
• Lade, Barbara, 137–138, 142, 152
• Landois, Hermann, 177n2
• Landscape, reproducing the, 87–88
• Lanyon, Wesley, 104, 134, 155, 156f
• Latour, Bruno, 154, 160
• Law, John, 170
• Leisure patterns, 26
• Lekander, Gunnar, 64, 175n23, 183n16
• Lemon, Robert, 142–143, 152, 157, 158f, 159f
• Leopold, Aldo, 3
• Liberman, Alvin, 128, 136
• Library of Natural Sounds, 176n24. See also Cornell Library of Natural Sounds (CLNS)
• Library of Wildlife Sounds (Soviet Academy of Sciences), 184n5
• Life Story of the Gannet, The (film), 65
• Lindström AG, 64, 65
• Listeners
  • abilities of, 68–70
  • amateur, 30, 37–39, 67
  • critical, consumers as, 72, 83
  • displacement of, 160
  • expert, 168–170
  • hearing, 68–70
  • training, 33, 37–39, 67–69
• Listening
  • artistic, 38–39
  • audile techniques of, 89
  • epistemical significance of, 168–169
  • in field observations, 142–143, 169–171
  • historical formations of, 7
  • knowledge acquisition through, 7
  • musical, 37–39, 145
  • notation in, 25
  • as a practice of investigation, 7
  • recordings for, 9
  • scientific, 7–8, 25, 36–39, 38–39
  • sound recordings for, 69–70, 148
  • in spectrographic analysis, 143–144, 149, 152, 161–162
  • sterilized, 165
  • trained, 145–147, 161
• Literature
  • birds in, 177n1
  • birdsong in, 36
  • nature writing, 23, 30–31, 176n1
• Lorenz, Konrad, 42, 64, 71, 130
• Lynch, Michael, 90, 170

• Macaulay Library, 15, 176n24
• Madingley station, 130, 133
• Magnemite tape recorder, 101, Plate 5
• Malchevsky, A. S., 185n5
• Marey, Étienne-Jules, 126
• Marler, Peter, 100, 105, 123, 125, 130–134, 135f, 136, 137f, 141, 144, 148
• Marshall, Joe, Jr., 149–150, 160
• Mass communication media, 14
• Mathews, Ferdinand S., 23–24, 31–34, 37, 48, 53, 149, 177n1, 177n2, 179n18, Plate 1
• Mauss, Marcel, 112
• McChesney, Donald, 102, 112
• McChesney, Marian, 102
• Mechanical objectivity, 8
• Melographic devices, 150, 191n27
• Messiaen, Oliver, 152, 168, 179n17
• Metfessel, Milton, 126, 191n27
• Microphone, 77–80, 82–83, 84f, 85–92, 86f, 99, 114
• Middle class, 26
• Miller, Edward, 152
• Misurgia universalis (Kircher), 177n2
• Mnemonics, 53
• Modernity, soundscape of, 57–58
• Moore, Robert T., 39, 40f, 44–46, 50
• Moral economy, 96–97, 119–120
• Moreau, Reginald Ernest, 104
• More Songs of Wild Birds (Nicholson and Koch), 65, 67, 74f, 84f
• Moscow University Library of Animal Voices, 184n5
• Movie industry, 60–64
• Mundy, Rachel, 137, 181n34
• Music, evolution of, 41–42
• Musical notation. See also Notation
  • adaptations/modifications/variation in, 40f
  • age of revolution in, 177n3
  • for analysis, 145–154, 146f, 170
• Musical notation, recording birdsongs in. See also Notation
  • acceptance of, 43–44, 47, 50–51
  • by Beach, 32–33
  • for comparative variability, 48–50
  • example of, 24f
  • functional variety, 52–55
  • historically, 177n2
  • imitative, mimetic function, 36
  • Mathews’s method, 23–24, 24f
  • for nonmusicians, 23–24
  • for pedagogical purposes, 33–36
  • purposes of, 35–36
  • scientific relevance, 44–46
  • training in, 37–38
  • variation in, 39–41
• Music and Bird Songs (Kellogg and Fassett), 148
• Musician-ornithologists, 36–37
• Music of the Wild (Stratton-Porter), 177n1
• “Musikpsychologische Bemerkungen über Vogelgesang” (Music-Psychological Remarks on Birdsong) (Boas), 46
• Music teaching, 33

• Natural History Museum of the University of Aarhus, 184n3, 184n5
• Natural history writing, 31
• Naturalist, The (BBC), 66, 98
• Naturalists, 26, 30–31, 65
• Nature
  • anthropomorphization of, 32
  • changing attitudes toward, 26
  • interesting children in, 33–34
• Nature Conservancy, 1–2
• Nature recordists. See Recordists
• Nature study movement, 33–34, 38
• Nature writing, 23, 30–31, 176n1
• Naumov, Rudolph, 185n5
• Nettl, Bruno, 191n27
• Neufeldt, Irene, 185n5
• Neuroethology, 134
• New naturalism movement, 65
• Nichols, John T., 49–50
• Nicholson, E. Max, 65–67, 73–78, 74f, 75f, 84f, 86, 98–99, 150, 166, Plate 2
• Nightingale recordings, 61–62, 80
• Noise, 57–58, 76–79, 82, 137–139, 163–164
• Noise-abatement campaigns, 77
• Noise Abatement Commission, 77
• North, Myles E., 102–103, 146, 147
• Notation. See also Musical notation
  • based on sound spectrograms, 137–138, 138f
  • graphic notation method, 13, 44–50, 45f, 49f
  • whistling, 35
• Nottebohm, Fernando, 133–134

• Oiseaux Exotiques (Messiaen), 168
• Olds, William B., 33–34
• Oldys, Henry, 34–35, 37, 39, 41, 48
• Ornithological societies, 27
• Ornithologist-musician, 48
• Ornithologist-recordist, 71–72, 85
• Ornithology, 11–13, 26–28, 104
• Oscilloscope, 126, 154

• Page-Wood, Gladys, 40–41
• Painting, landscape, 87
• Palmér, Sture, 64, 76, 175n23, 183n16, 185n11
• Parabolic microphone, 79f, 82–83, 85–92, 99, 114
• Parlophone, 65
• Patterns, aural, 142–145
• Peet, M., 165
• Peterson, Roger Tory, 88, 97
• Phonautograph, 160
• Phonetics, acoustic, 130
• Phonographic recordings, 46–48, 57, 61–65, 97–98, 160
• Phonophotography, 126
• Photography, aerial, 87
• Pollution, noise, 76–79, 163–164
• Population ecology, 105
• Porcello, Thomas, 39
• Potter, Ralph K., 125–126, 128–129
• Poulsen, Holger, 131–132
• “Practical Method of Recording Bird-Calls, A” (Rowan), 51f

• Radio, 64–66, 76, 98, 100
• Radiotjänst AB, 64
• Ramseyer, Ulrich, 30
• Recording horn, 79
• Recording industry, 79, 97–100
• Recordings. See also Field recording; Wildlife recordings
  • amateur, publication of, 111
  • for amateur use, 66–67
  • for birdsong identification, 63
  • of captive birds, 70–72
  • context, ordering, 89–90
  • controversy over, 3
  • as cultural practice appropriated for scientific use, 5–6
  • early, 1–3
  • ecologists use of, 4
  • ethnologists use of, 4
  • evidentiary value of, 5
  • exchange and circulation of, 12, 14–15, 95–97, 100, 107
  • funding, 62
  • legitimization of, 5–6, 8, 106–107
  • for listening, 9, 69–70, 148
  • material forms, 10
  • mathematization of, 90
  • for pedagogical purposes, 64
  • popular interest and use of, 6, 97–98
  • professional value of, 66–67
  • regimes of ownership and authorship, 14–15
  • reproduction of, 154
  • as scientific objects, 8–9, 167–172
  • studio, learning from, 79–80
  • taxonomists use of, 4
  • uses for, range of, 13–14
• Recordings, transcribing
  • in compositions, 32–33
  • by ear, 23, 29, 132
  • in field guides, 31–32
  • functions, 52–55
  • graphic notation method, 13, 44–50, 45f, 49f
  • graphic-syllabic method, 51–52, 51f
  • imitative, mimetic function, 36
  • inscriptions, 154–160
  • mimetic functions, 53–54
  • mnemonic role, 53
  • musical notation for, 23–24, 24f, 32–38, 43–55, 145–154, 146f, 177n2
  • for nonmusicians, 50–52, 54
  • notation systems, whistling, 35
  • on paper, 25
  • parameters, 45–46
  • for pedagogical purposes, 33–34, 36
  • Schmitt’s method for, 38
  • standardization of, 52, 57
• Recordists
  • authorship identification, 117–118
  • copyright holding, 117
  • listening, 169
  • radio, 76
  • recognition of, 117–119
  • skills required for, 169
  • training, 29, 169
• Recordists, amateur
  • characteristics, 100–101
  • CLNS relations, 112–119, 169
  • collaboration with, 13, 65, 101
  • networks of, 12
  • professional acceptance of, 28–29
  • publication of works, 111
  • reliability of, 13
  • training, 29, 101–102
• Reese, Carl, 130–131
• Reich, Karl, 61–62
• Reynard, George, 102, 111
• Ridgway, Robert, 28
• “Ritualization in Ontogeny” (Thorpe), 146f
• Roche, Helen, 184n3
• Roche, Jean-Claude, 184n3
• Roosevelt, Theodore, 31
• Roth, Wolff-Michael, 53
• Rowan, William, 50–51, 54

• Sandwich tern, 169
• Saunders, Aretas, 44–51, 45f, 54, 131, 149
• Saunders, William, 68
• Schafer, R. Murray, 164, 181n1
• Schmitt, Cornel, 37–38, 40f, 51
• Schwartz, Paul, 102, 111
• Science, popularization of, 100
• Science and technology studies, 9–10
• Science-entertainment intersection
• Scientific literacy, 65
• Scientist-musicians, 38–39, 43, 52
• Scott, Leon, 126
• Scott, Peter, 98
• Scripture, Edward Wheeler, 126
• Seashore, Carl, 126
• Secord, Anne, 54
• Secord, Jim, 16
• Seeger, Charles, 191n27
• Self-elimination doctrine, 141
• Shivaev, Yuri, 185n5
• Shrikes, 145, 146f
• Signal, 57
• Sill, Edgar Rowland, 32
• Simms, Eric, 99
• Singer Refuge, 1
• Singing Dogs, The (Weismann), 183n16
• Slabbekoorn, Hans, 163, 165
• Slater, Peter, 143–144
• Smith, Jacob, 35
• Social capital, 96, 111, 115–117
• “Some Suggestions for Better Methods of Recording and Studying Birdsongs” (Saunders), 45f
• Sonagrams, 131–132, 134, 138f, 142–144, 150, 155, 157, 158f. See also Sound spectrograph
• Sona-Graph, 129, 131, 135, 140, 189n3
• Songbirds of America in Color, Sound and Story (Kellogg and Allen), 97
• “Song Development in Hand-Raised Oregon Juncos” (Marler, Kreit, and Tamura), 137f
• “Song Dialects” (Marler and Tamura), 135f
• Song of the Cardinal, The (Stratton-Porter), 177n1
• “Songs and Calls of Our Native Birds” (Gorst), 71
• “Songs of Some Families of the Passeriformes, The” (Thorpe and Lade), 137
• Songs of Wild Birds (Nicholson and Koch), 66–67, Plate 2
• Sonic landscape, 77
• Sonograph, 189n3
• Soundbooks, 64–65
• Sound concentrators, 82
• Sound-film recording, 61, 69, 77–79, 90
• Sound hunters, 13, 100–103, 112–115
• Soundscape ecology, 164
• Soundscapes, 57–60, 77, 90, 164, 181n1
• Sound spectrograms
  • example of, 128f, 135f, 137f
  • interpreting, 141, 143–145, 149–150, 152, 161–162, 171
  • musical, 145–154, 170
  • notation based on, 137–138, 138f
  • producing, 135–141, 154
• Sound spectrograph
  • for bird communication studies, 129–135
  • development of the, 63
  • function of, 105, 131, 154
  • inscriptive visualization, 154–160, 156f
  • introduction of the, 52
  • limitations of, 160–162
  • making sound visible, 123–129
  • for star studies, 130
• “Sound Spectrographic Analysis” (Hall-Craggs), 151f
• Sound visualization, 78–79, 123–125
• Soviet Academy of Sciences, 184n5
• Spectrograph, 52, 63, 105, 123–129, 128f
• Speech, visible, 125–128, 137–138, 152–153, 160–161
• Spencer, Herbert, 42
• Stadler, Hans, 37–38, 40f, 51
• Stein, Robert, 104, 106, 134, 139, 141
• Stenography, 126
• Sterne, Jonathan, 89, 174n7
• Stethoscope, 91
• Stillwell, Jerry, 102–103, 103f, 111
• Stillwell, Norma, 102–103, 103f, 111
• Stone, Witmer, 37–39, 44, 145
• Stratton-Porter, Gene, 177n1
• Stravinsky, 177n3
• Stresemann, Erwin, 99
• Studio, the
  • laboratory analogy, 89
  • learning from, 79–80
• “Study of Bird-Notes, The” (Stadler and Schmitt), 40f
• Stumpf, Carl, 42
• Summers, Ewing, 50
• Sweden, 64
• Symbolic capital exchange, 117–119
• Symphony of the Birds (Kellogg and Fassett), 97–98
• Szöke, Peter, 148–149

• Tamura, Miwako, 134, 135f, 136, 137f
• Tanner, James, 81f
• Tape recorders, 94, 100–107, 103f, 169, Plate 5
• “Teaching of Nature-Study, The” (Comstock), 33
• Technology. See also specific types of
  • alliances required to use, 10
  • digital, 165–166
  • in the field, 72–79, 74f, 75f, 80, 82–83, 84f
  • of landscape representation, 87–88
  • portable, 62, 66, 100–104, 103f
  • scientific use of, 5–6
  • of sound mediation, 89
• Tembrock, Günter, 105, 184n4
• Thielcke, Gerhard, 105
• Thierstimmen (Landois), 177n2
• Thompson, Emily, 57
• Thorpe, William H., 99, 105, 123, 124f, 130–133, 136–139, 141–149, 152–153, 160, 171
• Tinbergen, Nikolaas, 42, 130
• Tits, 163–165
• Toad vocalizations, 182n9
• Torrey, Bradford, 176n1
• Transcription, 191n27
• TransMagnemite tape recorders, Plate 5
• Twenty-Five Bird Songs for Children (Olds), 33

• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 98
• Unknown Music of Birds, The (Szöke), 148
• Urbanization, 26, 76–78

• Veprintsev, Boris Nikolayevich, 184n5
• Vibralyzer, 131
• Victor Records, 61, 63, 71, 97
• “Visible Patterns of Sound” (Potter), 128f
• Visible Speech (Potter et al.), 126
• Visualization
  • of sound, 78–79, 123–125
  • of speech, 125–128, 137–138, 152–153, 160–161
• Visualization technologies, 9–10, 123–129
• “Vocal Behavior of Cardinals and Pyrrhuloxias in Texas, The” (Lemon and Herzog), 158f, 159f
• “Voice in Communication and Relationships among Brown Towhees” (Marshall), 149
• Voices of the Night (CLO), 129, 182n9
• Voigt, Alwin, 40
• von Glahn, Denise, 32–33

• Wax discs, 73–74, 76, 80
• Weismann, Carl, 64, 76, 175n23, 182n16, 185n11
• Western Electric, 63, 68
• Western meadowlark, 155–156, 156f
• Wheeler, William, 49–50
• Whistled bird imitations, 34–35, 61, 71
• Whistling as an Art (Woodward), 35
• “Why Birdsong Cannot Be Described Adequately” (Brand), 68
• Wildlife recordings
  • archives of, 15–16, 98–99
  • exchange value, 95
  • frog/toad vocalizations, 129, 182n9
  • jungle sounds, 13, 63, 182n9
  • movie industry and, 60–63
  • popular interest in, 64, 97
  • on the radio, 65–66, 98
• Wildlife recording societies, 100–102
• Williams, J. J., 36
• Witchell, Charles A., 177n2
• Witherby, Harry, 65
• Wood Notes Wild (Cheney), 177n2
• Woodpecker, ivory-billed, 1–3, 9, 63, 76
• Woodward, Agnes, 35, 39
• Woolgar, Steve, 154