* This city was known as Košice under Slovakian rule and Kassa when it was governed by Hungary. I have opted to use whatever name the city went by at the time, which means I will sometimes refer to it as the former and sometimes the latter.
* In August of 1941, twenty-three thousand mostly Hungarian Jews were murderd by the Nazi Einsatzgruppen, the first mass murder of Jews by the Nazis in World War II.
* In 2015, in perhaps one of the last major Nazi war criminal trials, the “Bookkeeper” Oskar Groening was brought to trial (see epilogue, pages 238–239).
* See appendix.
* See Debórah Dwork and Robert Jan van Pelt, Auschwitz: 1270 to the Present (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996), 337. Randolph L. Braham, “Foreword” in The Holocaust in Hungary: Evolution of a Genocide, Zoltán Vági, László Csosz, and Gábor Kádár (Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2013), xvii.
** Lucy S. Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews, 1933–1945 (New York: Bantam Books, 1975), 381. For more on Canadian media coverage of Hungarian anti-Semitic laws, see Amanda Grzyb, “From Kristallnacht to the MS St. Louis Tragedy: Canadian Press Coverage of Nazi Persecution of the Jews and the Jewish Refugee Crisis, September 1938 to August 1939,” in Nazi Germany: Canadian Responses, ed. L. Ruth Klein (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2012), 86–90.
* Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York: HarperCollins, 1992).
** Ibid.
*** Martin Gilbert, The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust, 3rd Edition (London: Routledge, 2002), 90.
* See “Introduction: The Historical Framework,” in The Holocaust in Hungary: An Anthology of Jewish Response, trans. and ed. Andrew Handler (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1982), 1–4.
** Ibid., 4.
*** Vági, Csosz, and Kádár, The Holocaust in Hungary, xxxv.
* Gilbert, The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust, 184.
** Braham, “Foreword,” xvii.
* Vági, Csosz, and Kádár, The Holocaust in Hungary, 73.
** Ibid., 83.
*** Filip Müller, Eyewitness Auschwitz: Three Years in the Gas Chambers(New York: Stein and Day, 1979), 124.
* Dwórk and van Pelt, Auschwitz, 338.
** Ibid.
*** Ibid., 341–42.
* See Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 1986); and Przeglad Lekarski: Auschwitz (XVIII, Series II), (Warsaw: State Medical Publishers, 1962).
** Lifton, The Nazi Doctors, 214.
* “Dr. Tadeusz Orzeszko,” on Polin: The History of the Polish Jews website,http://www.sprawiedliwi.org.pl/en/cms/your-stories/1077/.
** Ibid.
* “Obituary: Johnnie Stevens,” Star-Ledger (Newark, NJ), July 16, 2007.