A
aces: American, 142–43; foreign, 71; publicity for, 98
Addison, Paul, 5
Admiral Scheer (Germany), 110
Admiralty: culture of secrecy in, 114; Fleet Air Arm and, 106–7; Forbes’ relationship with, 109, 112, 113, 114, 116; interference in Norway campaign, 102, 113–14; mutinies and, 40; naval guns and, 30–31; organizational failures in, 158
African Americans, 128
air attack. See also Radio Direction Finding system: battleships’ vulnerability to, 28–29, 38; dive-bombing tactics, 32–33; dodging tactics against, 38–39; early warning system and, 48; on ships in port, 47
air battle and tactics: “big-wing” concept, 4, 91–95; close shooting, 69–70; dive-bombing, 32–33; dogfights, 63–64, 92; of 15 September, 72–74, 146; German bomber formations, 59–60; German success in, 75; gun harmonization, 68; impact on Battle of Britain, 75; night blitz, 73; propaganda on, 142–43; scoring kills in, 71–72; squadron pairing, 94–95
Air Defence Instructions, 1939, 39
Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB), 79
air gunnery: German, 69–70; gun harmonization, 67–69; marksmanship, 67–68; pilot training in, 60–64; wing design in gun placement, 69
Air Historical Branch Narrative, The (Ministry of Defence), 58
air reconnaissance in Norway campaign, 111–12
air superiority: Churchill on, 3; Germany’s failure to achieve, 151–52; in Operation Sea Lion, 8, 9–10, 16–17, 26; in U.S. assessment, 132
Airborne Interception (AI), 85–86, 91
airborne operations in invasion of Britain, 20–22
Aircraft and Sea Power (Hezlet), 5–6
airfield damage, 74–75
Ajax (Britain), 46
Alabama (United States), 35
Alexander, A.V., 121, 137, 138
Allen, H.R. “Dizzy,” 5, 17, 18, 51, 61, 67, 68, 72, 77, 80, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98
Altmark affair, 114
America: British cooperation with, 137–38; British defeat impact on, 130–31; cowboy genre in, 143–44; “hero-worshipping” tendencies in, 143, 148; propaganda films for, 144–47; support sought from, by Churchill, 121, 123–24, 129, 133
American elections, 124–25, 127, 129
American Institute of Public Opinion, 126
American media: Battle of Britain coverage by, 125–26, 148–49; British cooperation with, 139; censorship and, 139–40; in creation of heroic British image, 2; culture of, 148
American public opinion: on British class system, 141; on Churchill, 124; on entering the war, 126–27, 128; geographical diversity in shaping, 128; importance of, 124–25; on Norway campaign, 121
Anglo-American Trade Agreement (1938), 124
Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935), 23–24
anti-aircraft defense. See also Radio Direction Finding system: assessment of British, 29; at Battle of Crete, 43, 46; over-centralization of, 48; in port, 47
anti-aircraft guns, naval, 29–31
Ark Royal (Britain), 38–39
armaments manufacture, 31
Asdic, 105
Ashmore, E.B., 78–79
At War at Sea: Sailors and Warfare in the Twentieth Century (Spector), 5
aviation development, 77
B
Backhouse, Roger, 105
Bader, Douglas, 52, 59, 91, 92
Baeker, Gerhard, 28
Ball, Albert, 98
Bargaining for Supremacy: Anglo-American Naval Collaboration, 1937–1941 (Leutze), 3
Barnett, Correlli, 6
Battle of Britain: air superiority and, 8, 9–10, 16–17, 26; American attitudes toward, 126–27; American media coverage of, 125–26, 148–49; foreign pilots in, 71; later attitudes toward, 52–53; literature on operational history of, 5–6, 52; myth of “the few” in, 2, 7, 150; night blitz and, 73; publicity surrounding, 97–98; RDF role in, 87, 89; as term, 148
Battle of Britain: New Perspectives (Ray), 4
Battle of Britain, The (film), 76, 126, 146–48
Battle of Britain, The (His Majesty’s Stationery Office), 5, 74, 97, 147
Battle of Britain Association, 52
Battle of Crete, 28, 43–47, 49
Battle of Jutland, 6, 100, 102, 105
Battle of Matapan, 107
Battle of Mers-el-Kébir, 132
Battle of Taranto, 101
Battle of the Atlantic, 53, 154
Battle of Trafalgar, 107
battle stress, 45–46
battleships: dodging tactics, 38–39; RAF effectiveness against, 36; vulnerability in port, 47; vulnerability to air attacks, 28–31, 38
B-Dienst, 112–13
Beatty, David, 100
Beaverbrook, Max Aitken, Baron, 65, 97, 125–26, 137, 138, 141, 142, 144, 145
Below, Nicolaus von, 17
Ben-Moshe, T., 2
“Best Laid Plans, The: The Development of British Battle-Fleet Tactics, 1919-1942” (Sumida), 6
Biggin Hill airfield, 94
Blackwood, George Douglas, 71
Blenheim aircraft, 90
Blumentritt, Gunther, 12
Bofors gun, 31
Bomber Command. See also Royal Air Force: airfield raids by, 95; objections to tactical use of, 55; relationship with Fighter Command, 90; signals intelligence and, 109
bombs: British ineffectiveness, 34–35; fuse delays, 35, 36; German, 33–34, 37
Boog, Horst, 5
Boyd, Bill, 143
Boyle, William “Ginger,” 113
Bracken, Brendan, 120, 126, 145
Brand, Quintin, 86
Brauchitsch, Walther von, 11
Briggs, T.V., 38–39
Bristol Beaufighter, 62
Britain: class system in, 140, 141; committee system in, 151; defense spending, 57; geography of, as factor in maritime supremacy, 25
Britain, German invasion of. See also Operation Sea Lion: British “opportunity” in, 51; Forbes on, 115–16, 119; glider-borne attacks in, 22–23; possible scenarios for, 117–18; proposed airborne operations in, 20–22, 22; Royal Navy role in, 116–17
Britain Can Take It! (film), 141, 144
“Britain-Can-Take-It” propaganda, 127, 133
Britain’s Glorious Navy (Bacon), 107
Britain’s Shield: Radar and the Defeat of the Luftwaffe (Zimmermann), 4
British Air Policy between the Wars, 1918-1939 (Hyde), 5, 52, 87
British Defence Policy and Appeasement between the Wars, 1919-1939 (Ranson), 6
Brothers, Peter, 58
Broun, Heywood, 142
Browning .303 machine gun, 62, 64
Brownrigg, Studholme, 107
Burning Blue, The (Addison and Crang), 5
Byng, John, 108
C
Calder, Angus, 2
Capra, Frank, 126, 145–46, 147
Case-Red plan, 21
Caslon, Clifford, 103
cavity magnetron, 90
Chain Home stations, 79, 80, 89
Channel Island occupation, 116
Chatfield, Ernle, 103
Childers, Erskine, 117
Churchill: Strategy and History (Ben-Moshe), 2
Churchill, Winston: American support sought by, 121, 123–24, 129, 133; on Battle of Britain, 51, 53, 134, 143; on continental commitment, 54; Dowding and, 85, 97; on fighter squadron strength, 55–56; Forbes and, 12, 101, 121; on German invasion, 1–2, 117; interference in Norway campaign, 113–14; Jutland and, 100; on merchant shipping losses, 53, 118; on military strategy, 3; on naval construction restrictions, 23; on navy role in invasion, 116–17; on pilot shortages, 53–54; propaganda and, 139–40, 145, 147; on RAF effectiveness, 48; on RDF system, 84
Civilian Conservation Corps, 131
Clark, David Worth, 132
Clausewitz, Carl von, 40
close-escort policy, German, 60
close-range firing, 69
Colt .50-caliber machine gun, 62–63, 65, 66
Columbia Radio Network, 141
Colville, John, 117
Committee of Imperial Defence, 30–31
Committee on Night Air Defence, 83
committee system, 151
Confessions of a Nazi Spy (film), 145
conscription, 131
continental commitment, 54
Controller of the Admiralty, 103
convergent thinking, 98–99
Cornwell, Barry, 143
Cossack (Britain), 114
Council of the Newspaper Proprietors’ Association, 139
Court Martial of Billy Mitchell, The (film), 36
Coventry bombing, 97
Coward, Noël, 144
cowboy genre, 143–44
Crang, Jeremy, 5
cruisers as anti-aircraft platforms, 30
Cunningham, Andrew B., 5, 43, 44–45, 46, 100, 101, 120, 122
Curacoa (Britain), 42
Czech squadron, 70–71
D
De Robeck, John, 106
Decrès, Denis, 11
Deere, Al, 60
defense spending, 57
Deichmann, Paul, 17
Deighton, L., 62–63
Dennis, J.A.J. “Alec,” 29, 38, 40, 44, 45, 46, 104
destroyers’ vulnerability to air attack, 30
Destroyers-for-Bases deal, 130, 132–33
Deutschland (Germany), 110
Dido (Britain), 46
Dill, John, 55
dive-bombers: avoiding action against, 39; tactics of, 32–33
divisional tactics, 106
Doering, Herbert, 16
Dornier Do 17, 32
Dowding, Hugh, 4, 7, 34; on Air Staff, 85; on airborne interceptions, 86, 91; assessment of, 152–53; Churchill and, 85; as convergent thinker, 98–99; early career of, 77; on fighter armament, 65; on fighter armor protection, 66; on fighter squadron strength, 55–56; on filtering process, 83, 85; on gun harmonization, 68–69; later support for, 76–77; Liddell Hart and, 98; management style of, 91, 151; on naval aircraft role, 106; on night blitz, 73; on pilot marksmanship, 61, 68; on pilot shortages, 54, 57; publicity and, 97–98; on RAF strength, 5; on RDF system, 81, 82; on role in Battle of Britain, 90–91; sacking of, 97; on stabilisation system, 59; underutilization of resources by, 95–96
Dowding and the Battle of Britain (Wright), 4
Dowding system, 78. See also Radio Direction Finding system
Draft Hague Rules of Air Warfare (1923), 105
E
Eagle Attack phase, 87
Eagle Squadron (film), 141–42
early-warning system, 48. See also Radio Direction Finding system; Royal Observers Corps and, 79, 96; in World War I, 78–79
Eden, Anthony, 145
Edwards, Ralph, 114
eight-gun fighters, 77–78
Ellis, R. M., 47
Engage the Enemy More Closely: The Royal Navy in the Second World War (Barnett), 6
Escadrille Lafayette, 143
Evill, Douglas, 58
F
F5/34, 77–78
Fairey Battle light bomber force, 55
FDR and the U.S. Navy (Marolda, ed.), 3
fighter aircraft: armament, 62–68; armor, 64–65, 66; casualty ratios, 72; eight-gun, 77–78; gun harmonization, 67–69; production of, 56
Fighter Command. See also Royal Air Force: funding of, 57; operational weaknesses of, 53; pilot casualties, 59; pilot shortages, 53–54, 57; in RDF system, 79; relationship with Bomber Command, 90; squadron strength, 55–56; stabilisation system in manning, 58–59; underutilization of resources by, 95
Fighting Instructions (1939), 108–9
fight-or-flight syndrome, 45–46
filtering system, in RDF, 80–84
fire control system, 30
First and Last, The (Galland), 37, 52
First Casualty is Truth, The: The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth Maker from Crimea to Kosovo (Knightly), 2
Fiske, William, III, 142
fleet action concept, 106
Fleet Air Arm, 106–7
Flying Circus, 91
Flynn, Errol, 144
Foot, Michael, 23
Forbes, Charles: on air reconnaissance in Norway campaign, 111–12; on Altmark affair, 114–15; assessment of, 121–22, 152–53; background of, 102–4; Churchill and, 12, 101, 121; on commander’s discretion, 108–9; as Fighting Instruction author, 108; on German invasion, 1, 119; on German naval intelligence, 112–13; Home Fleet and, 12; management style of, 103–5, 107; on morale, 41; Mountbatten and, 120; on naval tactics, 107–8; on Norway campaign, 115, 119; reputation of, 4, 7, 100, 101–2; sacking of, 119–21; on signals intelligence, 109–10
421 Squadron, 96
France: air assets provided to, 54; American volunteers in, 143; fighting spirit of, 21–22
Frantisek, J., 71
Fraser, Bruce Austin, 48
Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs, 1939-1945, 6, 10
Fuehrerprinzip concept, 25
Full Circle (Johnson), 93
G
“gadfly” fighter-bomber attack phase, 81
Galatea (Britain), 103
Galland, Adolf, 8, 37, 52, 73, 95
geographical determinacy, 25
German Naval High Command War Diaries, 10
German naval intelligence, 112–13
German Naval Staff: on air supremacy, 9; on channel crossing, 15; on feasibility of Operation Sea Lion, 19; Goering and, 18
German Navy: fleet action and, 108; possibility of raiding by, 116
Geschwader concept, 91–92
Glennie, Irvine, 44
gliders, 22–23
Glorious (Britain), 112
Glorious Summer (Johnson and Lucas), 93
Gneisenau (Germany), 110
Goodwin, Albert, 154
Goshawk II engine, 63
Graf Spee (Germany), 41, 46, 114
great power theory, navies in, 2–3
Greyhound (Britain), 44, 45, 46, 49
Griffin (Britain), 29, 38, 44, 45, 46
gun batteries, Operation Sea Lion and, 13–14
gun harmonization, 67–69
gunnery. See air gunnery; naval gunnery
Gurkha (Britain), 40
H
Halder, Franz Ritter von, 11, 15
Halifax, Charles Lindly Wood, Viscount, 124, 143
Hamilton, L.H.K. “Turtle,” 38, 42, 46, 113
Harris, Arthur “Bomber,” 109
Hess, Rudolph, 129
Hewitt, Ludlow, 61
Heye, Helmuth, 24
Hezlet, Arthur, 5–6, 29, 33, 47, 48–49
high-altitude bombing, 32–33, 36, 38
high-angle fire control system, 30
Hipper (Germany), 16
History of the Second World War (Liddell Hart), 98
Hitler, Adolf: allied propaganda on, 146, 147; on bombing London, 17–18; desire for accommodation by, 9, 11, 18–19, 21, 23; on German invasion, 2, 13, 16, 20
Hitler Youth, 41
Home Fleet: inactivity of, 41, 104–5; morale in, 7, 40; in Norway, 29; role in event of German invasion, 12, 116–17
Hood (Britain), 116
Hossbach Memorandum, 9
Hudson, Liam, 98–99
Hyde, H. Montgomery, 5, 52, 87–88
I
Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) device, 83–84
In Which We Serve (film), 144
Ingersoll, Royal E., 124
Inskip, Thomas, 77
Inter-Allied Information Committee, 128
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 125
Invasion, 1940 (Robinson), 6
Invasion of England 1940 (Schenk), 6
Invergordon Mutiny, 40
Iron Duke (Britain), 103
Ironside, William Edmund, 118
Italian Regia Aeronautica, 47
J
Jackson, Robert, 133
Jarratt, A.W., 145
Jewish film producers, 144
Job 74 trials, 34
Joubert, Philip, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90
Ju 87 B-1, 47
Ju 87 B-2, 37
Ju 87 Stuka, 32
Ju 87R, 47
Ju 88 Stuka, 32–33
Juno (Britain), 46
K
Kampfgeschwader 26 bomber wing, 33
Kandahar (Britain), 45
Keitel, Wilhelm, 15
Keller, Gottfried, 143
Kelly (Britain), 120
Kennedy, Joseph, 129
Kennedy, Paul, 2
King, Edward Leigh Stuart, 44, 49
Kipling (Britain), 45
Knightly, Phillip, 2
Konigsberg (Germany), 39
Kranke, Theodore, 24
Kronstadt mutiny, 40
L
Lacey, “Ginger,” 76
Langley, G.M.B., 39
Layton, Walter, 124
Lee-Barber, John, 44
Leigh-Mallory, Trafford, 76, 86, 91, 93, 94, 95
Lend-Lease program, 133, 138, 154
LeSueur, Larry, 127
Leutze, J., 3
Lewis, Nigel, 58
Liddell Hart, Basil, 3, 12, 16, 52, 57, 73, 90, 98, 116
Lindbergh, Charles A., 142–43, 144
Lindemann, Frederick, 97
line of battle concept, 106, 108
line-ahead formation, 107
Lippmann, Walter, 130
London: air battles over, 72–74; bombing of, 19, 37, 97; as target in Operation Sea Lion, 17–18
Longest Day, The (film), 76
“Lost Leader: Admiral of the Fleet Sir Charles Forbes and the Second World War” (Levy), 4
Lothian, Philip Kerr, Marquess, 125, 130, 138
low-altitude bombing, 32–33
Lucas, P.B. “Laddie,” 59, 60, 92, 93, 98
Luftwaffe: bombers in, 33–34; literature on performance of, 5; night blitz and, 73, 75; success in air battles, 75; vulnerability prior to Battle of Britain, 95
Luke, Frank, Jr., 143–44
Lusitania (Britain), 124
M
Mackinder, Halford, 3
Maier, Klaus, 5
Mannock, Mick, 98
Marder, A.J., 108
Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke, 3
Marolda, Edward J., 3
Marshall, George S., 146
Mass Observation, 125
Mediterranean Fleet, 43, 45, 46, 49, 103, 106
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 9
Merchant Navy, 123; casualties in, 150; Churchill on, 118; losses to U-boats, 53
Messerchmitt Me 109E, 59, 60, 69
Messerchmitt Me 110, 62
Meyer, Eugene, 125
Meyer, Hans, 24–25
Middleton, Drew, 139
Milch, Erhard, 20
military intelligence: German codebreaking, 112–13; signals intelligence, 109–11
Ministry of Information, 139, 144, 145
Mitchell, William, 35–36
morale, as factor, 40–43
Morris, Christopher, 111
Mountbatten, Louis, 104, 120, 144
Murrow, Edward R., 140–41
Mustang fighter, 66
My Life (Raeder), 6
Myth of the Blitz, The (Calder), 2
N
Naiad (Britain), 45
Narbeth, John Harper, 38
naval aircraft, 106–7
naval anti-aircraft guns, 29–31
naval battle and tactics: divisional tactics, 106; Forbes on, 107–8; line-ahead formation, 107; night fighting, 106, 107
naval censorship, 140
naval construction restrictions, 23–24, 42
naval gunnery, 105–6
naval ship identification, 110
naval superiority, 49; as U.S. concern, 132
navies in great power theory, 2–3
Nelson, Horatio, 91, 100, 107, 153
Neutrality Act, 131
Newall, Cyril, 54–55, 55, 81, 97
night raids, aerial, 73, 75, 83, 98
Northcliffe, Alfred Harmsworth, Viscount, 125
Norway campaign, 10; air reconnaissance in, 111–12; as British intelligence muddle, 102, 111–12; British morale and, 42–43; British naval superiority in, 49; Churchill’s interference in, 113–14; Forbes on, 115, 119; German landings in, 111; as German precedent, 10; impact on American opinion, 121
Nuffield, William Richard Morris, Viscount, 56, 78
O
O’Connor, Richard, 118
Ogilvie, Fredrick, 41
Operation Autumn Mist, 16
Operation Barbarossa, 16
Operation Sea Lion. See also Britain, German invasion of: air supremacy in, 8, 9–10, 16–17, 26, 72; army/navy disagreements on, 11, 13, 16; British offensive actions in thwarting, 19–20, 21, 51; channel crossing in, 11, 13, 14–15; directive on, 10–11, 16; diversionary operations in, 16; German attitudes toward, 9; gun batteries and, 13–14; lack of naval preparation for, 26; literature on, 6; London as target in, 17–18, 19; mine warfare and, 12–13; operational difficulties in, 10, 11–12, 14; transport issues in, 13, 14
Operation XD and XDA, 21
Operational Intelligence Centre (OIC), 110
Operational Training Units (OTUs), 57, 59
Overy, Richard, 5
P
Panama Canal, 129
Park, Keith, 60, 62, 73–74, 75, 86, 91, 94, 96
Peterson, Maurice, 142
Pierce, Richard, 135
Pile, Alfred, 97
pilot casualties, 59
pilot training: inadequacies of, 56–59; in marksmanship, 60–64, 67–68
pilots, foreign, 70–71
Polish campaign, 115
Polish squadrons, 70–71
Ponting, Clive, 57
port defense, 47
Pound, Dudley, 4, 102, 105; on invasion of Britain, 117–18; micromanagement by, 108, 114–15; in sacking of Forbes, 120–21
Price, Alfred, 70
Prince of Wales (Britain), 28
propaganda films, 144–47
publicity: on Battle of Britain, 97–98; Forbes’ aversion to, 104
Purvis, Arthur, 137
Purvis Mission, 137
Putzier, Richard, 16
Q
Queen Elizabeth (Britain), 103, 106
R
radar development, 4
Radio Direction Finding (RDF) system, 4; American study of, 137; calibration issues in, 89–90; components of, 79; Dowding in development of, 78; filtering process in, 80–84, 92; IFF devices in, 83–84; limitations of, 90–91, 96–97; personnel recruitment for, 88–89; supplements to, 96; training deficiencies and, 86–87
Radio School Course, 87, 88–89
Raeder, Erich, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 26, 111
Ranson, E., 6
Rawalpindi (Britain), 110, 121
Recognition Instructions, 48
Reith, John, 139
Renown (Britain), 116
Repulse (Britain), 28
Reynolds, Quentin, 139, 141–42, 144
Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact (1939), 123
Richardson, J.O., 136
Richmond, Herbert, 106
Richthofen, Manfred von, 91, 98
Riddle of the Sands (Childers), 117
Riefenstahl, Leni, 146
Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, The (Kennedy), 2
Robinson, Derek, 6
Rogers, Roy, 143
Roosevelt, Franklin D.: American aid and, 124, 129; as navalist, 3–4, 149; purported dictatorial tendencies of, 131, 132
Roosevelt, Quentin, 64
Roskill, Stephen, 110, 112, 113, 120, 121
Rothermere, Esmond Harmsworth, Viscount, 139
Rothermere, Harold Harmsworth, Viscount, 128, 136
Royal Air Force (RAF). See also Bomber Command; Fighter Command: air reconnaissance in Norway campaign, 111–12; in Battle of Britain mythology, 2, 7, 52, 134–35; “big-wing” concept and, 4, 91–93, 94; in bombing of transports, 19–20; casualties in, 150; Churchill on expansion of, 3; damage to supporting infrastructure, 74–75; effectiveness of, 36, 48, 73; foreign pilots in, 70–71; funding of, 57; in glider detection, 22–23; literature on operational history of, 5–6; pilot marksmanship, 67–68; pilot shortages, 53–54, 57; pilot training, 56–59, 60–64; public acclaim for, 101; scoring of kills, 71–72
Royal Naval Film Corporation, 144
Royal Navy: air battle in sidelining, 100–101; attitude toward Fighting Instruction in, 108; attitudes toward, 102; in Battle of Britain mythology, 7; in Battle of Crete, 43–45; censorship and, 140; fleet action and, 106; literature on operational history of, 5–6; “Locust Years” in, 152; morale in, 41–42; in Norway campaign, 49; signals intelligence and, 109–11; vulnerability to air attack, 28
Royal Oak (Britain), 102
Rundstedt, Karl von, 12–13, 22
S
Sailor’s Odyssey, A (Cunningham), 5
Scharnhorst (Germany), 110, 112
Scheer, Reinhard, 25
Scheer (Germany), 16
Schneider Trophy air races, 77
Schultze, Otto, 24
Schuster, Karl, 21
Sea Hawk, The (film), 144
Second World War: Fighter Control and Interception, 55
sector station system, 74–75
Seestrategie des Weltkrieges (Wegener), 9, 25
semi-armor-piercing (SAP) bombs, 34–35, 37
Sholto Douglas, William, 66, 76, 94, 98
Showell, J.P. Mallman, 6
Signals 4 unit, 88
signals intelligence, 109–11
Sinclair, Archibald, 53–54, 137, 138
650-yard harmonization, 67–69
Smut, Jan Christian, 78
Southgate (Britain), 39–40
Soviet Union, 123
Spector, Ronald, 5
Spitfire fundraiser, 142
Spitfires, 60, 62, 63, 64, 67, 69, 77
squadron pairing, 94–95
stabilisation system, 58–59
Stanmore Research Section, 87
Stephenson, William, 142
Stones, Donald, 70
Stubbs, Bernard, 42
Student, Kurt, 16
Sumida, Jon Tetsuro, 6, 105, 106
Sutton Bridge OTU, 61
T
Tactical Summary of Bombing Aircraft on HM Ships and Shipping from September 1939 to February 1941 (report), 31–32
Taylor, A.J.P., 76
Tester, J.A.J., 86
Tirpitz, Alfred von, 25
Tirpitz (Germany), 36
Tizard, Henry, 34, 61, 65, 66, 97
torpedo bombing, 33
Tovey, John, 104, 114, 120, 121, 122
transport ships: in Operation Sea Lion, 13, 14; RAF in bombing of, 19–20
Treaty of Versailles, 23
Triumph of the Will (film), 146
Truman, Harry S., 125
Tyas, Sidney, 39–40
U
U-boat operations: in Battle of the Atlantic, 53; erroneous assumptions concerning, 105; as factor in invasion planning, 15–16; hunter-killer experiment and, 41; in naval blockade, 19
Ultra, 109
United States. See America
Unwin, George, 67
Urbanowicz, W., 71
V
Vaughan, W. G. V., 139
Vian, Phillip, 114–15
Vickers gun, 31
W
war correspondents, 140
Washington Naval Agreement of 1921–22, 42
Washington Post (newspaper), 125, 126, 128, 129, 133, 135, 138
Watson-Watt, Robert, 87–88, 89
Wavell, Archibald, 118
Weichold, Eberhard, 24
Who Won the Battle of Britain? (Allen), 5, 51–52
Why We Fight (film series), 126, 145, 146
Wiegand, Karl von, 131
Wilhelm (German Kaiser), 2
Wilkie, Wendell L., 132
Will, W., 139
Winant, John Gilbert, 139
Winchell, Walter, 142
Winterbotham, F. W., 28, 48, 119
World War I: American volunteers in, 143; early-warning system in, 78–79; war debt from, 124
W/T traffic decryption, 113
Y
Ymuiden demolitions, 21
Young Mr. Pitt, The (film), 144–45
Z
“Z” plan, 24
Zimmermann, D., 4