PREFACE
1. “From George Washington to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island, 18 August 1790,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-06-02-0135. Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 6, 1 July 1790–30 November 1790, ed. Mark A. Mastromarino (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press), 1996, 284–86.
INTRODUCTION
1. Valerie Strauss, “What Americans Don’t Know about Their History,” The Washington Post, July 3, 2010.
2. Strauss, “What Americans Don’t Know about Their History.”
3. Amy B. Wang, “Some Trump Supporters Thought NPR Tweeted Propaganda. It Was the Declaration of Independence,” The Washington Post, July 5, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/07/05/some-trump-supporters-thought-npr-tweeted-propaganda-it-was-the-declaration-of-independence.
4. Frank Newport, “Most in U.S. Still Proud to Be an American,” Gallup, July 4, 2013, http://news.gallup.com/poll/163361/proud-american.aspx.
CHAPTER ONE
1. “From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 30 August 1823,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/98-01-02-3728.
2. “From Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Macon, December 4, 1818,” Online Library of Liberty, citing Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, Federal Edition, vol. 12, footnote 1 (New York and London: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904–5), http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/808.
3. “From Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Macon, December 4, 1818.”
4. Thomas Jefferson, “An Anecdote of Dr. Franklin,” History.org, Colonial Williamsburg, http://www.history.org/almanack/resources/jeffersonanecdote.cfm.
5. “Hessians,” MountVernon.org, Washington Library, MountVernon.org, Washington Library, Center for Digital History, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/hessians.
6. “From John Adams to Timothy Pickering, 6 August 1822,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-7674.
7. Julian Boyd, The Declaration of Independence: The Evolution of the Text (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress/Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, Inc., 1999), 35.
8. Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, vol. 5, eds. Worthington Chauncey Ford, Gaillard Hunt, John Clement Fitzpatrick, Roscoe R. Hill, Kenneth E. Harris, Steven D. Tilley (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1906), 516.
9. Jon Meacham, Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power (New York: Random House, 2012), 106.
10. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1877).
11. “July Highlight: George Rejected and Liberty Protected,” Harvard University Declaration Resources Project, Course of Human Events, Declaration Resources Project Blog, July 4, 2016, https://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/blog/july-proclamations.
12. “To John Adams from Benjamin Rush, 20 July 1811,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-5659.
13. “To John Adams from Benjamin Rush, 20 July 1811.”
CHAPTER TWO
1. “Great Britain: Parliament—The Declaratory Act; March 18, 1766,” Yale Law School, The Avalon Project, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/declaratory_act_1766.asp.
2. “Massachusetts Circular Letter to the Colonial Legislatures; February 11, 1768,” Yale Law School, The Avalon Project, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/mass_circ_let_1768.asp.
3. “Massachusetts Circular Letter to the Colonial Legislatures; February 11, 1768.”
4. Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 1: Jefferson the Virginian (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 1948), 136.
5. Quoted in George Bancroft, History of the United States, from the Discovery of the American Continent, vol. 3 (New York: Appleton, 1896), 248.
6. Quoted in George Bancroft, History of the United States, 239.
7. Mark Puls, Samuel Adams: Father of the American Revolution (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2006), 68.
8. Journals of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts, 1715–1779, vol. 44 (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1919–1990), 148.
9. “The House of Representatives’ Circular Letter to the Speakers of the Colonial Assemblies,” February 11, 1768, Colonial Society of Massachusetts, https://www.colonialsociety.org/node/2932.
10. “Massachusetts Circular Letter to the Colonial Legislatures; February 11, 1768.”
11. “Massachusetts Circular Letter to the Colonial Legislatures; February 11, 1768.”
12. “Massachusetts Circular Letter to the Colonial Legislatures; February 11, 1768.”
13. “Massachusetts Circular Letter to the Colonial Legislatures; February 11, 1768.”
14. Puls, Samuel Adams: Father of the American Revolution, 74.
15. Quoted in George Bancroft, History of the United States, 284.
16. Quoted in George Bancroft, History of the United States, 285.
17. Journals of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts, 1715–1779, vol. 45, 88.
18. “History of the Old State House,” BostonHistory.org, http://www.bostonhistory.org/history.
19. Journals of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts, 1715–1779, vol. 45, 89.
20. Journals of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts, 1715–1779, vol. 45, 89.
21. Journals of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts, 1715–1779, vol. 45, 94.
22. Puls, Samuel Adams: Father of the American Revolution, 83.
23. Quoted in Puls, Samuel Adams: Father of the American Revolution, 83.
24. Journals of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts, 1715–1779, vol. 45, 92.
25. “Jefferson’s Height,” Monticello.org, an article courtesy of the Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia, https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/jeffersons-height.
26. Jon Meacham, Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power (New York: Random House, 2012), 44.
27. Virginia Gazette, December 15, 1768, 2, History.org, Colonial Williamsburg, http://research.history.org/DigitalLibrary/va-gazettes/VGSinglePage.cfm?issueIDNo=68.R.46&page=2&res=LO.
28. Virginia Gazette, December 15, 1768, 2.
29. Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, 1766–1769, ed. John Pendleton Kennedy (Richmond, Va.: The Colonial Press, E. Waddey Co., 1906), 189.
30. “Norborne Berkeley, Baron de Botetourt (1717–1770),” Encyclopedia Virginia, https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Berkeley_Norborne_baron_de_Botetourt_1717-1770#start_entry.
31. Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, 1766–1769, 189–90.
32. Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, 1766–1769, 214.
33. Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, 1766–1769, 214.
34. Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, 1766–1769, 214.
35. Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, 1766–1769, 214.
36. “Jefferson’s Autobiography,” Yale Law School, The Avalon Project, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/jeffauto.asp.
37. Jefferson the Virginian, vol. XXXX, 136.
38. Jefferson the Virginian, vol. XXXX, 136.
39. “Jefferson’s Autobiography.”
40. “[May 1769],” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/01-02-02-0004-0013. Original source: The Diaries of George Washington, vol. 2, 14 January 1766–31 December 1770, ed. Donald Jackson (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976), 146–54.
41. “Virginia Nonimportation Resolutions, 17 May 1769,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-01-02-0019. Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 1, 1760–1776, ed. Julian P. Boyd (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950), 27–31.
CHAPTER THREE
1. Legal Papers of John Adams, vol. 2, note 9, Massachusetts Historical Society, http://www.masshist.org/publications/adams-papers/index.php/view/ADMS-05-02-02-0006-0004-0001#LJA02d042n9.
2. Noel Rae, The People’s War: Original Voices of the American Revolution (Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot Press, 2012), 72.
3. Neal Nusholtz, “How John Adams Won the Hancock Trial,” Journal of the American Revolution, August 30, 2016, AllThingsLiberty.com, http://allthingsliberty.com/2016/08/john-adams-won-hancock-trial.
4. A Companion to John Adams and John Quincy Adams, David Waldstreicher, ed. (Malden, Mass., and Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013), 72.
5. Anne Husted Burleigh, John Adams (New York: Routledge, 2017), 85.
6. “The Vice Admiralty Courts,” The Declaration of Independence, USHistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/vac.html.
7. Legal Papers of John Adams, vol. 2.
8. “Madeira,” MountVernon.org, Washington Library, Center for Digital History, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/madeira.
9. A Companion to John Adams and John Quincy Adams, 72.
10. “Adams’ Copy of the Information and Draft of His Argument: Court of Vice Admiralty, Boston, October 1768–March 1769,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/05-02-02-0006-0004-0002. Original source: The Adams Papers, Legal Papers of John Adams, vol. 2, Cases 31–62, eds. L. Kinvin Wroth and Hiller B. Zobel (Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press, 1965), 194–210.
11. West Virginia Association for Justice, “Trial by Jury: ‘Inherent and invaluable,’” http://www.wvaj.org/index.cfm?pg=HistoryTrialbyJury.
12. Legal Papers of John Adams, vol. 2.
13. Burleigh, John Adams, 87.
14. “Adams’ Copy of the Information and Draft of His Argument: Court of Vice Admiralty, Boston, October 1768–March 1769.”
15. “Adams’ Copy of the Information and Draft of His Argument: Court of Vice Admiralty, Boston, October 1768–March 1769.”
16. “Adams’ Copy of the Information and Draft of His Argument: Court of Vice Admiralty, Boston, October 1768–March 1769.”
17. “The Federalist Papers: No. 48,” Yale Law School, The Avalon Project, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed48.asp.
CHAPTER FOUR
1. “Minutes of the Lower House of the North Carolina General Assembly,” October 23, 1769–November 6, 1769, vol. 8, 105–41, Documenting the American South, Colonial and State Records of North Carolina, http://docsouth.unc.edu/csr/index.php/document/csr08-0068.
2. “Resolves of the House of Burgesses, Passed the 16th of May, 1769,” Encyclopedia Virginia, https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/media_player?mets_filename=evr3808mets.xml.
3. William S. Powell, “Regulator Movement,” NCPedia, 2006, https://www.ncpedia.org/history/colonial/regulator-movement.
4. Edward, Dumbauld, The Declaration of Independence and What It Means Today (Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1950), 108.
5. Dumbauld, The Declaration of Independence and What It Means Today, 108.
6. Dumbauld, The Declaration of Independence and What It Means Today, 109.
7. Dumbauld, The Declaration of Independence and What It Means Today, 109.
8. Dumbauld, The Declaration of Independence and What It Means Today, 109.
9. Dumbauld, The Declaration of Independence and What It Means Today, 109.
10. Donald R., Lennon, “Attachment Clause,” NCPedia, 2006, https://www.ncpedia.org/attachment-clause.
11. Lennon, “Attachment Clause.”
12. Herbert Friedenwald, The Declaration of Independence (New York: Macmillan, 1904), 231.
13. Dumbauld, The Declaration of Independence and What It Means Today, 111.
14. Dumbauld, The Declaration of Independence and What It Means Today, 111–12.
15. Vernon O. Stumpf, “Martin, Josiah,” NCPedia, 1991, https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/martin-josiah.
16. Stumpf, “Martin, Josiah.”
17. Stumpf, “Martin, Josiah.”
18. Jonathan Martin, “Royal Governor Josiah Martin (1737–1786),” North Carolina History Project, NorthCarolinaHistory.org, http://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/royal-governor-josiah-martin-1737-1786.
19. Vernon O. Stumpf, “Josiah Martin and His Search for Success: The Road to North Carolina,” North Carolina Office of Archives and History, Colonial Records Project, vol. 53 (1976), 55–79, http://www.ncpublications.com/colonial/nchr/Subjects/stumpf.htm [inactive].
20. Stumpf, “Martin, Josiah.”
21. Daniel W. Barefoot, “Tryon Palace,” NCPedia, 2006, https://www.ncpedia.org/tryon-palace.
22. “Tryon Palace,” North Carolina History Project, NorthCarolinaHistory.org, http://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/tryon-palace.
23. Barefoot, “Tryon Palace.”
24. Quoted in “Tryon Palace,” North Carolina History Project.
25. Quoted in Barefoot, “Tryon Palace.”
26. Barefoot, “Tryon Palace.”
27. “Letter from Josiah Martin to William Legge, Earl of Dartmouth,” February 26, 1773, Documenting the American South, Colonial and State Records of North Carolina, http://docsouth.unc.edu/csr/index.php/document/csr09-0166.
28. “Letter from Josiah Martin to William Legge, Earl of Dartmouth,” February 26, 1773.
29. “Letter from Josiah Martin to William Legge, Earl of Dartmouth,” February 26, 1773.
30. “Minutes of the Upper House of the North Carolina General Assembly,” January 25, 1773–March 6, 1773, vol. 9, 376–447, Documenting the American South, Colonial and State Records of North Carolina, http://docsouth.unc.edu/csr/index.php/document/csr09-0169.
31. “Minutes of the Upper House of the North Carolina General Assembly,” January 25, 1773–March 6, 1773.
32. “Minutes of the Upper House of the North Carolina General Assembly,” January 25, 1773–March 6, 1773.
33. “Minutes of the Upper House of the North Carolina General Assembly,” January 25, 1773–March 6, 1773.
34. “Letter from Josiah Martin to William Legge, Earl of Dartmouth,” February 26, 1773.
35. “Letter from Josiah Martin to William Legge, Earl of Dartmouth,” February 26, 1773.
36. “Letter from Josiah Martin to William Legge, Earl of Dartmouth,” February 26, 1773.
37. Friedenwald, The Declaration of Independence, 232.
38. Milton Ready, The Tar Heel State: A History of North Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2005), 105.
39. Ready, The Tar Heel State, 105.
40. “Letter from Josiah Martin to William Legge, Earl of Dartmouth,” March 12, 1773, Documenting the American South, Colonial and State Records of North Carolina, http://docsouth.unc.edu/csr/index.php/document/csr09-0177.
41. “Letter from Josiah Martin to William Legge, Earl of Dartmouth,” March 12, 1773.
42. “Letter from Josiah Martin to William Legge, Earl of Dartmouth,” March 12, 1773.
43. Friedenwald, The Declaration of Independence, 232.
44. Ready, The Tar Heel State, 105.
45. “Journal of Josiah Quincy,” March 26, 1773–April 5, 1773, vol. 9, 610–13, Documenting the American South, Colonial and State Records of North Carolina, http://docsouth.unc.edu/csr/index.php/document/csr09-0180.
46. Friedenwald, The Declaration of Independence, 230.
47. Sydney George Fisher, “The Twenty-Eight Charges Against the King in the Declaration of Independence,” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 31, no. 3 (1907), 257–303, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20085387.pdf?refreqid=excelsior:345c4cebe95fc2281cb9447d71222b4c.
48. “1776: Hutchinson, Strictures upon the Declaration of Independence,” Online Library of Liberty, http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/1776-hutchinson-strictures-upon-the-declaration-of-independence.
49. “Jefferson’s ‘Original Rough Draught’ of the Declaration of Independence,” Declaring Independence: Drafting the Documents, Library of Congress, http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/declara/ruffdrft.html. Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 1, 1760–1776, ed. Julian P. Boyd (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1950), 243–47.
50. Julian Boyd, The Declaration of Independence: The Evolution of the Text (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress/Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, Inc., 1999), 33, n. 54.
51. Worcester v. Georgia, Oyez, https://www.oyez.org/cases/1789-1850/31us515.
52. Worcester v. Georgia.
53. Tim Alan Garrison, Worcester v. Georgia (1832), New Georgia Encyclopedia, Government and Politics, U.S. Supreme Court Cases, April 27, 2004, http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/worcester-v-georgia-1832.
54. “Executive Orders, Harry S. Truman, 1945–1953,” Harry S. Truman Presidential Library & Museum, https://www.trumanlibrary.org/executiveorders/index.php?pid=180.
55. Joshua Waimberg, “Youngstown Steel: The Supreme Court Stands Up to the President,” Constitution Daily Blog, National Constitution Center, November 16, 2015, https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/youngstown-steel-the-supreme-court-stands-up-to-the-president.
56. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952), Justica, U.S. Supreme Court, https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/343/579/case.html.
57. Waimberg, “Youngstown Steel: The Supreme Court Stands Up to the President.”
CHAPTER FIVE
1. “Philadelphia, September 29. Extract of a letter from London, August 4,” Massachusetts Historical Society, https://www.masshist.org/revolution/image-viewer.php?item_id=401&img_step=1&tpc=&pid=2&mode=transcript&tpc=&pid=2#page1. Original source: The Massachusetts Gazette, 3; and The Boston Post-Boy and Advertiser, no. 842, October 4–11, 1773.
2. “The following was dispersed in Hand Bills among the worthy Citizens of Philadelphia,” Massachusetts Historical Society, https://www.masshist.org/revolution/image-viewer.php?item_id=417&img_step=1&tpc=&mode=transcript&tpc=#page1. Original source, The Boston-Gazette, number 968, October 25, 1773, 2.
3. “Philadelphia, September 29. Extract of a letter from London, August 4.”
4. “The Boston Tea Party: Introduction,” Massachusetts Historical Society, https://www.masshist.org/revolution/teaparty.php.
5. “Disguise of Sons of Liberty,” Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum, www.bostonteapartyship.com/boston=tea=party=disguise [inactive].
6. “Announcement of the Boston Tea Party, December 20, 1773,” Presentations and Activities, Library of Congress, http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/amrev/rebelln/tea.html. Original source, The Boston Gazette, December 20, 1773.
7. Peter D. G. Thomas, Tea Party to Independence: The Third Phase of the American Revolution, 1773–1776 (London: Clarendon Press, 1991), 20.
8. The editors of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Boston Tea Party,” Britannica Academic, www.britannica.com/event/Boston-Tea-Party.
9. Thomas Whately, Regulations Lately Made Concerning the Colonies (London: J. Wilkie, 1765).
10. Stephen Hopkins, The Rights of Colonies Examined, Evans Early American Imprint Collection, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=evans;cc=evans;view=text;idno=N07846.0001.001;rgn=div1;node=N07846.0001.001%3A2, 4.
11. Hopkins, The Rights of Colonies Examined, 22.
12. Thomas Williams Bicknell, The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, vol. 3 (New York: The American Historical Society, 1920), 1083.
13. “The following was dispersed in Hand Bills among the worthy Citizens of Philadelphia.”
14. “The following was dispersed in Hand Bills among the worthy Citizens of Philadelphia.”
15. Alvin Rabushka, Taxation in Colonial America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), 867.
16. “The Secret Plan,” December 16, 1773, Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum, http://www.bostonteapartyship.com/the-secret-plan.
17. Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3742/3742-h/3742-h.htm.
18. Jason Russell, “Look at How Many Pages Are in the Federal Tax Code,” Washington Examiner, April 15, 2016.
CHAPTER SIX
1. Eugene S. Ferguson, Truxtun of the Constellation: The Life of Commodore Thomas Truxtun, U.S. Navy, 1755–1822 (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1956), 19.
2. Ferguson, Truxtun of the Constellation, 18–19.
3. Ferguson, Truxtun of the Constellation, 19.
4. Ferguson, Truxtun of the Constellation, 20.
5. “A Collection of All the Statutes Now in Force” (London: C. Eyre and W. Strahan, 1780).
6. “Major Mark Park,” New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/major-mark-park/history.
7. Naval Biography: Consisting of Memoirs of the Most Distinguished Officers of the American Navy (Cincinnati: Morgan, Williams & Co., 1815), 27.
8. Naval Biography, 27.
9. Ferguson, Truxtun of the Constellation, 18.
10. Nicholas Tracy, Manila Ransomed: The British Assault on Manila in the Seven Years War (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1995), 76.
11. Ferguson, Truxtun of the Constellation, 20.
12. Ferguson, Truxtun of the Constellation, 21.
13. Pennsylvania Gazette, February 21, 1776, 3.
14. “[Notes of Debates in the Continental Congress] Oct. 3 [i.e. 4],” note 1, Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/01-02-02-0005-0004-0001. Original source: The Adams Papers, Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, vol. 2, 1771–1781, ed. L. H. Butterfield (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961), 188–92.
15. “IV. The Declaration as Adopted by Congress [6 July 1775],” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-01-02-0113-0005. Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 1, 1760–1776, ed. Julian P. Boyd (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950), 213–19.
16. “[Notes of Debates in the Continental Congress] Oct. 3 [i.e. 4],” note 1.
17. “[Notes of Debates in the Continental Congress] Oct. 3 [i.e. 4],” note 1.
18. “[Notes of Debates in the Continental Congress] Oct. 3 [i.e. 4],” note 1.
19. “[October 1775],” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/01-02-02-0005-0004. Original source: The Adams Papers, Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, vol. 2, 188–220.
20. Jim Schmidt, “John J. Zubly (1724–1781),” New Georgia Encyclopedia, History and Archaeology, Colonial Era, 1733–1775, September 12, 2002, http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/john-j-zubly-1724-1781.
21. “To Benjamin Franklin from [David Hartley], 23 November 1775,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-22-02-0159. Original source: The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 22, March 23, 1775, through October 27, 1776, ed. William B. Willcox (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1982), 267–68.
22. “James Wilson (1742–1748),” Dickinson College Archives and Special Collections, 2018. archives.dickinson.edu/people/james-wilson-1742-1798.
23. “[Notes of Debates in the Continental Congress] [February 1776],” note 1, Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/01-02-02-0006-0002. Original source: The Adams Papers, Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, vol. 2, 229–34.
24. “[Notes of Debates in the Continental Congress] [February 1776],” note 1.
25. “From John Adams to Horatio Gates,” 23 March, 1776, Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-04-02-0023. Original source: The Adams Papers, Papers of John Adams, vol. 4, February–August 1776, ed. Robert J. Taylor (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), 58–60.
26. “From John Adams to Horatio Gates,” 23 March, 1776.
27. “Sender: Richard Henry Lee; Recipient: Landon Carter, Philadelphia, 1st April 1776,” Lee Family Digital Archive, https://leefamilyarchive.org/papers/letters/transcripts-gw%20delegates/DIV0275.html.
28. Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, vol. 4, eds. Worthington Chauncey Ford, Gaillard Hunt, John Clement Fitzpatrick, Roscoe R. Hill, Kenneth E. Harris, Steven D. Tilley (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1906), 257–58.
29. “The Slave Trade and the Revolution,” The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, http://abolition.nypl.org/essays/us_constitution/2.
30. Edmund C. Burnett, Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, August 29, 1774 to July 4, 1776, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution, 1921), 415.
31. Burnett, Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, August 29, 1774, to July 4, 1776, 417.
CHAPTER SEVEN
1. Jill Lepore, “The Sharpened Quill,” The New Yorker, October 16, 2016.
2. Richard M. Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers: The Battles for Trenton and Princeton (New York: Owl Books, 1999), 4.
3. Craig Nelson, Thomas Paine: Enlightenment, Revolution, and the Birth of Modern Nations (New York: Viking Penguin, 2006), 53.
4. Nelson, Thomas Paine, 77.
5. Nelson, Thomas Paine, 77.
6. Nelson, Thomas Paine, 76.
7. Thomas Paine, The Crisis, November 21, 1778, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3741/3741-h/3741-h.htm.
8. Nelson, Thomas Paine, 89.
9. Quoted in Nelson, Thomas Paine, 69.
10. Pauline Maier, American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (New York: Knopf, 1997), 31.
11. Lepore, “The Sharpened Quill.”
12. “To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Nelson, Jr., 4 February 1776,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-01-02-0148. Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 1, 1760–1776, ed. Julian P. Boyd (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950), 285–86.
13. This is based on a calculation made by Richard Gimbel in 1956. Richard Gimbel, A Bibliographical Checklist of Common Sense, with an Account of Its Publication (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1956); Thomas Paine, “The Crisis No. VII,” Pennsylvania Packet.
14. Lepore, “The Sharpened Quill.”
15. Quoted in Nelson, Thomas Paine, 93.
16. “From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 19 January 1821,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/98-01-02-1778.
17. Lepore, “The Sharpened Quill.”
18. Lepore, “The Sharpened Quill.”
19. Nelson, Thomas Paine, 97.
CHAPTER EIGHT
1. Quoted in Hugh Blair Grigsby, The Virginia Convention of 1776 (Richmond, Va.: J. W. Randolph, 1855), 7.
2. “The General Assembly Adjourns, 1776,” Encyclopedia Virginia, http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/The_General_Assembly_Adjourns_1776.
3. John Burk, The History of Virginia: From Its First Settlement to the Present Day, vol. 4 (Petersburg, Va.: M. W. Dunnavant, 1816), 138, http://amarch.lib.niu.edu/islandora/object/niu-amarch%3A101264.
4. Quoted in “Final Meeting of the House of Burgesses (“Finis” Document), May 6, 1776,” Education@Library of Virginia, edu.lva.virginia.gov/online_classroom/shaping_the_constitution/doc/finis.
5. Burk, The History of Virginia.
6. “The General Assembly Adjourns, 1776.”
7. Grigsby, The Virginia Convention of 1776, 36.
8. Bruce Baskerville, “So Brave Etruria Grew,” in Crowns and Colonies: European Monarchies and Overseas Empires, eds. Robert Aldrich and Cindy McCreery (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2016).
9. “Edmund Randolph to Thomas Jefferson, 8 May 1813,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-06-02-0105. Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, vol. 6, 11 March to 27 November 1813, ed. J. Jefferson Looney (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009), 108–9.
10. John E. Selby, The Revolution in Virginia, 1775–1783 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007), 95.
11. Quoted in Grigsby, The Virginia Convention of 1776, 16.
12. Quoted in Selby, The Revolution in Virginia, 94.
13. Quoted in John Hampden Hazelton, The Declaration of Independence (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1906), 400.
14. Selby, The Revolution in Virginia, 95–96.
15. Quoted in The National Centennial Commemoration: Proceedings on the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Introduction and Adoption of the “Resolutions Respecting Independency” (Philadelphia: n.p., 1876), 25.
16. “Preamble and Resolution of the Virginia Convention, May 15, 1776,” Yale Law School, The Avalon Project, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/const02.asp.
17. Quoted in Edmund Jennings Lee, Lee of Virginia, 1642–1892 (Philadelphia: Genealogical Publishing, 1895), 169.
18. “Fryday, May 10. 1776,” in “John Adams autobiography, part 1,” through 1776, sheet 35 of 53, 11 April–16 May 1776, Massachusetts Historical Society, https://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/archive/doc?id=A1_35.
19. “Fryday, May 10. 1776.”
20. “From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Nelson, 16 May 1776,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-01-02-0153. Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 1, 1760–1776, ed. Julian P. Boyd (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950).
21. Selby, The Revolution in Virginia, 97.
22. “From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Nelson, 16 May 1776.”
23. Patrick Glennon, “The Philly Home Where the Declaration of Independence Was Born,” The Philadelphia Inquirer, September 15, 2007, http://www.philly.com/philly/opinion/commentary/the-philly-home-where-jefferson-took-pen-in-hand-20170915.html.
24. Jon Meacham, Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power (New York: Random House, 2012), 103.
25. “Declaration of Independence Desk,” Monticello.org, an article courtesy of the Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia, https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/declaration-independence-desk.
26. Patrick Glennon, “The Philly Home Where the Declaration of Independence Was Born.”
27. “Lee’s Resolutions,” Yale Law School, The Avalon Project, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/lee.asp.
28. “Jefferson’s Autobiography,” Yale Law School, The Avalon Project, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/jeffauto.asp.
29. “From John Adams to Timothy Pickering, 6 August 1822,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-7674.
30. “From John Adams to Timothy Pickering, 6 August 1822.”
31. “From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 30 August 1823,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/98-01-02-3728.
32. “From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Franklin, [21 June 1776],” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-01-02-0168. Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 1, 1760–1776, 404–6.
33. “From John Adams to Timothy Pickering, 6 August 1822.”
34. “1774 to 1783,” Thomas Jefferson Papers, 1606 to 1827, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/collections/thomas-jefferson-papers/articles-and-essays/the-thomas-jefferson-papers-timeline-1743-to-1827/1774-to-1783.
35. “From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 30 August 1823.”
36. “From John Adams to Timothy Pickering, 6 August 1822.”
37. Julian Boyd, The Declaration of Independence: The Evolution of the Text (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress/Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, Inc., 1999), 28.
38. Walter Isaacson, “Declaring Independence: How They Chose These Words,” Time, July 7, 2003, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1005150-1,00.html.
39. “From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Franklin, [21 June 1776].”
40. “To George Washington from Benjamin Franklin, 21 June 1776,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-05-02-0036. Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, vol. 5, 16 June 1776–12 August 1776, ed. Philander D. Chase (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993), 64–65.
41. “From John Adams to Timothy Pickering, 6 August 1822.”
42. “From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 30 August 1823.”
43. Boyd, The Declaration of Independence, 35.
44. Boyd, The Declaration of Independence, 32.
45. Boyd, The Declaration of Independence, 27.
46. Boyd, The Declaration of Independence, 27.
CHAPTER NINE
1. “Jefferson’s ‘original Rough draught’ of the Declaration of Independence,” Declaring Independence: Drafting the Documents, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/declara/ruffdrft.html. Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 1, 1760–1776, ed. Julian P. Boyd (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950), 243–47.
2. “Jefferson’s Autobiography,” Yale Law School, The Avalon Project, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/jeffauto.asp.
3. Julian Boyd, The Declaration of Independence: The Evolution of the Text (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress/Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, Inc., 1999), 35.
4. “From John Adams to Timothy Pickering, 6 August 1822,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-7674.
5. “Jefferson’s Autobiography.”
6. William M. S. Rasmussen, “Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence—The First Draft & Its Paragraph about Slavery,” Virginia Repertory Theater. Behind the Scenes Blog, October 3, 2016, http://www.va-rep.org/blog/2016/10/03/thomas-jeffersons-declaration-of-independence-the-first-draft-its-paragraph-about-slavery.
7. “The Ordinance of 1784,” History, Art, and Archives, United States House of Representatives, http://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1700s/Ordinance-of-1784.
8. “From Thomas Jefferson to John Holmes, 22 April 1820,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/98-01-02-1234.
9. Frederick Douglass, “What to the Slave Is the 4th of July,” speech delivered on July 4, 1852, Rochester, New York, American Rhetoric Online Speech Bank, http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/frederickdouglassslaveto4thofjuly.htm.
10. Douglass, “What to the Slave Is the 4th of July.”
CHAPTER TEN
1. Jared Keller, “How the Declaration of Independence Went Viral,” Pacific Standard, June 28, 2016, https://psmag.com/news/how-the-declaration-of-independence-went-viral.
2. “Edmund Burke, Speech on Conciliation with the Colonies,” March 22, 1775, The Founders’ Constitution, chapter 1, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch1s2.html.
3. Edmund Burke, remarks in Parliament, December 14, 1778, quoted in Alexander Charles Ewald, Leaders in the Senate: A Biographical History of the Rise and Development of the British Constitution (London: William Mackenzie, 1884), 195.
4. Richard Cavendish, “The Coronation of George III,” History Today 61, no. 9 (September 2011), https://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/coronation-george-iii.
5. “September Highlight: Extravagant and Inadmissible Claim of Independency,” King George III, speech to Parliament, October 31, 1776, Harvard University Declaration Resources Project, Course of Human Events, Declaration Resources Project Blog, https://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/blog/september-kings-speech.
6. “Jefferson’s Autobiography,” Yale Law School, The Avalon Project, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/jeffauto.asp.
7. “Journals of the Continental Congress—Petition to the King; July 8, 1775,” Yale Law School, The Avalon Project, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/contcong_07-08-75.asp.
8. “Jefferson’s Autobiography.”
9. Edmund Burke to Arthur Lee, August 22, 1775, in Richard Henry Lee, Life of Arthur Lee (Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1829), 43.
10. Lee, Life of Arthur Lee, 45.
11. Lee, Life of Arthur Lee, 45.
12. “Proclamation of Rebellion: August 23, 1775,” Britannia Historical Documents, http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/procreb.html [inactive].
13. “King George III’s Address to Parliament, October 27, 1775,” Presentations and Activities, Library of Congress, http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/amrev/shots/address.html.
CHAPTER ELEVEN
1. King George III to Lord North, January 31, 1778, The Correspondence of King George the Third with Lord North from 1768 to 1783, ed. W. Bodham Dunne (London: John Murray, 1867), 125.
2. Samuel B. Griffith, The War for American Independence (Champaign, University of Illinois Press, 2002), 469.
3. Andrew Jackson O’Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2014), 30.
4. King George III to Lord North, February 9, 1778, The Correspondence of King George the Third, 133.
5. King George III to Lord North, February 9, 1778, The Correspondence of King George the Third, 133.
6. King George III to Lord North, February 9, 1778, The Correspondence of King George the Third, 133.
7. King George III to Lord North, March 13, 1778, The Correspondence of King George the Third, 148.
8. Dr. Robert V. McNamee, “Who Were the Carlisle Commissioners? Part One,” OUPblog, August 19, 2013, https://blog.oup.com/2013/08/carlisle-commission-us-congress-part-1.
9. “From George Washington to John Banister, 21 April 1778,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-14-02-0525. Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, vol. 14, 1 March 1778–30 April 1778, ed. David R. Hoth (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2004), 573–79.
10. “Response to British Peace Proposals, Continental Congress, June 13, 1778,” TeachingAmericanHistory.org, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/response-to-british-peace-proposals.
11. King George III to Lord North, August 12, 1778, The Correspondence of King George the Third, 207.
12. King George III to Lord North, August 12, 1778, The Correspondence of King George the Third, 207.
13. King George III to Lord North, March 7, 1780, The Correspondence of King George the Third, 310.
14. Professor Arthur Burns, “The Abdication Speech of King George III,” Royal Collection Trust, January 2017, https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/georgian-papers-programme/the-abdication-speech-of-george-iii#/_ftnref100.
15. Dr. A. O’Donnell, “America Is Lost!,” Royal Collection Trust, January 2017, https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/georgian-papers-programme/america-is-lost.
16. George III, “Letter on the loss of America written in the 1780s precise year unknown,” Royal.uk, https://www.royal.uk/sites/default/files/media/georgeiii.pdf.
17. “From John Adams to John Jay, 2 June 1785,” note 17, Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-17-02-0078. Original source: The Adams Papers, Papers of John Adams, vol. 17, April–November 1785, ed. Gregg L. Lint, C. James Taylor, Sara Georgini, Hobson Woodward, Sara B. Sikes, Amanda A. Mathews, and Sara Martin (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2014), 134–45.
18. “From John Adams to John Jay, 2 June 1785,” note 17.
CONCLUSION
1. “Address at Independence Hall,” ed. Roy P. Balser, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, National Park Service, last updated April 10, 2015, https://www.nps.gov/liho/learn/historyculture/independence-hall.htm.
2. “Peoria Speech, October 16, 1854,” ed. Roy P. Balser, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, National Parks Service, last updated April 10, 2015, https://www.nps.gov/liho/learn/historyculture/peoriaspeech.htm.
3. Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 2, Lincoln, Abraham, 1809–1865. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln2/1:526?rgn=div1;view=fulltext.
4. “Address at Independence Hall,” ed. Roy P. Balser, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/philadel.htm.