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INDEX

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Act of Independency, 104

Adams, John, 11, 123

on Act of Independency, 104

on Committee of Five, 142

Common Sense criticized by, 123–24

Declaration of Independence and, 12, 15, 72, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 152, 187

Hancock smuggling trial and, 44–45, 46, 47–51, 52

independence endorsed by, 114, 124, 137–38

on Jefferson’s abilities, 142, 143

meeting with King George, 179, 180–82

royal advocate position declined by, 45, 48

trade concerns recorded by, 98, 100, 101–2, 105

Adams, Samuel, 22, 27–29, 31, 32, 80, 84, 114

administrative state, 4, 5, 6, 85, 86, 184, 185

admiralty courts, 45, 46–47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52

American Crisis, The (Paine), 126

American Prohibitory Act, 91

American Revolution. See war for independence

American society, current state of, xi, xv

ammunition, trading of, 99–100

Argo (ship), 95, 96, 97

Attachment Clause, attachments dispute, 57–58, 67, 68, 69, 74–76

Auchmuty, Robert, 44, 49

Augustine, St., 155

Aylett, William, 134

Bancroft, George, 80

Battle of Alamance, 55

Bell, Robert, 117

Bernard, Francis, 30, 31–32

big government. See centralized government; government expansion and overreach

Bill of Rights, 40

Boggs, Lilburn, xvi–xvii

Boston, Massachusetts

royal presence in, 23, 24–25

tea shipments to, 77–78, 79

as trade hub, 23–24

Boston Harbor, Liberty seized from, 43–44

Boston Massacre, 43

Boston Tea Party, 80–81, 82, 84, 87

Botetourt, Governor, 32, 34–35, 38

Boyd, Julian, 15, 72, 143–44, 145, 146, 151

British class system, 115

British Empire, 23, 76, 84, 104, 123, 156, 181. See also Great Britain

British Parliament. See Parliament, British

bureaucrats, bureaucracy, xiv–xv, 2, 6, 79, 86, 185

Burgoyne, John, 174

Burke, Edmund, 162, 165, 166, 169–70

Carter, Robert “King,” 134

centralized government. See also government expansion and overreach

encroachment by, xiii, xiv, xv, 3, 5, 6, 9, 184–85

unjust taxation by, 84, 85

Charles I, King, 160–61

Charming Polly (ship), 89, 90, 91, 93, 94–95, 97, 102

Chase, Samuel, 100

Cherokee nation, and removal from Georgia, 72–73

Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 1

Circular Letter, Massachusetts, 26–32, 34, 35, 37–38

Civil War, 153, 155, 190

Clinton, Hillary, 3–4

coat of arms, royal, 17–18, 24–25

Coffee, John, 73

colonists, colonies

differences among, 113–14

in French and Indian War, 25

independence declared by, 160, 161

legislatures of (see legislatures, colonial)

occupation of British troops and, 16, 44, 79, 113, 115

rights of

deprivation of, xii, xiii, 22, 50, 138, 165–66

as English subjects, 28, 36–37, 122, 160

salutary neglect and, 46

taxation of, 21–23, 25, 26, 27, 36, 54, 63, 76, 77, 81–84, 86, 114–15, 122, 165

unity of, 28, 37–38

Committee of Five, 12, 72, 126, 142, 145, 151, 152

Common Sense (Paine), 97, 109, 117–18, 119–26, 127, 132

Congress, U.S., 1, 6, 75, 85, 86, 185–86

conservatives, 3, 5, 8

Constitution, U.S., xi, xii, 6, 40, 52, 86, 186, 188

Continental Association, 98

Continental Congress, First, 98

Continental Congress, Second

atmosphere of, 11–12

Committee of Five appointed by, 12, 142

Common Sense and, 122–23, 125–26

Declaration of Independence and, 12, 16, 18–19, 147, 151, 161, 187, 188

independence concerns of, 114, 116, 122–23, 126, 136

North Carolina delegates to, 70–71, 98

Olive Branch Petition approved by, 167–68, 169

peace offer rejected by, 178

self-government resolution of, 137–38

trade debates of, 97–106

Cushing, Thomas, 26, 27, 29, 31

Dartmouth, Lord, 59–60, 63–64, 66–67, 68, 69, 169, 170

Deane, Silas, 99–100

Declaration of Independence

Americans’ unfamiliarity with, xii, 7–9, 184

benefits of rediscovering, xv, xvii

Common Sense’s influence on, 125–26, 127

vs. Constitution, xii, xvii, 6

debate over, 11–12

editing of, 12, 14–15, 72, 143–44, 145–46, 151

equality addressed in, xiii, 7, 155, 184, 187, 188, 189

Frederick Douglass on, 154, 155–56

good governments defined in, 5

grievances detailed in, xii, xiv, 4–5, 8, 21, 51, 53, 71–72, 77, 89, 149–50, 165, 184

guiding light role of, 190

Jefferson’s authorship of, xii, xiv, xv, 4–5, 7, 12, 51, 71–72, 86, 126, 127, 129, 142–43, 146–47, 149–51, 165, 187

Lincoln’s view of, 188–89

modern-day relevance of, xiii, 184–86

official adoption of, 16, 161

printing and dissemination of, 16–17, 162

reconciliation hopes ended by, 162, 166

rights addressed in, xii–xiii, xvi–xvii, 2, 7, 130, 160, 183, 184–85

self-evident truths in, xiii, xvii, 7, 146, 183, 190

signing of, 18–19, 187, 188

Declaration of Independence, The: The Evolution of the Text (Boyd), 143

“Declaration of the Causes and Necessity for Taking Up Arms” (Jefferson), 99, 143

Declaratory Act, 22

deep state, 2, 4, 5

Dickinson, John, 99, 167, 168–69

divine right of kings, 25, 121, 161

Dobbs, Arthur, 56, 57

Douglass, Frederick, 154, 155–56

Dumbauld, Edward, 56

Dunlop, John, 17

Dunmore, Lord, 130, 131, 132, 133

East India Company, 78, 79, 81

economic independence, 87, 103, 104, 105

English Common Law, 46, 49

equality, xiii, xv, 7, 121, 151, 153, 155, 165, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191

Essay Concerning Human Understanding, An (Locke), 116

executions, 18–19, 110

executive branch, 6, 40, 72–75, 85, 86, 185

fair trial, right to, 36, 37, 41, 54

Ferguson, Eugene, 90

Fisher, Sydney George, 71

flag, America’s first, 136

foreign mercenaries, 15, 138

France, 181

support for American cause and, 134, 174, 175, 176, 177

trade with, 91, 103

wars with, 25, 84, 85

Franklin, Benjamin, 102, 123

“branding exercise” anecdote of, 13–14

on Committee of Five, 142

Declaration of Independence edited by, 12, 145, 146, 147, 187

gout of, 144, 145, 187

Paine influenced by, 111, 112

thoughts on independence, 116

free market, 81, 187

free trade, 84, 87

French and Indian War, 25

Friedenwald, Herbert, 57, 71

Gadsden, Christopher, 101

Garnier, William, 96, 97

Gates, Horatio, 104, 174

George I, King, 100, 163

George II, King, 55, 56, 163

George III, King, 8, 9, 14, 15, 18, 19, 44, 49, 59–60, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 115

abdication pondered by, 180

admiralty courts of, 45, 46, 51, 52

allegiance to, 129–30, 164

attachment dispute and, 58, 67, 68, 75

Burgesses’ resolutions to, 36–37, 54

Circular Letter and, 28, 30, 31

coat of arms of, 17–18, 24–25

committed to war, 173–76, 177, 178–79

declarations of independence from, 134, 135, 136, 138, 173, 176 (see also Declaration of Independence)

speech to Parliament on, 157–65

economic independence from, 105, 106

grievances against, xii, xiv, 4–5, 8, 9, 114–16, 146, 165, 184, 186–87

dissolution of colonial legislatures, xiv, 21, 23, 39, 129, 186

judicial obstruction, 41, 43, 48–49, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58, 67, 68, 71, 72

slave trade, 149–50, 151, 152

taxation, 22, 77, 82, 83, 84, 86, 114–15, 122

trade restrictions, 83, 89, 91–92, 97

importance of British identity to, 163, 171

on loss of colonies, 179–82

Olive Branch Petition to, 167–70, 171

response to American rebellion, 171–72

salutary neglect ended by, 46

tyranny of, 8, 41, 116, 144

Gerry, Elbridge, 18–19, 106

Gettysburg Address, xiii, 153, 190

Glennon, Patrick, 140–41

Gold State Coach, 159

government expansion and overreach, xv, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 22, 75–76. See also centralized government

Governor’s Palace (North Carolina), 62–63

Graff House, 140–41

Great Britain, 7, 22, 82, 90, 103, 130, 134. See also British Empire

debt of, 84

economic independence from, 87, 103, 104, 105

Jefferson’s renunciation of, 14–15

naval power of, 159–60

political independence from, 15, 103, 105, 141–42, 160

trade issues with, 91–92, 98–106

Griffin’s Wharf, Boston Tea Party on, 80, 86

Griffith, Samuel B., II, 175

Grigsby, Hugh Blair, 131

Hampden, John, 161

Hancock, John, 31, 41, 43, 114

Declaration of Independence signature of, 18

smuggling trial of, 44–45, 46, 47–51, 52

Harris, Kamala, 4

Harrison, Benjamin, 15–16, 18–19, 103, 105, 169

Hartley, David, 102

Harvey, John, 54, 68

Hawks, John, 62

Hemings, Robert, 140–41, 150

Hemings, Sally, 152

Henry, Patrick, 82, 131, 134–35

Hewes, Joseph, 106

Hillsborough, Lord, 29–30, 31, 34, 61

Hobbes, Thomas, 116

Hopkins, Stephen, 82–83, 83–84, 87

House of Assembly, North Carolina, 64–65, 66, 67

House of Burgesses, Virginia, 32–38, 150

dissolution of, 38, 39, 54, 129, 130–31, 132

resolutions passed by, 39, 54

Howard, Frederick, 177, 178

Howe, William, 16, 161

Hutchinson, Thomas, 71, 79, 80

independence

economic, 87, 103, 104, 105

political, 15, 103, 105, 141–42

independence movement

Common Sense urging, 118, 122

endorsements of, 71, 114, 123, 124, 126, 133–35, 139, 141

resistance to, 113–14, 115–16, 134

seeds of, 186–87

Jackson, Andrew, 73

Japanese Americans, 188

Jefferson, Thomas

appearance of, 33

British people renounced by, 14–15

on Committee of Five, 126, 142

Common Sense praised by, 123

Declaration of Independence drafted by, xii, xiii, xiv, xv, 4–5, 7, 12, 51, 71–72, 86, 126, 127, 129, 142–43, 146–47, 149–51, 165, 187

Declaration of Independence editing and, 12, 14, 144–45, 146

at Graff House, 140–41

headaches of, 119, 136–37, 138, 187

industriousness of, 143

letter to Virginia Convention and, 138–39

Olive Branch Petition and, 167, 168–69

slavery and, 7, 150, 152–53, 155

on trade restrictions, 99

in Virginia House of Burgesses, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 150

Johnson, Lyndon, 4

Johnson, Thomas, 98, 100

Jonathan Sewall v. John Hancock, 49, 51

judicial branch, 72–75

judicial system, colonial

admiralty courts in, 45, 46–47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52

in North Carolina, 55–59, 65–67, 68, 70, 71, 72

in Pennsylvania, 58, 71

right to fair trial in, 36, 37, 41

in South Carolina, 58, 71

juryless trials, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 186

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 190–91

Korean War, 73–74, 75

Lafayette, Marquis de, 178

Lee, Arthur, 166–67, 169, 170, 171

Lee, Charles, 123

Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 167

Lee, Richard Henry, 35, 38, 104, 126, 135–36, 137, 141, 142, 167

Lee, Thomas Ludwell, 135, 141

Legge, William. See Dartmouth, Lord

legislative branch, 6, 40, 86, 186

legislatures

colonial, dissolution of, xiv, 23, 30, 32, 34, 38, 39–40, 54, 68–69, 129, 130–31, 132, 165, 186

state, modern-day, xiv, 40, 185, 186

Leviathan (Hobbes), 116

Lexington and Concord, battles of, 90, 113, 114, 117, 166

Liberty (ship), seizure of, 43–44

Lincoln, Abraham, xiii, 153, 188–90

Livingston, Robert, 100, 101, 142, 145

Locke, John, 116

Louis XVI, King, 176

Madison, James, 52, 131, 144

Magna Carta, 48–49, 50–51, 52, 122, 160

Marshall, John, 72–73

Martin, Josiah, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59–62, 63–67, 68–70

Martin, Samuel, 61

Massachusetts legislature

Circular Letter of, 26–32, 34, 35, 37–38

dissolution of, 30, 32, 34

McNamee, Robert, 177–78

Missouri

Mormons in, xvi–xvii

slavery in, 153

Molyneux, Francis, 157–58, 159

monarchy, rejection of, 112, 120, 121

Montague, Admiral, 81

Mormons, xvi–xvii, 188

Nelson, Thomas, 119, 138, 139

Nicholas, Robert Carter, 134

Nixon, John, 17

Noailles, Marquis de, 176

Nonimportation Agreements, 90, 98–99

Nonimportation Resolutions, 39

North, Lord, 77, 78, 79, 102, 162, 173, 174, 176, 177, 178

North Carolina

attachments dispute in, 57–58, 67, 68, 69, 84

Governor’s Palace in, 62–63

judicial crisis in, 55–59, 65–67, 68, 70, 71, 72

legislature dissolved in, 68–69

property rights of, 75

revolutionary fervor in, 54–55, 70–71

Obamacare, 86

Ocasio-Cortez, Alexandria, 1–2

Olive Branch Petition, 167–70

O’Rourke, Robert “Beto,” 4

O’Shaughnessy, Andrew, 175

Otis, James, 27, 29, 31

Paine, Thomas, xi, 84–85, 87, 107, 109–12, 113, 114–18, 119–27, 132, 187

Parent Tax Penalty, 85

Parliament, British

Act of Independency and, 104

Circular Letter and, 29, 35

colonists denied representation in, xiii, 22, 50, 81

independence of House of Commons in, 160–61

King George’s addresses to, 157–65, 171–72

peace commission approved by, 177

taxation by, 21–22, 25, 26, 27, 77, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 122

trade restrictions of, 83, 91

Penn, Richard, 166–67, 169, 170, 171

Penn, William, 167

Pennsylvania, judicial problems in, 58, 71

Pennsylvania Magazine, 112, 113, 114, 115

Philadelphia

description of, 112–13

first reading of Declaration in, 16–17

tea shipments rejected by, 78

progressives, 1–3

Prohibitory Act, 91–92, 102, 104

property rights, 22, 75

Puls, Mark, 29, 32

Quincy, Josiah, 70

Randolph, Benjamin, 137, 140

Randolph, Edmund, 129, 131, 132–33, 134, 135, 187

Randolph, John, 132

Randolph, Peyton, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 129, 132, 133

Rasmussen, William, 153

Ready, Milton, 68

Regulators, 55, 65

regulatory state, overgrowth of, xiii, xiv

religious intolerance, xvi–xvii, 188

Republican party, 3

Restraining Acts, 91, 99, 102, 104

rights

of colonists (see colonists, rights of)

Declaration of Independence addressing, xii–xiii, xvi–xvii, 2, 7, 130, 160, 183, 184–85

progressives’ views on, 1–3

property, 22, 75

usurpations of, 1–2, 3, 122

voting, 188

Rights of Man (Paine), 84–85

Rights of the British Colonies (Otis), 27

Rights of the Colonies Examined, The (Hopkins), 82–83

Roosevelt, Franklin, 4, 86

Rotch, Francis, 79–80

Royal Navy, 43, 90, 91, 92–93, 94, 95–97, 101, 102, 159–60

Rush, Benjamin, 18, 114, 117

Rutledge, Edward, 100–101

Rutledge, John, 98, 100

salutary neglect, 46

Sanders, Bernie, 1–2, 4

Scaevola, 77–78, 83

self-government, 130, 135, 137, 139

separation of powers, 6, 40, 52

Seven Years’ War, 25

Sewall, Jonathan, 45–46, 48, 51

Sherman, Roger, 103, 142, 144, 145

slaves, slavery, xv–xvi, 7, 105, 140–41, 149–50, 151, 152–56, 187, 188–89

smuggling trial, of John Hancock, 44–45, 46, 47–51, 52

socialism, 3, 4, 5

Sons of Liberty, 80–81, 83, 84, 86

South Carolina, judicial problems in, 58, 71

spirit of 1776, loss of, xiii, 6

Stamp Act, 81–82, 83, 86, 115

repeal of, 21–22, 83

state legislatures, xiv, 40, 185, 186

“states” vs. “colonies,” in Declaration of Independence, 72

steel mills, attempted seizure of, 73–74

Stumpf, Vernon, 60, 61

Sugar Act, 45, 46, 115

Supreme Court, U.S., 1, 6, 72–73, 74

suspension clause, 56, 58, 68

taxation

of colonies, 21–23, 25, 26, 27, 36, 54, 63, 76, 77, 81–84, 86, 114–15, 122, 165

on tea, 26, 77, 81, 83, 87, 115

vs. trade, 82, 83

unjust present-day, 84, 85–87

U.S. Constitution on, 86

tax code, complexity of, 85–86

tea, taxation on, 26, 77, 81, 83, 87, 115

Tea Party movement, 6

Tenth Amendment, 40, 186

Thompson, John, 13–14

Townshend, Charles, 25, 26

Townshend Acts, 21, 22, 26, 28, 32, 39, 81, 83

trade

American–West Indian, 89, 90

of ammunition, 99–100

Continental Congress debate on, 97–106

free, 84, 87

of ideas and skills, 106–7

postwar, with Britain, 180

restricted, 83, 89, 91–92, 97, 99, 186–87

vs. taxation, 82, 83

Trade and Navigation Acts, 51

Trail of Tears, 73

treason trials, 37

trial by jury, 43, 48–49, 51

Truman, Harry, 73–74, 75

Trump, Donald, 8

Truxtun, Thomas, 90–91, 92–97, 102, 106

Tryon, William, 54, 55, 57, 61, 62, 63

unalienable rights, xiii, xvi–xvii, 2, 7, 130

values, societal, 183, 184

Virginia

as Britain’s fourth realm, 132

legislature of (see House of Burgesses, Virginia)

Nonimportation Resolutions of, 39

Virginia Convention, 130–32, 133–36, 137, 138, 139, 141

voting rights, 188

war for independence, 40, 126, 127, 133, 162, 165, 166, 170, 171, 173–74, 179, 180

Warren, Elizabeth, 4

Warren, James, 101

Washington, George, xv–xvi, 25, 35, 39, 123, 124, 126, 145, 155, 178, 187, 189

Weymouth, Lord, 176

Whately, Thomas, 82, 83, 87

Wilson, James, 102–3, 151

Wilson, Woodrow, 4

Witherspoon, John, 151

Worcester, Samuel, 73

Worcester v. Georgia, 72–73

Wythe, George, 34, 36–37, 103

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. vs. Sawyer, 74

Zubly, John Joachim, 100, 101

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