Bibliography

UNPUBLISHED PRIMARY SOURCES

Al-Bazzazi, Muhammad ibn Muhammad. Al-Fatawa al-Bazzaziya. Manuscript Collection, Asad Library, Damascus, Syria, 867 A.H./1471–1472.

Kanunname Liwa’ Haleb, Kanunname for Aleppo Vilayet. Tapu Tahrir #493, Başbakanlık Archives, Istanbul, Turkey, 978 A.H./1570–1571.

al-Ramli, Khayr ad-Din ibn Ahmad. Al-Fatawa al-khayriya li naf‘ al-birriya. Manuscript Collection, Asad Library, Damascus, Syria, 1081 A.H./1670–1671.

al-Saqazi, Sadiq ibn Muhammad. Surat al-fatawa al-Saqazi. Manuscript Collection Asad Library, Damascus, Syria, 1099 A.H./1688.

Sijillat al-Mahakim Halab (SMH) [Islamic court records]. Syrian National Archives (Markaz al-Watha’iq al-Tarikhiya). Damascus, Syria.

PUBLISHED PRIMARY SOURCES

Akgündüz, Ahmed. Osmanlı Kanunnâmeleri ve Hukukî Tahlilleri. 9 vols. Istanbul: Faysal Eğitim ve Yardimlaşma Vakfı, 1990.

al-‘Asqalani, Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Hajar. Fath al-bari sharh sahih al-Bukhari. 13 vols. Beirut: Dar al-kutb, 1989.

al-Budayri al-Hallaq. Hawadith dimashq al-yawmiyya, 1154–1176 A.H./1741–1763. Edited by Ahmad ‘Izzat ‘Abd al-Karim. Cairo: n.p., 1959.

al-Bukhari, Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Isma‘il. Sahih al-Bukhari. Translated by Muhammad Muhsin Khan. Arabic and English edition. 9 vols. Beirut: Dar al-Arabia, 1985.

Çelebi, Katib. The Balance of the Truth. Translated by G. L. Lewis. New York: Macmillian, 1957.

Duzdağ, Mehmet Ertuğrul. Şeyhülislam Ebussuud Efendi Fetvaları Işığında 16 Asır Türk Hayatı. Istanbul: Enderun Kitabevi, 1972.

Grandmoulin, J. Droit Pénal Egyptian Indigène. 2 vols. Cairo: Imprimerie Nationale, 1908.

al-Halabi, Ibrahim. Al-Multaqa al-abhur. Beirut: Maktabat al-Umumiyya, n.d.

Ibn ‘Abidin, Muhammad. Radd al-muhtar ‘ala al-durr al-mukhtar. 7 vols. Cairo, n.d.

______. Al-‘Uqud al-Durriyya fi Tanqih al-Fatawa al-Hamdiyya. 2 vols. Beirut: Dar al-Taba‘t al-Amiriyya, 1853.

Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. Translated by A. Guillaume. 1955. Reprint, New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2003.

Ibn Kathir, Isma‘il ibn ‘Umar. Mukhtasir tafsir ibn Kathir. 3 vols. Beirut: Dar al-Qur’an al-Karim, 1981.

Ibn al-Nujaym, Zayn al-Din. Al-Bahr al-ra’iq sharh kanz al-daqa’iq. 8 vols. Beirut: Dar al-Ma‘rifah, 1993.

Ibn Qudama, Ahmad ibn Muhammad. Al-Mughni. 16 vols. Cairo: Hajr, 1990.

Ibn Taymiyya, Ahmad ibn ‘Abd al-Halim. Fatawa al-nisa’. Cairo: Maktabah al-Qur’an, 1983.

Lane, Edward William. An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians Written in Egypt During the Years 1833–1835. 1836. Reprint, London: East-West Publications, 1895.

al-Marginani, Burhan al-Din Abu’l Hasan ‘Ali ibn Abi Bakr ibn ‘Abd al-Jalil al-Farghani. Al-Hadaya sharh badayat al-mubtadi. 4 vols. Beirut: Shirkat dar al-urqam bin abi al-urqam, n.d.

______. The Hedaya; or, The Guide: A Commentary on the Mussulman Laws. Translated by Charles Hamilton. 4 vols. London: New Book, 1957.

______. Hedaya or Guide. A Commentary on the Mussulman Laws. Translated by Charles Hamilton. Lahore: Premier Book House, 1975. Single volume second edition.

Pulaha, Selami, and Yaşar Yücel. “I. Selim Kanunnamesi (1512–1520) ve XVI. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısının kimi kanunları.” Belgeler (Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi) 12, no. 16 (1987).

Qu’ran. Translated by ‘Abd Allah Yusuf ‘Ali. Beirut: Dar al-‘Arabiah, n.d.

Qushaqji, Yusuf. Al-Amthal al-sha‘biya al-halabiya wa amthal Mardin. 2 vols. 2d ed. Aleppo: Mutb‘at al-ihsan, 1984.

Russell, Alexander. The Natural History of Aleppo. 2 vols. London: G. G. and J. Robinson, 1794.

al-Sarakhsi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad. Kitab al-Mabsut. 30 vols. Beirut: Dar al-Ma‘rifah, 1986.

al-Tabari, Abu Ja‘far Muhammad ibn Jarir. Tafsir al-Tabari. 13 vols. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya, 1999.

Volney, Constantine François. Travels Through Egypt and Syria in the Years 1783, 1784, and 1785. 2 vols. New York: Printed by T. Tiebour, for E. Duyckinck and Company, Booksellers, 1798.

SECONDARY SOURCES

Abbott, Nabia. Aishah, the Beloved of Muhammed. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1942.

Abdel Nour, Antoine. Introduction à l’histoire urbaine de la Syrie Ottomane (XVIè–XVIIIè siècle). Beirut: Publications de l’Université Libanaise, 1982.

Abou el Fadl, Khaled. Speaking God’s Name: Islamic Law, Authority, and Women. Oxford: One World, 2001.

Abrahamian, Ervand. “Oriental Despotism: The Case of Qajar Iran.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 5, no. 1 (1974): 3–31.

Abu-Odeh, Lama. “Comparatively Speaking: The ‘Honor’ of the ‘East’ and the ‘Passion’ of the ‘West.’” Utah Law Review 2 (1997): 287–307.

______. “Crimes of Honor and the Construction of Gender in Arab Societies.” In Feminism and Islam: Legal and Literary Perspectives, edited by Mai Yamani, 141–94. New York: New York Univ. Press, 1996.

Agmon, Iris. Family and Court: Legal Culture and Modernity in Late Ottoman Palestine. Syracuse: Syracuse Univ. Press, 2006.

______. “Muslim Women in Court According to the Sijill of Late Ottoman Jaffa and Haifa: Some Methodological Notes.” In Women, the Family, and Divorce Laws in Islamic History, edited by Amira El-Azhary Sonbol. Syracuse: Syracuse Univ. Press, 1996.

Ahmed, Leila. Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1993.

al-Asadi, Khayr al-Din. Ahiya’ halab wa aswaqha. Damascus: Wizarat al-Thaqafah wa-al-Irshad al-Qawm, 1990.

al-Aswad, Nizar. Karagöz bilad al-Sham. Damascus: al-Matba‘a al-Jumhuriyya, 1994.

al-Azmeh, Aziz. Islams and Modernities. London: Verso, 1993.

Baer, Gabriel. Egyptian Guilds in Modern Times. Jerusalem: Israel Oriental Society, 1964.

Baer, Marc. “Islamic Conversion Narratives of Women: Social Change and Gendered Religious Hierarchy in Early Modern Ottoman Istanbul.” Gender and History 16, no. 2 (Aug. 2004): 425–58.

Barlas, Asma. “Believing Women” in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur’an. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 2002.

Behar, Cem. A Neighborhood in Ottoman Istanbul: Fruit Vendors and Civil Servants in the Kasap İlyas Mahalle. Albany: State Univ. of New York Press, 2003.

Bellamy, James. “Sex and Society in Islamic Popular Literature.” In Society and the Sexes in Medieval Islam, edited by Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot. Malibu: Undena Publications, 1979.

Bodman, Herbert L., Jr. Political Factions in Aleppo, 1760–1826. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1963.

Bouhdiba, Abdelwahab. Sexuality in Islam. Translated from the French by Alan Sheridan. London: Routledge, 1985.

Brown, Janelle. “The Taliban’s Bravest Opponents.” Salon.com, October 2, 2001. http://archive.salon.com/mwt/feature/2001/10/02/fatima/index.html.

Brown, Kathleen M. Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1996.

Burton, J. “Naskh.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, 7:1009–12. 2d ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1993.

Calder, Norman. “Al-Nawawi’s Typology of Muftis and Its Significance for a General Theory of Islamic Law.” Islamic Law and Society 3, no. 2 (1996): 137–64.

Cattenoz, H. G. Tables de concordance des ères chrétienne et hégirienne. 2d ed. Rabat: Les Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines, 1954.

Chamberlain, Michael. Knowledge and Social Practice in Medieval Damascus, 1190–1350. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994.

Cohen, Amnon. The Guilds of Ottoman Jerusalem. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2001.

Cohen, Amnon, and Bernard Lewis. Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1978.

Corbin, Alain. Women for Hire: Prostitution and Sexuality in France after 1850. Translated by Alan Sheridan. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1990.

Davis, Natalie Zemon. Fiction in the Archives: Pardon Tales and Their Tellers in Sixteenth-Century France. Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, 1987.

______. The Return of Martin Guerre. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1984.

Davison, Roderic. Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1963.

______. “Tanzimat.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, 10:201–9. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2000.

Doi, ‘Abdur Rahman I. Shari‘ah: The Islamic Law. London: Ta Ha Publishers, 1984.

Doumani, Beshara. “Endowing Family: Waqf, Property, Devolution, and Gender in Greater Syria, 1800–1860.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 40, no. 1 (1998): 3–41.

______. “Palestinian Islamic Court Records: A Source for Socioeconomic History.” MESA Bulletin 19 (1985): 155–72.

______. Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus, 1700–1900. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press, 1995.

Douwes, Dick. The Ottomans in Syria: A History of Justice and Oppression. New York: I. B. Taurus, 2000.

Duri, A. A. The Rise of Historical Writing among the Arabs. Edited and translated by Lawrence I. Conrad. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1983.

Ergene, Boğaç A. Local Court, Provincial Society, and Justice in the Ottoman Empire: Legal Practice and Dispute Resolution in Çankırı and Kastamonu, 1652–1744. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2003.

______. “Social Identity and Patterns of Interaction in the Shari‘a Court of Kastamonu, 1740–44.” Islamic Law and Society 15, no. 1 (2008): 20–54.

Esposito, John. Women in Muslim Family Law. New York: Syracuse Univ. Press, 1982.

Fahmy, Khaled. All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, His Army, and the Making of Modern Egypt. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998.

______. “Prostitution in Egypt in the Nineteenth Century.” In Outside-In: On the Margins of the Modern Middle East, edited by Eugene Rogan, 77–103. New York: I. B. Taurus, 2002.

Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, and Basima Qattan Bezirgan, eds. Middle Eastern Muslim Women Speak. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1990.

Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. 2d ed. New York: Random House, 1977.

______. “Truth and Juridical Forms.” In vol. 3 of Power: Essential Works of Foucault, 1954–1984, edited by James D. Faubion and translated by Robert Hurley et al. New York: New Press, 2000.

Gaube, Heinz, and Eugen Wirth. Aleppo: Historische and geographische Beiträge zur baulichen Gestaltung, zur sozialen Organisation und zur wirtschaftlichen Dynamik einer vorderasiatischen Fernhandelsmetropole. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, 1984.

Gaudefroy-Demombynes, Maurice, and T. Fahd. “Radjm.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, 8:379–81. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995.

Gerber, Haim. Islamic Law and Culture, 1600–1840. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1999.

______. “Position of Women in an Ottoman City, Bursa, 1600–1700.” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 12 (1980).

______. “Rigidity Versus Openness in Late Classical Islamic Law: The Case of the Seventeenth-Century Palestinian Mufti Khayr al-Din al-Ramli.” Islamic Law and Society 5, no. 2 (1998): 165–95.

______. State, Society, and Law in Islam: Ottoman Law in Comparative Perspective. New York: State Univ. of New York Press, 1994.

Gibb, H. A. R., and H. Bowen. Islamic Society and the West: A Study of the Impact of Western Civilization on Moslem Culture in the Near East. 2 vols. 1950. Reprint, London, 1957.

Gimaret, D. “Mu‘tazila.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, 7:783–93. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1986.

Ginzburg, Carlo. The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller. Translated by John Tedeschi and Anne Tedeschi. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1992.

Glidewell Nadolski, Dora. “Ottoman and Secular Civil Law.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 8 (1977): 517–43.

Goadby, Frederic M. Commentary on Egyptian Criminal Law. Pt. 1. Cairo: Government Press, 1914.

Göçek, Fatma Müge. “The Legal Resource of Minorities in History: Eighteenth-Century Appeals to the Islamic Court of Galata.” In vol. 12 of Minorities in the Ottoman Empire, edited by Molly Green. Princeton: Markus Weiner, 2005.

Grehan, James. “The Mysterious Power of Words: Language, Law, and Culture in Ottoman Damascus (17th–18th Centuries).” Journal of Social History 37, no. 4 (2004): 991–1015.

______. “Smoking and ‘Early Modern’ Sociability: The Great Tobacco Debate in the Ottoman Middle East (Seventeenth to Eighteenth Centuries).” American Historical Review 3, no. 5 (Dec. 2006): 1352–77.

Guthrie, Shirley. Arab Women in the Middle Ages: Private lives and Public Roles. London: Saqi, 2001.

Haeri, Shahla. “The Politics of Dishonor: Rape and Power in Pakistan.” In Faith and Freedom: Women’s Human Rights in the Muslim World, edited by Mahnaz Afkhami, 161–75. Syracuse: Syracuse Univ. Press, 1995.

Hallaq, Wael. “From Fatwas to Furu‘: Growth and Change in Islamic Substantive Law.” Islamic Law and Society 1 (1994): 29–65.

______. A History of Islamic Legal Theories: An Introduction to Sunni Usul al-Fiqh. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1997.

______. “Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?” International Journal of Middle East Studies 16 (1984): 3–41.

Hattox, Ralph. Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 1985.

Heyd, Uriel. “Aspects of the Ottoman Fatwa.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and Asian Studies 32 (1969): 35–56.

______. “Kanun and Shari‘a in Old Ottoman Criminal Justice.” In Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 3:1–18. Jerusalem: Litho-Offset Ziv, 1969.

______. Studies in Old Ottoman Criminal Law. Edited by V. L. Ménage. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973.

Hirsi ‘Ali, Ayaan. Infidel. New York: Free Press, 2007.

“‘Honour Killings’ Law Blocked.” http://bbc.co.uk. Sept. 8, 2003.

Hourani, Albert. “Ottoman Reform and the Politics of Notables.” In Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East, edited by William Polk and Richard Chambers. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1966.

Human Rights Watch. “Honoring the Killers: Justice Denied for ‘Honor’ Crimes in Jordan.” http://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/jordan0404/index.htm. Apr. 2004.

Ilahi, Fadl. Al-Tadabir al-waqiya min al-zina fi al-fiqh al-Islami. Riyad: Al-Maktabah al-Islami, 1983.

Imber, Colin. Ebu’s-su‘ud : The Islamic Legal Tradition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press, 1997.

______. The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650. London and New York: Palgrave, 2002.

______. “Why You Should Poison Your Husband: A Note on Liability in Hanafi Law in the Ottoman Period.” Islamic Law and Society 1, no. 2 (1994): 206–16.

______. “Zina in Ottoman Law.” In Studies in Ottoman History and Law, 175–206. Istanbul: ISIS, 1996.

Inalcik, Halil. The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300–1600. 1973. Reprint, London: Phoenix, 2000.

______. “Suleiman the Lawgiver and Ottoman Law.” In The Ottoman Empire: Conquest, Organization, and Economy, 105–38. London: Variorum Reprints, 1978.

Isaacs, Dan. “Nigerian Woman Fights Stoning.” BBC News, July 8, 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2116540.stm.

İslamoğu-İnan, Huri. State and Peasant in the Ottoman Empire: Agrarian Power and Regional Economic Development in Ottoman Anatolia During the Sixteenth Century. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994.

Jackson, Sherman. “Taqlid, Legal Scaffolding, and the Scope of Legal Injunctions in Post-formative Theory: Mutlaq and ‘Amm in the Jurisprudence of Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi.” Islamic Law and Society 3, no. 2 (1996): 165–92.

al-Jandaly, Bassma. “Death by Stoning Case Goes to Supreme Court.” Gulf News, January 31, 2007.

Jennings, Ronald C. “The Judicial Registers (Ser‘i Mahkeme Sicilleri) of Kayseri (1590–1630) as a Source of Ottoman History.” Ph.D. diss., Univ. of California at Los Angeles, 1972.

______. “Kadi, Court, and Legal Procedure in 17th Century Ottoman Kayseri.” Studia Islamica 48 (1978): 133–72.

______. “Women in Early 17th Century Ottoman Judicial Records: The Shari‘a Court of Anatolian Kayseri.” Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient 18, no. 1 (1975): 53–114.

Jilani, Hina. “Whose Laws? Human Rights and Violence Against Women in Pakistan.” In Freedom from Violence: Women’s Strategies Around the World, edited by Margaret Schuler, 63–74. New York: Widbooks, 1992.

Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. “Law and Society: The Interplay of Revelation and Reason in the Shariah.” In The Oxford History of Islam, edited by John Esposito. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999.

Kasmieh, Khairia. “Social Life in Damascus at the Beginning of the 20th Century as Perceived by Some Contemporaries.” In Histoire économique et sociale de l’Empire ottoman et de la Turquie (1326–1960), edited by Daniel Panzac, 373–82. Collection Turcica 8. Paris: Peeters, 1995.

Khalidi, Tarif. Arabic Historical Thought in the Classical Period. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994.

Khattab, Muhammad Sharaf al-Din. Jarimat al-zina wa ‘uqubituha fi al-fiqh al-islami dirasah muqaranah. Cairo, 1983.

Khoury, Dina Rizq. State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire: Mosul, 1540–1834. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1997.

Khoury, Philip. “Abu Ali al-Kilawi: A Damascus Qabaday.” In Struggle and Survival in the Modern Middle East, edited by Edmund Burke, 3:179–90. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California, 1993.

______. Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus, 1860–1920. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1983.

Kırlı, Cengiz. “The Struggle over Space: Coffeehouses of Ottoman Istanbul, 1780–1845.” Ph.D. diss., State Univ. of New York at Binghamton, 2000.

Lapidus, Ira. A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988.

______. Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1967.

Largueche, Dalenda. “Confined, Battered, and Repudiated Women in Tunis since the Eighteenth Century.” In Women, the Family, and Divorce Laws in Islamic History, edited by Amira El-Azhary Sonbol. Syracuse: Syracuse Univ. Press, 1996.

Lewis, Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey. 2d ed. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1968.

Lewis, Bernard, and Benjamin Braude, eds. Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society. New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1982.

Makdisi, Ussama. “Ottoman Orientalism.” American Historical Review 107, no. 3 (June 2002): 768–96.

Malti-Douglas, Fedwa. Woman’s Body, Woman’s Word: Gender and Discourse in Arabo-Islamic Writing. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1991.

Mandeville, Jon E. “The Ottoman Court Records of Syria and Jordan.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 86 (1966): 311–19.

Manji, Irshad. The Trouble with Islam: A Muslim’s Call for Reform in Her Faith. New York: St. Martin’s, 2005.

Ma’oz, Moshe. Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine, 1840–1861: The Impact of the Tanzimat on Politics and Society. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1968.

Marcus, Abraham. The Middle East on the Eve of Modernity: Aleppo in the Eighteenth Century. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1989.

______. “Privacy in Eighteenth-Century Aleppo: The Limits of Cultural Ideals.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 18 (1986): 165–83.

Marino, Brigitte. “Cafés et cafetiers de Damas aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles.” Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée 75–76 (1995): 275–94.

Marino, Brigitte, and Tomoki Okawara, eds. Dalil sijillat al-mahakim al-shar‘iyya al-‘uthmaniyya. Damascus: Institute Français d’Études Arabes de Damas, 1999.

Masters, Bruce. “Aleppo: The Ottoman Empire’s Caravan City.” In The Ottoman City Between East and West: Aleppo, Izmir, and Istanbul, by Edhem Eldem, Daniel Goffman, and Bruce Masters. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1999.

______. Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001.

______. “The 1850 Events in Aleppo: An Aftershock of Syria’s Incorporation into the World Capitalist System.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 22 (1990): 3–20.

______. The Origins of Western Dominance in the Middle East: Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 1600–1750. New York: New York Univ. Press, 1988.

Masud, Muhammad Khalid, Brinkley Messick, and David Powers, eds. Islamic Legal Interpretation: Muftis and Their Fatwas. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1996.

Matthee, Rudi. “Prostitutes, Courtesans, and Dancing Girls: Women Entertainers in Safavid Iran.” In Iran and Beyond: Essays in Middle Eastern History in Honor of Nikkie R. Keddie, edited by Rudi Matthee and Beth Baron, 121–50. Costa Mesa, Calif.: Mazda Publishers, 2000.

______. The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500–1900. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 2005.

Mayer, Ann Elizabeth. “Reform of Personal Status Laws in North Africa: A Problem of Islamic or Mediterranean Laws?” Middle East Journal 49, no. 3 (Summer 1993): 432–46.

Ménage, V. L. “Devshirme.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2:210. 2d ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991.

Meriwether, Margaret L. The Kin Who Count: Family and Society in Ottoman Aleppo, 1770–1840. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1999.

Mernissi, Fatima. The Veil and the Male Elite: A Feminist Interpretation of Women’s Rights in Islam. Translated by Mary Jo Lakeland. 1987. Reprint, New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1991.

Messick, Brinkley. The Calligraphic State: Textual Domination and History in Muslim Society. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press, 1992.

Miller, Barnette. The Palace School of Muhammad the Conqueror. 1941. Reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1973.

Musallam, B. F. Sex and Society in Islam: Birth Control Before the Nineteenth Century. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1983.

al-Nabhan, Muhammad Faruq. Mabahith fi al-tashri‘ al-jina’i al-Islami: Al-qatl, al-zina, al-sariqah. Beirut: Dar al-qalam, 1977.

al-Nahal, Gamal. Judicial Administration in Ottoman Egypt in the Seventeenth Century. Minneapolis: Bibliotheca Islamica, 1985.

“News Reports from Afghanistan.” Reproductive Health Matters 9 (Nov. 18, 2001): 15–18.

Nu‘aisa, Yusuf Jamil. Mujtama‘ madinat damashq. 2 vols. Damascus: Dar Talas, 1994.

Nur, Ahmed Hafiz. Jarimat al-zina fi al-qanun al-misri wa al-muqarin. Cairo, 1958.

Opwis, Felicitas. “Maslaha in Contemporary Islamic Legal Theory.” Islamic Law and Society 12, 2 (2005): 182–223.

Owen, Roger. “The Middle East in the Eighteenth Century—an ‘Islamic’ Society in Decline? A Critique of Gibb and Bowen’s Islamic Society and the West.” Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies) 3, no. 2 (1976): 110–17.

Peirce, Leslie. Morality Tales: Law and Gender in the Ottoman Court of Aintab. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press, 2003.

Peters, Rudolph. Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-first Century. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005.

Petrov, Milen V. “Everyday Forms of Compliance: Subaltern Commentaries on Ottoman Reform, 1864–1868.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 46, no. (2004): 730–59.

Powers, David. “Kadijustiz or Qadi-Justice? A Paternity Dispute from Fourteenth-Century Morocco.” Islamic Law and Society 1, no. 3 (1994): 332–66.

al-Qattan, Najwa. “Across the Courtyard: Residential Space and Sectarian Boundaries in Ottoman Damascus.” In Minorities in the Ottoman Empire, edited by Molly Greene, 12:13–46. Princeton: Markus Weiner, 2005.

______. “Textual Differentiation in the Damascus Sijill: Religious Discrimination or Politics of Gender?” In Women, the Family, and Divorce Laws in Islamic History, edited by Amira El-Azhary Sonbol, 191–202. Syracuse: Syracuse Univ. Press, 1996.

Quraishi, Asifa. “Her Honor: An Islamic Critique of the Rape Laws of Pakistan from a Woman-Sensitive Perspective.” In Windows of Faith: Muslim Women Scholar-Activists in North America, edited by Gisla Webb, 102–35. Syracuse: Syracuse Univ. Press, 2000.

Rafeq, Abdul Karim. “Craft Organization, Work Ethics, and the Strains of Change in Ottoman Syria.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 111, no. 3 (1991): 495–511.

______. “The Law-Court Registers and Their Importance for a Socio-economic and Urban Study of Ottoman Syria.” In L’éspace social de la ville arabe, edited by Dominique Chevallier, 51–58. Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 1979.

______. “Local Forces in Syria in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.” In War, Technology, and Society in the Middle East, edited by V. J. Parry and M. E. Yapp, 277–307. London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1975.

______. “New Light on the 1860 Riots in Ottoman Damascus.” Die Welt des Islams 28 (1988): 412–30.

______. The Province of Damascus, 1723–1783. Beirut: Khayats, 1966.

______. “Public Morality in 18th Century Damascus.” Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée 55–56 (1990): 180–96.

______. “The Syrian ‘Ulama, Ottoman Law, and Islamic Shari‘a.” In Turcica: Revue d’études Turques peuples, langues, cultures, états, 26:9–32. Strasbourg: Editions Peeters, 1994.

Ramadan, Tariq. “An International Call for Moratorium on Corporal Punishment, Stoning, and the Death Penalty in the Islamic World.” http://www.tariqramadan.com. Mar. 30, 2005.

Raymond, André. Alep à l’époque ottomane (XVIe–XIXe siècle). Damas: Institut Français de Damas, 1998.

______. Artisans et commerçants au Caire au XVIIIe siècle. 2 vols. Damas: IFEAD, 1999.

______. The Great Arab Cities in the 16th and 17th Centuries: An Introduction. New York: New York Univ. Press, 1984.

______. “The Population of Aleppo in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries According to Ottoman Census Documents.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 16 (1984): 447–60.

______. Urban Networks and Popular Movements in Cairo and Aleppo (End of the 18th– Beginning of the 19th Centuries). Urbanism in Islam: The Proceedings of the International Conference on Urbanism in Islam (ICUIT, Session 12). Vol. 2. Tokyo: Middle Eastern Culture Center, 1989.

Redhouse, Sir James W. A Turkish and English Lexicon. 1890. Reprint, Beirut: Librarie du Liban, 1996.

Reilly, James A. “Shari‘a Court Registers and Land Tenure Around Nineteenth-Century Damascus.” Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 21 (1987): 157–67.

Rhoded, Ruth. “Social Patterns among the Urban Elite of Syria During the Late Ottoman Period, 1876–1918.” In Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: Political, Social, and Economic Transformation, edited by David Kushner. Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, 1986.

Rosen, Lawrence. The Anthropology of Justice: Law as Culture in Islamic Society. 1989. Reprint, New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996.

______. “Equity and Discretion in a Modern Islamic Legal System.” Law and Society Review 15, no. 2 (1980): 217–45.

______. The Justice of Islam: Comparative Perspectives on Islamic Law and Society. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2000.

Rosenthal, Franz. The Herb: Hashish Versus Medieval Muslim Society. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1971.

Rubin, Uri. “‘Al-Walad Li-l-Firash’ on the Islamic Campaign Against ‘Zina.’” Studia Islamica 78 (1993): 5–26.

al-Saghirji, Shaykh Asad Muhammad Sa‘id. Al-fiqh al-hanafi wa ‘adillatuhu. 3 vols. Damascus: Dar al-Kalam al-Tayyibi, 2000.

Sahebjam, Freidoune. The Stoning of Soraya M. Translated from French by Richard Sever. New York: Arcade Publishing, 1990.

Sajdi, Dana. “Peripheral Visions: The Worlds and Worldviews of Commoner Chroniclers in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Levant.” Ph.D. diss., Columbia Univ., 2002.

______. “A Room of His Own: The ‘History’ of the Barber of Damascus (Fl. 1762).” MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies 3 (Fall 2003): 19–35.

Sauvaget, Jean. Alep: Essai sur le développement d’une grande ville syrienne, des origins au milieu du xixe siècle. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1941.

______. “Halab.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, 3:85–90. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1986.

Schacht, Joseph. “Hanafiyya.” In Encyclopedia of Islam, 3:162. London: E. J. Brill, 1971.

______. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964.

______. “Zina.” In Encyclopedia of Islam, 4:1227. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1934.

Schilcher, Linda Schatowski. Families in Politics: Damascene Factions and Estates of the 18th and 19th Centuries. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden, 1985.

Semerdjian, Elyse. “Gender Violence in Kanunnames and Fetvas of the Sixteenth Century.” In Beyond the Exotic: Women’s Histories in Islamic Societies, edited by Amira El-Azhary Sonbol, 180–97. Syracuse: Syracuse Univ. Press, 2005.

______. “Sinful Professions: Illegal Occupations of Women in Ottoman Aleppo, Syria.” Hawwa 1, no. 1 (2003): 60–85.

Seng, Yvonne. “Standing at the Gates of Justice: Women in the Law Courts of Early-Sixteenth-Century Üsküdar, Istanbul.” In Contesting States: Law, Hegemony, and Resistance, edited by Mindie Lazarus-Black and Susan F. Hirsch. New York: Routledge, 1994.

“Shari‘a Court Frees Nigerian Woman.” BBC News, March 25, 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1891395.stm.

Shuman, Muhsin ‘Ali. Al-yahud fi misr al-‘uthmaniyah hatta awa’il al-qarn al-tasi‘ ‘ashar. 2 vols. Cairo: Al-hay’ah al-misriyah al-‘ammah lil-kitab, 2000.

Singer, Amy. Palestinian Peasants and Ottoman Officials: Rural Administration Around Sixteenth-Century Jerusalem. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994.

Skaine, Rosemarie. The Women of Afghanistan under the Taliban. London: McFarland, 2001.

Sonbol, Amira El-Azhary. “Adoption in Islamic Society: A Historical Survey.” In Children in the Muslim Middle East, edited by Elizabeth Warnock Fernea. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1995.

______. “Law and Gender Violence in Ottoman and Modern Egypt.” In Women, the Family, and Divorce Laws in Islamic History, edited by Amira El-Azhary Sonbol, 277–89. Syracuse: Syracuse Univ. Press, 1996.

______. The New Mamluks: Egyptian Society and Modern Feudalism. Syracuse: Syracuse Univ. Press, 2000.

______. “Rape and Law in Ottoman and Modern Egypt.” In Women in the Ottoman Empire: Middle Eastern Women in the Early Modern Era, edited by Madeline C. Zilfi, 214–32. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1997.

______. “Ta‘a and Modern Legal Reform: A Rereading.” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 9, no. 3 (1998): 285–94.

______. Women of Jordan: Islam, Labor, and the Law. Syracuse: Syracuse Univ. Press, 2003.

______, ed. Women, the Family, and Divorce Laws in Islamic History. Syracuse: Syracuse Univ. Press, 1996.

Spellberg, Denise A. Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of ‘A’isha bint Abi Bakr. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1994.

Stillman, Norman A. The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times. New York: Jewish Publication Society, 1991.

Stowasser, Barbara Freyer. Women in the Qur’an: Traditions and Interpretation. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1994.

Tabbaa, Yasser. Constructions of Power and Piety in Medieval Aleppo. University Park: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.

“Taliban Publicly Execute Women.” Associated Press, November 17, 1999. Available online at http://www.rawa.org/murder-w.htm.

“Taliban Stone Woman for Adultery.” Associated Press, May 1, 2000. Available online at http://www.rawa.org/stoning.htm. Reproduced in “News Reports from Afghanistan,” Reproductive Health Matters 9, No. 18 (Nov. 2001), 15–18.

Tamari, Stephen Edmond. “Teaching and Learning in 18th-Century Damascus: Localism and Ottomanism in an Early Modern Arab Society.” Ph.D. diss., Georgetown Univ., 1998.

Tran, Mark. “Iran Stays Execution by Stoning.” Guardian, June 20, 2007.

Tucker, Judith. In the House of the Law: Gender and Law in Ottoman Syria and Palestine. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press, 1998.

______. “Muftis and Matrimony: Islamic Law and Gender in Ottoman Syria and Palestine.” Islamic Law and Society 1, no. 3 (1994): 265–300.

______. Women in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1984. Turner, Bryan S. Weber and Islam: A Critical Study. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974.

Tyan, E. “Diya.” In Encyclopedia of Islam, 2:340. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1965.

al-‘Uthmani, Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman. Rahmat al-ummah fi ikhtilaf al-a’ immah: Fatawa a’immat al-madhahib al-arba‘ah, Abu Hanifah, Malik, al-Shafi‘i, Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Baghdad: Maktabat al-As‘ad, 1990.

Van Den Boogert, Maurits H. The Capitulations and the Ottoman Legal System: Qadis, Consuls, and Beratlıs in the 18th Century. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2005.

Voll, John. “Old ‘Ulama Families and Ottoman Influence in Eighteenth-Century Damascus.” American Journal of Arabic Studies 3 (1975): 48–59.

von Schlegell, Barbara. “Sufism in the Ottoman Arab World: Sheikh ‘Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi (d. 1143/1731).” Ph.D. diss., Univ. of California at Berkeley, 1997.

Wadud, Amina. Qur’an and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman’s Perspective. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999.

Watt, W. Montgomery. “Al-Ash‘ari.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1:694–95. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1986.

Weber, Max. Max Weber on Law in Economy and Society. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1967.

Wehr, Hans. A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic. Edited by J. Milton Cowan. Beirut: Librarie du Liban, 1980.

Wittfogel, Karl. Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1957.

Wright, J. W., Jr. “Masculine Allusion and the Structure of Satire in Early ‘Abbasid Poetry.” In Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, edited by J. W. Wright, Jr., and Everett Rowson. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1997.

Yamani, Ahmad Zaki. Islamic Law and Contemporary Issues. Jidda: Saudi Publishing, 1968.

Zarinebaf, Fariba. “The Mediterranean’s Metropolis: Urban Transformation, Crime, and Social Control in Eighteenth-Century Istanbul.” Forthcoming.

______. “Regulating Prostitution in 18th Century Istanbul.” Middle East Studies Association Conference, Washington, D.C., 2005.

Ze’evi, Dror. An Ottoman Century: The District of Jerusalem in the 1600s. Albany: State Univ. of New York Press, 1996.

______. Producing Desire: Changing Sexual Discourse in the Ottoman Middle East, 1500– 1900. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press, 2006.

______. “The Use of Ottoman Shari‘a Court Records as a Source for Middle Eastern Social History: A Reappraisal.” Islamic Law and Society 5, no.1 (1998): 35–56.

Zenner, Walter P. A Global Community: The Jews from Aleppo, Syria. Detroit: Wayne State Univ. Press, 2000.

Zilfi, Madeline. “The Kadizadelis: Discordant Revivalism in Seventeenth-Century Istanbul.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 45, no. 4 (1986): 251–69.

______. The Politics of Piety: The Ottoman Ulema in the Post-Classical Age. Chicago: Bibliotheca Islamica, 1987.

al-Zirikli, Khayr al-Din. Al-‘Alam. 3d ed. 8 vols. Beirut: Dar al-‘ilm, 1990.

Zubaida, Sami. Law and Power in the Islamic World. London: I. B. Tauris, 2005.

al-Zuhayli, Wahba. Al-fiqh al-islami wa ‘adillatuhu. 11 vols. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1997.