Numbers refer to pages in the print edition
Abraham, Dorothy, 96
Ahousat, 16
air travel, 106, 117, 121, 127–29, 135, 149–50
Alaska Current, 108
Alberni Inlet, 18, 48, 104, 122
alder trees, 74
Alexander, John, 104
Allan, John, 179
American bullfrog, 137
American traders and mariners, 42, 46, 48, 70, 98
amphibians, 136–37
Anchorage, Alaska, earthquake and tsunami (1964), 18–19, 21
Anderson, George, 103
Anne, Princess Royal, 181
Arnet family (Jacob, Johanna, August, Alma), 78–80, 97, 124
Atkey, Bruce, 156–57, 160, 180
Ayliffe, C.J., 103
Bach, Ernie, 190
Baillie, Norma, 160
Banfield, William, 46–48
Banke, Chris, 161
bark harvesting, 28–29, 29, 30
Barkley Sound, 4, 27, 122, 172
beach camping, 158–63, 159, 169, 183, 184, 186, 187
beachcombing, 7–8, 108–9
bears, 31, 89, 90
Beautiful British Columbia, 94
Beddington, Ada, 88, 91
berries: in forest ecosystem, 55, 119–20; in human diet, 30, 51, 97, 98, 130, 160, 186; in wolf diet, 90
Billings, Bill, 180
Binns, Carl “Cap,” 57, 58, 59
birds, 37, 73, 75–76, 76, 109
bogs, 119–21, 136
Bolingbroke Bomber, 134
“The Bomber,” 121, 135
bootleggers, 98, 106
bounties, for wolves and cougars, 89
Brabant, Augustin J., 49, 51
Bradley family (Merlin, Linda, Aaron), 161, 182
British Colonist (Victoria), 58, 60, 62
British explorers, traders, and settlers, 42, 46, 48, 49, 51, 82–83. See also fur trade
Buckle, Neil, 19, 147, 149, 154, 174
Buckle family (Edgar, Evelyn, Neil, Dennis), 146–47
Burnt Lands, 77, 97, 123
California Current, 108
Campbell, Barry, 166
campgrounds, 81, 155–56, 168, 183
Camp Maquinna, 107, 145, 147, 154
Canadian Dental Corps, 129
Canadian National Parks Association, 167
canoes, 29–30, 32
Canso A 11007, “The Bomber,” 121, 135
Cape Flattery, 50
Carelmapu, 66, 67, 70
Carmanah Creek, 68
Carmichael, Alfred, 63–65
Carr, Emily (Klee Wyck), 26, 119
cars: amphibian casualties, 136; driving on the beach, 103–4, 104, 151–52, 153, 163, 169, 183, 184, 186, 187; of Hillier brothers, 101; of Jackson family, 99; special cars, 104. See also Highway 4; roads
Cascadia Subduction Zone, 15–16, 17
Choquette, Darlene, 162
Chrétien, Jean, 171, 172, 181
Clamhouse, Louie, 17
clamming. See shellfish
Clayoquot First Nation. See Tla-o-qui-aht (Clayoquot) nation
Clayoquot Sound, 4, 11, 14, 27, 41, 42, 49
Clayoquot Sound Canning Company, 78–79, 98
coastal forest. See temperate rainforest
coastal survey (1859), 47
Coast Construction Company, 123–24, 127–28
Cold War, military exercises, 149–50
Combers Beach, 4, 141
The Combers Resort, 147, 154, 174, 176
communication links, 85–87
concretion, at Green Point, 8–9
Constance, hms, 46
Cook, James, 25, 40–42
Cougar Annie, 89
cougars, 89–90, 193
Courtenay, earthquake (1946), 16
Cox Bay, 173
Cox Point, 4, 5, 25
Crawford, Jeff, 154
culturally modified trees, 28–29, 29, 30
Darling, Jim, 35, 35, 162
Dawley, Walter, 80, 84, 97
Depression era, 102, 112, 115, 121–22
Discovery, hms, 40
Donahue, Hazel and Jim, 106–7, 107, 110–12, 116, 129, 132–33, 154
Douglas fir, 46, 54
Drinkwater, Joe, 59
Dungeness crab, 141–42
earthquakes, 13–19, 21
Echachist village, 41
ecotourism, 35, 190. See also whales, whaling, and whale-watching
Eliza, Francisco de, 41
Esowista Peninsula, 2, 4, 11, 13, 173
Esowista village and Reserve, 25, 27, 98, 103, 123, 148, 192
Estevan Light, 16
Estevan Lowland, 12, 13
European beach grass, 131, 166
European explorers and traders, 27, 39–42. See also American traders and mariners; British explorers, traders, and settlers; Spanish explorers
European settlement: communication links, 85–87; early records, 74–80; Florencia Bay gold rush and aftermath, 55–65; Hudson’s Bay Company, 46; Norwegian settlers, 78–80; ranching, 80–85; real estate promotions, 87–88, 91
federal government: airport management, 150; in national park negotiations, 54, 167–71, 172–74; relocation of residents for national park, 174–82; species at risk legislation, 136; strategy for park creation, 187, 192
Fells, Robin, 154, 178, 179, 180
feral livestock, 80, 97, 99
Fiddy, Kent, 162, 185
First Nations: ancient cultures, 24–27; Banfield’s description, 47, 48; in Emily Carr’s drawings, 26; in Grice Bay, 73; impacts of European contact and settlement, 27, 36, 40–42, 45, 48; reaction to national park, 176, 192; as rescuers of shipwrecked sailors, 50, 70; resilience of, 36; response to earthquakes and tsunamis, 14, 17–18; Tsonoqua myth, 119; use of natural resources, 28–30, 98, 130–31; whaling traditions, 24, 32–36. See also Nuu-chah-nulth; Tla-o-qui-aht (Clayoquot) nation; Yuu-cluth-aht (Ucluelet) nation
Florencia, hms, 50
Florencia Bay. See Wreck (Florencia) Bay
Florencia Island, 149
fog, 105
Fort Victoria. See Victoria
Forward, hms, 50
Fotheringham, Alan, 152
Fraser River gold rush (1858), 46, 57
fur trade: fur seals, 48, 57, 59; Hudson’s Bay Company, 46; impacts on First Nations, 45; sea otters, 39–44, 44, 45
Garden, H.T., 167
Garibaldi, Mount, 168
Garrard, Frank, 147
General Cobb, 67, 70
Genn, John, 160
Gibson, Gordon, 124
Gibson, Tom, 168
Gillam, Captain, 66
glass balls, 7–8, 108, 109
gold prospecting, 46, 55–65, 59, 61, 64
Goldstraw, James, 74, 77–78
Good Roads League, 102
Gordon, M.P., 88
Gowlland, John, 47
Gowlland Rocks, 32, 47, 67
Grant, Walter Colquhoun, 166
Graveyard of the Pacific, 66–67
Gray, George, 65
Great Concretion Heist, 8–9
Great Pacific Garbage Patch, 109
Great Tide Pool, 141–42
Great War (First Nations), 27, 32
Green Point: concretion at, 8–9; land speculation, 88; map, 4; native village site, 25; Tidal Wave Ranch, 80–83; Wickaninnish Provincial Park, 155–56, 168. See also Whittington, Peg and Dick
Green Point Campground, 81, 168
grey beach peavine, 130
Grice Bay, 4, 71–76, 71, 78–79, 124–25, 127–29, 173
Guppy, Walter, 102, 124
Hackett, Captain, 59
Haida Gwaii, 10
Hamilton, Mike, 16
Hanna, James, 42
Hardy, Dave, 161
harpoons, of First Nations, 32–33
Harvey, Charles Tupper, 82, 83–85, 97
Hecate, hms, 47
Hempsall, Les, 128–29
herring and herring spawn, 30
Hesawista. See Esowista village and Reserve
Hesquiat, 49, 51, 89
Highway 4, 53, 148, 151–53, 184
Hillier family (Bill, Bert, Pete, George), 100–101, 101, 103, 111, 116, 139, 148
hippie movement, 158–63, 170, 171, 180–82
Hisawistaht (Esowistaht) native village, 27. See also Esowista village and Reserve
Hot Springs village, 18–19
Hudnall, Jim and Carolyn, 190
Hudson’s Bay Company, 46
Hughes, Charlie, 100
Hunter, Bob, 186, 191
Huu-ay-aht First Nation, 17–18
Hyland, Frances, 162
ice ages, 11–12
Incinerator Rock, viii, 1–3, 4
Indian Island, 71
invasive species, 131, 136–37, 165–67
Island Investment Company, 88
Ittatsoo, 4, 27, 49
Jackson family (George, Lucy, Gertrude), 97–106, 99, 101, 111, 156, 167, 191
Jacobson, Victor, 59
Japan: glass fishing floats, 7, 108, 109; seismic events, 13–15, 18; in World War ii, 124–27
Japanese-Canadians, 122, 126–27
Jeffries, Paul, 161, 182
Juan de Fuca plate, 15
kelp, 39–40, 39, 43–44
Kennedy Lake, 27, 112
Kennedy Watershed Restoration Project, 55
Kerr, Mrs. (Wickaninnish Lodge), 145
Kershaw, William, 77–78
Kiernan, Ken, 168, 171, 172
King, James, 41
kinnikinnick (bearberry), 130
Klee Wyck (Emily Carr), 26
Klih-wi-tu-a (“Tyee Jack”), 55, 57, 58
Kuroshio and Oyashio Currents, 108
Kyuquot Sound, 43
Laing, Arthur, 168, 171
land pre-emptions, 48, 74, 77–79, 80, 85, 97, 100
Leverson family (Ada, David, Ernest, Ruth, Violet), 88, 91, 178
Libbie, 59
linemen, 85, 86, 97, 98
Lismer, Arthur and Esther, 37, 146, 186
Lismer Beach, 37
logging practices, 54–55, 124, 151
Long Bay (now Long Beach), 80, 83, 84–85, 167
Long Beach, map and boundaries, 4, 5
Long Beach Bungalows, 148, 154
Long Beach community: 1950s, 148; 1960s, 153–54; population of, at first contact, 122; reaction to national park, 173; relocation of residents for national park, 174–82. See also European settlement; First Nations
Long Beach Curling Club, 154, 169
Long Beach Elementary School, 154
Long Beach Fly In, 169
Lost Shoe Creek, 53–54, 53, 55, 61, 86–87
Lovekin family and estate: built estate on Jackson ranch, 102–3, 110, 111–12, 148; contributions to war effort, 123, 129; impact of Highway 4, 152; impact of national park, 174, 186
Lovekin Rock, 4, 185
Lowry, Daniel, 182
MacLeod, Islay, 126–27
Mahood, J.A., 77
Malahat, 106
Maltby, George, 77–78, 80
mamalhni. See European settlement
Maquinna, 112, 126
Maquinna, Chief, 41, 42
Marshall, Vera, 81
Martin, Jack and Phyllis, 8
McDiarmid, Howard, 169–71
McKenzie, Mr., 58–59
McKim, William, 174
Meares, John, 41
Meares Island, 27, 68, 105
Minnie, 59
missionaries, 49, 51
Monashee Enterprises, 179
Moraes family, 147–48, 153, 154
Moser, Charles, 16
motorcycles, 104, 106
Mowachaht First Nation, 40
Mud Bay. See Grice Bay
mudflats, 73, 75–76
Mulholland, F.D., 167
Murison, Andrew, 64–65, 64
Musgrave, Susan, 162
mussels, 33, 175
Mustang, 67
Myers, Doreen and Grant, 154
Nelson, Edith, 116
Nicholson, George, 148
Noble, Robert, 111
Nootka. See Nuu-chah-nulth
Nootka Sound, 40, 42, 50
North American plate, 15, 18
Northwestern salamander, 136, 137
Norwegian settlers, 78–80
Nuu-chah-nulth: cedar bark harvesting and weaving, 28–29, 68; Cook’s descriptions and census, 41; first contact, 40–42; Great War, 27, 32; origin of name, 25, 27; use of natural resources, 29–32; whaling traditions, 32–36
ocean currents, 108
Okione, Antonio, 70
Opitsat, 4, 27, 42, 49
Oregon Boundary Treaty, 46
Pachena Bay, earthquake (1700), 17
Pacific Heights (“Dog Patch”), 133
Pacific plate, 18
Pacific Rim National Park: clear-cutting in advance of declaration, 54, 55; difficulties in early years, 182–86; importance of, 3; negotiations for, 167–71, 172–74; official opening of, 180; relocation of residents, 174–82, 186–87; units and boundaries of, 68, 172–73
Pacific Rim Terrane, 10, 11
Pacific Rim Whale Festival, 34–35
“pallet surfing,” 163
Pearl Harbor attack, 124, 125
Pender, Daniel, 47
Pérez, Juan, 40
Pinetree Line, Station #36, 149–50
plate tectonics, 9–10, 12, 14
Port Alberni: Highway 4, 148, 151; transportation to Long Beach, 103, 104, 123, 143–44, 148, 184; tsunami (1964), 18
Portland Point, 5, 70
Princess Maquinna, 66, 67
provincial government: bounties for wolves and cougars, 89; in national park negotiations, 171, 172; settlement incentives, 77–78; Wickaninnish Provincial Park, 155–56, 168
Quisitis Point, 4
Radar Beach, 159, 170
Radar Hill, 11, 150
Rae-Arthur, Ada Annie, 89
ranching, 80–85, 82
rcaf Station Tofino, 117, 123–25, 127–29, 134–35, 134, 149–50
rcaf Station Ucluelet, 125–26
real estate promotions and speculation, 87–88, 91, 102–3, 115
Redhead, George, 138
red-legged frog, 136
Reid, Dennis, 146
remittance men, 82–83
Resolution, hms (Cook’s ship), 40, 41
Richards, Captain, 50
Richards, George H., 47–48
Richardson, Tom, 161, 182
Richey, Steve, 185
riparian vegetation, 54–55
roads: early roads, 85–87, 101–2, 103; Highway 4, 53, 148, 151–53, 184; for wartime bases, 123–24. See also cars
Robertson, Alistair I., 86
Royal Canadian Air Force. See rcaf entries
rum-runners, 98, 106
Ryga, George and Norma, 162
Sadler, Jim, 157, 157
salal, 53, 55, 56, 68, 114, 130
salmon, 30, 31, 32, 55
salmonberries, 30
sand dunes, 130–31, 132
Sandhill Creek, 55, 84, 88, 141, 152
“sand sleighing,” 163
Sanford, William, 84
Sasquatch legend, 117, 119, 121
sawmills, 78, 80
Scales, Tom, 104, 106
Schewish, Chief, 70
Scholes, Ronnie J., 135
Schooner Cove, 165; early settlers, 74, 77; early tourism development, 96, 148; hippies and beach camping, 159, 170; military bases, 132, 133; national park camping, 180, 184, 187; shipwrecks, 65
Scotch broom, 165–67
Scott, R. Bruce, 156
sea level fluctuations, 12
Sea Lion Rocks (tukwnit), 130, 190
sea lions, 32, 98, 130, 190
seals, 32, 47, 48, 57, 59, 90, 130
sea otters, 39–44, 44, 45
sea stars, 173, 175
sea urchins, 43–44
Sea View Farm, 84–85
Seghers, Charles J., 49, 51
shellfish, 32, 33, 43, 44, 75, 90, 149, 173, 175
shipwrecks, 50, 65–70, 66
shore pines, 119
Sinclair, Margaret (later Margaret Trudeau), 160
Singing Sands resort, 115–16, 138, 143–45, 154, 162
Sitka spruce, 68–69
skunk cabbage, 120
Smith, George, 56
South Beach, 23
Spanish explorers, 40, 41, 46, 67
sphagnum moss, 119–21
splat (Society for the Prevention of Little Amphibian Tragedies), 136
Sproat, Gilbert Malcolm, 48
Sproat Lake, 151
Stephens, Godfrey, 158, 160, 181
Stockham, Thomas, 84
Stone, Christene, 107, 107
Stone, Stuart, 106
storms and storm watching, 93, 94–95. See also shipwrecks; weather
Subarctic Current, 108
subduction zones, 15–16
surfing, 156–58, 157, 177, 178, 185, 189, 191
Sutton brothers, and sawmill, 53–54, 56, 59, 80
Swartout, Reverend, 59
telegraph system, 85, 86
temperate rainforest, 28–30, 54–55, 56, 68–69, 69, 74, 105, 136
terranes, 9–10
The Ecstasy of Rita Joe, 162
Thompson, William, 58
Tibbs, Frederick Gerald, 80–83, 81, 88, 114
Tidal Wave Ranch, 80–83, 114
tides, tidepools, and intertidal zone, 20, 141–42, 175
till drops, 11
Tindall, J.R., 104, 106
Tla-o-qui-aht (Clayoquot) nation: Esowista village, 25, 27, 98, 103, 123, 148, 192; impacts of European contact and settlement, 45, 49; reaction to national park, 192; rescued shipwrecked sailors, 70; traditional sites, 27, 41; use of natural resources, 29–32, 73, 191; wartime land donations, 123
Tofino, 4; airport, 127–29, 149–50; Arnet family, 80; Meares Island reservoir, 105; road connections, 86–87, 102, 148; tsunamis, 19, 21. See also Tla-o-qui-aht (Clayoquot) nation
Torrens, William, 14
tourism: after wwii, 143–48; early development of, 95–106, 96, 115–16; ecotourism, 35, 190; Highway 4 impacts, 151–53; Jackson journals, 97–106; weather and, 93–95. See also beach camping; Pacific Rim National Park; whales, whaling, and whale-watching
Trachuk, George, 180–81
Trans-Canada Highway, 102
transportation, to Long Beach, 143–45. See also roads
trees. See temperate rainforest
Triangle Island lighthouse, 83
Trudeau, Pierre, 109, 176, 177, 178
Tseshaht people, 48
Ts’ishaa, 24
Tsonoqua myth, 119
tsunamis, 13–15, 16–19, 21
tukwnit (Sea Lion Rocks), 130, 190
“Tyee Jack” (Klih-wi-tu-a), 55, 57, 58
Uchuck, mv, 16, 143–44
Ucluelet, 4, 26; census and voters list, 57, 62; Highway 4 impacts, 148; military bases, 122; missionaries and, 49, 51; road connections, 86–87, 101, 104; sawmill, 78; tsunami (1964), 19
Ucluelet First Nation. See Yuu- cluth-aht (Ucluelet) nation
Ucluelet Inlet, 48
Ucluelet Placer Mining Company, 58
Valdy, 162
Valencia, 66
Vancouver Island, geology of, 10–12, 13–18
Vancouver Island Development League, 87
Vancouver Island Pilot, 47–48
Vargas Cone, 11
Vargas Island, 10, 11
Victoria: earthquake (1946), 16; ferry service, 55; and gold rush, 57, 58, 60, 62; as hbc fort, 46
Victoria Daily Colonist, 85, 87
Virgo, Sean, 162
Wardle, J.M., 167
water safety, 185. See also surfing; waves and surf
Water Safety and Surf Apparatus School, 185
waves and surf, 20, 93–95, 93, 138–39, 156–58. See also surfing; tsunamis
weather, 20, 62, 93–95, 93, 105, 123. See also shipwrecks
Webb, Nellie and Joe, 145–46, 154
West Coast National Parks Act, 172, 176
West Coast Trail, 68, 172
Western Air Command, 126
Western Forest Products, 54
western hemlocks, 68–69
western redcedar, 28–30, 29, 68–69
whales, whaling, and whale-watching: First Nations traditions, 30, 32–36, 37, 192; grey whales, 24, 34–35, 35, 130, 190; humpback whales, 34; killer whales, 31; Pacific Rim Whale Festival, 34–35
Whittington, Peg and Dick: helped hippies, 162; Highway 4 impacts, 152; hosted military personnel in wwii, 132–33; mine incident and Dick’s death, 138–39, 139, 163; reaction to national park, 168, 173–74, 186–87; settled at Green Point, 112–15, 113; Singing Sands resort, 115–16, 121, 143–44, 144, 154
Wickaninnish, Chief, 41, 42
Wickaninnish Bay, 4, 11, 25
Wickaninnish Inn, 94, 154–55, 155, 172, 179–80
Wickaninnish Lodge, 145–46, 154
Wickaninnish Provincial Park, 155–56, 168
Wilde, Oscar, 91
Wilson, Esther and Terry, 154
Wingen, Jacob and family, 80
Winnipeg Light Infantry, 129
Wollan, Paul J., 74
wolves, 73, 89–90, 90, 193
Woolridge, George, 65–66
World War ii: 1st Dufferin and Haldimand Rifles, 129; 2nd Canadian Scottish Regiment, 129; #4 Bomber Reconnaissance Squadron, 122, 129; 33rd Anti-Aircraft Battery, 129; #132 Fighter Squadron, 127, 128; #147 Bomber Reconnaissance Squadron, 127, 134; “The Bomber,” 121, 135; declaration of war, 116, 121; defensive pilings and wire, 124–25, 125; Japanese invasion fears and Japanese-Canadian internment, 124–27; military bases, 117, 123–26, 127–29, 132–35, 134, 149–50; mine incident, 138; rescue operations, 135, 138–39; training exercises, 130, 131, 132
Wrangellia Terrane, 10–11, 10
Wreck (Florencia) Bay, 4, 7; gold prospecting and Wreck Bay flume, 58–65, 59, 61, 64; hippies and beach camping, 158–61, 159, 170, 171; national park impacts, 180–82, 184; till drops, 11; wreck of Florencia, 50
“The Wreckage” gallery, 160
Wya Point, 4, 25, 172
yellow-cedar trees, 29–30, 119
Yuquot, 40
Yuu-cluth-aht (Ucluelet) nation, 27, 30, 32, 45, 48