NOTES

CHAPTER 1: WINNERS AND LOSERS

1. Lucy Williamson, “Marine Le Pen’s French Presidential Campaign Goes Lift-Off,” BBC, February 5, 2017, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38874070.

2. Emma Luxton, “Which Countries Are Most Optimistic?,” World Economic Forum, February 9, 2016, www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/02/which-countries-are-most-optimistic/.

3. Michael Wolff, “Ringside with Steve Bannon at Trump Tower,” Hollywood Reporter, November 8, 2016, www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/steve-bannon-trump-tower-interview-trumps-strategist-plots-new-political-movement-948747.

4. “What Worries the World,” Ipsos Public Affairs, July 2017, www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/2017-08/What_worries_the_world-July-2017.pdf.

5. This respite did not apply to Italy, which continues to receive growing numbers of asylum seekers arriving by boat from North Africa.

6. Paul Carrel, “Germany’s 2016 Trade Surplus Sets New Record,” Reuters, February 9, 2017, http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-germany-economy-trade-idUKKBN15O0NA.

7. Dani Rodrik, “Populism and the Economics of Globalization,” Harvard University, August 2017, https://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/files/dani-rodrik/files/populism_and_the_economics_of_globalization.pdf.

8. Michael Hicks and Srikant Devaraj, “The Myth and Reality of Manufacturing in America,” Conexus Indiana, Ball State University, April 2017, http://conexus.cberdata.org/files/MfgReality.pdf.

9. Michael Chui, James Manyika, and Mehdi Miremadi, “Where Machines Could Replace Humans—And Where They Can’t (Yet),” McKinsey Quarterly, July 2016, www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/where-machines-could-replace-humans-and-where-they-cant-yet.

10. “The American Middle Class Is Losing Ground,” Pew Research Center, December 9, 2015, www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/12/09/the-american-middle-class-is-losing-ground/.

11. Josh Zumbrun, “Economists Doubt the U.S. Can Regain Many of the Factory Jobs Lost in Recent Decades,” Wall Street Journal, December 8, 2016, www.wsj.com/articles/economists-doubt-the-u-s-can-regain-many-of-the-factory-jobs-lost-in-recent-decades-1481209203.

12. Nicholas Eberstadt, “Our Miserable 21st Century,” Commentary, February 15, 2017, www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/our-miserable-21st-century/.

13. “The Employment Situation—October 2017,” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 3, 2017, www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf.

14. Philip Bump, “Donald Trump Will Be President Thanks to 80,000 People in These Three States,” Washington Post, December 1, 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/12/01/donald-trump-will-be-president-thanks-to-80000-people-in-three-states/?utm_term=.ffc93808cc25.

15. Rodrik, “Populism and the Economics of Globalization.”

16. “Boris Johnson: EU Makes Net Migration Target ‘Impossible,’” BBC, May 11, 2016, www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36265464.

17. John Sides, “Race, Religion, and Immigration in 2016,” Voter Study Group, June 2017, www.voterstudygroup.org/reports/2016-elections/race-religion-immigration-2016.

18. Lee Drutman, “Political Divisions in 2016 and Beyond: Tensions Between and Within the Two Parties,” Democracy Fund, Voter Study Group, June 2017, http://d.pr/f/B6JTY6.

19. “United Kingdom,” International Monetary Fund, www.imf.org/en/Countries/GBR#ataglance and www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/briefings/migrants-in-the-uk-an-overview/#kp1.

20. Angelique Chrisafis, “Macron Pledges Pragmatism and Cooperation with Post-Brexit Britain,” Guardian, June 21, 2017, www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/21/exclusive-macron-pledges-pragmatism-and-cooperation-with-post-brexit-britain.

21. Jon Rogers and Monika Pallenberg, “Merkel’s Economic Adviser Savages Her Migrant Policy and Says It Will Cost Germany €340BN,” Express (UK), February 21, 2017, www.express.co.uk/news/world/770084/Angela-Merkel-open-door-migrant-policy-Hans-Werner-Sinn.

22. “Asylum and First Time Asylum Applicants,” Eurostat, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-datasets/-/MIGR_ASYAPPCTZA.

23. Rick Noack, “Sexual Assaults Challenge Germany’s Welcoming Attitude Toward Refugees,” Washington Post, January 6, 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/01/06/sexual-assaults-challenge-germanys-welcoming-attitude-toward-refugees/?utm_term=.473cf42b6edf.

24. Jacopo Barigazzi, “Brussels Takes On (Most of the) Visegrad Group over Refugees,” Politico, June 12, 2017, www.politico.eu/article/brussels-takes-on-most-of-the-visegrad-group-over-refugees/.

25. David Chazan, “West Europeans Want End to Open Borders,” Telegraph, July 11, 2015, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/11734074/West-Europeans-want-end-to-open-borders.html.

26. Ariel Malka and Yphtach Lelkes, “In a New Poll, Half of Republicans Say They Would Support Postponing the 2020 Election if Trump Proposed It,” August 10, 2017, www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/08/10/in-a-new-poll-half-of-republicans-say-they-would-support-postponing-the-2020-election-if-trump-proposed-it/?utm_term=.4849aadbbaed.

27. “Filter bubble” is a term coined by Internet activist Eli Pariser.

28. Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman, “Distributional National Accounts: Methods and Estimates for the United States,” Working Paper 22945, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2016, https://eml.berkeley.edu/~saez/Piketty-Saez-ZucmanNBER16.pdf.

29. Rodrik, “Populism and the Economics of Globalization.”

30. Rick Gladstone, “Displaced Population Hit Record in ’16, U.N. Says,” New York Times, June 19, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/06/19/world/middleeast/displaced-people-united-nations-global-trends.html?mcubz=0.

31. Philip Bump, “Most Americans Don’t Want the Wall, Don’t Think Mexico Will Pay for It and Don’t Believe It Will Happen,” Washington Post, August 25, 2017, www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2017/08/25/most-americans-dont-want-the-wall-dont-think-mexico-will-pay-for-it-and-dont-believe-it-will-happen/?utm_term=.e58ccf7b1d59.

32. Maimuna Majumder, “Higher Rates of Hate Crimes Are Tied to Income Inequality,” Five Thirty Eight, January 23, 2017, https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/higher-rates-of-hate-crimes-are-tied-to-income-inequality.

33. Deborah Hardoon, “Inequality and Violence,” Policy and Practice blog, Oxfam, September 21, 2016, http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/blog/2016/09/inequality-and-violence; “‘It Has Been Proven, Less Inequality Means Less Crime,’” World Bank, September 5, 2014, www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/09/03/latinoamerica-menos-desigualdad-se-reduce-el-crimen.

34. https://defence.pk/pdf/threads/russian-defence-budget-set-to-drop-by-12.457858/

35. Kate Taylor, “This Map Shows Where You’re Most Likely to Lose Your Job to Robots,” Business Insider, May 3, 2017, www.businessinsider.fr/us/map-shows-most-job-will-be-lost-to-automation-2017-5/.

36. Daron Acemoglu and Pascual Restrepo, “Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets,” Working Paper 23285, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2017, www.nber.org/papers/w23285.

37. Claire Cain Miller, “Evidence That Robots Are Winning the Race for American Jobs,” New York Times, March 28, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/03/28/upshot/evidence-that-robots-are-winning-the-race-for-american-jobs.html.

38. Venessa Wong, “In 18 Years, a College Degree Could Cost about $500,000,” BuzzFeed News, March 17, 2017, www.cnbc.com/2017/03/17/in-18-years-a-college-degree-could-cost-about-500000.html.

39. Zack Friedman, “Student Loan Debt in 2017: A $1.3 Trillion Crisis,” Forbes, February 21, 2017, www.forbes.com/sites/zackfriedman/2017/02/21/student-loan-debt-statistics-2017/#572d6b625dab.

40. Cain Miller, “Evidence That Robots Are Winning the Race for American Jobs.”

CHAPTER 2: WARNING SIGNS

1. Umair Haque, “The Protests and the Metamovement,” Harvard Business Review, October 4, 2011, https://hbr.org/2011/10/the-protests-and-the-metamovem and www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/15/arab-spring-tunisia-the-slap.

2. “Egypt’s Mubarak Resigns After 30-Year Rule,” CNN, February 11, 2011, www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/02/11/egypt.revolution/index.html.

3. Tim Gaynor, “Gaddafi Caught like a ‘Rat’ in a Drain, Humiliated and Shot,” Reuters, October 21, 2011, www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-gaddafi-finalhours/gaddafi-caught-like-rat-in-a-drain-humiliated-and-shot-idUSTRE79K43S20111021.

4. “Syria. Events of 2016,” Human Rights Watch, www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/syria.

5. According to the OECD and UNESCO.

6. “People Living in Extreme Poverty,” 2017 Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals, World Bank, www.theatlas.com/charts/SJG3LerCg.

7. Benjamin Haas, “China Riot Police Seal Off City Centre After Smog Protesters Put Masks on Statues,” Guardian, December 12, 2016, www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/12/china-riot-police-seal-off-city-centre-after-smog-protesters-put-masks-on-statues.

8. Christian Göbel and Lynette Ong, “Social Unrest in China,” Europe China Research and Advice Network, 2012, www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/Asia/1012ecran_gobelong.pdf; Michael Wines, “Chinese Street Vendor Dispute Expands into Violent Melee,” New York Times, June 12, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/06/13/world/asia/13china.html.

9. “Timeline of Gezi Park Protests,” Hürriyet Daily News, June 6, 2013, www.hurriyetdailynews.com/timeline-of-gezi-park-protests-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=48321&NewsCatID=341.

10. Tom McCarthy and Matthew Weaver, “US on Turkey Protests: ‘Vast Majority of the Protesters Have Been Peaceful,’” Guardian, June 3, 2013, www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2013/jun/03/turkey-protester-killed-live.

11. Peter Beaumont, “Erdogan Issues Stark ‘Final Warning’ to Turkey’s Gezi Park Protesters,” Guardian, June 14, 2013, www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/13/turkey-gezi-park-protesters.

12. Recep Bozlagan, “The Local Elections in Turkey and Their Importance to Turkish Politics,” Al-Jazeera Centre for Studies, October 27, 2013, http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2013/10/2013102483930393904.html.

13. Constanze Letsch, “A Year After the Protests, Gezi Park Nurtures the Seeds of a New Turkey,” Guardian, May 28, 2014, www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/29/gezi-park-year-after-protests-seeds-new-turkey.

14. Esther Fuentes and Rachael Hilderbrand, “The Role of Pro-Impeachment Protests in Brazil’s Uncertain Future,” Council on Hemispheric Affairs, March 15, 2016, www.coha.org/the-role-of-pro-impeachment-protests-in-brazils-uncertain-future/#_ftn2 and www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-protest/police-detain-17-in-sao-paulo-bus-fare-protest-idUSKCN0UR05H20160113.

15. Paul O’Keeffe, “Ethiopia Crackdown on Student Protests Taints Higher Education Success,” Guardian, May 22, 2014, www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2014/may/22/ethiopia-crackdown-student-protest-education.

16. “‘Such a Brutal Crackdown.’ Killings and Arrests in Response to Ethiopia’s Oromo Protests,” Human Rights Watch, June 15, 2016, www.hrw.org/report/2016/06/15/such-brutal-crackdown/killings-and-arrests-response-ethiopias-oromo-protests.

17. www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html

18. “Ethiopia’s Key: Young People and the Demographic Dividend,” Population Reference Bureau, December 2014, www.prb.org/pdf15/ethiopia-demographic-dividend-factsheet.pdf.

19. Shaun Walker and Alec Luhn, “Opposition Leader Alexei Navalny Detained amid Protests Across Russia,” Guardian, March 27, 2017, www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/26/opposition-leader-alexei-navalny-arrested-amid-protests-across-russia.

20. “Corruption,” Levada Center, April 21, 2017, www.levada.ru/en/2017/04/21/corruption/.

21. Eleazer Corpuz and Patrick Caughill, “In the Developing World, Two-Thirds of Jobs Could Be Lost to Robots,” World Economic Forum, November 14, 2016, www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/in-the-developing-world-two-thirds-of-jobs-could-be-lost-to-robots.

22. Chris Bryant and Elaine He, “The Robot Rampage,” Bloomberg, January 8, 2017, www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2017-01-09/the-robot-threat-donald-trump-isn-t-talking-abou.

23. “2017 Edelman Trust Barometer: Trust and the CEO,” Edelman, www.ifac.org/system/files/uploads/Comms/Day%201%20-%20Trust%20Barometer%20-%20Justin%20Blake.pdf.

24. “Saudis ‘to Tighten Curbs on Foreign Workers’ in Local Jobs Push,” National (UAE)/Reuters, March 21, 2017, www.thenational.ae/world/saudis-to-tighten-curbs-on-foreign-workers-in-local-jobs-push-1.18087.

25. To be wonky about it, this measure is based on a study by Eurasia Group, the political risk consultancy I founded in 1998. Response capacity is based on two elements: state capacity and innovation policy. State capacity itself is defined as a composite of measures of bureaucratic autonomy, bureaucratic skill and capacity, party institutionalization, rule of law, and regime legitimacy. Our Innovation Policy Index comprises metrics of research and development incentives, human capital and infrastructure investment, policies affecting technological adoption, economic development targets, intellectual property laws, informal sector activity, and labor market regulations. It is measured based on a combination of Eurasia Group analyst surveys and external data.

CHAPTER 3: FAULT LINES

1. Sean Gossel, “How Corruption Is Fraying SA’s Social and Economic Fabric,” Mail and Guardian, July 13, 2017, https://mg.co.za/article/2017-07-13-how-corruption-is-fraying-south-africas-social-and-economic-fabric.

2. Sean Gossel, “Violent SA Protests Surging on Endemic Graft. But Here’s How to Fix It,” BizNews, July 13, 2017, www.biznews.com/thought-leaders/2017/07/13/violent-sa-protests-surging-graft/.

3. “Mexico Expels North Korean Ambassador over Nuclear Tests,” Reuters, September 7, 2017, www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-mexico/mexico-expels-north-korean-ambassador-over-nuclear-tests-idUSKCN1BI2ZV.

4. These are the most recent available estimates, as of 2017. There is no reason to believe there has been a dramatic reduction in poverty over the past seven years.

5. “The Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index,” Development Finance International/Oxfam, July 2017, http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/the-commitment-to-reducing-inequality-index-a-new-global-ranking-of-governments-620316.

6. About 10 percent of Egypt’s 90 million people are Christians, a group that Muslim radicals have long treated as “them.”

7. Peter Schwartzstein, “Forget ISIS, Egypt’s Population Boom Is Its Biggest Threat,” Newsweek, March 20, 2017, www.newsweek.com/2017/03/31/egypt-population-birth-rate-food-water-shortage-isis-terrorism-sissi-570953.html.

8. Ruth Michaelson, “‘We Want Bread’: Subsidy Cut Sparks Protests Across Egypt,” Guardian, March 8, 2017, www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/08/egypt-protests-we-want-bread-subsidy-cut.

9. www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/egypt/labor.htm

10. “Saudi Head of Religious Police Criticises Agents for Handling of ‘Nail Polish’ Row,” Telegraph, June 7, 2012, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/saudiarabia/9316616/Saudi-head-of-religious-police-criticises-agents-for-handling-of-nail-polish-row.html.

11. Kelly McLaughlin, “Woman Who Sparked Outrage by Walking Through Saudi Village in a T-shirt and Short Skirt Is Arrested by Police,” Daily Mail, July 18, 2017, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4707358/Woman-wore-short-skirt-Saudi-Arabia-arrested.html#ixzz4s7d9h86r.

12. Spencer Dale, “New Economics of Oil,” BP/Society of Business Economists Annual Conference, London, October 13, 2015, www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/speeches/2015/new-economics-of-oil-spencer-dale.pdf.

13. The Lava Jato (Car Wash) scandal began in March 2014 when a senior official at Petrobras, Brazil’s state oil company, was implicated in a money laundering investigation. In a bid for leniency, he confessed that companies awarded contracts by Petrobras had diverted cash into political slush funds. Billions of dollars in bribes were revealed, and some of the most powerful players in Brazilian politics and business, including two former presidents, have been implicated.

14. Shannon O’Neil, “Automation Is Changing Latin America Too,” Council on Foreign Relations, March 7, 2017, www.cfr.org/blog/automation-changing-latin-america-too.

15. Michael Rubin, “More Evidence of Erdogan’s Referendum Rigging,” Newsweek, April 20, 2017, www.newsweek.com/michael-rubin-more-evidence-erdogans-referendum-rigging-586730.

16. “Jakarta Protests: Muslims Turn Out in Force Against Christian Governor Ahok,” AFP/Guardian, December 2, 2016, www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/02/jakarta-protests-muslims-against-christian-governor-ahok.

17. Emma Allen, “Analysis of Trends and Challenges in the Indonesian Labor Market,” ADB Papers on Indonesia 16, Asian Development Bank, March 2016, www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/182935/ino-paper-16-2016.pdf.

18. Mari Marcel Thekaekara, “The Murder of Journalist Gauri Lankesh Shows India Descending into Violence,” Guardian, September 7, 2017, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/07/gauri-lankesh-murder-hindu-extremists-hate-crime-minorities.

19. Nita Bhalla, “The Party is Over for India’s ‘Presstitutes,’” Hindustan Times, April 29, 2017, www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/the-party-is-over-for-india-s-presstitutes/story-K2EEzHoeiFMl9LlXDnQdiI.html.

20. Soutik Biswas, “Why Inequality in India Is at Its Highest Level in 92 Years,” BBC, September 12, 2017, www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41198638.

21. “Sanitation in India: The Final Frontier,” Economist, July 19, 2014, www.economist.com/news/asia/21607837-fixing-dreadful-sanitation-india-requires-not-just-building-lavatories-also-changing.

22. www.ft.com/content/49ddda7e-028a-11e7-aa5b-6bb07f5c8e12

23. “India Needs $1.5 Trillion for Infrastructure, Arun Jaitley Says,” Times of India, June 26, 2016, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/India-needs-1-5-trillion-for-infrastructure-Arun-Jaitley-says/articleshow/52928773.cms.

24. Vibhuti Agarwal, “Indians Have the Worst Access to Safe Drinking Water in the World,” Wall Street Journal, March 22, 2016, https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2016/03/22/indians-have-the-worst-access-to-safe-drinking-water-in-the-world/.

25. “Why India Has a Water Crisis,” Economist, May 25, 2016, www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2016/05/economist-explains-11.

26. Rick Gladstone, “India Will Be Most Populous Country Sooner Than Thought, U.N. Says,” New York Times, July 29, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/world/asia/india-will-be-most-populous-country-sooner-than-thought-un-says.html?_r=1.

27. “How Well-Off Is China’s Middle Class?,” ChinaPower, Center for Strategic and International Studies, http://chinapower.csis.org/china-middle-class/.

28. Morgan Winsor, “China’s Pollution Crisis: Nearly Two-Thirds of Underground Water Is Graded Unfit for Human Contact, Report Says,” International Business Times, June 4, 2015, www.ibtimes.com/chinas-pollution-crisis-nearly-two-thirds-underground-water-graded-unfit-human-1953442.

29. Rob Schmitz, “China’s New Weapon Against Water Pollution: Its People,” Marketplace, May 2, 2016, www.marketplace.org/2016/04/27/world/chinas-new-weapon-against-water-pollution-its-people.

30. Beth Gardiner, “China’s Surprising Solutions to Clear Killer Air,” National Geographic, May 5, 2017, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/05/china-air-pollution-solutions-environment-tangshan/.

31. Wall Street Journal, May 20, 2017, www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-prosperity-eludes-a-generation-of-aging-workers-1494408607?mod=e2tw.

32. Graham Allison, “America Second? Yes, and China’s Lead Is Only Growing,” Boston Globe, May 22, 2017, www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2017/05/21/america-second-yes-and-china-lead-only-growing/7G6szOUkTobxmuhgDtLD7M/story.html.

33. Bryant and He, “The Robot Rampage.”

CHAPTER 4: WALLS

1. “The World Bank in West Bank and Gaza,” World Bank, www.worldbank.org/en/country/westbankandgaza/overview.

2. Hagai Amit, “Israel’s Unemployment Rate Falls to Lowest Rate in Decades,” Haaretz, August 21, 2017, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/business/1.808252.

3. www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/is.html

4. “The Battle of Smoot-Hawley,” Economist, December 18, 2008, www.economist.com/node/12798595.

5. Dominic Rushe, “Smoot and Hawley, the Ghosts of Tariffs Past, Haunt the White House,” Guardian, January 29, 2017, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/29/smoot-hawley-tariffs-protectionism-donald-trump.

6. Michael Hiltzik, The New Deal: A Modern History (New York: Free Press, 2011).

7. Alonzo Hamby, For the Survival of Democracy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), p. 164.

8. “The Lessons of 1937,” Economist, June 18, 2009, www.economist.com/node/13856176.

9. Hiltzik, The New Deal.

10. Alan Boyd, “ASEAN Free Trade Still a Distant Notion,” Asia Times, September 6, 2017, www.atimes.com/article/asean-free-trade-still-distant-notion/?utm_source=The+Daily+Brief&utm_campaign=6a07b57bf7-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2017_09_06&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_1f8bca137f-6a07b57bf7-31500929.

11. Danny Lee and Chris Keegan, “Beyond GDPR: Data Localization Laws Abroad,” Beecher Carlson, www.beechercarlson.com/company-news/beyond-gdpr-data-localization-laws-abroad.

12. Turkey’s President Erdogan insists these journalists are guilty of support for “terrorism.”

13. Elana Beiser, “Turkey’s Crackdown Propels Number of Journalists in Jail Worldwide to Record High,” Committee to Protect Journalists, December 13, 2016, https://cpj.org/reports/2016/12/journalists-jailed-record-high-turkey-crackdown.php.

14. Ruth Michaelson, “Egypt Blocks Access to News Websites Including Al-Jazeera and Mada Masr,” Guardian, May 25, 2017, www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/25/egypt-blocks-access-news-websites-al-jazeera-mada-masr-press-freedom.

15. Shruti Dhapola, “Internet Shutdowns in India: Why It Is Bad for Modi’s Digital India,” Indian Express, March 27, 2017, http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/internet-shutdowns-in-india-why-it-is-bad-for-modis-digital-india-4587416/.

16. “Cameroon Ends Internet Shutdown on Orders of President Paul Biya,” BBC, April 21, 2017, www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39665244.

17. Colin Daileda, “Turkey’s Internet Censorship Is Starting to Look Like China’s ‘Great Firewall,’” Mashable, December 20, 2016, http://mashable.com/2016/12/19/turkey-blocks-tor-vpn-censorship/#lTzU2owatmqZ.

18. “Tor Blocked in Turkey as Government Cracks Down on VPN Use,” Turkey Blocks, December 18, 2016, https://turkeyblocks.org/2016/12/18/tor-blocked-in-turkey-vpn-ban/.

19. “Iran Creates ‘Halal Internet’ to Control Online Information,” Reporters Without Borders, September 6, 2016, https://rsf.org/en/news/iran-creates-halal-internet-control-online-information.

20. Emily Parker, “Russia Is Trying to Copy China’s Approach to Internet Censorship,” Slate, April 4, 2017, www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2017/04/russia_is_trying_to_copy_china_s_internet_censorship.html.

21. Andrew Kramer, “Russians Selectively Blocking Internet,” New York Times, March 31, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/04/01/technology/russia-begins-selectively-blocking-internet-content.html.

22. www.cnn.com/2017/11/25/world/russia-foreign-agents-law-media/index.html

23. Eva Hartog, “How a New Law Is Making It Difficult for Russia’s Aggregators to Tell What’s New(s),” Moscow Times, April 7, 2017, https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/how-a-new-law-is-making-it-difficult-for-russias-news-aggregators-to-tell-whats-going-on-57657.

24. “China to Further Tighten Its Internet Controls,” Reuters, May 7, 2017, www.reuters.com/article/us-china-internet-idUSKBN1830AG?utm_source=Fareed%27s+Global+Briefing&utm_campaign=43b5234f80-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2017_05_08&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_6f2e93382a-43b5234f80-84041237.

25. “China’s ‘Great Cannon,’” Washington Post, April 11, 2015, www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/chinas-great-cannon/2015/04/11/c926c718-dfa6-11e4-a1b8-2ed88bc190d2_story.html?utm_term=.c0aff575f6f1.

26. “China Invents the Digital Totalitarian State,” Economist, December 17, 2016, www.economist.com/news/briefing/21711902-worrying-implications-its-social-credit-project-china-invents-digital-totalitarian.

27. Kaya Yurieff, “This Robot Can 3D Print a Building in 14 Hours,” CNN, May 2, 2017, http://money.cnn.com/2017/05/02/technology/3d-printed-building-mit/.

28. “More Neighbours Make More Fences,” Economist, January 7, 2016, www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2016/01/daily-chart-5.

29. Nick Wingfield, “Oculus Founder Plots a Comeback with a Virtual Border Wall,” New York Times, June 4, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/06/04/business/oculus-palmer-luckey-new-start-up.html?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=newsletter_axiosam&stream=top-stories&_r=0.

30. “Golden door” is a reference to the Emma Lazarus poem featured on the Statue of Liberty.

31. Katie Beck, “Why Citizenship Is Now a Commodity,” BBC, May 30, 2017, www.bbc.com/capital/story/20170530-why-citizenship-is-now-a-commodity.

32. Charles Blow, “The Self-Sort,” New York Times, April 11, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/04/12/opinion/blow-the-self-sort.html?_r=0.

33. Dana Thompson Dorsey, “Segregation 2.0: The New Generation of School Segregation in the 21st Century,” Education and Urban Society 45 (September 2013), pp. 533–547, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0013124513486287.

34. Lindsay Dunsmuir, “Many Americans Have No Friends of Another Race: Poll,” Reuters, August 8, 2013, www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-poll-race-idUSBRE97704320130808.

35. See summary article at Paul Taylor, “The Demographic Trends Shaping American Politics in 2016 and Beyond,” Fact Tank, Pew Research Center, January 27, 2016, www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/01/27/the-demographic-trends-shaping-american-politics-in-2016-and-beyond/.

36. Richard North Patterson, “The Democrats’ Demographic Dilemma,” Boston Globe, February 14, 2017, www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2017/02/14/the-democrats-demographic-dilemma/K1LM2FbTRdhk3FX1cGZG4H/story.html.

37. Adam Liptak, “Supreme Court Invalidates Key Part of Voting Rights Act,” New York Times, June 25, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/06/26/us/supreme-court-ruling.html.

38. “New Voting Restrictions in America,” Brennan Center for Justice, New York University School of Law, www.brennancenter.org/new-voting-restrictions-america.

39. The fourteen were Alabama, Arizona, Indiana, Kansas, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Ohio, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and Wisconsin.

40. “Voting Laws Roundup 2017,” Brennan Center for Justice, New York University School of Law, May 10, 2017, www.brennancenter.org/analysis/voting-laws-roundup-2017.

41. Justin Levitt, “A Comprehensive Investigation of Voter Impersonation Finds 31 Credible Incidents out of One Billion Ballots Cast,” Washington Post, August 6, 2014, www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/08/06/a-comprehensive-investigation-of-voter-impersonation-finds-31-credible-incidents-out-of-one-billion-ballots-cast/?utm_term=.d825eaac36b3.

42. Ari Berman, “Trump’s Commission on ‘Election Integrity’ Will Lead to Massive Voter Suppression,” Nation, May 11, 2017, www.thenation.com/article/trumps-commission-on-election-integrity-will-lead-to-massive-voter-suppression/.

43. “India’s ID System Is Reshaping Ties Between State and Citizens,” Economist, April 12, 2017, www.economist.com/news/asia/21720609-long-they-have-mobile-signal-indias-id-system-reshaping-ties-between-state-and-citizens.

44. “China Invents the Digital Totalitarian State,” Economist, December 17, 2016, www.economist.com/news/briefing/21711902-worrying-implications-its-social-credit-project-china-invents-digital-totalitarian.

CHAPTER 5: NEW DEALS

1. John Helliwell, Richard Layard, and Jeffrey Sachs (eds.), “World Happiness Report 2017,” Sustainable Development Solutions Network, New York, 2017, http://worldhappiness.report/ed/2017/.

2. The first government pension plan was introduced by Otto von Bismarck in imperial Germany. The world’s first old-age social insurance plan was established in 1889. The retirement age was set at seventy.

3. “A Timeline of the Evolution of Retirement in the United States,” Workplace Flexibility 2010, Georgetown University Law Center, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=legal.

4. Eduardo Porter, “Investments in Education May Be Misdirected,” New York Times, April 2, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/04/03/business/studies-highlight-benefits-of-early-education.html.

5. Rebecca Mead, “The Lessons of Mayor Bill De Blasio’s Universal Pre-K Initiative,” New Yorker, September 7, 2017, www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-lessons-of-mayor-bill-de-blasios-universal-pre-k-initiative.

6. Scott McDonald, “Businesses Can No Longer Avoid Becoming Political,” Harvard Business Review, April 20, 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/04/businesses-can-no-longer-avoid-becoming-political.

7. “Equipping People to Stay Ahead of Technological Change,” Economist, January 14, 2017, www.economist.com/news/leaders/21714341-it-easy-say-people-need-keep-learning-throughout-their-careers-practicalities.

8. Kevin Delaney, “The Robot That Takes Your Job Should Pay Taxes, Says Bill Gates,” Quartz, February 17, 2017, https://qz.com/911968/bill-gates-the-robot-that-takes-your-job-should-pay-taxes/.

9. Lawrence Summers, “Robots Are Wealth Creators and Taxing Them Is Illogical,” Financial Times, March 5, 2017, www.ft.com/content/42ab292a-000d-11e7-8d8e-a5e3738f9ae4.

10. Nils Pratley and Jill Treanor, “Mohamed El-Erian: ‘We Get Signals That the System Is Under Enormous Stress,’” Guardian, May 13, 2017, www.theguardian.com/business/2017/may/13/mohamed-el-erian-signals-system-enormous-stress-global-capitalism.

11. Liz Alderman, “Feeling ‘Pressure All the Time’ on Europe’s Treadmill of Temporary Work,” New York Times, February 9, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/02/09/business/europe-jobs-economy-youth-unemployment-millenials.html?emc=edit_nn_20170209&nl=morning-briefing&nlid=75028914&te=1&_r=0.

12. Marie Preisler, “Disruption Shakes the Nordic Agreement Model,” Nordic Labour Journal, May 19, 2017, www.nordiclabourjournal.org/i-fokus/in-focus-2017/sharing-economy-2017/article.2017-05-18.0607954247.

13. Maija Unkuri, “Will Finland’s Basic Income Trial Help the Jobless?,” BBC, January 16, 2017, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38593513.

14. Leonid Bershidsky, “A Robot Tax Is a Bad Idea,” Bloomberg, January 23, 2017, www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-01-23/why-benoit-hamon-s-idea-of-a-robot-tax-is-flawed.

15. Thomas Paine, “Agrarian Justice,” www.ssa.gov/history/paine4.html.

16. Andrew Flowers, “What Would Happen if We Just Gave People Money?,” Five Thirty Eight, April 25, 2016, http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/universal-basic-income/.

17. Stephen Kresge and Leif Wenar (eds.), Hayek on Hayek: An Autobiographical Dialogue (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).

18. Christine Emba, “Universal Basic Income,” Washington Post, September 28, 2015, www.washingtonpost.com/news/in-theory/wp/2015/09/28/universal-basic-income-a-primer/?utm_term=.cbeee65e1209.

19. “Signing for Paradise to Come,” Economist, June 4, 2016, www.economist.com/news/briefing/21699910-arguments-state-stipend-payable-all-citizens-are-being-heard-more-widely-sighing.

20. “The Social Contract,” Economist, July 16, 2015, www.economist.com/news/special-report/21657613-two-big-simple-government-promisesof-home-and-comfortable-old-agehave-become-harder.

21. Jonathan Tepperman, “Brazil’s Antipoverty Breakthrough,” Foreign Affairs, January/February 2016, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/brazil/2015-12-14/brazils-antipoverty-breakthrough.

22. Allen Cone, “Saudi Arabia Cuts Government Workers’ Pay for First Time,” UPI, September 27, 2016, www.upi.com/Saudi-Arabia-cuts-government-workers-pay-for-first-time/9441474985619/.

23. www.nytimes.com/2017/10/26/us/politics/trump-opioid-crisis.html

24. Seth Kaplan, “Horizontal Versus Vertical Social Cohesion: Why the Differences Matter,” Global Dashboard, March 12, 2012, www.globaldashboard.org/2012/03/12/horizontal-versus-vertical-social-cohesion-why-the-differences-matter/.

25. Mark Zuckerberg, “Building Global Community,” Facebook, February 16, 2017, www.facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/building-global-community/10154544292806634.

26. “I think today we need more global infrastructure in order to unlock a lot of the biggest opportunities and solve some of the biggest challenges. So when you’re talking about spreading freedom or trade, or you’re talking about fighting terrorism, where a civil war in one country leads to refugee crises across multiple continents, these are not typically problems any one country has the tools by itself to go solve. I think we have a responsibility as a technology company at a pretty big scale to see what we can do to push on that.” Robert Safian, “Mark Zuckerberg on Fake News, Free Speech, and What Drives Facebook,” Fast Company, April 11, 2017, www.fastcompany.com/40397297/mark-zuckerberg-on-fake-news-free-speech-and-what-drives-facebook.

27. Cory Weinberg, “Facebook, Airbnb, Salesforce Give $225K on S.F. Affordable Housing Ballot Measure,” San Francisco Business Times, October 29, 2015, www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/blog/real-estate/2015/10/facebook-airbnb-salesforce-affordable-housing.html.

28. Josh Constine, “Facebook Has Connected 40M People with Internet.org,” TechCrunch, November 2, 2016, https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/02/omnipresent/.

29. “What Employers Can Do to Encourage Their Workers to Retrain,” Economist, January 14, 2017, www.economist.com/news/special-report/21714171-companies-are-embracing-learning-core-skill-what-employers-can-do-encourage-their.

30. Paul Hunter, “Bringing Education to the World’s Poor Children,” Toronto Star, December 28, 2014, www.thestar.com/news/insight/2014/12/28/bringing_education_to_the_worlds_poor_children.html.

31. https://sosofancy.com/from-books-to-bytes-a-learning-revolution-for-the-poor-49b504b0245a

32. Dominic Omondi, “More Than Half of Kenyans Use M-Pesa, Says Report,” Standard Digital, February 27, 2017, www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2001230799/more-than-half-of-kenyans-use-m-pesa-says-report.

33. Eric Auchard and Toby Sterling, “Google and Sister Company to Offer Cyber Security to Election Groups,” Reuters, March 21, 2017, www.reuters.com/article/us-cyber-election-idUSKBN16S166.

34. Sarah Larimer, “Hopkins Hires Hundreds in Baltimore, Seeking to Strengthen Community,” Washington Post, March 9, 2017, www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2017/03/09/hopkins-hires-hundreds-in-baltimore-seeking-to-strengthen-community/?utm_term=.a7c8eb33842e.

CONCLUSION

1. Eberstadt, “Our Miserable 21st Century”; Gwynn Guilford and Preeti Varathan, “Nearly half of working-age American men who are out of the labor force are using painkillers daily,” Quartz, September 7, 2017, https://qz.com/1070206/nearly-half-of-working-age-american-men-who-are-out-of-the-labor-force-are-using-painkillers-daily/.

2. Domenico Montanaro, Rachel Wellford, and Simone Pathe, “2014 Midterm Election Turnout Lowest in 70 Years,” PBS News Hour, November 10, 2014, www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/2014-midterm-election-turnout-lowest-in-70-years/.

3. Yascha Mounk, “Yes, American Democracy Could Break Down,” Politico, October 22, 2016, www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/10/trump-american-democracy-could-break-down-214383.

4. Dirk Helbing et al., “Will Democracy Survive Big Data and Artificial Intelligence?,” Scientific American, February 25, 2017, www.scientificamerican.com/article/will-democracy-survive-big-data-and-artificial-intelligence/.