Interviews
Salman Ahmed, interview with author, November 30, 2017.
Richard Armitage, interview with author, September 26, 2017.
James A. Baker III, interview with author, April 8, 2013.
James Baker, interview with author, September 4, 2013.
Samuel “Sandy” Berger, interview with author, May 1, 2013.
Tony Blinken, interview with author, October 26, 2017.
Paul Bremer, interview with author, April 18, 2013.
Shawn Brimley, interview with author, April 11, 2013.
Zbigniew Brzezinski, interview with author, April 12, 2013.
James Cartwright, interview with author, October 23, 2017.
George Casey, interview with author, April 21, 2013.
Sandra Charles, interview with author, September 19, 2013.
Tarun Chhabra, interview with author, November 16, 2017.
Dick Cheney, interview with author, August 9, 2013.
Derek Chollet, interview with author, December 21, 2011.
J. D. Crouch, interview with author, April 23, 2014.
Ivo Daalder, interview with author, March 21, 2013.
Sandra Drew, interview with author, September 10, 2017.
Phillip Dur, interviews with author, May 1, 2013; April 23, 2014; and August 11, 2017.
Peter Feaver, interviews with author, December 3, 2013; and October 10, 2017.
Michèle Flournoy, interview with author, October 22, 2017.
Leon Fuerth, interview with author, May 2, 2014.
Robert Gates, interview with author, July 31, 2013.
Suzy George, interview with author, February 12, 2018.
Richard Haass, interviews with author, January 10, 2013; and August 14, 2017.
Stephen Hadley, interviews with author, September 6, 2013; and March 28, 2018.
Mort Halperin, interviews with author, April 12, 2013; and August 16, 2017.
David Jeremiah, interview with author, April 12, 2013.
James Jones, interview with author, October 18, 2017.
Geoff Kemp, interviews with author, April 17, 2013; and July 18, 2017.
Donald Kerrick, interview with author, April 8, 2013.
Robert Kimmitt, interview with author, April 11, 2013.
Anthony Lake, interview with author, August 30, 2013.
Winston Lord, interview with author, April 15, 2013.
Doug Lute, interview with author, September 30, 2017.
William Luti, interview with author, April 5, 2014.
Laurence Lynn, interview with author, May 15, 2013.
Kelly Magsamen, interview with author, October 21, 2017.
Denis McDonough, interview with author, October 18, 2017.
Robert “Bud” McFarlane, interview with author, September 5, 2013.
Brett McGurk, interview with author, June 2, 2014.
Brian McKeon, interview with author, October 13, 2017.
H. R. McMaster, interview with author, June 25, 2018.
Michael Mullen, interview with author, December 20, 2017.
Vali Nasr, interview with author, April 15, 2013.
John Negroponte, interview with author, September 6, 2013.
James O’Brien, interview with author, September 20, 2013.
Meghan O’Sullivan, interviews with author, January 23, 2014; February 10, 2014; and August 30, 2017.
David Petraeus, interview with author, March 11, 2018.
John Poindexter, interview with author, April 8, 2013.
Colin Powell, interview with author, April 4, 2013.
Condoleezza Rice, interview with author, June 24, 2014.
Susan Rice, interview with author, January 17, 2018.
Donald Rumsfeld, interview with author, April 9, 2014.
Brent Scowcroft, interview with author, January 31, 2013.
George Shultz, interview with author, December 19, 2012.
Gary Sick, interview with author, April 25, 2013.
Walter Slocombe, interview with author, February 13, 2013.
Nancy Soderberg, interview with author, April 17, 2013.
John Sununu, interview with author, April 11, 2013.
Howard Teicher, interviews with author, April 15, 2013; and July 21, 2017.
John Tien, interview with author, October 30, 2017.
Strobe Talbott, interview with author, January 28, 2013.
Nate Tibbitts, interview with author, April 18, 2013.
Alexander Vershbow, interviews with author, March 21, 2013; and August 16, 2017.
Tommy Vietor, interview with author, September 28, 2017.
Jenonne Walker, interview with author, April 22, 2014.
David Welch, interview with author, September 9, 2013.
Francis “Bing” West, interview with author, July 9, 2013.
Paul Wolfowitz, interview with author, September 5, 2013.
Phillip Zelikow, interview with author, May 6, 2014.
Original Document Sources
Central Intelligence Agency. “Bosnia, Intelligence, and the Clinton Presidency,” accessed May 2014, http://www.foia.cia.gov/collection/bosnia-intelligence-and-clinton-presidency.
Central Intelligence Agency, CIA Records Research Tool (CREST).
Drew Family Archives, courtesy of Sandra Drew.
Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, and Boyhood Home, Abilene, Kansas (EPL).
Federation of American Scientists (FAS). https://www.fas.org/.
Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS).
General George Casey Papers, National Defense University Archives (GGCP).
George Bush Presidential Library and Museum, College Station, Texas (GBPLM).
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan (GFPL).
Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, Independence, Missouri (HSTL).
The Jimmy Carter Presidential Museum, Atlanta, George (JCPM).
The John Boykin Collection, The National Security Archives (George Washington University).
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, Boston, Massachusetts (JFKPL).
Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin, Texas (LBJL).
The National Archives.
The National Security Archives at George Washington University.
Papers of Donald Rumsfeld. http://papers.rumsfeld.com/library/.
Peters, Gerhard, and John T. Woolley. The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.
Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, Yorba Linda, California (RNPL).
Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Library, Simi Valley, California (RRL).
William J. Clinton Presidential Library, Little Rock, Arkansas (WJCL).
Oral Histories
Destler, I. M., and Ivo Daalder (moderators). “The Clinton Administration National Security Council.” September 27, 2000. The National Security Council Project, The Brookings Institution and the University of Maryland Center for International and Security Studies (CISSM). http://www.brookings.edu/about/projects/archive/nsc/oralhistories.
_____ . “The Nixon Administration National Security Council.” December 8, 1998. The National Security Council Project, The Brookings Institution and the University of Maryland Center for International and Security Studies (CISSM). http://www.brookings.edu/about/projects/archive/nsc/oralhistories.
_____ . “The Role of the National Security Advisor.” October 25, 1990. The National Security Council Project, The Brookings Institution and the University of Maryland Center for International and Security Studies (CISSM). http://www.brookings.edu/about/projects/archive/nsc/oralhistories.
Edmund S. Muskie Oral History Collection. https://scarab.bates.edu/muskie_oh/.
Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, Arlington, VA, www.adst.org.
Frontline, “Oral History,” “The Gulf War,” PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/oral/.
Library of Congress, “The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection.” http://www.loc.gov/collection/foreign-affairs-oral-history/about-this-collection/.
Miller Center, “Presidential Oral History Program,” University of Virginia. http://millercenter.org/oralhistory.
Oral Histories, Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, and Boyhood Home, Abilene, Kansas (EPL).
Oral Histories, Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, Independence, Missouri (HSTL).
Oral Histories, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin, Texas (LBJL).
Oral Histories, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, Boston, Massachusetts (JFKPL).
Books
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Baker, James A. III, and Lee H. Hamilton. “The Iraq Study Group Report.” United States Institute of Peace, December 6, 2006.
Baker, Peter. Days of Fire: Bush and Cheney in the White House. New York: Doubleday, 2013.
Barrett, David M. Uncertain Warriors: Lyndon Johnson and His Vietnam Advisers. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993.
Berman, Larry. No Peace, No Honor. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.
_____ . Planning a Tragedy: The Americanization of Vietnam. New York: Norton, 1982.
Beschloss, Michael R. Reaching for Glory: Lyndon Johnson’s Secret White House Tapes, 1964–1965. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.
_____ . Taking Charge: The Johnson White House Tapes, 1963–1964. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997.
Bird, Kai. The Color of Truth: McGeorge Bundy and William Bundy, Brothers in Arms: A Biography. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998.
_____ . The Good Spy: The Life and Death of Robert Ames. Kindle Edition. New York: Crown Publishers, 2014.
Bloom, Allan. The Republic of Plato. New York: Basic Books, 1968.
Bowie, Robert R., and Richard H. Immerman. Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Brzezinski, Zbigniew. Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor, 1977–1981. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1983.
Bundy, William. A Tangled Web: The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency. New York: Hill and Wang, 1998.
Burke, John. Honest Broker: The National Security Advisor and Presidential Decision Making. College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 2009.
Burke, John, and Fred I. Greenstein. How Presidents Test Reality. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1989.
Bush, George, and Brent Scowcroft. A World Transformed. New York: Knopf; Vintage, 1998.
Bush, George W. Decision Points. Kindle Edition. New York: Crown Publishers, 2010.
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Caro, Robert A. Passage of Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2012.
Casey, George W. Strategic Reflections: Operation Iraqi Freedom, July 2004–February 2007. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 2012.
Cheney, Dick, with Liz Cheney. In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir. New York: Threshold Editions, 2011.
Chollet, Derek. The Road to the Dayton Accords: A Study of American Statecraft. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Chollet, Derek, and Bennet Freeman. The Secret History of Dayton: U.S. Diplomacy and the Bosnia Peace Process 1995. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 171. Washington: National Security Archive, 1995.
Christopher, Warren. In the Stream of History: Shaping Foreign Policy for a New Era. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998.
Clausewitz, Carl von. On War. Revised edition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984.
Cooper, Chester. The Lost Crusade. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1970.
CQ Press. 2005 Federal Staff Directory. Washington, DC: CQ Press, Fall 2005.
Crist, David. The Twilight War: The Secret History of America’s Thirty-Year Conflict with Iran. Kindle Edition, 142. Penguin Publishing Group.
Daalder, Ivo H. Getting to Dayton: The Making of America’s Bosnia Policy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000.
Daalder, Ivo H., and I. M. Destler. In the Shadow of the Oval Office: Profiles of the National Security Advisers and the Presidents They Served: From JFK to George W. Bush. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009.
Dallek, Robert. Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.
_____ . Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power. New York: Harper Collins, 2007.
Deaver, Michael, with Mickey Herkowitz. Behind the Scenes. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1987.
Destler, I. M. Presidents, Bureaucrats, and Foreign Policy: The Politics of Organizational Reform. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972.
Destler, I. M., Les Gelb, and Anthony Lake. Our Own Worst Enemy: The Unmaking of American Foreign Policy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984.
Drew, Elizabeth. On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
_____ . Showdown: The Struggle Between the Gingrich Congress and the Clinton White House. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
Ellsberg, Daniel. Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers. New York: Viking, 2002.
Freedman, Lawrence, and Efraim Karsh. The Gulf Conflict, 1990–1991: Diplomacy and War in the New World Order. London: Faber and Faber, 1993.
Friedman, Thomas. From Beirut to Jerusalem: One Man’s Middle Eastern Odyssey. London: Fontana, 1990.
Gans, John A. The Midnight Watch: The NSC Staff, Drift, and Decision in Conflict. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014.
Gates, Robert M. Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014.
Gelb, Leslie H., with Richard K. Betts. The Irony of Vietnam: The System Worked. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1979.
Gettleman, Marvin E., Jane Franklin, Marilyn B. Young, and H. Bruce Franklin, eds. Vietnam and America. New York: Grove Press, 1995.
Gittinger, Ted, ed. The Johnson Years. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993.
Goldstein, Gordon M. Lessons in Disaster: McGeorge Bundy and the Path to War in Vietnam. New York: Henry Holt, 2009.
Goodwin, Doris Kearns. Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream. New York: New American Library, 1977.
Gordon, Michael R., and Bernard E. Trainor. Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq. New York: Pantheon Books, 2006.
_____ . The Endgame: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Iraq, From George W. Bush to Barack Obama. New York: Pantheon Books, 2012.
_____ . The Generals’ War: The Inside Story of the Conflict in the Gulf. Boston: Little, Brown, 1995.
Haass, Richard. War of Necessity, War of Choice. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009.
Habeeb, William Mark. The Middle East in Turmoil: Conflict, Revolution, and Change. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2012.
Haig, Alexander Meigs. Caveat: Realism, Reagan, and Foreign Policy. New York: Macmillan, 1984.
Haig, Alexander M. Jr., with Charles McCarry. Inner Circles: How America Changed the World: A Memoir. New York: Warner Books, 1992.
Halberstam, David. The Best and the Brightest. 20th edition. New York: Random House, 2001.
_____ . The Making of a Quagmire: America and Vietnam During the Kennedy Era. New York: Knopf, 1988.
_____ . War in a Time of Peace. New York: Scribner, 2001.
Haldeman, H. R. The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House. New York: G. P. Putnam’s, 1994.
Haldeman, H. R, and Joseph DiMona. The Ends of Power. New York: Times Books, 1978.
Halperin, Morton H., and Priscilla A. Clapp, with Arnold Kanter. Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy. 2nd edition. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2006.
Hammel, Eric. The Root: The Marines in Beirut August 1982–February 1984. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1999.
Herring, George C. America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975. 4th edition. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2002.
Hersh, Seymour M. The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House. New York: Summit Books, 1983.
Hilsman, Roger. The Politics of Policy Making in Defense and Foreign Affairs. New York: Harper & Row, 1971.
Holbrooke, Richard C. To End A War. New York: Modern Library, 1999.
Iklé, Fred. Every War Must End. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.
Inderfurth, Karl F., and Loch K. Johnson, eds. Fateful Decisions: Inside the National Security Council. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Isaacson, Walter. Kissinger: A Biography. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.
Jackson, Henry M., ed. The National Security Council: Jackson Subcommittee Papers on Policy-Making at the Presidential Level. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1965.
Johnson, Lyndon B. The Vantage Point. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971.
Johnson, Richard Tanner. Managing the White House. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.
Jones, Charles O., ed. Preparing to be President: The Memos of Richard E. Neustadt. Washington, DC: AEI Press, 2000.
Kahin, George McTurnan. Intervention: How America Became Involved In Vietnam. New York: Knopf, 1986.
Kagan, Frederick W. “Choosing Victory: A Plan for Success in Iraq: Phase I Report.” A Report of the Iraq Planning Group, American Enterprise Institute (AEI), 2006. http://www.aei.org/events/2006/12/14/choosing-victory-a-plan-for-success-in-iraq-event/.
Kaiser, David E. American Tragedy: Kennedy, Johnson, and the Origins of the Vietnam War. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2000.
Kaplan, Fred M. The Insurgents: David Petraeus and the Plot to Change the American Way of War. Kindle Edition. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013.
Kaplan, Robert D. Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993.
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Kengor, Paul, and Patricia Clark Doerner. The Judge: William Clark, Ronald Reagan’s Top Hand. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2007.
Kimball, Jeffrey P. Nixon’s Vietnam War. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998.
_____, ed. The Vietnam War Files. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004.
Kimball, Warren F. The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt As Wartime Statesman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.
Kissinger, Henry A. Ending the Vietnam War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003.
_____ . The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy. New York: Harper, 1961.
_____ . White House Years. Boston: Little, Brown, 1979.
_____ . Years of Upheaval. Boston: Little, Brown, 1982.
Lake, Anthony. Somoza Falling. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989.
Landler, Mark. Alter Egos: Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, and the Twilight Struggle Over American Power. New York: Random House, 2016.
Logevall, Fredrik. Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
Machiavelli, Niccolò. The Prince. Translated by Luigi Ricci. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
Mann, James. The Obamians: The Struggle Inside the White House to Redefine American Power. New York: Viking, 2012.
Mansoor, Peter. Surge: My Journey with General David Petraeus and the Remaking of the Iraq War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013.
Mazarr, Michael J., Don M. Snider, and James A Blackwell Jr. Desert Storm: The Gulf War and What We Learned. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993.
McCausland, Jeffrey. The Gulf Conflict: A Military Analysis. Adelphi papers no. 282. London: Brassey’s for The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1993.
McDermott, Anthony, and Kjell Skjelsbaek, eds. The Multinational Force in Beirut, 1982–1984. Miami: Florida International University Press, 1991.
McFarlane, Robert C., with Zofia Smardz. Special Trust. New York: Cadell & Davies, 1994.
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McNamara, Robert S., James G. Blight, and Robert K. Brigham. Argument without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy. New York: PublicAffairs, 1999.
Meacham, Jon. Destiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush. New York: Random House, 2015.
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Metz, Steven. Decisionmaking in Operation Iraqi Freedom: The Strategic Shift of 2007. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, May 2010.
Morris, Roger. An Uncertain Greatness: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy. New York: Harper & Row, 1977.
Nelson, Michael, ed. Guide to the Presidency and Executive Branch. 5th edition. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press, 2013.
Neustadt, Richard. Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents: The Politics of Leadership from Roosevelt to Reagan. New York: Free Press, 1990.
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The Pentagon Papers: The Defense Department History of United States Decisionmaking On Vietnam. Senator Gravel edition. Boston: Beacon Press, 1971.
Powell, Colin, with Joseph E. Persico. My American Journey. New York: Ballantine Books, 1995.
Prados, John. Keepers of the Keys: A History of the National Security Council from Truman to Bush. New York: William Morrow, 1991.
Preston, Andrew. The War Council: McGeorge Bundy, the NSC and Vietnam. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006.
Reagan, Ronald. The Reagan Diaries. Edited by Douglas Brinkley. New York: HarperCollins, 2007.
Reeves, Richard. President Kennedy: Profile of Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993.
_____ . President Nixon: Alone In the White House. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.
Rhodes, Ben. The World As It Is: A Memoir of the Obama White House. New York: Random House, 2018.
Rice, Condoleezza. No Higher Honor: A Memoir of My Years In Washington. Kindle Edition. New York: Crown Publishers, 2011.
Ricks, Thomas E. The Gamble: General David Petraeus and the American Military Adventure in Iraq, 2006–2008. New York: Penguin Press, 2009.
Rothkopf, David. National Insecurity: American Leadership in an Age of Fear. New York: PublicAffairs, 2016.
_____ . Running the World: The Inside Story of the National Security Council and the Architects of American Power. New York: PublicAffairs, 2005.
Rumsfeld, Donald. Known and Unknown: A Memoir. Kindle Edition. New York: Sentinel, 2011.
Rusk, Dean, as told to Richard Rusk. As I Saw It. New York: Norton, 1990.
Safire, William. Before the Fall: An Inside View of the Pre-Watergate White House. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1975.
Sanger, David E. Confront and Conceal: Obama’s Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power. New York: Crown Publishers, 2012.
Schlesinger, Arthur M. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965.
Schmitz, David. Richard Nixon and the Vietnam War: The End of the American Century. E-book edition. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2014.
Shoemaker, Christopher. The Decisional Dilemma: Structure, Function, and the NSC Staff. Carlisle Barracks, PA: US Army War College, 1989.
_____ . The NSC Staff: Counseling the Council. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991.
Shultz, George Pratt. Turmoil and Triumph: My Years As Secretary of State. New York: Scribner’s, 1993.
Sick, Gary. All Fall Down: America’s Tragic Encounter with Iran. New York: Penguin Books, 1986.
Sparrow, Bartholomew H. The Strategist: Brent Scowcroft and the Call of National Security. New York: PublicAffairs, 2015.
Silber, Laura, and Alan Little. Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation. New York: Penguin Books, 1997.
Smith, Bromley K. Organizational History of the National Security Council during the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations. Washington, DC: National Security Council, 1988.
Spiegel, Steven. The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict: Making America’s Middle East Policy, from Truman to Reagan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
Strober, Gerald S., and Deborah H Strober. Nixon, an Oral History of His Presidency. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.
Taylor, Maxwell D. Swords and Plowshares. New York: Norton, 1972.
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_____ . The Choice: How Clinton Won. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
_____ . The Commanders. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.
_____ . Obama’s Wars. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010.
_____ . State of Denial. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006.
_____ . The War Within: A Secret White House History, 2006–2008. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008.
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Zegart, Amy B. Flawed by Design: The Evolution of the CIA, JCS, and NSC. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999.
Book Chapters
Apple, R. W. “Introduction.” In John Tower, Edmund Muskie, and Brent Scowcroft, The Tower Commission Report. New York: Bantam Books, 1987.
Auerswald, David. “The Evolution of the Statutory NSC Process.” In The National Security Enterprise: Navigating the Labyrinth. Edited by Roger Z. George and Harvey Rishikof, 31–54. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2011.
Brodie, Bernard. “The Tet Offensive.” In Decisive Battles of the Twentieth Century: Land, Sea, Air. Edited by Noble Frankland and Christopher Dowling, 320–34. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1976.
Chollet, Derek. “The National Security Council: Is It Effective, or Is It Broken?” In The Oxford Handbook of U.S. National Security. Edited by Derek S. Reveron, Nikolas K. Gvosdev, and John A. Cloud, 111–22. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.
Cutler, Robert. “The National Security Council under President Eisenhower.” In The National Security Council: Jackson Subcommittee Papers on Policy-Making at the Presidential Level. Edited by Henry M. Jackson. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1965.
Eberstadt, Ferdinand. “Postwar Organization for National Security.” Reprinted in Fateful Decisions: Inside the National Security Council. Edited by Karl F. Inderfurth and Loch K. Johnson, 17–20. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Hudson, Valerie M. “Foreign Policy Decision-Making: A Touchstone for International Relations Theory in the Twenty-First Century.” In Foreign Policy Decision-Making (Revisited). Edited by Valerie M. Hudson, Derek H. Chollet, and James M. Goldgeier, 1–20. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
Hunter, Robert. “Working Hard, Having Fun at the NSC.” In Zbig: The Strategy and Statecraft of Zbigniew Brzezinski. Edited by Charles Gati, 116–19. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.
Jackson, Henry M. “How Shall We Forge a Strategy of Survival?” Address before the National War College, Washington, DC, April 16, 1959. Reprinted in Fateful Decisions: Inside the National Security Council. Edited by Karl F. Inderfurth and Loch K. Johnson. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Kemp, Geoffrey. “The American Peacekeeping Role.” In The Multinational Force in Beirut, 1982–1984. Edited by Anthony McDermott and Kjell Skjelsbaek, 131–42. Miami: Florida International University Press, 1991.
Kissinger, Henry A. “Bureaucracy and Policy Making: The Effect of Insiders and Outsiders on the Policy Process.” In Bureaucracy, Politics and Strategy. Edited by Henry A. Kissinger and Bernard Brodie. Security Studies Project, University of California, Los Angeles, Paper Number 17. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA, 1968.
Lovett, Robert A. “Perspective on the Policy Process.” In The National Security Council: Jackson Subcommittee Papers on Policy-Making at the Presidential Level. Edited by Henry M. Jackson, 75–98. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1965.
Nelson, Anna Kasten. “The Importance of Foreign Policy Process: Eisenhower and the National Security Council.” In Eisenhower: A Centenary Assessment. Edited by Stephen E. Ambrose and Gunter Bischoff, 111–24. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995.
Nelson, Richard W. “Multinational Peacekeeping in the Middle East and the United Nations Model.” In The Multinational Force in Beirut, 1982–1984. Edited by Anthony McDermott and Kjell Skjelsbaek, 3–36. Miami: Florida International University Press, 1991.
Pelcovits, Nathan. “What Went Wrong?” In The Multinational Force in Beirut, 1982–1984. Edited by Anthony McDermott and Kjell Skjelsbaek, 37–79. Miami: Florida International University Press, 1991.
Resende-Santos, Jaoa. “The Persian Gulf Crisis: A Chronology of Events.” In After the Storm: Lessons from the Gulf War. Edited by Joseph S. Nye Jr. and Roger K. Smith, 3–30. Lanham, MD: Madison Books, 1992.
Rothkopf, David. “Setting the Stage for the Current Era.” In Zbig: The Strategy and Statecraft of Zbigniew Brzezinski. Edited by Charles Gati, 63–84. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.
Talbott, Strobe. “Status Quo Ante: The United States and Its Allies.” In After the Storm: Lessons from the Gulf War. Edited by Joseph S. Nye Jr. and Roger K. Smith, 83–111. Lanham, MD: Madison Books, 1992.
Thomson, James. “The Evening Report.” In Zbig: The Strategy and Statecraft of Zbigniew Brzezinski. Edited by Charles Gati, 120–24. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.
Journal Articles
Alvandi, Roham. “Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: The Origins of Iranian Primacy in the Persian Gulf.” Diplomatic History 36, no. 2 (April 2012): 337–72.
Art, Robert J. “Bureaucratic Politics and American Foreign Policy: A Critique.” Policy Sciences 4, no. 4 (December 1973): 467–90.
Biddle, Stephen, Jeffrey A. Friedman, and Jacob N. Shapiro. “Testing the Surge: Why Did Violence Decline in Iraq in 2007?” International Security 37, no. 1 (Summer 2012): 7–40.
Bock, Joseph G., and Duncan L. Clarke. “The National Security Assistant and the White House Staff: National Security Policy Decisionmaking and Domestic Political Considerations, 1947–1984.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 16, no. 2 (Spring 1986): 258–79.
Brzezinski, Zbigniew. “The NSC’s Midlife Crisis.” Foreign Policy 69 (Winter 1987–1988): 80–99.
Cohen, Eliot A. “Civil-Military Relations.” Orbis 41, no. 2 (Spring 1997): 177–86.
Cutler, Robert. “The Development of the National Security Council.” Foreign Affairs 34, no. 3 (April 1956): 441–58.
Destler, I. M. “A Job That Doesn’t Work.” Foreign Policy, no. 38 (Spring 1980): 80–88.
_____ . “National Security Advice to U.S. Presidents: Some Lessons from Thirty Years.” World Politics 29, no. 2 (January 1977): 143–76.
_____ . “National Security Management: What Presidents Have Wrought.” Political Science Quarterly 95, no. 4 (Winter 1980–1981): 577–83.
Dueck, Colin. “The Role of the National Security Advisor and the 2006 Iraq Strategy Review.” Orbis 58, no. 1 (Winter 2014): 15–38.
Falk, Stanley L. “The National Security Council Under Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy.” Political Science Quarterly 79, no. 3 (September 1964): 403–34.
Feaver, Peter. “The Right to Be Right: Civil-Military Relations and the Iraq Surge Decision.” International Security 35, no. 4 (Spring 2011): 87–125.
George, Alexander L. “The Case for Multiple Advocacy in Making Foreign Policy.” The American Political Science Review 66, no. 3 (September 1972): 751–95.
Greenstein, Fred. “A Journalist’s Vendetta.” The New Republic 189, no. 5 (August 1, 1983): 29.
Greenstein, Fred I., and Richard H. Immerman. “Effective National Security Advising: Recovering the Eisenhower Legacy.” Political Science Quarterly 115, no. 3 (Autumn 2000): 335–45.
Hammond, Paul Y. “The National Security Council as a Device for Interdepartmental Coordination: An Interpretation and Appraisal.” American Political Science Review 54, no. 4 (December 1960): 899–910.
Holbrooke, Richard. “America, a European Power.” Foreign Affairs 74, no. 2 (March–April 1995): 38–51.
Horn, Murray J., and Kenneth A. Shepsle. “Commentary on ‘Administrative Arrangements and the Political Control of Agencies: Administrative Process and Organizational Form as Legislative Responses to Agency Costs.’ ” Virginia Law Review 75 (1989): 499–508.
Humphrey, David C. “NSC Meetings during the Johnson Presidency.” Diplomatic History 18, no. 1 (Winter 1994): 29–45.
Johnson, Robert H. “The National Security Council: The Relevance of its Past to its Future.” Orbis (Fall 1969): 709–35.
Kemp, Geoffrey. “Lessons in Lebanon: A Guideline for Future U.S. Policy.” Middle East Insight 6 (Summer 1988): 57–68.
Kissinger, Henry A. “The Viet Nam Negotiations.” Foreign Affairs 47, no. 2 (January 1969): 211–34.
Lay, James S. Jr. “National Security Council’s Role in the U.S. Security and Peace Program.” World Affairs 115, no. 2 (Summer 1952): 37–39.
Macey, Jonathan R. “Organizational Design and Political Control of Administrative Agencies.” Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 8, no. 1 (March 1992): 93–110.
May, Ernest R. “The Development of Political-Military Consultation in the United States.” Political Science Quarterly 70, no. 2 (June 1955): 161–80.
Nelson, Anna Kasten. “President Truman and the Evolution of the National Security Council.” Journal of American History 72, no. 2 (September 1985): 360–78.
_____ . “The ‘Top of Policy Hill’: President Eisenhower and the National Security Council.” Diplomatic History 7, no. 4 (October 1983): 307–26.
Nelson, Michael. “Neustadt’s ‘Presidential Power’ at 50.” Chronicle of Higher Education, March 28, 2010. http://chronicle.com/article/Neustadts-Presidential/64816/.
Nixon, Richard. “Asia After Viet Nam.” Foreign Affairs 46, issue 1 (October 1967): 111–25.
Preston, Andrew. “The Little State Department: McGeorge Bundy and the National Security Council Staff, 1961–65.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 31, no. 4 (December 2001): 635–59.
Preston, Andrew. “The Soft Hawks’ Dilemma in Vietnam: Michael V. Forrestal at the National Security Council, 1962–1964.” The International History Review 25, no. 1 (March 2003): 63–95.
Rusk, Dean. “The President.” Foreign Affairs 38, no. 3 (April 1960): 353–69.
Sander, Alfred D. “Truman and the National Security Council: 1945–1947.” Journal of American History 59, no. 2 (September 1972): 369–88.
Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. “Effective National Security Advising: A Most Dubious Precedent.” Political Science Quarterly 115, no. 3 (Autumn 2000): 347–51.
Smith, Dale. “What is O.C.B.?” Foreign Service Journal (November 1955): 26–27, 48–56.
Souers, Sidney W. “Policy Formulation for National Security.” American Political Science Review 43, no. 3 (June 1949): 534–43.
Taylor, William J. Jr., and James Blackwell. “The Ground War in the Gulf.” Survival 33, no. 3 (1991): 230–45.
Government Reports
Best, Richard A. Jr. “The National Security Council: An Organizational Assessment.” Congressional Research Service, 7-5700, RL30840, December 28, 2011.
Commander, NATO International Security Assistance Force, Afghanistan. “Commander’s Initial Assessment.” August 30, 2009, 1–2. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/21/AR2009092100110.html.
Defense Department. “Conduct of the Persian Gulf War: Final Report to Congress.” April 1992.
Drew, S. Nelson. “NATO from Berlin to Bosnia: Trans-Atlantic Security in Transition.” Institute for National Security Studies, McNair Paper 35. Washington, DC: National Defense University, January 1995, 8.
George, Suzy. “Fine-Tuning NSC Staff Processes and Procedures.” The White House Blog. June 22, 2015.
Government Accountability Office (GAO). “Afghanistan: Key Oversight Issues.” GAO-13-218SP, February 2013.
Government Accountability Office (GAO). “Securing, Stabilizing and Rebuilding Iraq.” GAO-08-837, June 2008.
“Hearing Of The Senate Armed Services Committee.” June 2, 2009. https://votesmart.org/public-statement/429055/hearing-of-the-senate-armed-services-committee-nomination-of-admiral-james-stavridis-usn-for-reappointment-to-the-grade-of-admiral-and-to-be-commander-us-european-command-and-supreme-allied-commander-europe.
Hoover, Herbert. “Letter from the Chairman, Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government.” February 28, 1949. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1949.
Joint Chiefs of Staff. “Origin of Joint Concepts.” Accessed May 2014. http://www.jcs.mil/About/OriginofJointConcepts.aspx.
Kale, Katy A. “Executive Office of the President; Contingency Shutdown Plan; Operations in the Absence of Appropriations.” The White House, September 26, 2013. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/eop_contingency_plan.pdf.
The Long Commission. “The Report of the DoD Commission on Beirut International Airport Terrorist Act, October 23, 1983.” December 20, 1983.
McInnis, Kathleen J. “Fact Sheet: FY2017 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) DOD Reform Proposals.” Congressional Research Service, R44508. May 18, 2017. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R44508.pdf.
Murphy, Robert D. “Report of the Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy.” Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office (GPO), 1975.
National Security Act of 1947. July 26, 1947. http://www.intelligence.senate.gov/nsaact1947.pdf.
Obama, Barack. “Changing the Name of the National Security Staff to the National Security Council Staff.” Executive Order, White House Press Office. February 10, 2014.
_____ . “Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on the Way Forward in Afghanistan and Pakistan.” The White House. December 1, 2009.
_____ . “Remarks by the President on a New Strategy for Afghanistan and Pakistan.” The White House. March 27, 2009.
Odeen, Philip. “The National Security Advisor: Role and Accountability.” Hearing before the US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. April 17, 1980. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office (GPO), 1980.
Office of the Historian. “The Baghdad Pact (1955) and the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO).” State Department. http://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/CENTO.
_____ . “History of the National Security Council, 1947–1997.” U.S. Department of State. August 1997. Accessed May 2014. http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/NSChistory.htm.
Office of the Press Secretary. “Statement by the Press Secretary.” The White House. October 13, 2004. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/10/20041013-4.html.
Press Conference: “Secretary Gates and Adm. Mullen on Leadership Changes in Afghanistan From the Pentagon.” US Defense Department, May 11, 2009.
Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1949, 5 U.S.C. § (1949). http://law.justia.com/codes/us/2010/title5/app/reorganiz/other/dup14/.
The White House, “The Road to Freedom.” June 28, 2004, https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/elections/freedomessay/index.html#.
The White House Press Office, “Statement by the President on Afghanistan.” February 17, 2009.
Trump, Donald. “Remarks by President Trump on the Strategy in Afghanistan and South Asia.” The White House. August 21, 2017.
US Representative Jackie Walorski. “House Approves Walorski Amendment to Restore Transparency to National Security Council.” Press Release. May 17, 2016. http://walorski.house.gov/house-approves-walorski-amendment-to-restore-transparency-to-national-security-council/.