The Columbia Documentary History of Race and Ethnicity in America

Abie’s Irish Rose

Abolitionist movement, Garrison in, Liberian colonization and, 165, in Pennsylvania

Abonakies

Accents, regional

Acceptance/inclusion. See also Cooperation; Whiteness and white ethnic identity; of Black Yankees, of Dutch New York colonists, of European immigrants, of white captives of Indians

Activism. See also Civil rights movement/ethnic-pride and power movements

Activism (1789–1836); African Colonization Society, Society for the Defence of the Roman Catholic Religion from Calumny and Abuse

Activism (1837–1877), Lehr-und-Wehr-Vereins (Instruction and Protection Societies)

Activism (1878–1900); American Protective Association, Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Society, Immigration Restriction League, NAACP, Niagara Movement

Activism (1901–1929); American Indian Defense Association, American Jewish Committee, Anti-Defamation League, LULAC, for minority members’ legal defense, NAACP, Society of Syrian National Defense, Universal Negro Improvement Association

Activism (1930–1940); Christian Front, CIO, LULAC, NAACP, Popular Front, Silver Shirts, Urban League

Activism (1940–1945); CORE, Japanese, March on Washington, by minorities demanding equality, NAACP, by returning veterans, WWII and

Activism (1950–1964); Chinese, Community Service Organization, CORE, El Congresso, GI Forum, Japanese American Citizens League, Los Angeles Committee for the Protection of the Foreign Born, LULAC, NAACP, National Colored Women’s Association, SCLC, SNCC, Urban League, White Citizen’s Council

Activism (1965–2000); American Indian Higher Education Consortium, American Indian Movement, Asian American Political Alliance, Asian Americans for Action, Association of American Indian and Alaska Native Professors, Brown Berets, CORE, Intercollegiate Chinese for Social Action, Keepers of the Treasures, La Rada Agnate, Million Man March, National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials, National Chicano Youth Liberation Conference, National Congress of American Indians, National Indian Youth Council, National Puerto Rican Coalition, National Tribal Chairman’s Association, SNCC, Southwest Voter Registration and Education Project, United Farm Workers, Young Lords

Adams, John

Affirmative action, quotas and

African Americans. See also Jim Crow

African Americans (1600–1700); cooperation between white and black servants, free, legal rights of, resistance to enslavement by, white servants and

African Americans (1701–1788); competition of German immigrants with, Creek adoption of, Jefferson on, John Jea, living standards of, loyal to the British, in New England and the Mid Atlantic

African Americans (1789–1836); Irish job competition with, population of free, resettled in Liberia, stereotypes of, as trappers and interpreters

African Americans (1837–1877); after emancipation, autonomy and repression of, Civil War participation among, Freedman’s Bureau and, Irish job competition with, Ku Klux Klan and, land distribution proposals for, at Nicodemus, Kansas, Reconstruction and, Southern terrorism toward, women as domestic servants, women’s gender roles among, women’s sexual abuse by white men

African Americans (1878–1900); as “backward race,” conventions of, convict leasing of, debt peonage of, disfranchisement of, middle-class, resentment of, “new slavery” of, white supremacy and, World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 and

African Americans (1901–1929); Amos ’n’ Andy and, black self-sufficiency and, black superiority/separatism and, census figures on, in Chicago, Garvey and, ghetto-like communities of, Great Migration of, Harlem and, identity duality among, as strikebreakers, in urban politics, women working outside the home, in WWI

African Americans (1930–1940); in caste structure, efforts to change U.S. race structure by, unemployment rates among

African Americans (1930–1964); color divisions among, discriminated against in war industries/military, grass roots activism among, hate-strikes against, housing shortages/discrimination and, restrictive housing covenants against, as union leaders

African Americans (1965–2000); Afrocentrism, assertion of minority claims by, busing of, government employment among, Israeli/Palestinian conflict and, Jews and, Malcolm X and, marginalization/poverty among, militancy of and Black Power, Million Man March and, Ocean Hill-Brownsville schools conflict, 695, racial identity among, in urban politics

African Colonization Society

African Methodist Episcopal Church

The Afrocentric Idea (Asante)

Afrocentrism

Aguinaldo, Emilio

A la California: Sketch of Life in the Golden State (Evans)

Alagonkins

Albany, New York

Albion, Illinois

Alcatraz Island occupation by Native Americans

Aleuts

Alien and Sedition Acts, Livingston on, opposition to

Allotment by severalty, end of

All Souls: A Family Story from Southie (McDonald)

Alurista

A.M.E. Zion Church

American Bible Society

American Communist Party

An American Dilemma (Myrdal)

American Indian Defense Association

American Indian Higher Education Consortium

American Indian Movement

Americanization. See also Assimilation/incorporation; education and, English rule and, immigrant women as agents for, Japanese attempts at, unmeltable ethnics and

American Japanese Claims Act of

American Jewish Committee

American Party

American Protective Association

American Revolution

American Sunday School Spelling Book

Amos ’n’ Andy

Anarchists

Anderson, Jourdon

Anderson, P. H.,

Anglicanism; education and, slavery and

Anglo conformity

Anglo-Saxonism

Anti-Catholicism; 1600–1700, 1701–1788, 1789–1836, 1837–1877, 1901–1929, Al Smith and, anti-French sentiment and, anti-German prejudice and, anti-Irish prejudice and, Know Nothings and, Leisler’s Rebellion and, in Maryland, Maria Monk and, of Morse, in New York, observations of mass and, Sampson on, Ursaline convent burning, white ethnics and

Anti-Defamation League

Antimiscegenation laws

Anti-Semitism; colonial period, as elitist xenophobia, of FDR, in Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association, Henry Ford and, lynching of Frank and, of Morse, in New Amsterdam, Ocean Hill-Brownsville schools and, Protocols of the Elders of Zion and, restrictive covenants and, in Russia, Southern, lower, taking root of, WWII era

Apaches, Geronimo

Arabs

Arapahoes

Armenians

Armstrong, Louis

Arthur, Antonia Villamil de

Asante, Molefi Kete

Asian American Experience in America-Yellow Identity Conference

Asian American Political Alliance

Asian Americans for Action

Asian Americans studies

Asians and Asian Americans. See also Chinese and Chinese Americans; Japanese and Japanese Americans; affirmative action and, ambivalence toward political parties of, antiwar movement and, barred from naturalization, Depression-era discrimination against, in elected offices, ethnic studies programs and, exclusion of, marginalization and poverty among, panethnic identity among, reasons for emigration of

Assimilation/incorporation. See also Americanization; activism, solidarity, self-confidence and, of Africans, allotment by severalty as, Black Power movement rejection of, cultural studies programs challenges of, curriculum issues and, dual identities and, faith in, future research on, Native American avoidance of, of “new” European immigrants, reservation system and, Schlesinger on, treaty system vs.,

Association of American Indian and Alaska Native Professors

Atlanta

“Atlanta Compromise” (Washington)

Auchmuty, Samuel

Aughquages

The Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk

Bacon’s Rebellion, Berkeley’s actions in

Baker, Ray Stannard

Bakke, Alan

Barclay, William

Baroni, Geno

Barzun, Jacques

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

Bayard, Nicholas

A Bell for Adano (Hersey)

Benedict, Ruth

Benedicta, Maine

Berkeley, William

Berlin, Irving

Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Bessy Conway or, The Irish Girl in America (Sadlier)

Bethlehem, Pennsylvania

Beveridge, Alfred, Jr.,

Bible, Catholic vernacular version of

Bigot, Vincent

“Big three” theory

Bilingualism. See also Languages; Cherokee, in early East Jersey, in education, “English Only” organizations and, in religious congregations, Spanish-English

Bill of Rights

Birkbeck, Morris

Bishop, Kathleen

Bismarck, Otto von

Black, Aline Elizabeth

“Black and Blue” (Waller)

Black Boy (Wright)

Black Codes

Black English

Blackface

Black Hawk War (1832)

Black Hills

Black Kettle

Black Panther Party

Black Power (Carmichael, Hamilton)

Black Power movement, “National Black Political Agenda”

Black River Settlements, New York

Blacks. See African Americans

Black Star Line

Black studies programs

Black Yankees

Blount, James H.,

Blues, the

Boas, Franz

Bond, Julian

Bonilla, Frank

Boston martyrs

Boston Missionary Society

Bradford, William

Brandeis, Louis

Brigham, Carl

Brodhead, Daniel

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

Brown Berets

Brown Power movement

Brown v. Board of Education

Bryan, William Jennings

Buchanan, Patrick

Buchanan v. Warley

Buffalo, disappearance of

Bulgarians

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Cahan, Abraham

Calhoun, John C.,

California, bilingual education in, Cabo San Lucas Native Americans, Californio culture, Chinese/Chinese Americans in, Chinese ILGWU activity in, Chinese Police Tax (1862), Ebonics in, Ishi, Osio on, Page Law, Proposition segregation of Japanese in schools, Univ. of California v. Bakke

California Land Act (1851)

Calvert, Cecil, Lord Baltimore

Cambodians

Campaign for Human Development

Campbell, Leslie

Capone, Al

Captivity narratives

Carey, Matthew

Carlisle School

Carmichael, Stokely

Carolina

Carroll, John

Cary, Samuel

Cary, Sarah

Casserly, Patrick S.,

Cass Timberland (Lewis)

Cather, Willa

Catherine Brown, the Converted Cherokee: A Missionary Drama

The Catholic Question in America (Kemble)

“The Catholic Question in America” (Sampson)

Catholics. See also Anti-Catholicism; Al Smith and, in corporate elites, foreign-born clergy, Irish, Jesuits, Latin mass and

Cattle ranching

Cayugas

Celler, Emmanuel

Censuses. See Population counts

Ceramics/tableware

Chain migration

Chambers, mchughson

Chang and Eng (Siamese twins)

Chaplin, Charlie

Chavez, Cesar

Chavez, Stephanie

Cheney, Lynne

The Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Cherokees, assimilation efforts on, removal of

Cheseldine, Kenelm

Cheyennes, Custer and, Sand Creek Massacre

Chicago, Illinois, Germans in, hate-strikes in, report on riots in

Chicago Commission on Race Relations

Chicago school of sociology

Chicasaws

Child, Irvin

Child, Lydia Maria

China

Chinese and Chinese Americans. See also Asians and Asian Americans; in California State Asylum, deportation of, Gong Lum v. Rice, ILGWU activity of, Irish opposition to, Page Law, Police Tax on, women

Chinese and Chinese Americans (1837–1877); barred from naturalization, concentration of in California, exclusion of, as exoticized population, as farm laborers, job competition and violence against, job types among, national visibility of, North America as favored destination for, organizational life of, reasons for emigration of, regional variations in exclusion of, San Francisco laundry businesses of

Chinese and Chinese Americans (1878–1900); coolie laborers, extended transnational families and, as Hawai’ian contract labor, as outsiders, range of occupations of

Chinese and Chinese Americans (1901–1929); Chinatowns, clustering of

Chinese and Chinese Americans (1930–1940), discrimination against

Chinese and Chinese Americans (1950–1965), internment of communist

Chinese and Chinese Americans (1965–2000), economic success of

Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Society

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

Chinese Police Tax (1862)

Chinoiserie

Chipawas

Choctaws

Christian Front

Churches, in immigrant language preservation. See also Religion

“Cinderella”

CIO

Citizenship. See also Naturalization; for all Indians (1924), as complicated and discriminatory

Constitutional Amendment for, of inhabitants of ceded Spanish territory, for Puerto Ricans, In re Rodriguez on, residency requirements for

Civil Rights Act of

Civil rights/ethnic-pride and power movements; African American beginnings of, Alcatraz Island occupation and, Asian American, Asian American Experience in America-Yellow Identity Conference, Asian American solidarity and, Asian American Third World Strikes, Black Power movement, Brown Power movement, federal properties occupation and, fish-ins, foundering of, Jim Crow and, Latino activism and, “Longest Walk” march, lunch counter sit-in movement, Mexican American farm workers and, Mexicans in, Montgomery Bus Boycott, multiculturalism and conflict in, Native American movement in, Red Power movement, Spiritual Plan of Aztlan, success of in the South, support for, white religious and ethnic identities and, Yellow Power movement

Civil War; African Americans in, expansionism/industrialization and, German Americans in, German support in, Irish draft riots and combat losses in, slave participation in

The Clansman (Dixon)

Clear and Concise Statement of New-York and the Surrounding Country

Cleveland, Grover

Cleveland, Ohio

Clinton, Bill

Cochrane, Johnny

Coghnewagoes

Cold War, activism and

Coleman, James

Collier, John

Collin, Nicolas

Colombians

Colonies; English Crown’s refusal to subsidize, ethnic/racial diversity in, merchant competition and, Native Americans and, regional distinctions in, weakness of church/institutions in

Columbian Exposition

Columbus Day

Comanches

Commerce. See Trade goods and exports

Commission on Race

Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians

Community Service Organization (CSO)

“Confession Program”

Connesedagoes

Conoys

Constitution of the United States

Contributions of minority/immigrant groups; Black Power cultural revival and, Black studies programs, cultural pluralism and, economic and cultural, German, Indian pride and, inner city ethnic neighborhoods and, popular culture

Convict leasing

Coode, John

Cooperation. See also Acceptance/inclusion; between black and white servants, between blacks and Jews, collapse of between English colonists and Indians, between ethnic whites against minorities, unions and cross-racial coalitions and

Corbit, John

CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)

Cortina, Juan

Cortina War

Cortlandt, Stephanus

Corwin, Miles

Cotton

Cotton, Ella Earls

Cotton gins

Coughlin, “Bathhouse John”

Covello, Leonard

Cowboy culture

Crazy Horse

Creeks

Creoles

Crèvecoeur, J. Hector St. John

A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language (Walker)

Crotosse, Roger Court

Cuba

Cuffe, Paul

Cultural subordination; antagonism toward ethnicities and, attitude toward Native Americans and, civil rights movement and, federal attempts to suppress Native American culture and, of Mexican families, of Native Americans by assimilationist strategy, of Native Americans by Spanish missionaries

Culture. See also Multiculturalism; beginnings of popular, as concept, cultural pluralism and, “culturization” of race and, distrust of authority and, Italian images in films and, on reservations, of slaves

Cuomo, Mario

Curley, James

Curricula, defining

Custer, George Armstrong

Dale, Thomas

Dana, Richard Henry

D’Andrea, Anthony

D’Arnaud, Jean-Charles

Dawes Act (General Allotment Act) (1887)

Delany, Martin

Delaware

Delawares

Deloria, Vine, Jr.,

“Democracy Versus the Melting-Pot” (Kallen)

Democratic Party, Cuomo speech to, Helms speech to, Jackson convention speech to

Deportation; of Mexicans, of radicals

Depression, The Great

De Priest, Oscar

Desegregation; busing in, lunch counter sit-in movement and, Montgomery Bus Boycott and

Dewey, John

DeWitt, John L.,

Diaz, Porfirio

Diseases; Chesapeake Bay area, cholera, Miamis decimated by, Native Americans devastated by European, in New England, under Spanish rule

The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society (Schlesinger)

Diversity; celebration of, and WWII, colonial, homogeneity vs. heterogeneity and, multiculturalism and, Netherlands colonial, New York colonial, surname method of identifying, urban demographics and immigrants in, on Virginia’s eastern shore

Dixon, Thomas

D’Lanoy, Peter

Dole, Sanford

Dole, Stanford

Domestic service, Sadlier on

Dooley, Martin

Douglass, Frederick

Doyle, John

Dubois, John

DuBois, W. E. B., “Of Our Spiritual Strivings, Streator letter to, on Washington, on WWI

Dunne, Finley Peter

Duston, Hannah

Dutch, admission of Jews into New Netherland, African Americans among, in early East jersey, English seizure of New Netherland and, Leisler’s Rebellion and

Dutch language

Dutch Reformed Church of America

Dutch West Indian Company, admission of Jews into New Netherland

Dwight, Margaret Van Horn

East Los Angeles barrio

Ebonics

Economic issues. See also Trade goods and exports; blacks’ status, cooptation of native elites, elites, Hawai’ian sugar industry and, immigrants’ financial contribution to countries of origin, industrialization and race relations, prosperity as attraction for immigrants, Texas wars and, violence toward Chinese, welfare programs, westward expansion, WWII mobilization and

Education issues; affirmative action, Americanization, Asian American studies, bilingualism, black schoolteachers’ equal pay, Black studies, busing, Chicago riots and, Covello on, curricula, desegregation, English as primary language, GI Bill, Gong Lum v. Rice on, Hispanic/Latino ethnic studies, Jews and, Native American-language classes, Native Americans sent to boarding schools, Native American studies, Ocean Hill-Brownsville schools conflict, “One Nation, Many People” report, in Pennsylvania, religion and, segregation of Japanese, tribal colleges, white ethnic studies programs

Eisenhower, Dwight D., Robinson letter to

Eisenhower, Milton

El Congresso

El Haberno newspaper

Elites, Irish opposition to, WASP

Ellis Island, renovation of

Ellis Island Whiteness

El Paso Salt War

Emmet, Thomas Addis

English language, education and, Walker’s dictionary of

Equality, gap between policy and practice of

Espionage and Sedition Acts of

Ethnicity (1701–1788); during the American Revolution, in Atlantic colonies, congealing into whiteness, as defining characteristic, in group settlements, in Louisiana, in the lower South, in the Mid Atlantic colonies, in New England, Southern, in Spanish territories, in the St. Lawrence Valley, in the upper South

Ethnicity (1789–1836); the frontier and, in the Mid Atlantic states, product identification with

Ethnicity (1837–1877), in group settlements

Ethnicity (1878–1900), national consolidation, economic growth, class conflict and

Ethnicity (1901–1929); dual identities and, emergence era for minorities and, holidays and, pluralism and, popular culture and, prejudice and political/social disadvantage and

Ethnicity (1940–1945), as social science concept

Ethnicity (1965–2000). See also Civil rights/ethnic-pride and power movements; civil rights movement and rethinking of, as continuous American issue, marginalization/impoverishment and, polarization and, Rainbow Coalition and, triple melting pot and, whiteness as optional vs. mandatory

Ethnic neighborhoods; black ghettos, Chinatowns, frontier settlements, Irish, Los Angeles, regional clustering of, white suburbs

Evans, Albert S.,

Evans, Daniel J.,

Everett, Anne Gorham

Exclusion/restrictionism. See also Racism; anti-Catholic, anti-Semitic, arguments against immigration and, of Asians, of blacks, of Chinese, by elites/native-born, future research on, of Indians, of Indians and blacks, slave and free, intelligence theories and, of Japanese, nativist justifications for, of Mexicans, Tydings-McDuffie Act

Executive Order no. 11246 for affirmative action

Expansionism (1600–1700)

Expansionism (1701–1788); American Revolution and, pressure on Indians from

Expansionism (1789–1836); frontier interaction and, population and, treaty violations and

Expansionism (1837–1877); effects of on Indians, Gadsden Purchase in, industrialization/economic growth and, momentum of, O’Sullivan on, pervasive effects of on native populations, racism of Manifest Destiny and, transportation revolution and, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and, westward

Expansionism (1878–1900); American colonial possessions from, “backward races” in, Great Plains economic enticements for settlement in, in Hawai’i, industrial transformation from, “legal” justifications of, Philippines, pro-imperialist trend in, racism of Manifest Destiny and, Southwestern, “White Man’s Burden” and

Exports. See Trade goods and exports

Farrakhan, Lewis

Feake, Tobias

Fenwick, Benedict J.,

Ferrari, Robert

FHA loan programs

Filipinos

Film/movie industry

Fisher, John

Fish-ins

Five Civilized Tribes, removal of

Fleming, Thomas

Florida

Flushing, Long Island

Following the Color Line (Baker)

Ford, Henry

Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States (Morse)

Foreign Miners Tax (1852)

“For My People” (Walker)

Fortune, T. Thomas

Forverts

France, North America and, Alien Act and

Franchise; African American success in 1969–1975, for all male New Yorkers except blacks, Asian American voter registration and, “grandfather clauses” overturned, Jim Crow and, “legal” disfranchisement of blacks, marginalization of the disfranchised and, narrowing of blacks’ rights and, newly registered Southern blacks and, poor whites and, returned to Southern blacks

Frank, Barney

Frank, Leo

Franklin, John Hope

Franks, Abigail

Franks, Naphtali

Freedman’s Bureau

French, North America and, Alabama settlements of

French Canadians

French Huguenots

French language

French Revolution

Frethorne, Richard

Frontier. See also Expansionism; “culprits” on, false claims about, French settlements, Irish settlements, O’Sullivan on, racial/ethnic interaction on

Fugitive Slave Act of

Fuhrman, Mark

Furs

Gallatin, Albert

Gallipolis, Ohio

Gamio, Manuel

Garrison, William Lloyd

Garvey, Marcus

Garza, Jesus

Genealogy

General Allotment Act (Dawes Act) (1887)

Gentleman’s Agreement with Japan

George, Clayborne

Georgia, German servants in, new slavery in

German language

Germans/German Americans (1701–1788), competition of with blacks, in Georgia, Hamilton on

Germans/German Americans (1789–1836); fear/dislike of, mutual aid associations of

Germans/German Americans (1837–1877); associational life of, in Chicago, Chinese immigrants compared with, in the Civil War, on the Civil War, cultural/racial confidence of, in “German belt,” Manifest Destiny and, political activity of, racial hierarchy theory and, reasons of for emigrating, regional variations in acceptance of, as skilled, educated, Protestant, and rural, Spies’ autobiography, working conditions of

Germans/German Americans (1878–1900); as “new” immigrants, social incorporation of

Germans/German Americans (1901–1929); regional clustering of, WWI and

Germans/German Americans (1965–2000), occupational/educational parity of

Geronimo

Geronimo: His Own Story

Gerrymandering

Gershwin, George

Ghettos. See also Ethnic neighborhoods

GI Bill

GI Forum

Gitlin, Todd

Glazer, Nathan

Goghnawages

The Goldbergs

Gold miners

Gong Lum v. Rice

Gonzales, Rodolfo

Gooding, James Henry

Good Newes from New England (Winslow)

Gouging match

Governeer, Abraham

“Grandfather clauses”

Grant, Madison

Grant, Ulysses S.,

Grassi, Giovanni Antonio

Gray, Thomas R.,

Great Awakening

Great Depression, The

Great Migration

Greeks

Gregg, E. J.,

Gregory, James

Grit, Bruce

Guinn v. United States

Guitterez, Jose Angel

Gullah language

Gwyn, Hugh

Hamilton, Charles V.,

Hamilton, Dr. Alexander

Hamilton, Thomas

A Handbook on the Annexation of Hawaii (Thurston)

Handlin, Oscar

Handsome Lake

Handy, W. C.,

Harlem, New York

Harrison, William Henry

Hatch, Orrin

Hate-strikes

Hawai’i, annexation of, Queen Liluokalani’s defense of

Hayes, Rutherford B.,

Haynes, John

Health Care Improvement Act of

Heart, Edward

The Heart Is the Teacher (Covello)

Heart Mountain Relocation Center

Hebrew language

Heck, Angela

Hefferd, Nathaniel

Helms, Jesse

Henderson, Elmer

Henderson, Fletcher

Hentoff, Nat

Hernandez v. Texas

Herrero

Hersey, John

Higham, John

Hill, Elias

The History of Alta California (Osio)

“History of the American Working Classes” (Kearney)

Holidays, ethnic

Holocaust

Home Ownership for People Everywhere (HOPE)

Hone, Philip

HOPE (Home Ownership for People Everywhere)

Hopkins, Harry

Horsmanden, Daniel

Housing covenants

Howard, Charles

Howard, Michael

How the Other Half Lives (Riis)

Hoyt, Homer

Hughes, John

Hughes, Langston

Huguenots

Huiguan and tongs

Hungarians

Hurons

Huskhuskeys

Ibáñez, Carlos

Ibarra, Christine

Ichioka, Yuji

Ickes, Harold

Identity duality; assimilationists vs. traditionalists on, dilemma of, DuBois on, ethnic and American, Mexican

Identity formulation. See also Civil rights/ethnic-pride and power movements; Chinese, Latino, panethnic

Identity politics

ILGWU

Illinois

Illinois tribe

Imburgia, Joseph

Immigration Act of

Immigration and immigrants. See also Contributions of minority/immigrant groups

Immigration and immigrants (1600–1700); Dutch, English men, single, German, Jewish, Swedish and Finnish

Immigration and immigrants (1701–1788); African, British, French, German, to Louisiana, to Mid Atlantic colonies, to New England, to the upper South

Immigration and immigrants (1789–1836); as scapegoats, suspicion toward

Immigration and immigrants (1837–1877); Irish, “melting pot” metaphor and, numbers of

Immigration and immigrants (1878–1900); culture clashes with factory labor and, European industrial transformation and, illegal Chinese, Mexican, of single males, urban growth and

Immigration and immigrants (1901–1929); American prosperity in attracting, deportation of radicals and, “melting pot” metaphor and, Mexican, percentage of population of, pluralism and, reasons of for emigrating, return rates of, wife desertion in, wives supporting husbands in

Immigration and immigrants (1940–1949), “melting pot” metaphor and

Immigration and immigrants (1950–1965), quotas on abolished

Immigration and immigrants (1965–2000); Asian, of blacks, Caribbean, as continuous American issue, Ellis Island Whiteness and, Latino, nativist suspicion of, sentiment against

Immigration Reform and Control Act of

Immigration Restriction League

Imperialism

Impressment of Americans by British

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (Jacobs)

Incorporation. See Assimilation/incorporation

Indentured servants/laborers, in Chesapeake, Chinese, cooperation between white and black, German, slavery differentiated from

Indian Child Welfare Act of

Indian Removal Act

Indian Reorganization Act of

Individualism

Industrialization; economic growth and, expansionism and, race relations and, slavery and

The Inequality of Human Races (Gobineau)

Infant mortality

Inouye, Daniel K.,

In re Rodriguez

Instruction and Protection Societies

Intelligence testing, Brigham on

Intercollegiate Chinese for Social Action

Intermarriage; antimiscegenation laws and, blacks and Indians, blacks and whites, Creoles from, free white women and free black men, Irish and Nuevomexicanas, Jews and Anglicans, Mexicans and others, religion and, Spanish, Indians, and Africans, whites and various ethnics

International Ladies Garment Workers Union

Internment of Japanese/Japanese Americans

Interracial sex, act defining the status of mulatto bastards and, sexual abuse of slaves

Irish and Irish Americans (1701–1788)

Irish and Irish Americans (1789–1836), on freedom from British oppression, job competition with blacks and, in New York, petition to settle in Illinois, proposed land set aside for, Scotch-Irish rivalry with, Shamrock Friendly Association, stereotypes of

Irish and Irish Americans (1837–1877); anti-Catholicism and, Chinese immigrants compared with, Civil War draft riots and combat losses among, competition with blacks and, criminality and alcohol abuse and, Democratic Party and, disapproval of, as domestic servants, ghettoes of, immigration rates of, Know Nothings and, labor unions and, as manual labor pool, middle class and, Molly Maguires and, opposition of toward nonwhite immigration, racial hierarchy theory on, reasons of for emigrating, “whiteness” of, women

Irish and Irish Americans (1878–1900); political machines and, social incorporation of

Irish and Irish Americans (1901–1929); Mr. Dooley, nationalism and, reasons of for emigrating, regional clustering of, stereotypes of, urban political style of, Wilson rejected by

Irish and Irish Americans (1965–2000), occupational and educational parity of

The Irish in America (Maguire)

Iroquois and Iroquois Confederacy, Jesuits and, religion of

Ishi

Ishi: In Two Worlds (Kroeber)

Italians and Italian Americans; called “unequal” race, criminality among, Depression-era discrimination against, La Guardia and, as “new” immigrants, portrayals of in film, reasons of for emigrating, regional clustering of, return migration of, whiteness and, women’s independence and

Jackson, Jesse

Jackson, Kenneth T.,

Jacob, John

Jacobs, Harriet

James, William

James II (England)

Jamestown, Virginia

Japanese American Citizens League

Japanese and Japanese Americans. See also Asians and Asian Americans; attempts to Americanize, Depression-era discrimination against, economic success of, “Gentleman’s Agreement” and, as Hawai’ian contract labor, internment of, internment reparations for, Japantown and, Korean mutual enmity and, as “new” immigrants, regional clustering of, segregation of in schools, women as “picture brides”

Jarratt, Devereux

Jazz

The Jazz Singer

Jea, John

Jefferies, Herbert

Jefferson, Thomas, “Notes on the State of Virginia”

Jerome Agreement

Jesuits

Jews; admission of into New Netherland, American Jewish Committee and, Anti-Defamation League and, assimilation through intermarriage among, blacks and, citizenship eligibility of, in corporate elites, divergent trends among, The Goldbergs and, as Hebrew vs. white, Holocaust remembrance and, intelligence testing of, Israeli/Palestinian conflict and, as liberal voters, move of away from racially changing neighborhoods, movie studios owned by, nationalism and, in New Amsterdam, as “new” immigrants, newspapers of, in New Yok, occupational/educational parity of, Ocean Hill-Brownsville schools conflict, proposed colony for in New York, reasons of for emigrating, regional clustering among, return migration by, return migration of, Russian, as songwriters, view of blacks of, whiteness and, Wilson and, women, independence of

Jim Crow; black middle class and, blacks contesting of, civil rights movement and, complete Southern, health and, justice system corruption by, Nazi Germany and, other nonwhite people and, Plessy v. Ferguson and, Reconstruction and beginnings of, resentment of, terrorism in, uneven spread of, western migration of black farmers and

Jiminez, Jose

Johnson, Hannah

Johnson, Lyndon B., Howard University address by, Kerner Commission and

Jolson, Al

Jones Act of

Jordan, Michael

Joseph, Chief of Nez Perce

Kansas

Kazin, Michael

Kearney, Dennis

Keepers of the Treasures

Kemble, Frances

Kemp, Jack F.,

Kennan, George

Kentucky; African American convention in, gouging match in

Kerner Commission Report

“Kiansis I”

Kicapoos

Kilson, Martin

King, Martin Luther, Jr.,

King, Richard

King, Rodney

King, Rufus

King Philip’s War

King Ranch, Texas

Kings College

King William’s War

Kiowas

Kipling, Rudyard

Knights of Labor

Know-Nothings, Lincoln on

Knox, Philander

Kohlmann, Anthony

Koreans

Krock, Arthur

Kroeber, Theodora

Ku Klux Klan

La Guardia, Fiorello

Lakotas

Lambe, Joshua

Languages; bilingualism, churches in preservation of, Dutch, Ebonics/Black English, English, English as primary, French, German, Gullah, Hebrew, Latin, as marker for “differentness,” Native American, regional accents, Spanish, vernacular Catholic Bible and, Yiddish

Laotians

La Rada Agnate

La Raza Unida

La Suil

Latin language

Latinos. See also Mexicans; Puerto Ricans

Latinos (1901–1929); LULAC activism of, naturalization of

Latinos (1965–2000); activism of, American-born vs. immigrant, Democratic Party and, in economic hierarchy, ethnic studies programs, illegal status of, marginalization/impoverishment of, panethnic identity among, in political offices, reasons of for emigrating, regional divisions among, voter registration and

Lazarus, Rachel

Lee, Helen Jackson

Legislation affecting civil rights or immigration; activist Supreme Court, Act to Prohibit the Importation of Slaves (1807), affirmative action, Alien and Sedition Acts, allotment by severalty, antimiscegenation, Bill of Rights, Black Codes, Brown v. Board of Education, Buchanan v. Warley, California Land Act of California Proposition Chinese Exclusion Act, Chinese Police Tax (1862), Civil Rights Act of Civil Rights Act of Civil Rights Act of Civil Rights Act of Civil Rights Act of court-ordered busing, Dawes Act, Dow v. United States, Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917–1819, Executive Order no. Fair Employment Practices Commission, FHA loan program, Foreign Miners Tax, Fort Laramie treaty, Freedman’s Bureau, Fugitive Slave Act of General Allotment Act, Gentleman’s Agreement with Japan, Gong Lum v. Rice, Guinn v. United States, Hawai’ian annexation, Health Care Improvement Act of Hernandez v. Texas, Immigration Act of Immigration Act of Immigration Reform and Control Act of Indian Child Welfare Act of Indian Removal Act, Jerome Agreement, Jones Act of legal fictions and, Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, Medicine Lodge Treaties, Moore v. Dempsey, NAACP attacks on discriminatory, Native American fishing rights, Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, Naturalization Act of Nixon’s Philadelphia Plan, Operation Wetback, Oyama v. California, Page Law, “pig law,” Plessy v. Ferguson, Reconstruction civil rights acts, In re Rodriguez, Self-Determination Act of Simpson-Mazzoli Bill, Sioux religious practices bans, slave importing regulation, Social Security Act, Supreme Court decisions on Chinese immigrants, Thind v. United States, 13th–15th Constitutional Amendments, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of Paris, Tydings-McDuffie Act, U.S. Constitution, Voting Rights Act of Wagner Act

Lehr-und-Wehr-Vereins

Leisler, Jacob

Leisler’s Rebellion

Lekanoff, Flore

Lenski, Gerhard

Leong Shee

Lester, Julius

Letters on the Colonization Society (Carey)

Leupp, Francis

Lewis, Sinclair

The Liberator

Liberia

Lieberth, David

Life expectancy

Liliuokalani, Queen

Lincoln, Abraham

Lithuanians

Little Bear

Little Big Horn

Livingston, Edward

Livingston, William

Lodge, Henry Cabot

Log cabins

Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock

Longest Walk March on Washington (1978)

Long Walk to Bosque Redondo

Loretto, Pennsylvania

Los Angeles Committee for the Protection of the Foreign Born

Louisiana, Black Codes in

Lower East Side, New York

LULAC (League of United Latin American Citizens)

Lunch counter sit-in movement

Lundy, Benjamin

Lutherans, Swedish

Lynching; of blacks, as bloodsport, of Chinese, of Italians, of Jews (Leo Frank), of Mexicans, Wells on

Lyon, Matthew

Mahan, Alfred Thayer

Mailer, Norman

Maine, as free state, Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Indians and Others in North America

Malcolm X

Manhatten, purchase of

Manifest Destiny, O’Sullivan on

Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race (Montagu)

March on Washington

Marshall, John

Marx Brothers

Maryland, anti-Catholicism in, indentured servants in Chesapeake

Maslow, Will

Massachusetts, African American regiment from, attempts to Christianize Indians in, Boston martyrs, busing in, Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Indians and Others in North America, Ursaline convent burning

Massasoit

Matrilineality

Matsui, Robert T.,

Matsunaga, Spark M.,

McDonald, Michael

McKinley, William

McKissick, Floyd

Medicine Lodge Treaties

Mee Yung

Megapolensis, Johannes

Melting pot metaphor, Crèvecoeur on, Kallen on

The Melting Pot (Zangwill)

Mestizos

Metacomet

Mexican American War

The Mexican Immigrant: His Life-Story (Gamio)

Mexicans; Anglo land hunger and, Brown Berets, Brown Power, census figures on, in civil rights movement, Cold War activism of, cowboy culture and, Dana on, Depression-era discrimination against, dominance of in Southwestern populations, dual identity among, in East Los Angeles, elites among, ethnic redefinition and, exclusion of, as field laborers, Gamio on, as gold miners, Jim Crow-type hierarchy in Texas and, in labor unions, as landless wage laborers, La Raza Unida, marginalization/impoverishment of, Native Americans and, naturalization rates among, 1920s immigration of, Operation Wetback and, as original inhabitants of Texas, Osio history of, other Latinos and, reasons of for emigrating, reclassified as nonwhite, regional clustering of, In re Rodriguez on, social banditry and, Spiritual Plan of Aztlan, women, in Zoot Suit Riot

Miamis

Middle classes; black, domestic servants and

Midwives

Migration, the Great

Militias

Million Man March

Mineta, Norman Y.,

Minuit, Peter

Miscotins

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Mohickone

Mohickons

Mohocks

Monk, Maria

Monsays

Montagu, Ashley

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1966–1956)

Moore v. Dempsey

More Than Words (Cuomo)

Morgan, Jonathan

Morley, Jefferson

Morris, Willie

Morse, Samuel F. B.,

Movie/film industry

Moynihan, Patrick

Mr. Dooley: Now and Forever (Dunne)

Muench, Gerard

Multiculturalism; “Cinderella” and, debate over, pluralism and, Schlesinger on, white identities vs., white privilege and viability of

Munsterberg, Hugo

Murray, Cecil L.,

Museums

Music

Muslim countries

Musquatans

Musquaykeys

My Ántonia (Cather)

Mynonamies

Myrdal, Gunnar

Mystic Village Pequot massacre

Nanticokes

Napoleonic Wars

Nast, Thomas

National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders

“National Anthem of Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League” (Garvey)

National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials

“National Black Political Agenda”

National Chicano Youth Liberation Conference

National Colored Women’s Association

National Congress of American Indians

National Indian Youth Council

National Puerto Rican Coalition

National Tribal Chairman’s Association

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of

Native Americans (1600–1700); attempts to Christianize, Bradford encounter with Samoset, conflicts of with Virginia planters, dependence of early settlers on, European diseases and, as French and English allies, King Philip’s War, negotiation/compromise of with the French, Pocahontas, pre-colonial, purchase of Manhattan from, Puritan attitudes toward, Winslow’s description of

Native Americans (1701–1788); American Revolution and, attempts to Christianize, in California, Californian, conflicts of with settlers and loss of rights, interracial sex with Europeans and, Jesuit influences on, list of nations, multiethnic villages of, population decline of, seizures of homelands of, smallpox among, trade goods and

Native Americans (1789–1836); assimilation efforts on, attempts to Christianize, as “black,” as farmers, increased interaction of with whites, Pickering policy toward, removal and reservation policies and, as resident aliens, Stockbridge, Maine, Trail of Tears, treaty violations and

Native Americans (1837–1877); buffalo and, California peonage of, Custer and, expansionism’s effects on, Long Walk and, reservation system and, Sand Creek Massacre

Native Americans (1878–1900); allotment by severalty and, as “backward race,” in boarding schools, Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock on, Manifest Destiny and, middle-class values for, Standing Bear’s protest, treaty system abandoned for assimilationist strategy toward, women

Native Americans (1901–1929); American Indian Defense Association and, census figures on, Geronimo, grip of on homelands, homesteader’s plots for, Ishi

Native Americans (1930–1964); allotment program and, Wheeler-Howard Act, in WWII

Native Americans (1965–2000); Alcatraz Island occupied by, federal properties occupied by, fish-ins, future of, Graves and Repatriation Act, Longest Walk march, marginalization/impoverishment of, pantribal identities of, Red Power and, self-identification by, tribal allegiances and, urban vs. reservation

Native Americans by tribe; Apaches, Arapahoes, Cherokees, Cheyennes, Chicasaws, Choctaws, Comanches, Creeks, Five Civilized Tribes, Hurons, Iroquois/Iroquois Confederacy, Kiowas, Lakotas, list of, Muskogees, Navajo, Nez Perce, Pequots, Powhatans, Pueblos, Saponis, Seminoles, Sioux, Wampanoag, Waxhaw, Yakima

Nativism. See also Exclusion/restrictionism; Americanism and chauvinism in, American Party and, anti-Catholicism and, anti-German hysteria and, Chinese unassimilability and, exclusionism and, illegal immigrants and, Japanese exclusion and, Know-Nothings and, of Morse, opposition to Irish and, race hierarchy theory and, racial balance and, restrictionism justifications and, suspicion of foreign-born and, WWI and

Naturalization. See also Citizenship; after WWI, Chinese barred from, as complicated and discriminatory, Confession Program and, Declaration of Intention to, Latino eligibility for, Mexican repatriation and, racial identification simplification and, residency requirement for, restrictions added to, U.S. Constitution on

Naturalization Act of

Navajo, Long Walk

Nazism

Negro, Maria

The Negro in Chicago: A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot

Neolin

New Amsterdam, anti-Semitism in, English seizure of

New Deal

New England, opposition to slave trade in

New England’s Crisis (Tompson)

New Jersey

New Mexico

New Netherland, admission of Jews into, English seizure of, purchase of Manhattan

New Orleans, Louisiana

New Spain

Newton, Huey

The New York Conspiracy (Horsmanden)

New York/New York City; anti-Catholicism in, early colonial, ethnic groups in, ethnic settlements in, Harlem, housing in, Indians pushed west from, Irish in, Jewish assimilation through marriage in, Jews in, Kings College, Lakotas and, Leisler’s Rebellion, New-York Society for the Information and Assistance of Persons Emigrating from Foreign Countries, Puerto Ricans in, Riis on, school system in, Shamrock Friendly Association, slums in, Spanish Negroes in, urbanization and

New-York Society for the Information and Assistance of Persons Emigrating from Foreign Countries

Nez Perce

Nicaraguans

Nicholson, Francis

Nicodemus, Kansas

Nicollson, Francis

Nicols, Richard

Nigger in the Window (Lee)

Niles, Hezekiah

Nixon, Richard

Noah, Mordecai Manuel

Noble Savage stereotype

Northrup, Solomon

Northwest Territory

“Notes on the State of Virginia” (Jefferson)

Novak, Michael

O’Connell, Daniel

“Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others” (DuBois)

“Of Our Spiritual Strivings” (DuBois)

Oh, Angela

Ohio

Old lady Horse

Olmstead, Frederick Law

Omaha tribe

Onandagoes

One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago (Hoyt)

Oneidas

“One Nation, Many People: A Declaration of Cultural Independence”

Opechancanough

Operation Wetback (1954)

Opium War

Order of Caucasians

Orondocks

Osceola

Osio, Antonio María

O’Sullivan, John

Oswegatches

Otis, Harrison Gray

Ottawas

Outtagamies

Outtamacks

Oyama v. California

Paderewski, Ignace

Page Law

Page Law (1875)

Pantribalism

The Passing of the Great Race (Grant)

Patroon system

Pennsylvania, Bethlehem, German immigrants in, German mutual aid societies in, slavery rejected from, Swedish Lutherans in

People’s Party

Pequots

Perkins, Frances

Philippine American War

Philippines and Filipinos, Aguinaldo and, imperialism in

Phillips, Frederick

Phonographs

Pickering, Timothy

The Picture of New-York and Stranger’s Guide through the Commercial Emporium of the United States

Pidgion, William

“Pig law”

Platt Amendment

Plessy, Homer

Plessy v. Ferguson

Plunkitt, George Washington

Pluralism. See also Multiculturalism; Kallen on

Plymouth Colony, Samoset encounter with

Pocahontas

Poles, study of immigrants

Police Tax (1862)

The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (Thomas, Znaniecki)

Politics and ethnicity (1789–1836); Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans, partisan politics

Politics and ethnicity (1837–1877); American Party, blacks in office, Democratic Party, Germans, Irish, Republican Party, Socialist Labor Party

Politics and ethnicity (1878–1900); disfranchisement, electoral fraud, Irish, political machines, poor whites and disfranchisement, Reconstruction, white Populists

Politics and ethnicity (1901–1929); after WWI, American Communist Party, black Democrats, black self-sufficiency and, black urban, Democratic Party, ethnic pride and, Irish, La Guardia, minority voter mobilization, radicals, T. Roosevelt, Wilson

Politics and ethnicity (1930–1964), race as malleable concept in

Politics and ethnicity (1965–2000); affirmative action, anti-illegal immigrant campaigns, Asian American activism, blue-collar whites in, Democratic Party, Ellis Island Whiteness, Latino, liberal vs. conservative, multiculturalism and, Native American, polarization in, Republican Party, Southernization in, whites divided in

Ponca

Popular Front

Population (1600–1700); Jewish colonial, New Netherland, New York

Population (1701–1788); African, in New York, German, in Pennsylvania, Jewish, in New York, Louisiana, lower South, New England, New Spain, Spanish, St. Lawrence Valley, upper South

Population (1789–1836); free black, Northern ethnic vs. “racial” states, “three-fifths compromise” and

Population (1837–1877); Chinese, free black, Jewish, slave

Population (1878–1900); Chinese, foreign-born, Mexican, Tejano, Nuevomexicano, Californio

Population (1901–1929); immigrant/minority, urban demographics of

Population (1965–2000); Latino, Native American, Puerto Rican

Populists

A Portraiture of Domestic Slavery in the United States (Torrey)

Powers, John

Powhatan, letter of to John Smith

Powhatans

Pratt, Henry

Presbyterians

Protestant Establishment

Protestantism, John Jea and, Maryland Catholics and

Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Pueblos

Puerto Ricans; activism of, marginalization/impoverishment of, National Puerto Rican Coalition, as nationals vs. citizens, as new immigrants, other Latinos and, population of, Young Lords

Puerto Rico

Pullman Car Manufacturing Company

Punch, John

Puritans

Putawatimes

Pyankeshas

“The Question of Racial Purity” (Boas)

Quotas, affirmative action, Tydings-McDuffie Act

Race: Man’s Most Dangerous Myth (Montagu)

Race: Science and Politics (Benedict)

The Race Concept

Race riots and mob violence. See also Wars, rebellions, and skirmishes

Race riots and mob violence (1789–1836), by and against blacks

Race riots and mob violence (1837–1877); Irish Civil War draft riots, Molly Maguires

Race riots and mob violence (1878–1900); against Chinese, against Italians

Race riots and mob violence (1901–1929); anti-Klan, by Catholics and Jews, in Atlanta (1906), in Chicago (1919), “Red Summer” and fall of in Tulsa

Race riots and mob violence (1930–1945); across America, in Detroit (1943), strikes of 1943 and Zoot Suit Riot

Race riots and mob violence (1950–1964); causes of in the South, in Chicago (1945–1950)

Race riots and mob violence (1965–2000); African American revolts (1965, 1968), in Birmingham, Alabama (1963), in Detroit (1965), in Harlem (1964), Kerner Commission report on, Los Angeles, police vs. Puerto Ricans in Chicago, in Selma, Alabama (1963), from 1964 to in Washington, D.C. (1968), between whites and blacks

Racism (1600–1700); Bacon’s Rebellion and the planter elite, in Chesapeake and lower South slave society, “noble savage” vs. “uncivilized savage” view and, Virginia legislature’s enactments of

Racism (1701–1788); in belief in black and Indian inferiority, of Jefferson, “scientific” theories of

Racism (1837–1877); against Chinese, as justification for cruelty, Manifest Destiny and, “scientific” theories of race and, stereotypes of Mexicans/Californios and, whites-only access to jobs/farms and

Racism (1878–1900). See also Jim Crow; against Chinese, in infantilization of nonwhites, in policies of subordination and conquest, of pro-imperialists, “scientific” theories of race and, sexualized race hysteria and, Social Darwinism and, Southern poor whites and, white supremacy and

Racism (1901–1929); acceptance of the color line and, intelligence testing and, “scientific” theories of race and

Racism (1930–1964); “scientific theories” of

Racism (1940–1945), in hardening opposition to “colored” groups

Racism (1965–2000); in black/Jewish conflicts, busing and, in ethnic studies programs/bilingualism and, illegal immigration and, jobs/housing and

Radicals, Black Panthers

Radio

Railroads, transcontinental

Rainbow Coalition

Raleigh, Sir Walter

Ramirez, Macario

Randolph, A. Philip

Ravitch, Diane

Razaf, Andy

Reagan, Ronald, Helms on, on immigration reform, Japanese American internment and

Reconstruction; Black Codes and Jim Crow, dismantled by Redeemers, labor contracts, sharecropping, debt peonage in, land distribution programs in, terrorism in, white supremacy and

Red Cloud

Red Jacket

Red Power

Red River War (1874–1875)

Religion (1600–1700); attempts to Christianize Indians, law against Quakers in Long Island, Maryland and Virginia conflicts over, Puritan certitude over, Winslow’s description of Indian

Religion (1701–1788); African basis of African American, Anglicanism, as cultural identification, education and, German Lutheranism, Great Awakening, Irish Protestantism, Jesuit, Indians and, Presbyterianism, Protestantism, theological communities

Religion (1789–1836); African Methodist Episcopal Church, A.M.E. Zion Church, American Bible Society, attempts to Christianize Indians, and churches in language preservation, Dutch Reformed Church of America, education and, freedom of, Jews and, Lutheranism, Seneca

Religion (1837–1877); German Lutheranism, post-Civil War black, slaves in evolution of

Religion (1901–1929); Christian missionaries in Hawai’i, evangelical Protestantism in anti-immigrant activity, Sioux Sun Dance

Religion (1965–2000), decline of “Protestant Establishment”

“Removal of Southern Indians to Indian Territory” (Jackson)

Report of the National Advisory Commission of Civil Disorders

Republican Party

Resolutions Relative to Preventing the Introduction of Slavery into New States

Revel, James

Reverse discrimination. See also Affirmative action

Reynolds, James

Rice

Richards, Paul

Riggs, John

Riis, Jacob A.,

The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics (Novak)

Robber barons

Roberts, Thomas

Robinson, Jackie

Rogers, Will

Rolfe, John

Roosevelt, Eleanor

Roosevelt, Franklin D., Japanese internment and

Roosevelt, Theodore, Booker T. Washington and, “Gentleman’s Agreement” and

Ross, Edward A.,

Roybal, Edward

Russia

Russians

Sadlier, Mary Anne

Sagoyewatha

Saltonstall, Richard

Salvadorans

Samoset

Sampson, William

Sand Creek, Colorado

Sandoval, Soledad

San Francisco, California, Chinese community in, Japanese in the schools in

Saponis

Sapoones

Sassacus

Schaghen, Peter

Scheer, Robert

Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr.,

Schurz, Carl

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

Scotch-Irish, English language guide for, Jarratt on, national identity among

Scots

Scottish Presbyterians

Sedgwick, Catherine

Segregation. See also Jim Crow; busing to end, Chinese, Depression era, fall of in the 1990s, federal government reinforcement of, integration and, of Japanese in schools, Jim Crow and, Plessy v. Ferguson, self-imposed, Southern resistance to integration and, of urban Irish and blacks, Wilson administration and

Self-Determination Act of

Seminoles

Seminole Wars (1835–1842)

Senecas

“Separate but equal” doctrine, Gong Lum v. Rice on

Separation of church and state

Sequin, Juan

Serbians

Shamrock Friendly Association

Shannon, William

Sharecropping and debt peonage

Shawnees

Sherman, William T.,

Shipler, David

Shockays

Show Boat

Sierra Leone

Silva, Elisa

Silver Lake, Pennsylvania

Silver Shirts

Simpson, Alan

Simpson, O. J.,

Simpson-Mazzoli Bill

Sioux

Sit-ins

Sitting Bull

“Skinning wars” in South Texas

Slaughter, Governor

Slavery (1600–1700); act defining the status of mulatto bastards, African and Caribbean sources for, on Chesapeake tobacco plantations, differentiated from indenture, Dutch and British trade in, late 17th-century colonial, of Pequot massacre survivors, resistance to, shift to, trade in, Virginia legislature enactments on

Slavery (1701–1788); American Revolution and, Anglicanism and, British offer of freedom from, in exchange for military service, of Colombians, female field hands in, importance of to farmers, Indian, Jefferson on, John Jea on, in Louisiana, New England merchants in slave trade, slave trade closed, Spanish Negroes in, tobacco farming and

Slavery (1789–1836); abolitionism and, act to prohibit, African colonization and, cotton gin and, Fugitive Slave Act and, overseas slave trade banned, Pennsylvania rejection of, portrait of, “three-fifths compromise” and

Slavery (1837–1877); abolitionist movement and, abolition of, auctions in, forced westward migration and, freedmen, Jacobs’ account of, religious and family life under, resistance to, sexual abuse of women under, Southern defenses of, work under

Slavs

Slocum, J. J.,

Smith, Al

Smith, Ichabod

Smith, John

Smith, Samuel

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

Social Darwinism

Socialist Labor Party

Socialists

Social Security Act

Society for Propagatint the Gospel among the Indians and Others in North America

Society for the Olive and the Vine

Society of Syrian National Defense

The Souls of Black Folk (Du Bois)

South. See also Jim Crow; anti-Semitism in, black franchise in, education in, ethnicity in, immigration to the upper, population in, race riots and mob violence in, racism in, Redeemers in, resistance to integration in, Southernization in

South Carolina

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Southwest, uneven white settlement in. See also Latinos; Mexicans

Southwest Voter Registration and Education Project

Spanish American War (1898)

Spanish language

A Spark for My People (Cotton)

Spies, August

Spiritual Plan of Aztlan

Squanto

St. Patrick’s Day

Standing Bear

Stanford, Lelend

Stanford-Binet intelligence test

Stannard, Ray

Stereotypes; of blacks in Amos ’n’ Andy, of blacks in Chicago, of Chinese as “yellow peril,” as continual American issue, in film/TV, of frontiersmen, of immigrants as drunkards and corrupters, of Indians, of Irish, of Italians, of Jews, of Mexicans/Californios, “Noble Savage,” of urban blacks and Irish

Stevens, Ted

Stevenson, Marmaduke

Stewart, Alexander

Stone, William L.,

Streator, George

Strickland, William

Strong, George Templeton

Strong, Josiah

A Study of American Intelligence (Brigham)

Stuyvesant, Peter

Sugar

Sugarcreek, Pennsylvania

Sullivan, “Big Tim”

Sulzberger, Arthur Hays

Sumner, Charles

Sun Dance

Swedish immigrants, Lutheranism among

Syrians

Takeshita, Ben

Tarne, Edward

Tea

Television, Spanish language networks

Tennessee

Terman, Lewis

Terrorism; Ku Klux Klan, lynchings, during Reconstruction

Texas, anglo land hunger in, Cortina rebellion, Hernandez v. Texas, Jim Crow-type hierarchy in, Mexicans as original inhabitants of, “skinning wars” in

Texas Rangers

Texas Revolt

Textiles

Theater

“The Black Revolution” (Malcolm X)

Thernstrom, Abigail

Thind v. United States

Third World Strikes

Thomas, W. I.,

Thorne, William

Thurston, Lorrin

Tin Pan Alley

Tobacco

Tompson, Benjamin

Tongs and huiguan

Torres, Anastacio

Torrey, Jesse

Town meetings, Commission on Race

Trade goods and exports; ceramics, chinoiserie, cotton, furs, rice, sugar, tea, textiles, tobacco

Trail of Tears

Transportation revolution

Travels by His Highness Duke Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Through North America in the Years 1825 and 1826

Treaties. See Legislation affecting civil rights or immigration; Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock on

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Treaty of Paris (1783)

“Triple melting pot” theory

The True History of Maria Monk (Stone)

Truman, Harry S

Tulsa, Oklahoma

Turner, Nat

Tuscaroras

Tuskegee Institute

Twain, Mark

Twightwees

Two Years Before the Mast and Twenty Four Years After (Dana)

Tydings-McDuffie Act of

Union League militias

United Farm Workers

United German Benefit Society of Philadelphia

Univ. of California v. Bakke

“Universal Ethiopian Anthem”

Universal Negro Improvement Association

Urbanization

Urban League

Urban Task Force

Ursaline convent burning

U.S. Constitution

Uyematsu, Amy

Vaquerano, Carlos

Varela, Felix

Vietnamese

Virginia, act defining the status of mulatto bastards, Bacon’s Rebellion, black schoolteachers’ equal pay, cooperation between black and white servants in, indentured servants in Chesapeake, Jamestown, “Notes on the State of Virginia” (Jefferson), Scotch-Irish in, Virginian identity in

Voting Rights Act of

Wahunsonacock, letter of to John Smith

Walker, Francis A.,

Walker, John

Walker, Margaret

Wallace, George

Waller, Fats

Wampanoag

Wanborough, Illinois

Waring, John

War of

Warren, Earl

Wars, rebellions, and skirmishes. See also Race riots and mob violence

Wars, rebellions, and skirmishes (1600–1700); Bacon’s Rebellion, Dutch colonies vs. Swedish, English vs. French in North America, King Philip’s War, King William’s War, Leisler’s Rebellion, Pequot massacre, precolonial intertribal, Virginia colonists against Powhatans

Wars, rebellions, and skirmishes (1701–1788); settlers vs. Iroquois, slave uprisings

Wars, rebellions, and skirmishes (1789–1836); Black Hawk War, Napoleonic Wars, Nat Turner’s slave revolt, Seminole Wars, Ursaline convent burning

Wars, rebellions, and skirmishes (1837–1877); Anglos/Tejanos against Mexican government, Civil War, Cortina War, El Paso Salt War, gold rusher campaign against Indians, Indian resistance, Little Bighorn, Mexican American War, Opium War, Sand Creek, Colorado, Taiping Rebellion

Wars, rebellions, and skirmishes (1878–1899); Little Big Horn, Philippine American War, Red River War, “skinning wars,” Spanish American War, U.S. Army vs. Plains Indians, Wounded Knee

Wars, rebellions, and skirmishes (1901–1929), World War I

Wars, rebellions, and skirmishes (1930–1964), World War II

Washington, Booker T., “Atlanta Compromise,” DuBois on, lunch with Roosevelt

WASP elite

Waterman, T. T.,

Waters, Ethel

Waxhaw

Wayne, Anthony

Wayondotts

Wayoughtanies

Webster, Noah

Weitz, Martin

Welfare programs

Wells, Ida B.,

Wendell, Barrett

West Indians

West Indies

“What Is an American?” (Crèvecoeur)

Wheeler-Howard Act of

White Citizen’s Council

“White City”

Whitefield, George

“The White Man’s Burden” (Kipling)

Whiteness and white ethnic identity; to avoid degradation of blackness, black competition and, in claims of Spanish/Castilian blood, of dark-complexioned immigrants, Ellis Island Whiteness, and ethnic holidays as big business, ethnic studies programs and, for European immigrants, impact of 1790 census on, of Irish and Italians, of Jews, of Mexicans, multiculturalism vs., Novak on, as optional ethnicity, political parties’ use of, Protestant Establishment and, in pursuit of advancement, In re Rodriguez on, as resistance to minority power and assertion of ethnic pride, slavery and strengthening of, unmeltable ethnics and, WASP elite and, white ethnic revival and, white solidarity and, WWII opposition to colored groups and, of yeoman farmers

“Why Talk of the White Man’s Burden?” (Grit)

Wille, Lois

Wilson, Pete

Wilson, Woodrow

Winham, Thomas

Winslow, Edward

Winthrop, John

Women; advantages for working class, as Americanizing agents, black, devaluation of, black, garden production of, as buttresses for husbands, Chinese, in domestic service, freedom/independence of, freed slave, gender roles and, Irish, Japanese “picture brides,” matrilineality and, Mexican, Mexican prostitute lynched, middle class, midwives, Native American, slave, sexual abuse of, working outside the home

Wooden Leg

Workingman’s Party

World’s Columbian Exposition

World War I, DuBois on

World War II

Wounded Knee massacre

Wounded Knee occupation

Wright, Richard

Yellow Identity Conference

Yellow peril

Yellow Power

Yerkes, Robert

Yiddish language, newspapers

Young Lords

Znaniecki, Florian

Zoot Suit Riot (1943)