ENDNOTES
Introduction
1 During the course of researching for this book we came across many, many examples of that hatred and prejudice and so we resolved to create a new word which truly reflects that fact. We encourage other authors to adopt this more accurate term.
Chapter One
1 Souvenirs de Charles-Henri, Baron de Gleichen, Paris, 1868
2 Memorial, or Brief for Cagliostro in the Cause of Card. de Rohan, &c. (Fr.) by P Macmahon, 1786
3 Courier de l’Europe (Courier of Europe) was a Franco-British twice-weekly periodical published successively in London, in Boulogne-sur-Mer, then again in London from 1776–92.
4 Trebizond is a city on the southeast shore of the Black Sea. It was originally a Greek colony. It is an important centre for the converging trade routes from Central Asia and the far East.
5 Mufti, the title of a scholar who is an interpreter or expounder of Islamic law (Sharia).
6 The Sherif (from Sharif – meaning ‘noble’ or ‘highborn’) is a descendant of Muhammad via his daughter Fatima.
7 Memorial, or Brief for Cagliostro in the Cause of Card. de Rohan, &c. (Fr.) by P Macmahon, 1786
9 Lettre du Comte de Cagliostro au people anglais: Pour server de suite à ses memoirs, London, 1786
10 Courier de l’Europe, 1786
11 Kenneth Mackenzie, Royal Masonic Cyclopedia, Aquarian Press, 1987, p.100
12 Souvenirs de Charles-Henri, Baron de Gleichen, Paris, 1868
13 Ibid p.30
14 ‘Sacred Marriage’ in alchemical terms relates to the union of the Sun and Moon; our divine spirit with the soul and finally the body.
15 Memoires de la Baronne d’Oberkirch sur la Cour de Louis XVI et la Societe Francaise avant 1789
16 Souvenirs de Charles-Henri, Baron de Gleichen, Paris, 1868
Chapter Two
1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_%28paranormal%29
2 Timothy Freke & Peter Gandy, The Hermetica, The Lost Wisdom of the Pharaohs, p.12
3 It is mentioned by Idries Shah in his book The Sufis, that Al Hallaj may have been the inspiration for Hiram Abiff in Masonic legend – the link he believes may be the Sufi sect Al-Banna (‘The Builders’).
4 Also known as Poemandres, Poemander or Pimander – meaning Man-Shepherd, an attribute to God.
5 Anon. Lives of the Alchemystical Philosophers, 1815
6 A E Waite, The Secret Tradition in Freemasonry, vol.2, p.152
7 http://www.blavatsky.net/magazine/theosophy/ww/setting/mesmer.html
8 Bergquist, 1999, pp.431–46
9 Mémoires de la Baronne d’Oberkirch sur la Cour de Louis XVI et la Societe Française avant 1789
11 The term elixir, has only been in use since the 7th century ad. It derives from the Arabic al iksir meaning miraculous substance.
12 Eliphas Lévi, Transcendental Magic: It’s Doctrine and Ritual, Rider & Co., 1896
13 F Ribadeau Dumas, Cagliostro, p.96
14 Jean-Benjamin La Borde, Lettres sur la Suisse, Paris, 1783
15 Eliphas Levi, History of Magic, 1860
16 www.rosicrucian-order.com/revista_artcagl.htm
Chapter Three
1 Manly P Hall, The Secret Teachings of All Ages, 1928, p.cxcviii
2 Paul Christian, The History and Practice of Magic, 1870
3 A Lettre de Cachet was a letter signed by the King of France, countersigned by one of his ministers, and closed with the royal seal, or cachet. They contained orders directly from the King, often to enforce arbitrary actions and judgments that could not be appealed.
4 Universal Register became The Times in 1785.
5 This was a private letter sent to a friend in France, dated 20 June 1786, but published on both sides of the Channel and deemed to be a premonitory text outlining the downfall of the monarchy.
6 The Life of Joseph Balsamo – Inquisition Biography English Translation, London, 1791
7 W H Trowbridge, Cagliostro – The Splendour & Misery of a Master of Magic, Chapman&Hall, 1910
8 F Ribadeau Dumas, Cagliostro p.293
9 Ibid p.297
10 L’Evangile de Cagliostro, pp.277–93
11 Ibid p.138
12 The Life of Joseph Balsamo – English translation 1791
13 Ist Cagliostro der Chef der Illuminaten?, 1790
14 The Life of Joseph Balsamo, p.88
15 Ibid p.89
16 Ibid p.85
17 Ibid p.137
18 Extract of a letter sent to the Judge of Strasburg by Count de Vergennes, 13 March, 1783
20 Ibid
Chapter Four
1 The Rose on the Cross relates to the Rose of Sharon (Christ) in Christianity, the Rose Croix in Freemasonry also has symbolic meaning for the Rosicrucians among others.
2 W H Trowbridge, Cagliostro – The Splendour & Misery of a Master of Magic, 1910
3 Various list – see bibliography
4 Thomas Carlyle, ‘Count Cagliostro: in Two Flights’, Historical Essays, 1833
5 Baring-Gould, pp.7–8. This version dates from 1228, and can be found in Roger of Wendover’s Flores Historiarum.
6 Ibid pp.14–15
7 The Life of Joseph Balsamo – Inquisition Biography London 1791
8 Sax Rohmer, The Romance of Sorcery, 1914. Rohmer was a member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.
9 Theosophy.org/tlodocs/teachers/cagliostro.htm
10 The Illuminati have long been linked with Freemasonry, often erroneously. Founded in 1776 (that is almost 200 years after the first Masonic records appear) by Adam Weishaupt in Bavaria without any Masonic authority or acknowledgement. Masonic ceremonial and practice were pirated and a number of prominent Freemasons joined their ranks. All this certainly did nothing to dissuade people that the two were closely connected.
11 Lucifer, vol.V, no.29, January, 1890, pp.389–95
Chapter Five
1 The debate has been ongoing for many years and the most comprehensive journal dealing with this subject and many others relating to all aspects is Ars Quatuor Coronatorum (AQC) being the Transactions of Quatuor Coronati Lodge, No.2076 the oldest Lodge of Research in the world.
2 Unfortunately few remain, at least in their entirety, but the Great Hall at Stirling Castle is a lasting testament to his skill.
3 Reproduced in full in The Rosslyn Hoax?, 2006
4 The Reformation in England by comparison was not only earlier but was a consequence of the dynastic and political machinations of Henry VIII (1509–47, b.1491).
5 Most other trades had Incorporations but, with the exception of the stonemasons, none had lodges.
6 It would be unfair to ignore geniuses in other countries who emerged during the Renaissance. Scotland and England produced their own. Examples are Gavin Douglas, William Dunbar, Francis Bacon, Inigo Jones and William Shakespeare. Yet others such as Hans Holbein transcended national boundaries.
7 The first mention of the Rosicrucian Order was a document: Fama Fraternitatis Rosae Crucis published in 1614 in Kassel, Germany.
8 The adoption of Vitruvius’s work as the ‘gospel’ of architecture was not immediate as it was hampered by the fact that the text was not supported by illustrations. An illustrated edition was published by Giovanni Giocondo (c.1433–1515) in 1511. The version translated into Italian by Daniele Barbaro (1513–70) in 1556 and illustrated by the architect Andrea Palladio (1508–80) became the best known because of the quality of both the translations and illustration.
9 One of the five classical orders of architecture, the others being: Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan and Composite, which play a part in modern Masonic ritual.
10 Vitruvius, De architectura vol.3.
11 Platonic thought or philosophy is grounded on realism and was ideally suited to Renaissance investigative methods.
12 L’idea del Theatro, 1550, briefly explains its function and construction. Frances Yates also showed that it was based on classical Roman theatre designs as described by Vitruvius. See: The Art of Memory, pp.129–59.
13 See his epitaph above.
14 Quoted in: Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition by Frances A Yates, Chicago and London, 1991, p.205.
15 De umbra rationis & iudicii, siue de memoriae virtute Prosopopaeia, London, 1583/4. Quoted in: The Art of Memory, p.266 et seq. and Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition both by Frances A Yates, Chicago and London, 1991, p.199.1
16 It is a matter of conjecture but it has been suggested that because the authors of these and later manuscript rituals were not illiterate they did not feel bound by Schaw’s instruction intended for illiterate stonemasons.
17 As mentioned before, the Tower of Babel, although predating KST, was built of brick not stone and so would not have been relevant to stonemasons.
18 An official expression of ‘profound sorrow’ for Bruno’s death was made during the papacy of John Paul II.
19 Exact dating was rarely given and the texts were often attributed to ‘the time of Moses’.
20 De Rebus sacris et ecclesiaticis exercitiones XVI, London?, 1614.
21 See, for example: The Origins of Freemasonry – Scotland’s Century (1590 – 1710).
22 The search and discovery of a ritual of the Scottish sort but which is clearly English in origin is the holy grail of some Masonic historians.
23 For example see: ‘A New Masonic Catechism: The Arlie MS 1705’, AQC vol.117 which, as well as discussing the second oldest Masonic ritual in the world, provides the three oldest rituals in parallel.
24 This also suggests that alchemists had some vague understanding of the geological process.
25 This reached in England in 1349 and Scotland the following year.
26 The Greeks held the belief that everything was made from Earth, Air, Fire and Water and the body humours were closely allied with these.
27 Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus, Frankfurt, 1616.
28 The lodge was said to be at ‘D’ and the document is for that reason also known as the Dundee MS.
29 Freemasons know them as ‘exposures’ and they are usually published for profit despite the protestations of the authors.
30 It is immediately noticeable that the document is much fuller than the earlier rituals but also that its language is much less Scottish.
31 The left ‘oxter’ is the most logical being the closest to the heart!
Chapter Six
1 See, for example, The Temple and The Lodge and The Hiram Key to name but two.
2 The Rosslyn Hoax? is one of the more recent publications to seriously undermine this theory.
3 We confess to a dislike of the term ‘speculative Freemason’ in this particular debate as it obscures the argument. Either the individuals concerned were stonemasons or they were not.
4 Members of the lodge were then besieging Newcastle on Tyne and held a special meeting for this purpose.
5 Grand Lodge MS No.2
6 Albert Mackay, Encyclopedia of Freemasonry, p.1122
7 It is perhaps significant that this Lodge, founded in 1670, contained less than 20 per cent of working stonemasons, the remainder consisting of members of the aristocracy, the Church, and numerous professions.
8 The appeal was also directed to other religious groups but they were numerically few.
9 There are always exceptions, Scotland being one, where Lodges regularly confer four degrees, the additional one being the Mark.
10 Kipling was a prominent Freemason.
11 The origins of the Royal Society lie in an ‘invisible college’ of natural philosophers who began meeting in the mid-1640s to discuss the ideas of Francis Bacon. Founded officially on 28 November 1660, at Gresham College after a lecture by Christopher Wren, it was ‘a College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematical Experimental Learning’.
12 Nous definition: philosophical term meaning mind/intellect or cosmic reason/mind of God.
13 Another version of this ritual has recently been discovered. See: ‘The Airlie MS 1705’ in AQC, vol.117.
14 Kenneth Mackenzie, Royal Masonic Cyclopaedia, 1877, p.96
15 Lucifer, Journal Vol.V, no.29, January, 1890, pp.389–95
16 Occasionally claimed to be Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie).
17 Illuminism, derived from the French illuminer, referring to spiritual enlightenment.
Chapter Seven
1 The papal declaration of his death is shown in the plate section and a translation is to be found on page 61. We wish to place on record our most grateful thanks to Bernardino Fioravanti, Grand Librarian of the Grand Orient of Italy for the use of this image.
2 If this was truly what Scottish Lodges were attempting to do then the ramifications for modern Masonic Lodges are significant.
3 The English Reformation took place for dynastic and political reasons whereas the causes in Scotland were primarily religious.
4 Eugen Lennhoff, The Freemasons, 1994, p.283
5 He was initiated in the Horn Lodge (now known as the Royal Somerset and Inverness Lodge, No.4) the same Lodge as his fellow Scot – James Anderson.
6 For an excellent and detailed discussion of the Oration (two of which exist) see: ‘Andrew Michael Ramsay and his Masonic Oration’, Heredom vol.1 (The annual journal of the Scottish Rite Research Society). This was followed by an interesting letter by Cyril N Batham in vol.2 regarding when and if the Oration had been delivered.
7 It is not the purpose here to debate the theological aspects regarding Freemasonry and religious organizations but we are sure that this would be a most interesting area of research.
8 Although some credit him as including in the Oration the idea that Freemasonry descended from the Knights Templar he never mentioned them in his Oration.
9 Some years ago an attempt was made to count the number of Orders, Rites, ceremonies, degrees, grades, etc. which had some claim to be Masonic. The counting ceased when the figure exceeded 1,000.
10 It is not clear if this was his real name or one he assumed in order to join a Lodge.
11 When using the term ‘anti-revolutionary’ it is essential to bear in mind that French Freemasons were not actively campaigning, as Freemasons, against revolutionary groups, and were obeying the Masonic precepts laid down in 1723 to be a peaceable subject and obey the law of the country (paraphrased from Anderson’s Constitutions).
12 In early 1787 Charles-Alexander de Calonne (1734–1802) called an ‘Assembly of Notables’ and it is generally accepted as being the first specific event which led to the Revolution.
13 Fear of the French Revolution spreading to Britain led to numerous new laws and reviews of military capabilities.
14 James Watt was also a Freemason.
15 The wordy title was, in full: Proofs of a Conspiracy against all the Religions and Governments of Europe, carried on in the secret meetings of Freemasons, Illuminati and Reading Societies. He appears to have started work on the book a couple of years prior to publication.
16 The French title was: Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire du Jacobinisme, London, 1797, and was published in English under: Memoirs of the History of Jacobinism and Freemasonry of Barruel, translated into English by the Hon. Robert Clifford, London, 1798.
17 It is not possible to be a true Freemason without having taken such an obligation.
18 A Frenchman Martinez Pasquales (1727–74) was a mystic and theurgist whose writings provided the basis of the Order which was revitalized in 1890. Despite the disruptions caused by war and other upheavals the Order is today in good health.
19 Warrant for Genocide – the myth of the Jewish world conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
20 Norman Cohn and his book: Warrant for Genocide, for example.
21 There is no doubt, however, that they would have discussed the case and applied the Masonic precepts as taught in their Lodges.
22 The book was published in two volumes – the first in 1925 and the second in 1926.
23 Named after where the government was based.
24 We make no implications whatsoever of motives here, merely stating the facts so far as we are aware of them.
25 For more details see the recently published: Two Lives, Janet Malcolm, Yale University Press, 2007.
26 Much research requires to be done in this area and we suggest, and it is only a suggestion, that: ‘the Masons might not come out looking good so why bother?’
27 German Freemasons were after all German and unlike Freemasons in occupied countries were permitted more latitude – e.g. they were not shot or sent to concentration camps – certainly not in the same numbers as elsewhere.
28 Spain was an exception in that it was not involved in the war but Freemasons suffered none the less.
29 These measures, taken by a totalitarian Fascist regime, began just at the time Mein Kampf (My Struggle) by Adolph Hitler was published.
30 Interestingly, the Gestapo was never sent to the islands and the small population may account for the lack of interest in Freemasonry.
31 Many Freemasons, especially those in public positions (teachers, postmen and other civil servants) lost their jobs or were demoted. It is also known that a considerable number were executed.
32 In 1942 Eichmann attended the Wannsee Conference where he acted as Secretary. This conference planned the Nazis’ official policy of the Final Solution to the Jewish Question (which included many non-Jews).
33 Of course that very act supplied the regimen with names of thousands of Freemasons.
34 Chapter 11 – Race and Nation.
35 This is yet another area that requires further research. What has been attempted in recent years has been hampered by a wall of silence. There is some information. See for example: http://www.grandlodgescotland.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=277&Itemid=126
36 His son is still alive and is an active Freemason.
37 The Sufferings of John Coustos 1746, reprinted at Birmingham in 1790. Editions in German and French were published in 1756, as were two editions in Boston in 1803 and 1817.
38 Henry Wilson Coil, Coil’s Masonic Encyclopaedia, Richmond, Virginia, Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co., Inc., 1996, p.56.
39 Reichssicherheitshauptamt – Office of the High Command of Security Service
Chapter Eight
1 Sabbatianism was a 17th-century Jewish messianic movement formed around the figure of Sabbatai Zvi/Zebi (1626–76).
2 Hiram Abiff, in Masonic ritual, is the Chief Architect of King Solomon’s Temple who was murdered by three ruffians in an unsuccessful attempt to force him to reveal the secrets of the Master Mason. This allegorical story is reconstructed in the third degree of Craft Freemasonry.
3 C E K von der Recke, Memoirs, pp.116–26
4 An invaluable 20th-century course in Hermetics is available for the serious student in Franz Bardon’s Initiation into Hermetics – The Path of the True Adept, Merkur Publishing, 1999
5 Manly P Hall, The Secret Teachings of all Ages, ‘The Mysteries and their Emissaries’, p.197
6 John Hogg, Royal Masonic Cyclopedia, London, 1877
7 A piece of religious music set with Psalm 50/51 to be sung within the Sistine Chapel during Holy Week, all other uses of this piece were punishable by excommunication until Mozart gave his rendition of the Miserere to Dr Charles Burney who published it in London; subsequently the ban was lifted.
8 A E Waite, New Encyclopedia of Freemasonry, vols.I & II
9 The reference to 22 letters and ‘arcanum’ may reflect an association between Hermeticism and the Tarot which was used for a more profound purpose than that of mere ‘fortune-telling’.
10 Mosaic Genesis – the Christian version of the fall of man, similar in many ways to the Egyptian Genesis of creation.
11 Paul Christian, The History & Practice of Magic, 1870
12 Manly P Hall, Rosicrucian and Masonic Origins, pp.408–9
13 Magi – (plural of Magus – Magician) a sacred caste of priests, originating from Egypt, Chaldea, Samaria and Persia.
Chapter Nine
No notes
Chapter Ten
1 The Rosetta Stone is an ancient Egyptian artifact from c.196 bc that has been instrumental in the understanding of hieroglyphic language. It is inscribed with two Egyptian scripts (hieroglyhs and Demotic) and Classical Greek. Discovered by the French in 1799, it was deciphered initially by French scholar Jean-François Champollion and has since made our understanding of the Egyptian hieroglyphs much simpler.
2 http://www.freemasoninformation.com/esoterica/saintjohntheevangalist.html
3 We are unsure as to whether this is allegorical or not!
4 Denning & Phillips, Planetary Magick, Llewellyn Publications, 1995
5 Henry Cornelius Agrippa, The Three Books of Occult Philosophy
6 The Greater Key of Solomon, Clavis Salomonis 16th-century grimoire spuriously attributed to King Solomon, involves the invocation of angels and spirits.
7 F Ribadeau Dumas, Cagliostro, English translation, George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1967, p.140.
8 The Lesser Key of Solomon, 17th-century Grimoire inspired by The Greater Key of Solomon.
9 Henry Cornelius Agrippa, The Three Books of Occult Philosophy Chap. XIIII. Of Perfumes, or Suffumigations, their manner, and power
10 Sefer Yetzirah, Book of Creation
11 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah
12 ‘And in the morning watch The Lord in the pillar of fire and of cloud looked down upon the host of the Egyptians, and discomfited the host of the Egyptians’ (Exodus 14:24 RSV)
13 A E Waite, Secret Traditions in Freemasonry
14 Hugh Nibley, ‘What is The Book of Breathings?’, BYU Studies, vol.11, no.2 (Winter, 1971), pp.153–87
15 Michael D Rhodes, The Hor Book of Breathings: A Translation and Commentary, Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, Provo, Utah, 2002
16 E Otto, Das ‘Goldene Zeitalter’ in Religions en Egypte
17 The Bennu Bird represents the ‘soul of Ra’,‘He Who Came Into Being by Himself’ – the Egyptian phoenix.
18 Great Work – the last two stages of alchemical transmutation (Coagulatio and Rubedo) Lesser Work – the first stages of alchemical transmutation (Nigredo and Solutio).
19 Shekinah – Hebrew word used to denote the dwelling or settling presence of God, believed by some to represent the feminine principle of God.
20 In the mummifying process it took 40 days for the body to be completely dried out and safe from decay. Often a further 30 days were needed for beautifying and dressing the body, hence the often quoted 70 days for the full embalming process.
21 Hancock & Bauval, Talisman: Sacred Cities, Secret Faith, Element Books, p.362
22 Eliphas Lévi, The History of Magic, 1860
23 F Ribadeau Dumas, Cagliostro, 1967, p.148