Numbers in italics refer to illustrations. Notes have been indexed only where they add significantly to the text.
AACHEN (Aix-la-Chapelle), projected congress of 279.*
Abingdon, Montague Bertie (d. 1743), 2nd earl of, lord justice on queen Anne's death (i).
Acts of Parliament: 1694 Triennial Parliament Act (i); 1701 Act of Settlement (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x); 1705–06 Regency and Naturalization Acts (i); 1707 Act of Union between England and Scotland 1717, 124*; Act of Grace (i); see also Occasional Conformity Act and Schism Act.
Acte de Disgrâce, settling terms for Sophia Dorothea's divorce, 1694 (i), (ii).
Addison, Joseph (1672–1719), Whig poet and essayist, M.P. 1710–19, secretary to Halifax on his mission to Hanover 1706, lost office when Whigs fell, secretary to lords justices August–September 1714, secretary to Sunderland as lord lieutenant of Ireland September 1714–August 1715, commissioner board of trade and plantations December 1715–July 1717, secretary of state for the south April 1717–March 1718, pension post-1718 of £1,500 a year (i), (ii), ch. X n. 23.
Adolf Johann (1629–89), regent of part of Zweibrücken for his elder brother king Charles X of Sweden (i).
Ahlden, manor house (palace) in duchy of Celle (i), (ii), (iii); for ‘die Prinzessin von Ahlden’ see Sophia Dorothea.
Aislabie, John (1670–1742), M.P. from 1705 to March 1721 when expelled and declared incapable of holding office because of his share in the South Sea bubble; chancellor of the exchequer 1718 till resignation 23 January 1721 210*, (i), (ii), ch. IX n. 19 and 22.
Aislabie, William (c. 1699–1781), son of the above, M.P. 1721–81 ch. IX n. 19.
Åland Islands (in the Gulf of Bothnia) (i).
Albemarle, Arnold Jost von Keppel (1669–1718), Dutch nobleman, created 1st earl in British peerage 1696, ‘favourite’ of William III (i).
Albemarle, William Keppel (1702–54), second earl of from 1718, gentleman of the bedchamber to George ch. X n. 18.
Alberoni, Giulio (1664–1752), Parma diplomat and statesman, in Spanish service 1716–20, cardinal 1717 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. VIII n. 75.
Alexey (1690–1718), Russian tsarevich, m. 1711 Charlotte Christine (1694–1725), d. of Ludwig Rudolf of Branswick-Wolfenbüttel (i).
Alsace (Elsass) (i).
alternative court concept (i).
Altona recess of June 1675, guaranteeing the rights and possessions of the dukes of Holstein Gottorp (i), (ii).
Amalie Elisabeth (1663–1709), ‘Ameliese’, Raugräfin, d. of Karl Ludwig of the Palatinate and Louise von Degenfeld (i), gen. table II.
Amalie Sophia Eléonore (usually called Emily in England), granddaughter of George I (1711–86) (i), (ii), ch. VI n. 58, ch. VIII n. 9.
Amalie Wilhelmine (Brunswick preferred form), empress by m. to Joseph I, see Wilhelmine Amalie (Austrian preferred form).
amnesty (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Amsterdam, exchange of (i).
An Account of Denmark as it was in the Year 1692 published anonymously in London 1693 (author, Robert Molesworth) (i).
An Account of Sweden; Together with an Extract of the History of that Kingdom, published anonymously in London 1694 [author John Robinson] (i).
Anglesey, Arthur Annesley, (d. 1737) 5th earl of from 1710, a pro-Hanoverian Tory, regent 1714 (i).
Anglican Church, see Church of England.
Anjou, Philippe, due d' (1683–1746), 2nd grandson of Louis XIV, from 1700 Philip V of Spain, q.v. (i).
Anna Ivanovna (1693–1740), niece of tsar Peter, d. of tsar Ivan, m. 1710 Friedrich Wilhelm, duke of Courland, widowed 1711 189*.
Anna Petrovna (1708–28), d. of tsar Peter, m. 1725 Karl Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp (i).
Anne, queen of England, Ireland and Scotland (Great Britain after 1707) 1702–14 (b. 1665) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), ch. II. n. 22 and 23, ch. IV n. 37, ch. VIII n. 5, ch. IX n. 70; as possible bride for George 1680–81, (i), (ii); for her husband see George, prince of Denmark.
Anne (1709–59), granddaughter of George I, m. 1734 Willem IV of Orange-Nassau (i), (ii), (iii), ch. V n. 67.
Anne Henriette (1648–1709), d. of Edward, prince palatine (q.v.), m. 1663 Henri Jules (1643–1709), duc de Condé 74*.
Anton Ulrich, duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1633–1714), from 1685 co-regent with elder brother Rudolf August (q.v.); sole ruling duke 1704, converted to Catholicism 1710, collector, patron of building and the arts, prolific writer, founder of famous library (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); for his sons see Friedrich August, August Wilhelm, Ludwig Rudolf.
Antwerp, position of (i), ch. IX n. 32.
Arbuthnot, Dr John (1667–1735), physician to queen Anne 1705–14, lost his post at court on accession of George I, political writer (i).
archbishops of Canterbury, see Tenison, Thomas 1707–December 1715; Wake, William January 1716–37.
Arcy-Martel, René, marquis d', French envoy to Brunswick-Lüneburg dukes 1679–84, cited (i), ch. II n. 28.
Argyll (Argyle), John Campbell (1678–1743), 2nd duke of, from 1703, distinguished officer in War of the Spanish Succession; helped negotiate union of 1707; a member of prince of Wales's household 1714–16; out of royal favour 1716–19; lord steward of the royal household from 1719 when he was created duke of Greenwich in the British peerage, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix); for his brother see Islay.
Ariosti, Attilio (1660–c. 1740), Italian composer in London, former Hofkapellmeister to Sophia Charlotte (George's sister) (i).
asiento, contract to supply Spain with slaves (i), (ii), (iii).
assignations (money and quarters provided by German princes not fielding armies of their own when Empire was at war) (i), (ii).
Asturias, prince of (title of eldest son of the king of Spain), see Luis (1707–24).
Atterbury, Francis (1662–1733), bishop of Rochester 1713, protagonist of High Church views, his contacts with Jacobites (i), (ii).
August Wilhelm of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 2nd son of Anton Ulrich, ruling duke 1714–31 (b. 1662) (i).
Augustus II, Friedrich August I as elector (1670–1733), hereditary elector of Saxony from 1694, elected king of Poland 1697, in exile 1706–09 53, 57, 60, 87, 88, 185*, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); his brother, whom he succeeded, Johann Georg IV, elector 1691–94 (i); for his son and heir see Friedrich August, electoral prince of Saxony; for his illegitimate son see Maurice of Saxe.
Austria see Austrian Habsburg dominions.
Austrian Habsburg dominions (Austria for short), comprising in this period archduchies of Austria (Upper and Lower Austria, Carniola, Carinthia, Styria, Tirol), and the kingdoms of Bohemia and (more loosely) Hungary (q.v.) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix); for rulers see Leopold I 1658–1705; Joseph I 1705–11; Charles VI 1711–40; for Austrian Italy see Milan, Naples, Sardinia and Sicily; for Austrian ambitions in Italy see Parma, Piacenza, Tuscany, and fief issues.
Austrian Netherlands (former Spanish Netherlands, ceded to Austria 1713/14/15) (i), (ii); see also Southern Netherlands.
Avignon, papal enclave in France 191*.
awe of majesty (i), ch. VI n. 75, ch. VII n. 8.
BADEN-BADEN, margrave of, see Ludwig Wilhelm.
Balaguier, John Anthony, secretary to Carteret 1721–24, acting under-secretary for Hanover visit 1723 ch. VI n. 53.
balance of power (the just balance, the just equilibrium) concept in Europe (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii).
Baldassari, Benedetto, tenor singing in Handel's operas (i).
Ballati, Aloisius (Luigi) (d. 1696), count, abbé, Sienaborn courtier used by Ernst August in diplomatic mission ch. II n. 26.
Baltic Sea (and coastal areas) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv).
Bank of England (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v).
Bar [Nikolaus Johann] Christian (1684–1765), son of Heinrich Sigismund (1654–1721, Graf 1720), Sophia Dorothea's chief financial adviser after 1705, Graf von, in service of Sophia Dorothea in Ahlden from 1722, went to Berlin to negotiate with Sophia Charlotte in 1725 (i).
Barrier concept: in North Germany (against Denmark) (i); on the Rhine (against France) (i), (ii); in the Southern Netherlands (against France) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); barrier fortresses 124 (i), (ii), (iii).
Barrier treaties, see treaties.
Bavaria, electorate of, 100–01, 107*; for electors of, see Maximilian I, 1623–51; Maximilian Emanuel II, 1679–1726; for electoral prince of see Joseph Ferdinand.
Belgrade, siege and capture of 1717 (i).
Benedicte Henriette (1652–1730), d. of Edward, prince palatine (q.v.) and Anna Gonzaga, m. 1668 Johann Friedrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg; after his death she lived in France, returning briefly for her younger daughter's marriage to Rinaldo, duke of Modenas in Hanover, 1695. She and both her surviving daughters, Wilhelmine Amalie and Charlotte Felicitas, were barred from the English succession by their Catholicism 74*.
Benson, William (1682–1754), engineer, surveyor (i).
Berens (also Behrens)-Cohen, Elieser Lefmann (also Leffman) (1634–1714), ‘court-Jew’ (Schützjude) in Hanover, financier, banker, also entrusted with buying tapestries, jewels, etc., abroad for the electoral family (i).
Bereselli (Berselli), Matteo, tenor singer in Handel's operas (i).
Beretti Landi, Lorenzo, marchese di Casteletto-Stazzoso, conte di Cereto, Spanish diplomat (i).
Berkeley, James (1680–1736), 3rd earl of, naval officer, first lord of the Admiralty 1717, five times lord justice during George's Hanoverian visits 214*, ch. VII n. 26.
Bernstorff, Andreas Gottlieb von (1649–1726), Reichsfreiherr 1715, in Celle service since 1669, successively chancellor (1677) to Georg Wilhelm of Celle and minister (1705) to George, m. 1675 Jeanette Lucie Sinold von Schütz (d. 1706), retired to estates 1723 70, 81, 83, 85, 94–97, 123, 147–49, 151, 156, 159 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), ch. IV, n. 6, ch. V n. 29 and 30, ch. VI n. 40, 70 and 73, ch. VII n. 66, ch. VIII n. 6, 111 and 117, ch. IX n. 6 and 10, ch. X n. 23; d. Charlotte Sophie (1682–1733), m. Joachim Freiherr Engelche von Bernstorff, and sons ch. VI n. 40; his ‘villages’ (i).
Berwick, James Fitzjames (1670–1734), duke of, French military officer, maréchal from 1706, half-brother to James Edward Stuart, natural son of James II when duke of York, by Arabella Churchill; nephew of Marlborough (i).
Besançon, ‘affair of’ in War of the Spanish Succession (i).
Beyrie, Guillaume, Huguenot refugee from 1687, working as agent, later (1706) resident for Celle and Hanover, 30 vols, of whose reports (1687–1711) are in the Bernstorff archives (i), (ii)*, ch. III n. 14.
Birmingham (i).
Blathwayt, William (c. 1649–1717), William III's secretary-at-war, at times acting as secretary of state ch. II n. 21 and 23.
Blenheim (Blindheim)-Höchstädt, battle of 13/24 August 1704 (i).
Bolingbroke, Henry St John (1678–1751), 1st viscount 1712, minister under queen Anne, dismissed by George I 1714, attainted 1715, returned to England 1725 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), ch. VI n. 27; visit to England 1724 by 2nd wife (m. 1720), Marie Claire des Champs (1675–1750), niece of Mme de Maintenon, widow of marquis de Villette ch. VI n. 27.
Bolton, Charles Powlet, 2nd duke of, George I's chamberlain 1715–17, lord lieutenant of Ireland 1717–20 (i), (ii), (iii).
Bordoni, Faustina (1693–1781), Italian-born mezzo-soprano prima donna singing in London in the 1720s, m. composer Johann Adolph Hasse (1699–1783) (i).
Boscawen, Hugh (c. 1680–1734), 1st viscount Falmouth (1720), M.P. 1702–20, member privy council 1714, comptroller of George's household 1714–20, joint vice-treasurer of Ireland 1717–34, nephew of Godolphin 139*, (i), (ii), ch. V n. 117.
Bothmer, Hans [Johann] Kaspar von (1656–1732), Reichsgraf 1713, successively Hanoverian courtier and diplomat (Hofjunker to Sophia Dorothea 1684) with missions to Ryswick congress, Paris, Vienna, the Hague and London (from 1711), minister 1714, with George in Britain 49,97, 107, 109, 120*, 123, 147–51, 159, 164–65, 183, 196, 203, 208, 210, 220, 223, 230–31, 243–45, 253–55, 270–71, 276, 283; ch. IV n. 7, ch. V n. 27, ch. VI n. 22, ch. VII n. 66, ch. IX n. (i); 2nd wife, m. 1696 Gisela (1669–1741), d. of Saxon Freiherr von Hoyn (i); d. Sophie Charlotte (1697–1748), m. (1) Graf Heinrich von Reuss (d. 1722), (2) 1723, Georg Wilhelm, Graf von Erlach (i), ch. VI n. 22.
Bourbon, house of (i).
Bourbon, Louis IV, duc de (1692–1740), prince de Condé from 1710 (i), (ii).
Brabant, privileges of (i).
Brandenburg, electorate of (i), (ii); see also electors Friedrich Wilhelm 1640–88 and Friedrich III 1688–1713, king in Prussia from 1701.
Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Christian Ernst, margrave of (1644–1712), Reichsfeld-marschall 1707–08 (i).
Brandenbourg, Monsieur de, at George's court in 1717 ch. V n. 109.
Braunschweig und Lüneburg, see Brunswick and Brunswick-Lüneburg.
Bremen and Verden, duchies of, secularized bishoprics ceded to king of Sweden as duke of Bremen, duke of Verden in 1648; occupied and then ceded (1719) to Hanover, Imperial investitures for (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), ch. IX n. 68.
Bremen, imperial free city of, not comprised in cession of 1648 (i).
Brett, Anne Maria, d. of colonel Henry Brett, reputed mistress of George I (i).
Bridgewater, Scroop Egerton, 4th earl of, 1701, 1720 duke, gentleman of the bedchamber 1719 141*.
Bristol (i).
Britain, see Great Britain.
Bromley, William (1664–1732), M.P. 1702–10, speaker of House of Commons 1710, secretary of state 1713–14 (i).
Bruchhausen (also Brock-hausen), hunting lodge belonging to duke of Celle in the Grafschaft of Hoya (i), (ii).
Brunner, Johann Konrad (1653–1727), professor of medicine Heidelberg 1687, court physician to the elector palatine 1695 214†.
Brunswick, congress of, 1713, called by emperor Charles VI in the hope of ending the Great Northern War; the Hanoverian representatives were Johann Ludwig von Fabrice and Philipp Adam von Eltz (i).
Brunswick (Braunschweig), town of (i).
Brunswick-Lüneburg, considered as a unit (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v).
Brunswick-Lüneburg, house of (junior branch) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); see also Georg, Christian Ludwig, Johann Friedrich, Georg Wilhelm, Ernst August, George.
Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, house of (senior branch) 21, 33, 69, 71,88, 94, 166; see also Rudolf August, Anton Ulrich, August Wilhelm.
Brydges, James (1673–1744), 2nd earl of Carnarvon 1714, 1 st duke of Chandos 1719; paymaster general in queen Anne's reign; 1721 lord lieutenant of Herefordshire and Radnorshire (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); father James, 8th lord Chandos, 1st earl of Carnarvon (i).
Buccolini (also Bucco), Louis; in German version Lucas von Buccow, Celle Oberstallmeister (d. 1723), Georg Wilhelm's son with Zendria Buccoloni (i), ch. II n. 62.
Buckingham, John Sheffield (1648–1721), 1st duke of, lord president of the council 1711–14 (i), (ii).
Bucquoy, Jean Albert d'Archambaud, comte de (c. 1660–1741), French-born protégé of George ch. VI n. 76, ch. X n. 40.
Buononcini (Bononcini), Giovanni Battista (1672–1750), Italian composer resident in London in the 1720s (i).
Burlington, Richard Boyle (1695–1753), 3rd earl of from 1704, connoisseur, patron of architecture, painting and music, member of privy council October 1714, lord high treasurer of Ireland 1715 (i), (ii).
Burlington House in Piccadilly, reconstructed 1716 (i).
Burnet, Gilbert (1643–1715), bishop of Salisbury 1689, writer on religious, political and historical subjects (i), ch. VI n. 13.
Burnet, Thomas (1694–1753), pamphleteer and writer, brief consular career, younger son of the above (i), ch. VI n. 13.
Bussche, Albrecht Philipp von dem (1639–98), governor to Ernst August's younger sons from 1672, Hanoverian minister from 1682 (i), (ii), (iii).
Bussche, Johann von dem (1642–93), Hanoverian officer, who fell at the battle of Neerwinden, 1st husband of Maria Katharine von Meysenbug, preceptor to George when young (i).
Bussche-Ippenburg (also Bussche), Ernst August Philipp von dem (1681–1761), officer in Celle army, m. 1707 [Anna] Louise von der Schulenburg, divorced before 1714 (i).
Byng, George (1663–1733), baronet 1715, viscount Torrington 1721, naval officer rising to rear-admiral 1720 and admiral of the fleet 1727; M.P. 1705–21 (active 1688, protected coasts 1715) 177, 231–33, 237*, (i).
CADOGAN, Sir William (1675–1726), baron 1716, 1st earl 1718, army officer, Marlborough's right-hand man during War of the Spanish Succession, used by him on missions to Hanover 1706–14, M.P. 1705–16, lost offices and commission 1712, master of the robes 1714–26, member privy council 1717, a lord justice 1723 125–26, 140, 142, 178, 182, 191*, 195, 198, 208, 268, 275–76, 284, ch. VIII n. 115, ch. IX n. (i); his wife, m. 1703, Margaretta Cecilia Munter of an Amsterdam regent family 268.
Caesar, Charles (1673–1741), M.P. 1701–15, 1722–23; High Tory, involved in Jacobite plots 1716–27 (i).
Calenberg-Göttingen, duchy of (i), (ii); estates of (i); see also Hanover, duchy of and electorate of.
calendar, old style (OS), new style (NS) 13, 165, ch. VI n. 74, ch. VII n. 20. Note that Scotland remained ten days earlier until 1752.
Callières, François de, French man of letters and diplomat ch. VIII n. 42.
Calvinism (i), (ii), (iii), ch. II n. 44, ch. VI n. 70.
Cambrai, congress of (started 1722, but officially opened 1724) (i), (ii), ch. IX n. 35, 71 and 72.
Cambridge, Adolphus (1774–1850), duke of, 7th son of George III (i).
Cambridge, university of (i), (ii).
Camisards, French Protestants of the Cevennes region (i).
Campbell, Colin (d. 1729), architect, protégé of Burlington, worked for George at Kensington Palace, built Rolls House, Chancery Lane 1718, surveyor of works Greenwich 1726 (i).
Cape Passaro (Italian Capo Pessaro), Sicily (i), (ii).
Carlisle, Charles Howard (1674–1738), 3rd earl of from 1692, lost office on fall of Whigs, one of regents after queen Anne's death, first lord of the treasury May–October 1715, constable of the Tower 1715–22, constable of Windsor Castle and Warden of the Forest 1723–30 (i).
Carlos II (b. 1661), king of Spain 1665–1700 (i).
‘Carlos III’, archduke Charles of Austria, later emperor Charles VI (q.v.), recognized as king of Spain by the anti-French coalition during War of the Spanish Succession; he did not sacrifice title till 1720 (i), (ii).
Carlos, Don (1716–88), son of Philip V of Spain from his 2nd marriage to Elisabeth Farnese, duke of Parma 1731–37, king of Naples and Sicily 1737–59, king of Spain (Carlos III) from 1759 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); his brother was Don Philip (Felipe), duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1748.
Carnarvon, see Brydges.
carnivals (i), (ii), ch. II n. 46.
Carnwath, Robert Dalzell (1684–1737), 6th earl of from 1703, Jacobite, taken prisoner at battle of Preston 14 November 1715 (i), (ii).
Carolina (North America) ch. V n. 15.
Caroline [Elisabeth] (1713–59), granddaughter of George I, d. unmarried (i).
Caroline (christened Wilhelmine Caroline) of Ansbach-Bayreuth (1683–1737), electoral princess of Hanover after m. 1705 to Georg August; princess of Wales from 1714, queen of Great Britain 1727 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), ch. II n. 12, ch. V n. 30 and 64, ch. VI n. 28 and 35, ch. VII n. 66, 84 and 87, ch. VIII n. 6 and 11, ch. X n. 12.
Caroline, Raugräfin (1659–96), d. of Karl Ludwig, elector palatine, and Louise von Degenfeld, m. 1683 Meinhard von Schomberg (q.v.) (i).
Carpenter, George (1657–1732), baron 1719, army officer with good service in War of the Spanish Succession, lieutenant-general 1710, M.P. 1714–29, commander-in-chief Scotland 1716–25 (i).
Carteret, John (1690–1763), baron by succession 1695, later earl Granville; gentleman of the bedchamber to George 1714, lord lieutenant of Devon 1716–21, important diplomatic missions 1719–20, secretary of state 1721–24, lord lieutenant of Ireland 1724–30 130, 141*, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii).
Catalonia (i).
Catherine (Ekaterina) I of Russia (b. 1668), wife of tsar Peter, ruling tsaritsa 1725–27 (i).
Catholicism, see Roman Catholicism.
Celle, duchy of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); army of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); court and palace of (i); duchess of, see Eléonore Desmiers d'Olbreuse; duke of, see Georg Wilhelm; Estates of (i); fortresses of (i), (ii), (iii); unification (Kombination) with Hanover 1705 (i), (ii), (iii).
Chandos, duke of, see Brydges, James.
Charbonnier, Ernst August, son of Martin (see below), landscape gardener, active in Celle and Hanover (i).
Charbonnier, Martin (d. 1720), landscape gardener trained by Le Nôtre; worked for Ernst August and Sophia at Osnabrück from 1677, Gartenmeister at Herrenhausen 1682–1717, active also on rebuilding Linsburg hunting lodge (i).
Charles I, king of England, Ireland and Scotland 1625–49 (b. 1600) (i), (ii).
Charles II, king of England, Ireland and Scotland 1660–85 (b. 1630) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Charles (Karl) VI, hereditary Austrian Habsburg ruler and elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 1711–40 (b. 1685), recognized as ‘Carlos III’ of Spain by anti-French coalition in War of the Spanish Succession (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), ch. VI n. 84, ch. VIII n. 39, ch. IX n. 61, 66 and 85; for his wife see Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel; children: Leopold (b. and d. 1716) (i); Maria Theresa (Theresia) (1717–80), m. 1736 (i); Maria Anna (1718–44), m. 1744 (i); Maria Amalia (1724–30) (i).
Charles X (Karl X Gustaf), king of Sweden 1654–60 (b. 1622) (i), (ii).
Charles (Karl) XI, king of Sweden 1660–97 (b. 1655) (i).
Charles (Karl) XII, king of Sweden 1697–1718 (b. 1682) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix) ch. X n. 15; for his sister and successor see Ulrika Eleonora.
Charles Edward Stuart (1720–88), ‘the young Pretender’, son of James Edward Stuart, ‘the old Pretender’ 180.*
Charlotte (1627–86), d. of landgrave Wilhelm of Hesse-Cassel, m. 1650 Karl Ludwig, elector palatine (i), (ii).
Charlotte Felicitas (1671–1710), d. of Johann Friedrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg, m. 1695 at the Leineschloss to Rinaldo III, duke of Modena 22*.
Charlottenburg (originally called Lietzenburg), Hohen-zollern palace (i).
Châteauneuf, Pierre Antoine de Castagnéry (1647–1728), marquis de, French diplomat accredited to the Dutch Republic 191*.
Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope (1694–1773), 4th earl of, m. 1733 [Petronella] Melusine von der Schulenburg (i), (ii), ch. V n. 83 and 91, ch. VI n. 35.
Chetwynd, John, commissioner for trade and plantations 1714–28 ch. VI n. 28.
Cholmondeley brew of beer (i).
Christian (Kristian) V, king of Denmark–Norway 1670–99 (b. 1646) (i), (ii).
Christian Albrecht, duke of Holstein-Gottorp 1659–94 (b. 1641) (i).
Christian Heinrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1671–1703), George's brother, 5th son of Ernst August and Sophia, known in the family as the Heidelberger as he was born there, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), ch. II n. 7, ch. Ill n. 19, 20 and 21.
Christian Ludwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1622–65), governed Hanover 1641–48, changed to Celle 1648–65 (i), (ii).
Church of England (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); convocations of (i), ch. X n. 34.
Clavering, John, brother of lady Cowper ch. V n. 92, ch. VI n. 50.
Clayton, Charlotte, later lady Sundon, lady-in-waiting to Caroline, princess of Wales (i), ch. V n. 64, ch. VII n. 87.
Clayton, William (1671–1752), husband of above, baron Sundon 1735, M.P. 1716–27, treasury official, paymaster of George I's private pensions 1715–18, lord of the treasury 1718–20 (i).
closet, in sense of the ruler's study or ‘cabinet’ (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v).
Cologne, electorate-archbishopric of (i); elector-archbishops in the period were: Joseph Clemens of Bavaria 1688–1723 (b. 1671), q.v.; Clemens August of Bavaria 1723–61 (b. 1700).
condominium (joint government) , Anglo-Dutch, see Southern Netherlands.
congress system (i), (ii), (iii); see also Brunswick, congress of; Cambrai, congress of; Soissons, congress of.
Convention of 11/21 April 1658, and later confirmations, between Georg Wilhelm and Ernst August, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi).
Conway, Edward, earl of, secretary of state in William II's reign ch. II n. 21.
Conzbrücke (Konzer Brücke), battle of, 1675 (i).
Copenhagen (i).
Corneille, Pierre (1606–84), French dramatist ch. X n. 40.
Couraud, John, clerk in secretary's office 1717–29 ch. VI n. 53.
Courland (Kurland), duchy of (i); duke of, Friedrich Wilhelm 1698–1711 189*; for his wife see Anna Ivanovna; court and courtiers (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Cowper, lady Mary (1685–1723), countess from 1718, m. 1706 (as 2nd wife) William Cowper (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), ch. VI n. 28, ch. VII n. 6, 87 and 88, ch. VIII n. 6 and 117.
Cowper, William (d. 1723), baron 1706, 1st earl 1718; lord keeper 1705 till resignation 1710, strong supporter of Protestant succession, one of George's regents 1714, lord chancellor September 1714 till resignation April 1718 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), ch. VII n. 87 and 88, ch. VIII n. 6 and 113.
Coxe, William (1774–1828), archdeacon, historian, traveller 197*.
Craggs, James (1657–1721), the elder, protégé of Marlborough, postmaster general 1715 till suicide March 1721; involved in South Sea scandal and the increase in his estate since 1 December 1719 (assessed at £68,920) was confiscated. Even so he left £1 1/2 million (i), (ii), ch. V n. 43.
Craggs, James (1686–1721), the younger, secretary to James Stanhope 1708–11; M.P. 1713–21, cofferer to the prince of Wales 1714–17, secretary at war 1717–18, secretary of state for the south 1718 till death 16 February 1721 149, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi).
Craven, William (1608–97), baron 1627, earl 1664, army officer, successively in Orange and English service, financial supporter of palatinate court in exile, official position at that court master of the horse (i).
Cresset, James, William III's representative to Hanover and Celle 1693–96 and again 1698–1703, m. 29 December 1694 (OS) the Huguenot Louise Marie de la Motte, a relative of Eléonore d'Ol-breuse; initially a supporter of the cause of Sophia Dorothea, but changed attitude during his second mission (i), ch. III n. 13.
Cumberland, county of (i).
Cuzzoni, Francesca, soprano (i).
D'ALAIA, Mauro, violinist (i).
Danish diplomat at Wolfen-büttel, see Mencken, Otto.
Danish royal family in 1667: see Frederik III and Sophia Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
Danzig, free city of (i).
Darlington, countess of, see Sophia Charlotte (von Kielmansegg).
Dartmouth, William Legge (1672–1750), 1st earl of, secretary of state in queen Anne's reign, lord privy seal 1713–September 1714 (i), (ii).
De la Fosse, Rémy (1666–1726), French Huguenot in Hanoverian service 1706–15 as Hof and Premier Architect, (i).
De la Motraye, Aubry (1674–1743), French traveller and writer ch. II n. 10.
De la Motte, Louise Marie, Huguenot from Poitou, m. 1694 James Cresset, (q.v.), presumably also the Mlle de la Motte of page (i).
De la Tour, Paul, Bernstorff's banker in London (i).
Degenfeld, Louise von (1634–77), mistress, later morganatic wife of the elector palatine Karl Ludwig, created Raugräfin (i), (ii), (iii); for her children with the elector see gen. table II and Caroline, Louise Amalie and Karl Moritz.
Delafaye, Charles, undersecretary of state from c. 1700 to 1734 ch. VI n. 53.
Delitz, Gräfin von (in England at times spelled D'Litz or de Litz), see Schulenburg, [Anna] Louise von der.
Delitzsche Palais (now Fürstenhause), Herrenhausen (i), (ii).
Delmenhorst (possession of Danish crown) in Empire (i).
Delvaux, Laurent (1697–1778), Flemish sculptor, active in London 1717–27 (i).
Denain, battle of, 1712 (i).
Denmark, also Denmark-Norway (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix); for kings of see Frederik III, 1648–70; Christian V, 1670–99; Frederik IV, 1699–1730.
Derwentwater, James Radcliffe (1689–1732), 3rd earl of, Jacobite 1777–8.
Destouches, Philippe Néricault (1680–1754), French diplomat accredited to George 1720–23 ch. V n. 97, ch. IX n. 33.
Deutsche Kanzlei (i), (ii), (iii).
Devon (i).
Devonshire, William Cavendish (1672–1730), 2nd duke of from 1707, lord steward 1714–16, lord president of the council 1716–17 and 1725–30 121, 143*, (i), (ii), ch. VIII n. 115.
Diepholz, Grafschaft of, acquired by Ernst August in 1665 and incorporated into Hanover in 1698 (i), (ii).
dissenters from the Anglican Church and their disabilities (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Dorset, Lionel Cransfield Sackville (1688–1765), missions to Hanover 1706 and 1714, 10th earl of, 1st duke 1720, first gentleman of the bedchamber 1714–17, lord steward 1725–30 143*.
double marriage alliances, political significance of (i).
Drummond, John (1676–1742), merchant and banker resident in the Dutch Republic 1691–1714, supported Tory ministry's financial policies 1700–12 (i).
Dubois, Guillaume (1656–1723), French diplomat and statesman, archbishop of Cambrai and cardinal 1720, missions to Hanover (1716) and London (1717–18) 140, 159*, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), ch. V n. 97.
Dubourg, Matthew (1703–67), violinist, pupil of Geminiani, composer (i).
Dunkirk (Dunkerque, Duinkerken) (i), ch. VII n. 26.
Durastanti, Margherita, soprano in Handel's operas (i).
Dutch Republic, United Provinces, the (Northern) Netherlands (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), ch. VIII n. 19.
Dutch War 1672–78/79, begun by Louis XIV's attack 32, 34, 36, 37–39, 44, 80, 268*.
Duyvenvoorde, Arent baron van Wassenaer, sieur de, Dutch regent, used on diplomatic missions, son-in-law to Portland (q.v.) (i), (ii).
EARLY ENLIGHTENMENT, period of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
East, Far East in general (i), (ii).
East India Company (i), (ii), (iii).
East Indies (i).
East Prussia (i).
Edinburgh (i).
Edward (1625–63), son of the elector palatine Frederick V, turned Catholic 1645, m. 1645 Anna Gonzaga, princess of Mantua-Nevers (i), (ii); for his ds. see Anne Henriette and Benedicte Henriette.
Elbe, duchies of, see Bremen and Verden.
Electoral College (Holy Roman Empire), see Empire.
Eléonore Desmiers d'Olbreuse (1639–1722), of French Huguenot family, ‘marriage of conscience’ to Georg Wilhelm of Celle 1665, and then known as Mme de Harbourg (or Harburg) after an estate was settled on her; Reichsgräfin 1674, legal marriage 1675 and from then on styled duchess of Celle (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), ch. II n. 80 and 86, ch. Ill n. 13.
Elisabeth Charlotte, ‘Liselotte’ von der Pfalz (1652–1722), d. of Karl Ludwig, elector palatine, m. 1671 Philippe I, due d'Orléans, brother of Louis XIV; courtesy title at French court ‘Madame’ (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), ch. I n. 9, ch. II n. 23; children of the marriage, Orléans, Philippe II (q.v.) and Elisabeth Charlotte, for whom see Lorraine, duchy of.
Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1691–1750), granddaughter of Anton Ulrich, m. 1708 archduke Charles (later emperor Charles VI) (i), (ii).
Elisabeth Farnese (Elisabetta del Parma; Spanish: Isabel) (1692–1766), m. 1714, as 2nd wife, Philip V of Spain (i); for their children see Philip V of Spain.
Elizabeth (1596–1662), d. of James I of England, electress palatine by m. 1613 to Frederick (Friedrich) V of the Palatinate, ‘Winter Queen’ of Bohemia 1619–20 on her husband's election to the crown of Bohemia, grandmother of George 16–19, 25–26, 3.
Elizabeth (Elisabeth) (1618–80), daughter of Frederick (Friedrich) V, elector palatine, George's maternal aunt, lived in Brandenburg 1620–27; joined family in exile 1627, coadjutor 1661 and Fürstabbissin of Herford 1667 (i), (ii).
Eltz, Philipp Adam (1665–1728), Freiherr von, Hanoverian courtier, 1690 Kavalier, 1692 Hofmeister for Georg August, diplomat and, from 1703, minister (i), (ii), (iii).
Emilie (also Amelia) of Hesse-Cassel (1626–93), princess of Tarente (Tarento) by m. 1648 to Henri Charles de la Tremoille, prince of Tarente, widowed 1672 (i).
Empire, short for the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation 15–16, 43, 46, 80, 87, 90, 96, 100–01, 105–06, 114*, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix); army of (i); ban (Reichsacht) of (i); circles of (i), (ii); constitution of (i), ch. VI n. 80; diet of (i), (ii); electoral college and electors of (i), (ii); emperor (Kaiser) of in general (i); offices of (i); for emperors of, see Leopold I, Joseph I, Charles VI; for field-marshals of, see Ludwig Wilhelm, margrave of Baden; Brandenburg-Bayreuth, and George.
Empthusen, Pieter van, Dutch sculptor (i).
Engensen, the most usual pl.. ce for ‘house-conferences’ between ministers of Celle and Hanover (i).
England: arbiter of Europe (i), (ii); population of (i); succession in (i), (ii); see also Hanover succession and Protestant succession and Great Britain.
Ernst August of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1629–98), prince-bishop of Osnabrück 1661–98, ruling duke of Hanover 1679, granted elector status 1692, George's father (i), (ii); character, attitudes and interests of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); prospects and marriage of (i), (ii); relationships : with his wife (i), (ii), ch. II n. 21, ch. IV n. 16; with his children in general 28*, (i), (ii); with George (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), ch. III n. 47; with George's wife (i), (ii); with Königsmarck (i), (ii); with Klara von Platen (i), (ii); political ambitions and achievements of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); visits to Italy (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); illness and death of (i); for his wife see Sophia; for his legitimate children see George, Friedrich August, Maximilian Wilhelm, Sophia Charlotte, Karl Philipp, Christian Heinrich, Ernst August; for his illegitimate d. Laura (d. 1691) see Stubenvol, Johann Christoph von; for his d. with Klara von Platen see Sophia Charlotte von Kielmansegg.
Ernst August II (1674–1728), 6th son of Ernst August and Sophia; ruling prince-bishop of Osnabrück from 1715 (installed 1716), created duke of York and Albany and earl of Ulster 1716 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv).
Estates government (i).
Eugène (Eugenio-François di Savoia, 1663–1736), prince of Savoy-Carignan, Austrian Habsburg field-marshal, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), ch. IV n. 28.
Europe as an entity, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii).
Evelyn, Sir John, postmaster general dismissed 1714, reentry into George's service as commissioner of customs 1720 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), ch. IX n. 13, 14 and 52.
exchanges and equivalents concept in international relations (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
FABRICE, Friedrich Ernst von (1683–1750), Hanoverian diplomat and courtier technically in Holstein-Gottorp service till 1718, Kammerherr to George I (in his electoral capacity) from 1719, with special privileges amounting to those of an Oberkammerherr 97, 99, 131, 133, 139, 150–51, 161, 217, 219–21, 236, 266*, (i), ch. VI n. 53.
Fabrice, Johann Ludwig von (1666–1718), in Celle and Hanoverian service, elder brother of the above, Legationsrat then Landdrost 1709–18 (i).
Fabrice (Fabricius), Weipart Ludwig von (1640–1724), in Celle and Hanoverian service 1667–1705, director of the Justizkanzlei 1705, president of the Oberappellationsgericht (highest court of appeal) 1710; of Hesse-Darmstadt origin, m. into Schütz family, brother-in-law of Johann Helwig Sinold known as von Schütz (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Fantaisie, the Kielmansegg country estate (i).
Ferdinand II, hereditary ruler of Austrian Habsburg dominions and elected emperor 1619–37 (i).
fief issues (i), (ii); see also Bremen and Verden, Hadeln, Parma, Piacenza, Pomerania and Tuscany.
‘Fifteen’, see Jacobite rebellion of 1715–16.
Figuelotte, nickname for Sophia Charlotte (q.v.), sister of George.
Finch, Edward, groom of the bedchamber to George, diplomat ch. X n. 18.
Finch, Heneage (c. 1683–1787), M.P. 1710–19 when succeeded as 2nd earl of Aylesford, master of the jewel office 1711–16 (i).
Finland 221, 238, 241, 242*.
Flemming, Jakob Heinrich Graf von (1667–1728), Saxon minister (i), (ii), ch. VIII n. 35.
Fleury, André-Hercule de, abbé, cardinal, French first minister from 1726 (i), (ii), ch. VI n. 84, ch. IX n. 89.
force, use of, in international relations (i).
Forster, Thomas (c. 1675–1738), M.P., Jacobite (i), (ii).
France (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), ch. V n. 15 and 17; army of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); navy of (i); overseas exploitation, possessions and trade of (i), (ii); population of (i); succession in (i), (ii), (iii); visits to by members of the house of Hanover (i), (ii); see also rulers of, Louis XIV 1642–1715, Louis XV 1715–74, and regents, Orléans, Philippe II, 1715–23, and Bourbon, 1723–26.
Franche-Comté, part of France after 1678 (earlier Spanish and technically part of the Burgundian circle of the Empire) (i), (ii).
Frederick (Friedrich) V (1596–1632), elector palatine from 1610, the ‘Winter King’ 1619–21, maternal grandfather of George 16, 17, 2.
Frederick Henry (Frederik Hendrik; 1584–1647), prince of Orange (i).
Frederick Louis (Friedrich Ludwig; 1707–51), George's grandson, created duke of Gloucester 1716, duke of Edinburgh, marquess of Ely, earl of Eltham, viscount Launceston and baron Snowdon 1726, prince of Wales 1728 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), ch. II n. 12, ch. VI n. 68 and 78, ch. X n. 4, 11, 16, 17 and 18.
Frederik III, king of Denmark-Norway 1640–70 (i).
Frederik IV, king of Denmark-Norway 1699–1730 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi).
Frederiksten, fortress at Frederikshald in eastern Norway (i).
Fredrik I (1676–1751), king of Sweden 1720–51, born Friedrich, Erbprinz of Hessen-Kassel (q.v.), m. 1715 Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden, ruling queen 1718–20 (q.v.), who abdicated in his favour 1720 (i), (ii).
Friedrich III, elector of Brandenburg 1688–1713 (b. 1657) with title of king Friedrich I in Prussia from 1701, George I's brother-in-law by m. 1684 to Sophia Charlotte (i), (ii), (iii).
Friedrich II, der Grosse (the Great; 1712–86), George's grandson, king in Prussia 1740 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. X n. 4 and 17.
Friedrich IV, duke of Holstein-Gottorp 1694–1702 (b. 1671), brother-in-law of Charles XII of Sweden 81–82, 87, 238*.
Friedrich of Hesse-Cassel (1676–1751) (i), (ii), (iii); see also Fredrik I of Sweden.
Friedrich August I, elector of Saxony, see Augustus II.
Friedrich August (1696–1763), electoral prince of Saxony, converted to Catholicism 1717 (from 1733 elector of Saxony and elected king, Augustus III, of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth)222.
Friedrich August, ‘Gustchen’ (1661–90), George's brother, 2nd son of Ernst August and Sophia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v).
Friedrich August (often given as August Friedrich), 1657–76, of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, eldest son of Anton Ulrich (i).
Friedrich Wilhelm I, king in Prussia 1713–40 (b. 1688), nephew and son-in-law of George 45*, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), ch. X n. 3, 11 and 17.
Friesland, province in the Dutch Republic (i).
Friso, Jan Willem (1687–1711), prince of Orange, nephew of William III, stadholder of Friesland (i); wife, Marie Louise of Hesse-Cassel (1688–1765) (i); for his posthumous son see William [??395] IV.
Fürstenhaus (former Delitzsche Palais) at Herrenhausen (i).
GARTOW, Bernstorff's estate purchased 1694, Schloss built 1710–17 (i), (ii).
Gay, John (1688–1732), poet, author of The Beggar's Opera (i)
Geheimrat (Hanoverian Privy Council) (i), (ii).
Geminiani, Francesco (1687–1762), Italian-born violin virtuoso and composer (i).
Gentilkommes Campagnards, country (as opposed to court) members of House of Commons (i).
Georg, ruling duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 1636–41 (b. 1582), father of Ernst August and grandfather of George I (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Georg August (George Augustus; 1683–1760), son of George I, George II from 1727; electoral prince 1698, naturalized British subject 1705, created duke of Cambridge 1706; from 1714 George Augustus prince of Wales (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), ch. IV n. 37, ch. V n. 63 and 64, ch. VI n. 35, ch. VII n. 60, 64, 65, 66 and 67; see also George II.
Georg Ludwig (George Louis, ‘Gorgen’) of Brunswick-Lüneburg, see George.
Georg Wilhelm of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1624–1705), ruling duke of Calenberg-Göttingen (Hanover) 1665–79, ruling duke of Celle 1679–28 August 1705, uncle of George (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), ch. I n. 7; ch. II n. 21, ch. VII n. 7; for his wife see Eléonore Desmiers d'Olbreuse; for his d. see Sophia Dorothea.
George I (Georg Ludwig; 1660–1727), duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the electoral prince of Hanover 1692, elector 1698, and from 1714 simultaneously king of Great Britain:
birth and childhood of (i);
campaigns and military career of: Dutch war 1675–78 (i); Turkish wars 1683–85 (i), (ii), (iii); Nine Years War 1688–94 (i), (ii); in Holstein 1700 (i), (ii); War of the Spanish Succession (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. IV n. 27 and 28;
character, looks and temperament of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), ch. I n. 9; ch. IV n. 15, ch. V n. 69, ch. VII n. 2 and 3, ch. X n. 62;
coronations of ch. V n. 46 and (i);
education and training of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv);
financial affairs and private accounts of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi);
health and illnesses of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); horoscope cast at birth (i); favourite food and drink of (i), ch. V n. 105 and 106; intellectual and artistic interests of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), ch. X n. 42; leisure pursuits of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), ch, V n. 72, ch. VI n. 53;
linguistic abilities of (including English) (i), (ii), (iii), ch. V n. 55, 57, 58 and 61; marriage, plans for (i), (ii);
marriage (1682) and divorce (1694) of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), ch. II n. 21, 23 and 75;
motto of (i);
office (as arch-treasurer, hereditary) of the Empire (i); pensions granted by (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. X n. 39 and 40;
policy and achievements of: (a) as elector (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), ch. V n. 69; (b) as king (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), ch. VI n. 66, ch. VII n. 67, ch. IX n. 2 and 81, ch. X n. 57;
portraits and statues of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), ch. II n. 39 and 85, ch. V n. 103, ch. VII n. 2, 9 and 89, ch. X n. 46, 61 and 62;
progresses of in England ch. V n. 72 and 73, ch. VI n. 55; relationships with: (a) parents and family in general (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. II n. 19; (b) his wife (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), ch. I n. 28 and 69; (c) [Ehrengard] Melusine von der Schulenburg and their three daughters (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), ch. II n. 60, ch. VI n. 29 and 33; (d) only legitimate son 43, 129, 145, 160, 197–98, 205–07, 213, 215, 287, ch. VIII 60, 67 and (i); (e) only legitimate daughter (i), (ii), ch. III n. 63, ch. VI n. 50, ch. IX n. 94; (f) grandchildren, legitimate and illegitimate (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), ch. II n. 22, ch. V n. 72, ch. VI n. 78, ch. VIII n. 9, ch. X n. 11; (g) half-sister and her children (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); (h) ministers (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), ch. VIII n. 67;
reputation and gloire of (i), (ii);
restraints on (i), (ii), (iii);
travels: to France (i), (ii); to England (i); to Prussia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); to the Dutch Republic (i); to Hanover when king (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi);
views: on dissolution of dynastic union, Britain and Hanover (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); on government and party politics (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), ch. V n. 30 and 42; on justice (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); on medical men (i); on religion, toleration and freedom of thought (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); on succession (British, modification of) (i); on succession (Protestant) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); on trade ch. IX n. 2 and 3; on war and peace (i); wills of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), ch. VI n. 34, 35, 49, 76, 78 and 84;
historical assessment of (i), (ii), (iii);
children: legitimate, see Georg August, Sophia Dorothea; unacknowledged, son (b. 1676) name unknown (i), (ii); possibly but not probably by morganatic marriage, see: [Anna] Louise von der Schulenburg; [Petronella] Melusine von der Schulenberg; [Margarethe] Gertrud von Oeynhausen; for legitimate grandchildren in his own lifetime, see Amalie, Anne, Caroline, Frederick, Friedrich II (of Prussia), George William, Louise, Mary, Wilhelmine of Bayreuth, William Augustus, and gen. table I; for unacknowledged grandchildren see Schaumburg-Lippe, Georg August zu and Schaumburg-Lippe, [Friedrich Ernst] Wilhelm zu.
George II, king of Great Britain 1727–60 61, 63, 77, 136, 154, 169, 212, 262*, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. VI n. 35, ch. VIII n. 5; see also Georg August.
George III (George William Frederick), king of Great Britain 1760–1820 (b. 1738), successively elector 1760, and king 1814, of Hanover 166†, (i), ch. X n. 16 and 17.
George IV (George Augustus Frederick), king of Great Britain and of Hanover 1820–30 (b. 1762) (i), ch. II n. 76, ch. X n. 16.
George, prince of Denmark (1653–1708), husband, m. 1685, of Anne, queen of England, Ireland and Scotland 1702–14 (q.v.) (i).
George William (1717–18), George's grandson 168*, (i), (ii), ch. VIII n. 7.
Germanies, the, meaning the Empire and the German possessions of the Austrian Habsburg rulers (i).
Germany in sense of geographical unit (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); North Germany, Protestant princes of (i), (ii), (iii); see also Empire, and the Germanies.
Gesamthaus, meaning both Brunswick-Lüneburg and Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (i), (ii).
Gibbs, James (1682–1754), architect (i).
Gibraltar (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), ch. VIII n. 44, 45 and 58, ch. IX n. 10.
Gibson, Edmund (1669–1748), bishop of London 1720–24 ch. IX n. 45.
Giusti, Tommaso (1644–1729), decorator and theatre architect, working in Hanover (i).
Glenshiel (Scotland), battle of, 1719 (i).
Glommen (Glomma) river in east Norway (i).
Gloucester, William (1689–1700), duke of, son of princess (later queen) Anne (i), (ii).
Glückstadt, town in Danish dominions (i).
Godolphin, Francis (1678–1766), 2nd earl of from 1712, son of Sidney, son-in-law of Marlborough, cofferer of George's household 1714–23, gentleman of the bedchamber to George 1716–27, groom of the stole 1723–35 (i).
Godolphin, Sidney (1645–1712), 1st earl of, statesman of queen Anne's reign (1702–12) (i), (ii).
Göhrde, Jagdschloss (hunting palace) in Celle territory, rebuilt by George 38, 52, 83, 90 (i), (ii), (iii), ch. IV n. 13 and 14, ch. V n. 72, ch. X n. 18.
Golden Bull of 1356, a fundamental law of the Empire (Reichsgrundgesetz) (i), ch. VI n. 80.
Gonzaga, Anna (1616–84), princess of -Mantua-Nevers, m. Edward (q.v.), son of Friedrich V, elector palatine (i), (ii).
Görtz, Friedrich Wilhelm von Schlitz, known as von (1647—1728), Reichsfreiherr 1677, Reichsgraf 1726; Hesse born, first in Holstein service, then 1686 at George's suggestion in Hanover service, minister and Oberhofmarschall 1695; diplomat and financial expert, Kammerpräsident, chief minister in Hanover after 1714 69–71, 82, 96, 123, 139*, 148–49, 151, 163, 184, 194, 196 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix); sons (by m. to Anna Dorothea von Haxthausen) (i).
Görtz, Georg Heinrich von Schlitz, known as von (1668–1719), cousin of the above, Holstein minister seconded to the service of Charles XII of Sweden 1714–18, skilled financial expert and negotiator, executed in Stockholm 1719 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. II n. 43, ch. III n. 47, ch. VI n. 66; his secretary (Stambke) (i).
Goslar, mines of (i).
Gothenburg (Sweden) (i).
Göttingen (part of duchy of Calenberg-Göttingen), Estates of (i); Gymnasium and university of (i).
Gourville, Jean Hérault de (1625–1703), French agent, Mémoires cited ch. II n. 43.
Grafton, Charles Fitzroy (1683–1757), 2nd duke of, lord justice of Ireland 1715, lord lieutenant of Ireland 1720–24, lord chamberlain 1724–57 141*.
Grand Alliance of 1689 (i), (ii).
Grand Alliance of 1701 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), ch. III n. 21.
Grandmastership of the Teutonic order (the German Knights), hereditary in the Hohenzollern family 95*.
gratifications and bribes (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), ch. III n. 52, ch. VI n. 44.
Great Britain (Britain):
after Union of England with Wales and Scotland 1707 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi);
administration of (i);
army of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi);
cabinet council of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), ch. V n. 50, ch. VII n. 64;
court of (i);
crime in (i);
debt of 113, 179*, (i);
economic and financial life in (i), (ii), (iii);
education in (i);
gambling mania in (i);
House of Commons of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), ch. V n. 41, ch. IX n. 37;
House of Lords of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), ch. VI n. 27;
lords of the committee of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. V n. 50;
merchant navy of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)*;
navy of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), ch. VII n. 33, 34 and 37, ch. Xn. 57;
overseas possessions and trading posts of (i), (ii), (iii);
parliament of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv);
party struggles in (court, country, king's and prince's parties) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); see also Tories and Whig party;
political stability in (i);
population of (i);
power, honour and reputation of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); privy council of (i), (ii), (iii);
regents (lords justices) of (i), (ii);
religious issues in (i); see also Church of England, dissenters, Roman Catholics; society of (i), (ii);
spectre of revolution in (i), (ii);
taxation system of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv);
trade of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), ch. IX n. 2, ch. X n. 51;
universities of (i), ch. X n. 35 and 37;
welfare and prosperity in (i), (ii).
Great Northern War (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv).
Greenwich, palace and hospital of (i).
Grote, Otto (1636–93), Reichsfreiherr zu Schauen, 1689, Hanoverian diplomat from 1665 and minister (Kammer-präsident) from 1690 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v).
Grote, Thomas (1674–1713), Reichsfreiherr, son of the above, Hanoverian minister 1712; used on diplomatic missions, died on mission to London (i), ch. IV n. 7.
Grubenhagen, inherited by duke Georg from an uncle, ceded by Celle to Hanover 1665 (i); Estates of (i).
Guilford, Francis North (1685–1729), 2nd baron, a Tory who lost his office as first commissioner of the board of trade and plantations at George's accession, but accepted a pension from the king in 1725 and from then on voted with the government (i).
Gustavus Adolphus (Gustaf Adolf), king of Sweden 1611–32 (b. 1594) (i).
Gustavus Adolphus (1632–41), prince palatine, brother of Sophia (i).
Gustchen, nickname for George's brother Friedrich August (q.v.).
Guy, Thomas (1645–1725), printer, bookseller and philanthropist, founded Guy's hospital 1722–24 from fortune made in South Sea bubble (i).
Gwynne, Sir Rowland, Whig M.P. who lost seat 1702, stayed in Hanover 1703–06 (i), ch. V n. 52.
Gyllenborg, Karl (1679–1746), count, Swedish diplomat 199, 218–19, 220*, (i), (ii).
HABEAS CORPUS ACT, suspension of (i), (ii).
Habsburg, house of (Austrian and Spanish branches) (i), (ii); Austrian branch 16, 42, 101, 114*; Christian mission of Austrian branch (i); German mission of Austrian branch (i); see also Austrian Habsburg dominions.
Hadeln (territory in North Germany) 79*, (i), (ii), ch. IX n. 68.
Halberstadt, secularized bishopric of, ceded to Brandenburg 1648 (i).
Halifax, Charles Montagu (1661–1715), 1st earl of, first commissioner of the treasury October 1714–May 1715 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Hamburg, Imperial free city of (i), (ii).
Hamilton, David, physician to queen Anne (i), ch. IV n. 38.
Hammerstein, Alexander von (1660–1720), Hanoverian officer who saved George's life at Neerwinden 1693, major-general from 1705 (d. Hanover 25 August 1720) (i), (ii), (iii).
Hammerstein, Georg Christoph von (1625–87), Kammerjunker to Ernst August 1671, Geh. Rat Celle (envoy) (i).
Hampton Court Palace (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi).
Handel (Handel), Georg Friedrich (1685–1759), composer and Kapellmeister to George as elector (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi).
Hanmer, Sir Thomas (1677–1746), M.P. 1701–27, speaker of the House of Commons 1714–15, High Church Tory (i).
Hanover, alliance of (3 September 1725), see treaties.
Hanover, capital of the electorate (i), (ii), (iii).
Hanover, in common parlance since 1636, duchy of, electorate of since 1692, though not recognized by electoral college of Imperial diet till 1708 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv); achievement of electoral rank and position (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv); administration of (i), (ii), (iii); army of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), ch. VI n. 43; court of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); Estates of (i); resources of (i); society of (i); succession plans for (i); taxation of (i); see also primogeniture and Prinzenstreit.
Hanover, house of, more correctly house of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Braunschweig-Lüneburg), as established by Ernst August (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi); succession of in England (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii);
Hanoverians in England (i), (ii), (iii).
Hanse towns (i).
Harburg, port of in Celle (i), (ii).
Harcourt, Simon (1661–1727), 1st viscount 1712, lord-chancellor 1713 to September 1714; played important role in freeing Oxford; readmitted to privy council 1722; one of lords justices 1723, 1725, 1727 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)*, ch. IX, n. 14.
Hardenberg, Christian Ulrich von (1663–1735), court official and administrator (Legationsrat 1692); George's Hanoverian Hofmarschall from 1707; went with him to England, made Hanoverian minister, in attendance on the king in England 1723 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. X n. 18.
Hardy, Sir Thomas (1666–1732), naval officer (vice-admiral), served in Baltic 1715, gentleman of the bedchamber 141*.
Harley, Robert (1661–1724), English statesman, see Oxford.
Harling, [Christian] Friedrich von (1632–1724), successively Osnabrück Oberhofmeister and Hanoverian Oberstallmeister (Master of the Horse) (i).
Harling, Katharine von (1624–1702), wife of above (née Offeln, sometimes erroneously Uffeln) in charge of Sophia's children when young, later Sophia's Oberhofmeisterin 24*, (i), (ii).
Harz, mines of: Andreasberg, Altenau, Elbingerode, Gittelde, Grund, Herzberg, Klausthal, Lautenthal, Lauterberg, Osterode, Wildemann, Zellerfeld (i).
Hattorf, Johann von (1638–1715), ennobled (Reichsadel) 1703, Kabinett-secretary successively to Ernst August and George, from 1688 Geh. Kammer und Kriegssekretär, 1696 Wirkl. Geh. Kriegsrat (i), (ii), ch. V n. 41, ch. VI n. 65.
Hattorf, Johann Philipp von (1682–1737), helped his father (above) from 1703, Kabinett-secretary to George as elector after 1714 (i), (ii).
Hawksmoor, Nicholas (1661–1736), architect (i).
Hedvig Sofie (d. 1708), Swedish princess, elder sister of Charles XII, m. 1696 Friedrich IV of Holstein-Gottorp 238*.
Heidegger, Johann Jakob (c. 1659–1749), Swiss-born impresario, settled in England, managed Haymarket theatre 1713–17 (i), (ii), (iii).
Heidelberg, capital of the Rhine Palatinate, university of (i).
Heinrich der Löwe, Henry the Lion (1129–95), ancestor of the house of Brunswick-Lüneburg (i), (ii), (iii).
Heinsius, Antonie (1647–1720), raadpensionaris (‘grand pensionary’) of the province of Holland, highest official of the United Provinces (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), ch. IV n. 28.
Helmstedt university (i).
Helvoetsluys (Hellevoetsluis), port in the Dutch Republic ch. IX n. 30.
Henrietta (1626–51), d. of elector Frederick V of the Palatinate and sister to Sophia, mother of George I, m. Sigismund Rákóczi, prince of Transylvania (Siebenbürgen) (i), (ii).
Henrietta (1644–70), princess of England, d. of Charles I, m. 1661 Philippe I, duc d'Orleans; ds., Marie Louise d'Orléans (q.v.) and Anne Marie d'Orleans, wife of Victor Amadeus (i).
Herrenhausen, summer palace of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x); gardens (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Hervey, John (1696–1743), son of John, 1st earl of Bristol, courtesy title lord Hervey on death of half-brother in 1723, M.P. 1725, memoir writer (i).
Hervey, Molly (Marie), lady (1700–86), maid of honour to princess of Wales until her marriage to lord Hervey in 1720 ch. V n. 78.
Hesse-Cassel (Hessen-Kassel), house, landgravate and troops of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); landgraves (Landgraf, pl. Landgrafen): Karl, 1670–1730 (b. 1654) (i); Friedrich, 1730–51 (b. 1676) (i), (ii); as he was king of Sweden (see Fredrik I) from 1720 his brother Wilhelm (later Wilhelm VIII 1751–60) was regent throughout his reign.
Het Loo palace belonging to William III (i).
Historia Domus, History of the [Brunswick] house ordered from Leibniz by Ernst August in 1685; though the Historia did not get beyond 1005, Leibniz's work preserved valuable documents published either in his lifetime or after his death (i).
Hoadley, controversy of 1718, arising from the sermon in praise of religious tolerance preached by Benjamin Hoadley (1676–1761), bishop of Bangor, in the presence of George I in March 1717 (i), ch. X n. 34.
Hofburg palace, Vienna (in sense of administrative centre) (i), (ii), (iii).
Hoffmann, Johann Philipp von (d. 1724), Imperial diplomat (resident in London 1693–1724) (i).
Hogarth, William (1697–1764), painter, engraver, satirist, designer (including the coat of arms for duchess of Kendal) (i).
Hohenzollern, house of 40, 95*.
Holbein, paintings of (i).
Holderness, Robert, 3rd earl of (d. 1722), gentleman of the bedchamber 1719 141*.
Holland Diep, stretch of water (i).
Holstein-Gottorp, dukes of (possessors of land in the duchies of Sleswig and Holstein, also holding land in common in these duchies with the kings of Denmark): Christian Albrecht 1659–94 (i), (ii); Friedrich IV 1694–1702 81, 82, 238*; Karl Friedrich 1702–39 (b. and lived in Sweden till 1720, his uncle Christian August, bishop of Lübeck, acting as regent; after 1720, in exile in Russia as Denmark had occupied his lands) (i), (ii); see also Karl Fredrik.
Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation, Empire or Reich for short) see Empire.
Hoornbeck, Isaac van, raadpensionaris after death of Heinsius (i).
Hosier, Francis (1673–1727), British admiral, died of fever (as did 4,000 of his men) on expedition to West Indies ch. IX n. 89.
Houghton Hall, Robert Walpole's stately home (i).
house conferences (of Hanover and Celle) (i), (ii).
House of Commons, see Great Britain.
House of Lords, see Great Britain.
Howard, Henrietta (1688–1767), wife of Charles Howard, 9th earl of Suffolk 1731, lived for several years before 1714 in Hanover; in that year became lady of the bedchamber to Caroline, princess of Wales; her husband was a groom of the bedchamber to George I 1714–27 ch. IV n. 15.
Howe, Emanuel Scrope, (d. 1709), English army officer, staunch Wrhig, diplomat, mission to Hanover 1705–09, m. Ruperta (see Hughes, Margaret) (i).
Howe, Scrope, 2nd viscount (d. 1735), nephew of above, m. 1719 Sophie Charlotte von Kielmansegg (i), ch. V n. 100.
Hoya, Grafschaft, the larger part ceded to Hanover by Georg Wilhelm of Celle in 1682 (i), ch. II n. 30.
Hughes, Margaret, actress, mistress of prince Rupert, but assumed erroneously to be his wife (i), (ii), (iii); Ruperta (1673–1740), her d. by prince Rupert (i).
Hugo, Ludolf (1630–1704) from 1677 Vizekanzler in Hanover, minister from 1680 (i).
Huguenots (i), (ii); in Celle and Hanover (i), (ii).
Huldeberg (often Huldenberg), Daniel Erasmi von (1660–1733), ennobled 1698, Freiherr 1712, Graf 1723, Celle and Hanoverian diplomat with long service in Vienna, frequent correspondent of Bernstorff ch. VIII n. 108.
Hungary: campaigns in, against Turks (i), (ii); revolt in, against Austria (i).
Hyde, Anne (1637–71), first wife of James II when duke of York, the commoner mother of princess Mary and princess Anne (i).
Hyde Park (i).
IBERVILLE, Charles François de la Bonde d' (1653–1723), French diplomat (i), (ii).
Iburg castle, palace of bishops of Osnabrück (i).
Ilten, Jobst Hermann von (1649–1730), Hanoverian official and diplomat from 1678; minister from 1717, brother-in-law to Otto Grote by m. to Hedwig Lucie Grote (i), (ii).
Ilten, Thomas Eberhard von (1685–1758), son of above, in London as Kriegsrat from 1715 (i), (ii).
impeachment proceedings (i), (ii).
incest (i).
India (i).
inoculation 290*, ch. X n. 11.
interlocking guarantees concept (i).
interregnum concept (i), (ii).
Ireland (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)*, ch. VI n. 31; civil list of (i); lord lieutenant of (i), (ii), (iii); parliament of (i).
Islay, Archibald Campbell (1682–1761), earl of, brother of 2nd duke of Argyll (i), (ii).
Italians in Osnabrück and Hanover (i), (ii).
Italy (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii); journeys to by members of the house of Brunswick (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); treaty of neutrality for, 1710 (i); see also Milan, Naples, Parma, Piacenza, Rome, Sardinia, Sicily, Tuscany, Venice.
Ivan, tsar of Russia, 1682–89, half-brother of tsar Peter (q.v.), for his ds. see Anna and Katarina Ivanovna.
JACOBITISM (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), ch. VII n. 12, 15 and 24, ch. IX n. 62; invasion 1715–16 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); invasion 1719 (i), (ii), (iii); invasion plots 1722, 1725–27 (i), (ii).
James I (b. 1566), king of England and Ireland 1603–25, king James VI of Scotland 1567–1625, George's maternal great-grandfather (i).
James II (1633–1701), king of England and Ireland and James VII of Scotland 1685–88 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), ch. V n. 13.
James Edward [Francis] Stuart (1688–1766), James III to the Jacobites, the Pretender in English non-Jacobite parlance, in Europe after 1713 known as the chevalier de St George 73–74, 86, 105–08, 111, 117, 122, 126–27, 158–59, 174–82, 186, 189, 191, 211, 221, 237, 239*, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. VII n. 12, ch. IX n. 89; children, Charles Edward Stuart (1720–88) (q.v.); Louise Maria Theresa (d. 1712), see gen. table III.
Jefferyes, James (1679–1739), English diplomat (sent to Charles XII of Sweden 1714–15 in Turkey, later to tsar Peter, arriving St Petersburg January 1719) (i).
Jekyll, Sir Joseph (c. 1662–1738), M.P. 1713–38, master of the robes 1717–38, member of the secret committee of the House of Commons 1721 to inquire into the South Sea Company's affairs ch. IX n. 37.
Jews: in Great Britain (i), (ii); in Hanover (i).
Johann Friedrich, duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, (b. 1625), ‘der dicke Herzog’, ruler of Hanover 1648–65, of Celle 1665–79, brother to Ernst August, converted to Catholicism 1651 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); for his three ds. surviving infancy see Wilhelmine Amalie, empress, and Charlotte Felicitas; for Henriette see 22* and gen. table I; for his wife (m. 1668) see Benedicte Henriette of the Palatinate.
Jorry, Christian Ulrich, court dwarf presented to George (i), (ii), ch. V n. 102, ch. X n. 18.
Joseph I, hereditary ruler of Austrian Habsburg dominions and elected emperor 1705–11 (b. 1678), elected King of the Romans 1685 (i), (ii), ch. IV n. 28; wife (m. 1699), Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1673–1742) (i); son, Leopold Joseph (1700–01) (i); ds., archduchess Maria Josefa (1699–1757) m. 1719 Friedrich August II of Saxony (q.v.) (i); archduchess Maria Amalie (1701–56), m. 1722 Karl Albrecht, elector of Bavaria 1726–45 (b. 1697) (i).
Joseph Clemens (Josef Klemens) of the house of Wittelsbach, brother of Maximilian Emanuel of Bavaria, prince-archbishop of Cologne 1688–1723 (b. 1671) 107*.
Joseph Ferdinand (1692–99), electoral prince of Bavaria, son of Maximilian Emanuel of Bavaria in his first marriage to Maria Antonia, d. of Leopold I and Margarita Teresa, infanta of Spain (i).
Julich (Jülich, Gulik) – Berg (Rhineland) successions to (i), (ii).
Jutland peninsula (Denmark, back door entry into) (i).
KABINETT, in sense of closet (i).
Kaiserswerth, siege of (i).
Karelia (Finnish, ceded to Russia 1721) (i).
Karl, elector palatine 1680–85 (b. 1651), cousin of George (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. 1 n. 17; for his wife see Wilhelmine Ernestine of Denmark.
Karl Edward, Raugraf (1668–90), served in Karl Philipp's (q.v.) dragoon regiment, fell fighting the Turks in battle of Pristina (i), gen. table II.
Karl Fredrik (Friedrich) (1700–39), son of Charles XII's elder sister Hedvig Sofie (d. 1708) and Friedrich IV, duke of Holstein-Gottorp (d. 1702); born and brought up in Sweden and claimant to its crown, exiled from Holstein-Gottorp throughout his life, m. 1725 tsar Peter's d. Anna Petrovna 185, 238*, (i); see also Holstein-Gottorp, Karl Friedrich, duke of.
Karl Kasimir, Raugraf (1675–91), killed in duel when pupil at the Ritterakademie of Wolfenbüttel (i), gen. table II.
Karl Leopold, ruling duke of Mecklenburg 1713 until driven from duchy 1728 (d. 1747), m. 1716 Katarina Ivanovna (i).
Karl Ludwig, elector palatine 1648–80 (b. 1617), maternal uncle of George m. (1) Charlotte of Hesse-Cassel (1627–86), legitimate issue: Karl (b. 1651), Elisabeth Charlotte (b. 1652) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), ch. 1 n. 17; illegitimate issue: Louis von Rothenschild, created Freiherr von Selz (i); m. (2) morganatically Louise von Degenfeld (1634–77); their children were acknowledged and legitimized and given titles of Raugraf and Raugräfin, see gen. table II.
Karl Ludwig (Carllutz; 1658–88), Raugraf, served in Hanoverian army in Venetian service, died of fever at siege of Negroponte in the Morea (i), gen. table II.
Karl Moritz (Charles Maurice; 1670–1702), Raugraf 26, 90–92, gen. table II.
Karl Philipp of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1669–90), 4th son of Ernst August and Sophia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Karlowitz, peace of, 1699, see treaties.
Katarina (Ekaterina) Ivanovna (1692–1733), daughter of tsar Ivan, niece of tsar Peter, m. 1716 Karl Leopold of Mecklenburg (i).
Keith, James Francis Edward (1696–1758), brother of the earl of Mar, Jacobite (i).
Kendal, duchess of, see Schulenburg, [Ehrengard] Melusine von der.
Kenmuir, William Gordon, 6th viscount, Jacobite (i).
Kensington Palace (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi) ch. V n. 44, ch. IX n. 52.
Kent, Henry Grey (1664–1740), 11th earl of, 1st duke (1710), gentleman of the bedchamber 1714–16, lord steward 1710–19, lord privy seal 1718–20 121, 139*, 141*, 143*, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v).
Kent, William (1684–1748), architect, decorative painter, furniture designer (i), (ii).
Kexholm (district), Finnish, ceded to Russia 1721 (i).
Kielmansegg, Johann Adolf (1668–1717), Freiherr von, diplomat and courtier, Hofkavalier in Hanover 1693, Kammerjunker 1696, Kammerherr 1698, George I's Hanoverian Vice-Master of the Horse, lived in England from 1714, m. 1701 Sophia Charlotte (q.v.) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), ch. III n. 62, ch. IV n. 18, ch. V n. 76.
Kielmansegg, la, see Sophia Charlotte von, half-sister of George I.
Kiel, Dutch waterway (i).
King of the Romans (i).
King, Peter (1669–1734), lord chancellor 1725–33 ch. VI n. 82.
King, William (1650–1729), archbishop of Dublin ch. VI n. 68.
Kingston, Evelyn, duke of, lord privy seal 1716–18, 1720–26, lord president 1719–20 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Klencke, Wilken von (1678–1697), lord of Hämelschenburg, Oberkammerjunker, later Oberkammerherr to Ernst August 24*, (i).
Kneller, Godfrey (1646–1723), created a baronet by George I, German-born painter settled in England (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi).
Knesebeck, Eleonore von dem (c. 1655–1717?), of old Lüneburg nobility, in Celle service from 1677, went with Sophia Dorothea (q.v.) to Hanover in 1682 as Kammerfräulein (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), ch. III n. 5; for her sister and brother-in-law see Metzsch.
Knight, Robert (1675–1744), cashier of the South Sea Company 1711–21; fled, arrested and imprisoned in Flanders, escaped and settled in France till 1742, (i), ch. IX n. 32.
Königsmarck, Amalie Wilhelmine (1663–1740), m. 1689 count Karl Gustav Lewenhaupt, Swedish officer in Celle service (i), ch. II n. 72 and 86, ch. III n. 4.
Königsmarck, [Maria] Aurora von (1662–1728), Gräfin, mistress of Augustus of Saxony, mother of Maurice de Saxe (i), (ii), (iii).
Königsmarck, Philipp Christoph von (1665–94), Gräf, officer in Hanoverian army 1689 (i), (ii), (iii); relationship with Sophia Dorothea (i); disappearance and murder of (i), (ii), (iii); Königsmarck myth (i); political consequences of the Königsmarck affair (i).
Königstreu, Ludwig Maximilian von (Mehemet), Turkish-born servant of George I (d. 1726), naturalized Hanoverian, baptized Christian, ennobled 1716 (i); see also Mehemet.
Kreienberg, Christoph Friedrich, Hanoverian resident in London 1710–14 (i), ch. IV n. 7.
Kristinehamn, central Sweden (i).
LABADIE, Jean de (1610–72), pietist, stayed in Herford abbey 1670–72 (i).
Lafontaine (also La Fontaine), Georg Wilhelm (1680–1745), painter of Huguenot stock, in Celle service till 1705, then George's Hanoverian court painter active in London 1725–27, (i), (ii).
Laguerre, Louis (1663–1721), French painter and decorative artist, active in England after 1684 (i).
Lambeth Palace, residence of archbishop of Canterbury (i).
Lauenburg, see Sachsen-Lauenburg.
La Vallière, Louise de la Baume le Blanc (1644–1716), duchesse de, mistress of Louis XIV (i).
Law, John (1671–1729), Scottish financier, active in France, his return to England (i), (ii), (iii).
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von (1646–1716), German philosopher and historian in Hanoverian service, rank of Justizrat 1696 47, 75, 90*, (i), ch. VI n. 76.
Leicester House, residence of Georg August as prince of Wales (i), (ii).
Leineschloss 46, 59, 61, 65–66, 98, 284*; Rittersaal of (i), (ii); Schlosskirche (i).
Leinster, duke of, see Schomberg.
Leopold I, hereditary ruler Austrian Habsburg dominions (and elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation from 1658) 1657–1705 (b. 1640) 33, 39, 42–43, 45–46†, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Leszczyńska, Maria (1703–68), queen of France by marriage to Louis XV (i).
Leszczyński, Stanislas (1677–1766), elected king of Poland 1704–09, rival for Polish crown 1733–36, duke of Lorraine 1738–66 (i).
Lewenhaupt, Karl Gustav (1662–1703), Swedish count, m. 1689 Amalia Wilhelmine von Königsmarck; took Saxon service after Königsmarck's murder (i), (ii); descendants of (i).
L'Hermitage, René de Sauniers (1653–1729), sieur de, Dutch agent and news-writer in London (i).
life peerages ch. VI n. 47.
Lincoln, Henry Clinton (1684–1728), earl of, gentleman of the bedchamber 1714–27; cofferer 1725–28; joint paymaster-general of the forces 1715–20, constable of the Tower 1723–25, Garter knight 141*.
Linden, country estate of the von Platen family outside Hanover (i).
Lindsay, Peregrine Bertie, marquess of, (succeeded as duke of Ancaster 1723), gentleman of the bedchamber 1719–27 141*.
Linsburg, hunting lodge of Ernst August and George, in the Grinderwald forest near Nienburg (i), (ii).
Liselotte von der Pfalz, see Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate.
Lithuania, see Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Liverpool (i).
Livonia 87, 186, 238, 241, 242*.
London (i), (ii); churches and squares of (i), ch. X n. 55.
Lorraine, duchy of (i); Leopold Joseph, duke of, 1690–1729 (b. 1679), in exile till 1697, m. 1698 Elisabeth Charlotte of Orleans (1676–1744), d. of Liselotte 180*.
Louis, XIV, king of France 1643–1715 (b. 1638) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx); mother, Anne (Ana, infanta of Spain) (i); wife, Maria Teresa, infanta of Spain (i); for his son see Louis, dauphin of France.
Louis XV, king of France 1715–74 (b. 1710), great-grandson of Louis XIV (i), (ii); for his wife see Leszczyńska, Maria.
Louis, dauphin of France (1661–1711), m. 1680 Marie-Anne-Christine of Bavaria (1660–90) (i).
Louisa (1724–51), George's granddaughter, m. 1743 king Frederik V of Denmark-Norway (i), gen. table I.
Louise (Luise) (1661–1733), Raugräfin, d. of Karl Ludwig of the Palatinate and Louise von Degenfeld (i), (ii).
Louise Hollandine (1622–1709), d. of elector Frederick V of the Palatinate and maternal aunt of George, converted to Catholicism 1657, abbess of Maubuisson (i), (ii).
Lovisa Ulrika (Louise Ulrica; 1700–82), s. of Frederick the Great of Prussia, queen-consort of Sweden from 1751 by m. 1744 (i).
Lövö, island in the Åland group, Swedish-Russian negotiations at (i).
Low Countries (i.e., Northern and Southern Netherlands as a geographical unit) (i).
Lower Saxon circle (Kreis) of Empire (i).
loyal opposition concept (i).
Lübeck, Imperial free city of (i).
Ludwig Wilhelm, margrave of Baden (1655–1707), known as Türken-Louis or Prince Louis, experienced officer, Reichsfeldmarschall (i).
Luis, prince of Asturias (b. 1707), later king of Spain 1724 (for less than a year), son of first m. of Philip V (i), (ii).
Lüneburg, dukes of (Celle and Hanover), descended from younger line of house of Brunswick via Wilhelm the Younger (d. 1592); see gen. table I.
Lutheranism (i), (ii), (iii), ch. VI n. 70.
MACCLESFIELD, Gerald Charles (1659–1701), mission to Hanover 1701, (i).
Macclesfield, Thomas Parker (1666–1732), chief justice, king's bench 1710–18, 1st earl of from 1718, lord chancellor 1718–25 (i), ch. X n. 24.
Maestricht, siege of, 1676 (i).
Magdeburg, secularized bishopric ceded to Brandenburg 1648 (i).
Maintenon, François d'Aubigné (1635–1719), marquise de, 2nd (morganatic) wife of Louis XIV (i).
Majorca (i).
Manchester, Charles Montague (1660–1722), 4th earl of, 1st duke 1719, diplomat (missions to France and Italy, Venice) 1707–08, gentleman of the bedchamber 1714 141*, (i).
Mar, John, 6th earl of (1675–1732), Jacobite (i).
Marchmont, 2nd earl of, see Polwarth.
Mardyk (Mardijk, Mardyck) (i), (ii) ch. VII n. 26.
Maria (1670–1739), princess of the house of Hohenzollern, d. of elector Friedrich III, m. 1687 Karl, Erbprinz of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (i).
Maria Anna Viktoria, Spanish infanta (1718–81) (i).
Marie Louise d'Orleans (1662–89) d. of Philippe I d'Orléans' 1st marriage, m. 1679 Carlos II of Spain (i).
Marie Thérèse (1638–83) (as Spanish infanta, Maria Teresa) , queen of France by m. 1660 to Louis XIV (i).
Maritime Powers, (the collective noun for England, Great Britain after 1707, and the Dutch Republic) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi).
Marlborough, John Churchill (1650–1722), 1st duke of from 1702, prince of Mindelsheim in Bavaria, English army commander, diplomat and statesman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), ch. VI n. 28, ch. IX n. 14.
Marlborough, Sarah (1660–1744), wife of the above 107, 122, 142, 149, 155*, ch. V n. 43.
Marriage plans between the house of Hanover and the house of Hohenzollern (i), (ii), ch. VI n. 58, ch. X n. 4.
Mary of Modena (1658–1718), queen of England by m. to James II (i).
Mary, princess and later queen of England (1662–94), d. of James II and Anne Hyde, wife of William III of Orange, m. 1677, ruling queen (jointly with king William III) 1689–94 36, 73–74, 262–63, 268*.
Mary (1723–72), George's granddaughter, m. 1740 Friedrich II, LandGräf of Hessen-Kassel (i).
masquerades in London (i), (ii), (iii).
Mathilde, princess of England (1156–89), wife of Heinrich der Löwe (i), (ii), (iii).
Maurice, comte de Saxe (1696–1750), natural son of Augustus II and Aurora von Königsmarck, officer in French army service (i), ch. II n. 63.
Mauro, Hortensio (d. 1725), court poet and Italian secretary in Hanover (i).
Maximilian, duke of Bavaria 1623–51 (b. 1573), electoral rank achieved 1623 and his house kept title thereafter (i).
Maximilian Emanuel II (Max-Emanuel), elector of Bavaria 1679–1726 (b. 1666), governor of Spanish Netherlands 1692–1706 in Reichsacht of the Empire 1705–14 107*.
Maximilian Wilhelm, of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1666–1726), George's brother, 3rd son of Ernst August and Sophia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), ch. II n. 7 and 64, ch. III n. 19, 20, 21 and 32, ch. X n. 2; his illegitimate daughter ch. II n. 64; his Jesuit confessor (i), ch. III n. 22 and 32.
Mecklenburg, duchy of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); dukes in the period covered were: Friedrich Wilhelm 1708–13 (b. 1675) and Karl Leopold 1713–28 (q.v.); nobility of (i); ‘the Mecklenburg squire’ (i.e., Bernstorff) (i).
Medici succession (in Tuscany) (i), (ii).
Mediterranean Sea and area (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii).
Mehemet (d. 1726), George's Turkish body servant, captured as a child at Koron where his father was a provincial governor, successively groom and keeper of the closet, keeper of George's private accounts (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), ch. IV n. 21 and 22, ch. X n. 18; ennoblement, see Königstreu.
Mencken, Otto (d. 1703), Danish envoy to the Brunswick dukes 1684–89 and from 1692 to Wolfenbüttel alone (because of Denmark's opposition to the ninth electorate) (i), (ii).
Mercy, Claudius Florimund, count (1666–1734), lost battle of Rumersheim (Upper Alsace) 26 August 1709, fell as field marshal in battle of Parma 1734 (i), (ii), ch. IV n. 29.
Methuen, Paul (1672–1757), diplomat and courtier, secretary of state for the south 1716–17 (i).
Metzsch, Hans Friedrich von (b. 1659), m. Sibylle Juliane, sister of Eleonore von dem Knesebeck (i).
Meysenbug, Klara Elisabeth von, see Platen.
Meysenbug, Maria Katharine von (1655–1723), m. 1677 Johann von dem Bussche (d. 1693) and 1696 Christian Ludwig von Weyhe, army officer 36, 135*, (i).
Milan, duchy of (the Milanese) (i), (ii).
Minden, secularized bishopric, ceded to Brandenburg 1648 (i).
Minorca, island of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Miremont, Armand de Bourbon (1655–1732), marquis de, Huguenot refugee, one of George I's ‘seigneurs’ ch. V (i).
Mississippi Company and crash (i), (ii), (iii).
Molanus, Georg Wolters (1677–1722), rector of secularized monastery of Loccum, director of Hanoverian Konsistorium for church and education (i).
Molesworth, Robert (1656–1755), M.P. (for Dublin) 1715–22, created viscount 1716, former diplomat (Denmark 1689–92) ch. IX n. 15 and 37.
Molière, Jean Baptiste Poquelin (1622–73), known as, French playwright ch. X n. 40.
Molinez (also Molinés), José (1645–1719), Spanish administrator, nominated inquisitor-general when in Rome in 1717 and arrested in the Milanese on his return to Spain in 1718; he was quickly freed but died soon after release (i), ch. VIII n. 50.
Moltke, Joachim von, army officer, adjutant to Maximilian Wilhelm 45, 65*.
Moltke, Otto Friedrich von (d. 1692), Oberjägermeister to Ernst August 45, 65*.
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley (1689–1762), wife of diplomat, letter writer and traveller (i), (ii).
Montalban (Montalbano), Nicolò (d. 1695), Italian-born, in Ernst August's service from 1672 (i), (ii), ch. II n. 72.
Monteléon, Isodoro Casado de Avezeda, marques de, Spanish ambassador in England 1712–18 ch. VIII n. 20.
Montespan [Françoise] Athenais de Rochechouart (1641–1717), marquise de, mistress of Louis XIV (i).
Montpensier, Louise Elisabeth d'Orléans (1709–42), Mlle de, d. of Philippe II d'Orleans, engaged to prince of Asturias 1722 (i).
Montrose, James Graham, (d. 1742) 1st duke of, held high office in Scotland until dismissed 1713, regent 1714, strong supporter of Protestant succession (i).
Moritz (Mauritz, Maurice) of the Palatinate (1621–52), son of elector Frederick V of the Palatine (i).
Moselle front (i).
Mustafa (Mustapha) de Mistra, captured at Mistra in the Morea by the Swedish officer Balthasar von Klinkowström, from 1703 in George's service as Kammerdiener (i), (ii), (iii), ch. VI n. 21 and 22, ch. X n. 18.
NAIRNE, William (1684–1724), 2nd lord, Jacobite (i).
Naples, kingdom of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Narva, town on Baltic coast (i).
Neerwinden, battle of, 1693 (i).
Netherlands (both Northern and Southern; in general) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v).
Neustadt, new part of Hanover town, outside the walls (i).
Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Hollis (1693–1768), 2nd duke of, from 1711, courtier and secretary of state, lord chamberlain 1717–24, secretary of state for the south 1724–46 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), ch. VI n. 27.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne (i), (ii).
Newfoundland (i).
Newmarket races (i), (ii), (iii).
Nieuwport, Southern Netherlands (i).
Nijmegen, peace of 1678, see treaties of peace.
Nine Years War (1689–97), known as the Palatinate War in Germany (erroneously called the War of the League of Augsburg) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), ch. III n. 29.
Ninth electorate, see Hanover.
Nithsdale, William Maxwell (1655–1727), 5th earl of, Jacobite (i), (ii).
Norris, John (1666–1749), naval officer rising to rank of admiral, M.P. (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), ch. VI n. 27, ch. VIII n. 31 and 88.
North Sea (i).
northern peace plan, see peace plan for the north.
Northern War, see Great Northern War.
Norway (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Norwich (i).
Nottingham, Daniel Finch (1647–1730), 2nd earl of, English statesman of queen Anne's reign, lord president 1714–16 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Nova Scotia (i).
OBERAPPELLATIONSGERICHT (highest court of appeal) of Hanover (i).
Occasional Conformity Act (i), (ii).
Oeynhausen, Rabe (Raben) Christoph von, Celle Oberjägermeister and Kammerherr, in 1725 made a ReichsGräf by emperor Charles VI (i); wife, Sophie Juliane, born Freiin von der Schulenburg (1668–1755) (i); for presumed daughter [Margarethe] Gertrud see Schaumburg-Lippe.
Offeln, Katherine von, see Harling, Mme Katherine von.
Oldenburg (possession of Danish crown in the Empire) (i), ch. II n. 30.
Onslow, Richard (1654–1717), 1st baron, speaker of House of Commons (i); his ‘freeholder’ or ‘election’ beer (i).
opera: in Hanover (i), (ii), ch. IX n. 53; in London (i), (ii), (iii).
Order of the Bath, revived 1725 (i), (ii).
Order of the Garter (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. II n. 21.
Orford, Edward Russell (1653–1727), 1st earl of, 1st lord of the admiralty 1694–99, 1709–11, 1714–17 (i), (ii).
Orléans, Elisabeth Charlotte, duchesse d'Orléans, see Elisabeth Charlotte; for children of the marriage see Orléans, Philippe II, and Lorraine, duchy of.
Orléans, Philippe I, due d' (1640–1701), brother of Louis XIV, in court parlance Monsieur (i); for 1st wife see Henrietta, princess of England (Henriette d'Angleterre), children of this marriage were Marie Louise d'Orleans (q.v.) and Anne Marie d'Orléans, m. Victor Amadeus (q.v.); for 2nd wife see Elisabeth Charlotte.
Orléans, Philippe II, due d' (1674–1723) due de Chartres till 1701, regent for Louis XV from 1715 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), ch. IX n. 10; for d married to Luis, prince of Asturias see Montpensier.
Ormonde, James Butler (1665–1745), 2nd duke of, army commander 122, 127, 148, 174–77, 179, 239*.
Orrery, Charles Boyle (1676–1731), 4th earl of, English diplomat 141*.
Osnabrück, prince-bishopric of 21*, (i), (ii), (iii), ch. IX n. 53; capital Osnabrück (i); army of (i), (ii), (iii); new palace of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), ch. X n. 5; prince-bishops of, see Wartenberg, Franz Wilhelm von, 1648–61; Ernst August I, 1661–98; Ernst August II, 1715–28.
Ostend, Southern Netherlands (i), (ii).
Ostend Company (i), (ii), (iii), ch. IX n. 63.
Osterman, A. J., b. Ostermann, Heinrich Johann (1686–1747), Russian diplomat and statesman ch. VI n. 66.
Ottoman empire (i); see also Turkey, Hungary.
Oxford, Robert Harley (1661–1724), 1st earl of from 1711, English statesman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), ch. Ill n. 37, ch. V n. 41.
Oxford, university of (i), (ii), ch. VII n. 24, ch. X n. 37.
PALATINATE, ELECTORATE OF (i), (ii), (iii); house of (i), (ii); Rhine (Lower) Palatinate (i); Upper Palatinate (i); Palatinate rulers, see Frederick V, Karl Ludwig, Karl, Philipp Wilhelm.
Palatinate War 45, 84 see also Nine Years War.
Palladio, Andrea (1518–80), Italian architect ch. X n. 39.
Palm, Karl Josef von, Imperial resident in London (i), (ii)*, ch. VI n. 30, ch. IX n. 89.
Paris (i).
Parker, Thomas, see Macclesfield.
Parliament, see Great Britain.
Parma, duchy of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); dukes of in period covered were: Francesco (1678–1727); Antonio (1679–1731).
partition treaties, negotiations for (i), (ii).
Patiño, José (1666–1735), Spanish administrator and statesman active in preparing the fleet for the expeditions of 1717 and 1718 ch. VIII n. 49.
Payzant, James, clerk in secretary of state's office c. 1695 to 1757 ch. VI n. 53.
peace treaties, see treaties of peace.
peace plan for the north (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii).
peace plan for the south (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi).
Pecquet, Pierre, premier commis at the Foreign Office 1696–1726 272*.
peerage bill (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Pelham, Hon. Henry (1686–1754), court and treasury administrator, then secretary at war 1724–30 (i), (ii).
Pembroke, Thomas Herbert (1656–1723), 8th earl of, much experience of office in Anne's reign, including 1708–09 as lord high admiral, regent 1714 (i).
Pentenrriedter (also Pendtenriedter) Johann Christoph, Freiherr von (1678–1728), Imperial diplomat (i), (ii), (iii).
Pepusch, Johann Christoph (1667–1752), German-born composer and musician settled in England (i).
Percival, John (1683–1748), baron 1715, viscount 1723, later 1st earl of Egmont, diarist (i) ch. IV n. 21, ch. VIII n. 28.
‘perfidious Albion’ (first used by Bossuet) (i).
Perth, Scotland (i).
Peter the Great, tsar of Russia 1689–1725 (b. 1672) 87, 95, 133*, 159, 185, 188–90, 218–22, 228, 235*, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. VI n. 66, ch. VIII n. 28 and 86; visit to Koppenbrügge 1697 (i); for d. see Anna Petrovna; for nieces see Anna Ivanovna, Katarina Ivanovna.
Philip (Felipe) V, king of Spain 1700–24 and 1724–46, after brief abdication (b. 1683), Louis XIV's second legitimate grandson, due d'Anjou (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), ch. VII n. 12; sons of 1st m. to Maria Luisa of Savoy; Luis (1707–24); Felipe (b. and d. 1709); Felipe (1712–19); Ferdinand (1713–59); children of 2nd m. to Elisabeth Farnese: Carlos (1716–88); Francesco (b. and d. 1717); Maria Anna Victoria (1718–81), m. 1732 Joseph of Portugal; Felipe (1720–65), duke of Parma 1748, m. 1739 Elisabeth, d. of Louis XIV; Maria Theresa (1726–46), m. 1745 French dauphin; Luis Antonio (1727–75) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Philipp (1627–50), son of elector palatine Frederick V brother of Sophia (i).
Philipp Wilhelm of Pfalz-Neuburg, elector palatine 1685–90 (b. 1615) 45–46†.
Philippsburg, siege of, 1676 (i).
Piacenza, duchy of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Piedmont-Savoy, see Savoy.
Pitt, Thomas (‘Diamond Pitt’) (1653–1726), father-in-law of James Stanhope who tried to sell the huge diamond he had brought back from India at a great profit; it was offered to George and to the prince of Wales, but it was eventually bought by the French regent 200*, ch. VII n. 65.
plague in France (i).
Platen (more correctly Platen-Hallermund), Ernst August, Gräf von (1674–1726), Hanoverian courtier, went to England 1714 as Oberkammerherr, son of Friedrich Ernst Gräf von Platen (i), (ii), (iii), ch. V n. 77; for his wife see Platen, Sophie Karoline.
Platen (more correctly Platen-Hallermund after being made a ReichsGräf), Franz Ernst, Gräf von (1631–1709), successively Freiherr and Gräf; from 1661 in Ernst August's service, Hofmarschall in Osnabrück 1664; in Hanover 1680, minister from 1680 and first minister 1693 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), ch. V n. 77.
Platen, Klara Elisabeth von (1648–1700), b. von Meysenbug, m. 1673 Franz Ernst, mistress of Ernst August (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), ch. III n. 4.
Platen, Sophia Charlotte von, George's half-sister, see Sophia Charlotte.
Platen, Sophie Karoline (1669–1726), b. von Offeln, Catholic niece of Katharine von Harling, m. 1697 Ernst August von Platen; they lived apart before 1714 and she did not accompany her husband to England (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. V n. 77, ch. VI n. 44, ch IX n. 7 and 17; d. Amalie m. Henri Philippeaux, comte St Florentin, son of the marquis de la Vrillière, French secretary of state; he succeeded his father as secretary of state 1723–36 and was created due de la Vrillière in 1770 (i), (ii), (iii).
Plessen, Friedrich Wilhelm von, Mecklenburg minister, living in exile in London in the 1720s (i), (ii), ch. VIII n. 101.
Podewils, Heinrich von (d. 1696), Hanoverian fieldmarshal (i).
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (comprising the elective kingdom, the Republic of Poland and the grand duchy of Lithuania) (i), (ii).
Poltava, battle of, 1709 (i).
Polwarth, Alexander Cambell, lord (1724, on death offather, 2nd earl of Marchmont), diplomat in Denmark 1716–21, at congress of Cambrai 1722 ch. VI n. 27 and 86, ch. IX n. 72.
Pombal, Sebastião José (1699–1782) marquis de, Portuguese minister and statesman 136*.
Pomerania (Brandenburg-Prussian) (i), (ii).
Pomerania (Swedish) (i), (ii), (iii).
Pope, Alexander (1688–1744), English writer (i), (ii).
popular mythology and ditties (i), (ii), (iii).
porphyria (i), ch. X n. 17.
Port Mahon, Minorca (i).
Portland, Hans Willem Bentinck (1649–1709), 1st earl of, Dutch nobleman, naturalized British, and trusted adviser of William III; for his services to the Protestant succession George I created his eldest son from his first marriage, [William] Henry, a duke in 1716 (i), (ii), (iii).
Portland, Jane Martha (1672–1751), countess of Portland by 2nd m. 1700 to Hans Willem, 1st earl; she was a niece of William Temple and when widowed was made governess to George I's granddaughters in 1718 (i), (ii), (iii), ch. V n. 72.
Portugal (i).
Post office (i), (ii), ch. V n. 43.
Poyntz, Stephen, British diplomat, accredited to Sweden 1724–27 ch. IX n. 81.
Pragmatic Sanction (i), (ii), ch. VI n. 84.
precedence and etiquette problems (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. I n. 2, ch. IV n. 16.
Preston (Lancashire), battle of, 13 November 1715 (i).
Pretender, see James Edward [Francis] Stuart.
primogeniture (for Hanover) (i), (ii), (iii).
Prinzenstreit, the struggle within the Hanoverian family over the introduction of primogeniture and the union (Kombination) with Celle on the death of Georg Wilhelm (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi).
privateers 237*.
propaganda (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), ch. II n. 75, ch. IV n. 28, ch. VI n. 1, ch. VII n. 10, ch. IX n. 48.
Protestantism in general (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii); Protestant revolution (in England) (i); Protestant succession (in Britain) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii).
Prussia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); see also Brandenburg for pre-1701 period, and the rulers Friedrich Wilhelm 1640–88, Friedrich III (and I as king) 1688–1713, Friedrich Wilhelm I 1713–40, Friedrich II (1712–86), king from 1740; queens of: see Sophia Charlotte, Sophia Dorothea.
Pufendorf, Samuel (1632–94), Freiherr von, German jurist and historian, professor of international law at Heidelberg before going, successively, to Sweden and Prussia as historiographer royal, author of books widely read among statesmen (i), (ii), (iii), ch. VI n. 76; dedication to George of the German translation of one of them (i).
Pulteney, William (1684–1764), M.P. from 1705, secretary at war 1715 till resignation in 1717, court post (cofferer) 1723–25 (i), (ii).
Pyrmont (often Pirmont), spa in the territory of the ruling counts of Waldeck (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), ch. II n. 58, ch. VI n. 60.
QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE of 1718 with associated treaties of Madrid and The Hague 1720 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); see also peace plan for the south.
Quantz, Johann Joachim (1697–1773), Hanoverian-born flute player and composer, in service of Friedrich II of Prussia for 30 years (i).
Queensbery, Charles Douglas (1698–1778), 3rd duke of, gentleman of the bedchamber to George 1720 141*.
Quirini (more correctly Querini), Giacomo, Italian architect, Hofbaumeister to Ernst August and retained in George's service till 1711 when he returned to his home in Venice (i), (ii);
Quirini, Giacomo, Venetian diplomat accredited to St James's (i).
RACINE, Jean (1639–99), French playwright and historiographer royal ch. X n. 40.
Ranck, Conrad, Swedish officer in Hesse-Cassel service entrusted with secret diplomatic missions (i).
Raphael cartoons at Hampton Court, the seven cartoons for the tapestries of the Sistine Chapel painted by Raphael; one of the few royal treasures that escaped the sale of Charles I's collection (i).
Rastadt, peace of, see treaties of peace, ch. VIII n. 25.
Ratzeburg, town in Sachsen-Lauenburg fortified by Celle: Danish attack on, 1693 (i), (ii).
RauGräfen, Raugräfinnen of the Palatinate, see gen. table II and Karl Ludwig, elector palatine.
Reck, Johann von der, titular Geh. Rat, Hofmeister to George on his visit to England 1680–81, and used on diplomatic mission 1688–89 73*.
reconciling of interests concept (i).
Regensburg (Ratisbon), Imperial diet at (i).
Regent, see Orleans, Philippe II.
regius professorships (i), ch. X n. 37.
Reiche, [Gerhard] Andreas von, son of Jobst Christoph von, George's Hanoverian Geheimsekretär in London from 1722 (i), (ii).
Reiche, Jobst Christoph von (1656–1740), ennobled 1716, Hanoverian Hofrat 1698, Geh. Justizrat 1714, with George in England in Deutsche Kanzlei (i), (ii).
religious tolerance in Osnabrück and Hanover (i), (ii).
Rendsburg, town and fortress on the Ejder river in duchy of Sleswig, Denmark (i).
renunciation concept (i).
Retter des Reiches (Saviour of the Empire), epithet for George (i).
Rhine river and front (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); Middle and Upper Rhine campaign plans (i).
Rhineland in general (i).
Richmond, Charles Lennox (1672–1723), 1st duke of from 1675, natural son of Charles II, gentleman of the bedchamber to George 1714 141*.
Richmond Park (i).
Rinaldo III (German form Rainaldo), duke of Modena 1694–1737 (b. 1655), see Charlotte Felicitas.
Ripperda, Jan Willem (1690–1737), Dutch-born diplomat who turned Catholic and entered the service of Philip V of Spain, receiving title of duke (i), (ii), (iii).
Robethon, Jean de (c. 1660–1722), Huguenot, successively in the service of Georg Wilhelm of Celle 1693, William III of England 1698, and George I (as elector) as Legationsrat 1702, in Deutsche Kanzlei from 1714, given a pension 1719, from then on virtually retired (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), ch. V n. 27, ch. VI n. 67, ch. X n. 23; wife Claudine, d. of a Huguenot pastor in Hamburg, Etienne de Maxuel (i).
Roman Catholicism (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); in Britain (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. II n. 44.
Römische Octavia, novel by Anton Ulrich of Wolfenbüttel (i).
Rousseau de Chamoy, French diplomat cited 94*.
Roxburgh e (also Roxborough), John Ker, 1st duke of (d. 1741), one of George's regents in 1714, secretary for Scotland 1716–25 (i), (ii), (iii), ch. IX n. 81.
Royal Academy of Music (i).
Royal Exchange (i).
Rudolf August of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1627–1704), ruling duke from 1671 (i), (ii).
Rügen, island (Swedish) off Pomeranian coast (i), (ii), (iii).
Rumersheim (in Upper Alsace), battle at (i), (ii), ch. IV n. 28.
Rupert (also Ruprecht, Robert), prince palatine (1619–82), George's maternal uncle (i), (ii); Ruperta, his d. by Margaret Hughes q.v.
Russia (Muscovy) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), ch. IX n. 2.
Ryder, Dudley (1691–1756), diarist when a law student in London, later distinguished legal career ch. X n. 49.
Rye, George's stay in (i), ch. VI n. 51.
Rysbrack, Jean Michel (1693–1770), Southern Netherlands sculptor, active in England from 1720 ch. X n. 62.
Ryswick (Rijswijk), peace of, see treaties of peace.
SACHSEN-LAUENBURG, occupied by the Brunswick-Lüneburg dukes 1689, acquired 1702 (i), (ii); its last ruler, duke Julius Franz of Lauenburg (i).
St Christopher (Fr. St Christophe) renamed St Kitts (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
St George's church, Bloomsbury (i).
Saint-Germain, court of James II and ‘James III’ (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
St James's Palace (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v).
St James's Park ch. V n. 44.
St Kitts, see St Christopher.
St John, Henry, see Bolingbroke.
St Paul's cathedral (i).
Saint-Saphorin, François Louis de Pesmes, seigneur de, Swiss-born diplomat who represented George I in Vienna in various capacities 1718–27; he had no official character above ‘secretary’, but was paid on an envoy's scale; expelled in April 1727 in retaliation for Palm's exexpulsion from London ch. VIII n. 106 and 108.
sale of office and votes (i), ch. VI n. 9.
Salzdahlum, palace of Anton Ulrich of Wolfenbüttel, built 1689–94 (i).
Sardinia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii).
satire, (i), (ii), ch. VI n. 1.
Saussure, Cassar De, Swiss traveller in England in the 1720s, letter-writer ch. V n. 55, ch. VII n. 3.
Savoy (also Savoy-Piedmont), duchy of (i); house of (i); princes who, if they turned Protestant, could succeed to English crown before George: Vittorio Amedeo (b. 1699) and Carlo Emanuele (b. 1701) (i); ruler of, 1675–1732, see Victor Amadeus II.
Saxe, comte de Saxe, see Maurice.
Saxon horse, emblem of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Hanover (i), (ii), (iii).
Saxony (Sachsen), electorate of (i), (ii), (iii); electors: Johann Georg IV 1691–94, Friedrich August I 1694–1733; for electoral prince see Augustus II, son of.
Scania (Skane), southern Sweden (i), (ii), (iii), ch. VII n. 38.
Scarborough, Richard Lumley (d. 1721), 1st earl of from 1690, army officer with William III, one of the commissioners for union, regent 1714 (i).
Schack, Bertram, Freiherr von, employed in the Hanoverian diplomatic service (mission to Denmark 1715), then entered that of tsar Peter of Russia in London (missions 1715–16 and 1722–23) ch. V n. 102.
Scharzfels, fortress in which Eleonore von dem Knesebeck (q.v.) was imprisoned (i).
Schaub, Sir Luke (d. 1758), Swiss-born diplomat in service of George I, technically in his electoral capacity (i), (ii), ch. VIII n. 67.
Schaumburg-Lippe, Gräfschaft established by division of Schaumburg in 1640 (i).
Schaumburg-Lippe, Albrecht Wolfgang, Gräf zu (1692–1748), elder son of Johanne Sophie, succeeded father as ruling Gräf 13 June 1728, 53*, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. X n. 18; for his wife see Schaumburg-Lippe, [Margarethe] Gertrud.
Schaumburg-Lippe, Friedrich Christian, Gräf zu (1655–1728), ruling Gräf from 1681, m. 1691 1st wife Johanne Sophie, q.v.; after divorce by papal dispensation m. 1725 Maria Anna Victoria von Gall (i).
Schaumburg-Lippe, [Friedrich Ernst] Wilhelm, Gräf zu (1724–77), succeeded father as ruling Gräf 1748, younger son of ‘die schöne Gertrud’ 53*, 132, 136, 171, 285*.
Schaumburg-Lippe, Georg August [Wilhelm], Gräf zu (1722–42), elder son of ‘die schöne Gertrud’ 53*, 132, 136, 171, 214, 285*.
Schaumburg-Lippe, Johanne Sophie, Gräfin zu (born Gräfin von Hohenlohe-Langenburg) (1673–1743), often called Gräfin von Bückeburg (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), ch. IV n. 37, ch. V n. 66, ch. VIII n. 6 and 87.
Schaumburg-Lippe, [Margarethe] Gertrud, Gräfin zu (1701–26), m. 1722 Albrecht Wolfgang; registered as child of Rabe Christoph von Oeynhausen and his wife Sophie Juliane, born Freiin von der Schulenburg; youngest daughter of [Ehrengard] Melusine von der Schulen-burg and George I (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), 280, ch. II n. 58 and 60.
Scheldt river, closing of (i).
Schomberg, Meinhard von (1641–1719), 3rd duke of, 1st duke of Leinster 1690, army officer, m. raugravine Caroline (i).
Schrader, Ludwig von, Hanoverian Rat sent on diplomatic mission to Sweden 1718 (i).
Schulenburg [Anna] Louise Sophie von der (1692–1773), christened as child of Friedrich Achaz von der Schulenburg and his wife Margarethe Gertrud but natural daughter of George I and [Ehrengard] Melusine von der Schulenburg; m. 1707 Ernst August Philipp von dem Bussche-Ippenburg, divorced before 1714, 1722 Reichsgräfin von Delitz in her own right (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. II n. 58 and 60, ch. V n. 83, 84, 86 and 90.
Schulenburg, Daniel Bodo von der (1662–1733), army officer in Saxon service who retired early to family estate (i), (ii).
Schulenburg [Ehrengard] Melusine von der (1667–1743), Gräfin, naturalized British 1716, successively duchess of Munster 1716 in the Irish peerage, duchess of Kendal 1719 in the English peerage, Princess (Fürstin) von Eberstein 1722 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), ch. II n. 13, 52 and 53, ch. V n. 65, 83 and 97, ch. VI n. 27, 29, 34, 35, 36, 37, 51 and 59, ch. VII n. 87, ch. X n. 12.
Schulenburg, Friedrich Achaz von der (1647–1701), Wolfenbüttel Geh. Rat, envoy to Vienna 1677–97, m. Margarethe Gertrud, sister of [Ehrengard] Melusine von der Schulenburg (i), (ii).
Schulenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm von der (1680–1720) Freiherr, half-brother of Melusine, successively Kammerjunker and Kammerherr to George I 96—97, 99, 120, 126, 130–31, 133, 140, 148–49,163–64, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), ch. V n. 39, ch. VIII n. 69 and 114.
Schulenburg, Johann Matthias von der (1661–1747), Graf, officer, first in Saxon, then in Venetian service as field marshal, brother of Melusine (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), ch X n. 40.
Schulenburg, Margarethe Gertrud von der (1659–97), sister of [Ehrengard] Melusine von der Schulenburg, wife of Friedrich Achaz, a distant relative (i), (ii).
Schulenburg, [Petronella] Melusine von der (1693–1778), christened as child of Friedrich Achaz von der Schulenburg and his wife Margarethe Gertrud but actually natural daughter of George I and Melusine von der Schulenburg; maid of honour to electress Sophia 1711, naturalized British subject 1722, created countess of Walsingham 1722; m. 1733 Philip Dormer Stanhope, lord Chesterfield (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), ch. II n. 58 and 60, ch. VI n. 27, 35 and 51.
Schulenburg, Sophie Juliane von der (1668–1755), sister of [Ehrengard] Melusine, see Oeynhausen.
Schütz, Georg Wilhelm Sinold, known as von, son of Salentin, Hanoverian diplomat accredited to London 1710–14 (i), (ii).
Schütz, Johann Helwig Sinold, known as von, Freiherr 1623–77), chancellor of Celle (i).
Schütz, Ludwig Justus Sinold, known as von (1693–1710), Hanoverian diplomat, son of the chancellor, mission to London 1689 till death 73*, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Schütz, Salentin Justus Sinold, known as von, Hanoverian diplomat, son of the chancellor, father of Georg (i).
Scotland 105, 112, 116–17, 176–77, 179*, (i), (ii), (iii); secretary of state for 116, 124*.
Scott, James, British diplomat, missions to Saxony and Poland in queen Anne's reign (c. 1714) and in George's reign (1719–21), secret mission 1718 (i), ch. IV n. 31, ch. VIII n. 35.
scrofula, touching for (i).
secundogeniture (dynastic descent through second or later son to avoid union with another state) (i), (ii).
Selkirk, Charles Hamilton Douglas, 6th earl of 141*, ch. V n. 109.
Selz, Louis von Rothenschild, Freiherr von (c. 1644–60), illegitimate son of Karl Ludwig, elector palatine (i).
Senesino, male soprano (i).
Seven United Provinces, see Dutch Republic.
Seven Years War 1756–63 (i).
Seville, (i).
Sheriffmuir, battle of, 14 November 1715 (Scottish OS, which would be 13 November English OS, see Calendar above) (i).
Shrewsbury, Charles Talbot (1660–1718), 1st duke of, both ex-officio regent in 1714 and on George's list 109, 120, 148, 176, 179, ch, VII n. 22 and (i); 2nd wife Adelaide, Italian-born (m. 1705, d. 1726), who became lady of the bedchamber successively to queen Anne (1711) and to Caroline, princess of Wales (1714) ch. VII n, 2.
Sicily (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); concept of the Two Sicilies (Naples and Sicily) (i).
Siena, fief of (i).
Skelton, Bevill, English diplomat in William III's reign, accredited to Hamburg 1682–86 ch. II n. 21.
Sleswig, duchy of (Danish spelling; German spelling, not applicable before 1864, Schleswig), incorporated with Denmark 1720 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. VIII n. 99.
Slingelandt, Simon van (1664–1736), secretary to the Dutch council of state, gifted statesman (i).
Sloper, William (c. 1658–1743), M.P. 1715–27 ch. IX n. 37.
Sobieski, James (Jakób) (1667–1737), son of John (Jan) III Sobieski, rival of Augustus II for the Polish crown (i).
Soissons, congress of 279*, (i); see also congress system.
Somerset, Charles Seymour (1662–1748), 6th duke of, one of George's regents 1714, Master of the Horse 1714–1 5 (i), (ii), ch. VII n. 22; wife, lady of the bedchamber to queen Anne, Elizabeth Percy (m. 1682), 109. Sophia (Sophie) (1630–1714), princess of the Palatinate, granddaughter of James I of England, m. 1658 Ernst August of Brunswick-Lüneburg, electress of Hanover 1692, mother of George: character and interests of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); childhood, youth and marriage of (i), (ii), (iii); relationships with: husband (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. II n. 21 and 36; children 26–27, 30, 34, 44–45, 47, 71 (i), (ii), ch. II n. 23 and 43, ch. III n. 42; George (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), ch. IV n. 25; Sophia Dorothea (i), (ii), (iii); contacts and correspondence with learned men (i), (ii), (iii); visits: to Italy 1664–66 (i), (ii); to Versailles 1679 (i), (ii); to Brandenburg (i), (ii); her attitude: to religion (i); to medical men (i), (ii); to the English succession (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), ch. III n. 32 and 40; illnesses and death of (i), (ii), (iii).
Sophia (Sophie) Charlotte (1668–1705), Sophia and Ernst August's only d., m. 1684 elector Friedrich III of Brandenburg-Prussia 1688, king Friedrich I of Prussia 1701 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), ch. II n. 43.
Sophia Charlotte (1675–1725), Freiin von Kielmansegg by m. 1701 to Johann Adolf von Kielmansegg (q.v.), registered as child of Franz von Platen-Hallermund and his wife, half-sister to George I as shown by the bastard staff in her letters patent, naturalized British after her husband's death, created countess of Leinster in Irish peerage 1721, and countess of Darlington in British peerage 1722 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), ch. V n. 63, 75, 76, 95, and 96, ch. VI n. 28 and 47, ch. IX n. 17; sons (Franz Ernst, 1702–19, Georg Ludwig, 1705–85, Karl August, 1708–34, Ernst August, 1714–39) and daughters (Sophie Charlotte Marie, 1703–84, m. Emanuel Scrope, viscount Howe, d. 1758; Karoline Wilhelmine, 1711–31, m. Friedrich von Spörcken, d. 1776) (i), (ii), (iii), ch. V n. 100.
Sophia (Sophie) Dorothea (1666–1726) of Celle, m. George I 1682, divorced 1694 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x); character, tastes and interests of (i), (ii); relationship with husband 41, 49, 54, ch. II (i); with Königsmarck (i), (ii), ch. II n. 68; confinement in Ahlden (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); fortune and will of (i), (ii), (iii), ch. X n. 22; for her children see Georg August and Sophia Dorothea (b. 1687).
Sophia (Sophie) Dorothea (1687–1757) of Hanover, d. of George I, m., as 2nd wife 1706, Friedrich Wilhelm of Brandenburg-Prussia, queen of Prussia 1713 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii); double marriage project of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), ch. II n. 12, ch. VI n. 50.
Sophie Amalie (1628–85) of Brunswick-Lüneburg, sister of Ernst August, m. 1643 Frederik III of Denmark-Norway (i).
Sound, the (and Sound dues) (i), (ii).
South Sea Act 1720 (i).
South Sea bubble and inquiry into (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), ch. IX n. 10.
South Sea Company and stock (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), ch. VI n. 34 and 36, ch. IX n. 12.
Southern Netherlands (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); Anglo-Dutch condominium after 1706 (i), (ii); barrier fortresses of (i), (ii).
Spain (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), ch. IX n. 10 and 89.
Spanheim, Ezechiel (1629–1710), Baron von, scholar and diplomat, Heidelberg Rat, later in Prussian service (i).
Spanish Netherlands (i), (ii); see also Austrian Netherlands, Southern Netherlands.
Spanish possessions in Italy (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); in other parts of world (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii).
Spanish succession issue (i), (ii).
stability, political (i).
stadholder (stadhouder), highest elected office in the Dutch Republic (i).
Stair, John Dalrymple (1673–1747), 2nd earl of, army officer, English envoy in Paris 1714–20 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Stanhope, Charles (1673–1760), cousin of James Stanhope, M.P., secretary to the treasury 1722; court sinecure 1722–27, treasurer of the chamber (lost on George II's accession) (i), (ii), ch. VIII n. 8, ch. IX n. 37.
Stanhope, James (1673–1721), viscount Stanhope of Mahon 1717, earl 1718, English army officer and statesman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), ch. VI n. 67 and 73, ch. VIII n. 8 and 67, ch. IX n. 35; for father-in-law see Pitt, Thomas.
Stanhope, William (1690–1756), later earl of Harrington, English diplomat (i), (ii), ch. VIII n. 45.
Stanyan, Abraham, British envoy extraordinary and plenipotentiary in Vienna 1716–18, ch. V n. 51.
Starhemberg, Konrad Sigismund, Imperial diplomat, missions to London 1720, 1722–26 (i), ch. IX n. 66.
States General, assembly of the Seven United Provinces of the Dutch Republic (i), (ii), (iii).
Steffani, Agostino (1653–1728), Italian-born Kapellmeister at Hanover 1689–1710, used also on diplomatic missions, bishop of Spiga 1706, apostolic vicar North Germany 1709 (i), (ii).
Stepney, George, British representative at The Hague (i), (ii), ch. III n. 53.
Stockholm (i).
Stowe School (i).
Strafford, Thomas Wentworth (1672–1739), 3rd earl of 1711, British diplomat 1703–11 Berlin, 1711–14 The Hague 122, 148–49, 174, 211*.
Strassburg, French from 1681 (i).
Stuart, house of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi).
Stubenvol, Johann Christoph von, Hanoverian Hofjunker 1685, Kammerjunker 1691, m. Laura di Montecalvo (i.e., Calenburg), illegitimate d. of Ernst August; left Hanover 1698 (i).
subsidies (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii).
Sunderland, Charles Spencer (1674–1722), 3rd earl of from 1702, English statesman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), ch. VII n. 87 and 94, ch. VIII n. 8 and 116.
Sweden (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv); Baltic provinces of 186, 240, 242 see also Estonia, Ingria, Livonia, Wismar; provinces conquered from Denmark-Norway (i); provinces in the Empire (i), (ii); sucession (i), (ii).
Swift, Jonathan (1667–1745), Anglican clergyman, political pamphleteer and writer (i), (ii).
Swiss cantons (i).
Sword Blade Company (i).
TENISON, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury 1707–15, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
‘third party’ programme in Nine Years War (i).
Thirty Years War 1618–48 (i), (ii), (iii).
Thorn (Toruń) ‘blood bath’ (i).
Thornhill, Sir James (1675–1734), English court painter, made a baronet by George I 1720 (i).
Thöngen, Hans Karl (1648–1709), Freiherr von, general, second in command to the Imperial field-marshal (i).
Tilson, George (d. 1739), undersecretary of state 1711–1734, ch. VI n. 53.
Toland, John (1670?–1722), political and philosophical writer ch. III n. 60.
Torcy, Jean Baptiste Colbert (1665–1746), marquis de, French secretary of state for foreign affairs (i), (ii).
Tories and Tory party (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii); Tory separate peace with France (i), (ii).
Torstenson, Lennart (1603–51), Swedish general (invaded Jutland 1643–44) (i).
Toulon, allied (failed) attempt on, 1707 (i).
Tower of London (i).
Townshend, Charles (1674–1738), 2nd viscount, English statesman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), ch. VI n. 56 and 73, ch. VIII n. 115, ch. X n. 35; his wife Dorothy Walpole (m. 1713) (i)*, (ii).
treaties (other than peace), chronologically:
1675 recess of Altona (on Holstein-Gottorp issues with guarantees of Maritime Powers and of the Brunswick-Lüneburg dukes) (i), (ii), (iii);
1690 neutrality and subsidy treaty, France and Hanover (i);
1700 treaty of guarantees, Sweden and Maritime Powers (i);
1698 and 1700, 1st and 2nd partition treaties, France and Maritime Powers (on Spanish succession) (i); see also Grand Alliance of 1701;
1706 treaty of reconciliation, Hanover and Wolfenbüttel (i);
1709 treaty of Barrier and Succession (Anglo-Dutch) (i), (ii), (iii);
1713 modified treaty of Barrier and Succession (Anglo-Dutch) (i), (ii), (iii);
1713 commercial treaty (Anglo-French) (i), (ii);
1713 commercial treaty (Anglo-Spanish) (i);
1714 anti-Swedish treaty between Russia and Prussia (i);
1715 (April) subsidy treaty, France and Sweden (i), (ii);
1715 (April–October) anti-Swedish treaties between Prussia and Denmark, Hanover and Prussia, Hanover and Russia and, most important from George's point of view, of May 1715 between Hanover and Denmark (i);
1715 (November) Barrier treaty, Charles VI and Maritime Powers (i), (ii), (iii);
1715 and 1716 commercial treaties (Anglo-Spanish) (i), (ii);
1716 (May) Anglo-Dutch renewal of alliances (i), (ii);
1716 (June) Anglo-Austrian treaty of mutual guarantees (i), (ii), (iii);
1716 (October and November) Anglo-French treaty of mutual guarantees (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), ch. VII n. 46;
1717 Triple Alliance, France and Maritime Powers (i), (ii)*, ch. VII n. 46;
1718 Quadruple Alliance (Great Britain, France, Emperor and – later in the year – Savoy; the Dutch Republic never acceded). Spain signed at The Hague 17 February 1720 (i), (ii), (iii);
1719 (January) anti-Russian treaty by Hanover, Augustus of Saxony-Poland and Charles VI (i), (ii);
1719 (12 August antedated to 4 August) treaties of guarantees (1) Hanover-Prussia, (2) Great Britain-Prussia 240, 254,271;
1720 (February) treaty of guarantee and commerce, Great Britain and Sweden (i), (ii);
1721 treaty of resumption of diplomatic relations, Spain, France and Great Britain (i);
1723 Charlottenburg treaty, reaffirmation of 1719 treaty, Hanover and Prussia (i);
1725 (April and May) Vienna Alliance, Charles VI and Philip V, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv);
1725 (September) Hanover alliance, Great Britain, Prussia and France; in 1726 Sweden, Denmark and Dutch Republic joined (i), (ii);
1725 (November) strengthening of Vienna alliance (i);
1727 (May) preliminaries of Paris for calling of new congress (i);
treaties of peace, chronologically:
1697 Ryswick (general) (i);
1699 Karlowitz (ending Turkish war) (i);
1700 Travendal (Denmark and Holstein-Gottorp, with guarantee by Sweden and Maritime Powers) (i), (ii);
1713 Utrecht (general) 114, 118, 156, 173–74, 180–81, 183, 192, 223, 229, 234,276;
1714 Rastadt (signed 6 March, ratified 8 September) France and Charles VI (i), (ii), (iii);
1714 Baden (September), France and Empire (i), (ii), (iii), (iv);
1718 Passarowitz (Pośarevič) (21 July NS), Turkey, Charles VI and Venice (i);
1719 (November) Stockholm (Hanover and Sweden) (i), (ii);
1720 (February) Stockholm, Prussia and Sweden (i);
1720 (July) Frederiksborg, Denmark-Norway and Sweden (i);
1721 (August) Nystad, Russia and Sweden (i).
Trier, archbishop-electorate, capital of (i).
Turenne, Henry de la Tour d'Auvergne (1611–75), vicomte de, French field-marshal (i).
Turkey (Ottoman empire) (i); Turkish wars 1683–99 (i), (ii), (iii); 1714–18 35, 193, 226†.
Tuscany, grand duchy of: succession in (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); duke of (i); ports in (presidios), belonging by treaty to Naples (i).
ULRIKA ELEONORA (d. 1741), ruling queen of Sweden 1718–20; then abdicated in favour of her husband 160*, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), ch. VIII n. 22.
union between Protestant churches in Hanover (i).
Union of England and Scotland (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); secretary of commission (Robert Pringle) negotiating union (i).
union, dynastic, Britain and Hanover (i), (ii), (iii).
United Provinces, see Dutch Republic.
Upper Harz mines, see Harz.
Utrecht, see treaties of peace.
VANBRUGH, Sir John (1664–1726), English playwright and architect, Clarenceux king of arms 1704–25 (i), (ii), ch. V n. 97, ch. VI n. 5.
Vatican ch. V n. 34.
Vellingk, Mauritz (1651–1727), count from 1710, Swedish officer and administrator, governor-general of Bremen and Verden, much used on diplomatic missions in North Germany (i).
Vellingk, Otto (1649–1708), count from 1706, Swedish officer who in the Dutch War fought with the Swedish regiment in French service (i), ch. II n. 20.
Venice, republic and city of 21, 27, 43, 226†.
Verden, duchy of, secularized bishopric in the Empire, see Bremen and Verden.
Vernon, James, secretary of state in William III's reign, ch. III n. 53.
Vernon, Richard, British envoy in Saxony 1715–18, left Dresden 7 September 1718 ch. VIII n. 13.
Verrio, Antonio (1630–1707), Italian decorative painter, active in England from 1671 (i).
Victor Amadeus (Vittorio Amadeo) II, duke of Savoy 1675–1732 (b. 1666), king of Sicily 1713–20, king of Sardinia 1720–32 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); his wife, Anne Marie d'Orléans (1669–1728) was closer in line than electress Sophia in English succession and protested at not being named in Act of Settlement; her elder son Vittorio Amadeo (1699–1715) (i); her younger son Carlo Emanuele (1701–73) also shared the family claim.
Vienna, siege of, 1683 (i).
Villars, Claude Louis Hector (1653–1734), due de, French field-marshal (i), (ii).
Villiers, Etienne de Bonnivet, courtier in the service of the duchess of Celle ch. VI n. 12, ch. X n. 40.
Vistula river (i).
Volkra (Volckra), count Otto Christian von, Graf, Charles VI's special ambassador to London (i), ch. V n. 30.
Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet, known as (1694–1778), French writer, protege of George I in 1716 (i), ch. X n. 41.
Vrillière family 257*, (i); see also Platen, Sophie Karoline, d. Amalie.
Wahlkapitulation (i).
Wake, William, archbishop of Canterbury 1716–37 (b. 1657) (i), (ii), (iii), ch. VI n. 70, ch. VII n. 6.
Walpole, Horace (1717–97), youngest son of Robert Walpole, as memoir writer (i), ch. II n. 81, ch. V n. 57 and 76.
Walpole, Horatio (1678–1757), 1st baron Wolterton, brother of Robert Walpole, M.P., British diplomat The Hague and Paris (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), ch. IX n. 78.
Walpole, Robert (1676–1745), knighted 1722, later 1st earl of Orford, M.P., English statesman, knight of the Order of the Bath 1725, knight of the Order of the Garter 1726 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), ch. VI n. 34, 35 and 36, ch. VII n. 79, ch. VIII n. 116, ch. IX n. 46 and 63; his mistress, later wife, Maria Skerret (i)*.
Walsingham, countess of, see Schulenburg, [Petronella] Melusine von der.
Wars: League of Augsburg, see Nine Years War; War of the Spanish Succession 1701/02–1713/14 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix); Great Britain's separate peace with France 1710–11 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), ch. IV n. 27 and 28; War between Great Britain, France and Spain 1718/19–20 (i), (ii), (iii); War of the Austrian Succession 1740–48 (i), (ii); War of American Independence 1756–63 (i); see also Dutch War, Great Northern War, Turkish wars.
Wartenberg, Franz Wilhelm, Graf, prince-bishop of Osnabrück 1648–61 (b. 1593) (i), ch. II n. 19.
Warwick, earl of 141*.
Weber, Friedrich Christian, Hanoverian diplomat accredited to Russia 1714–19 ch. II n. 10.
Weidemann, flautist 266. Wentworth, Peter (d. 1739), brother of earl of Strafford (i), ch. V n. 44, ch. VI n. 10.
Weser river (i).
Westminster, palace of (i), (ii).
Wharton, Philip (1698–1731), son of Thomas, 1st duke 1718 (i).
Wharton, Thomas (1648–1715) 1st marquess 122, 127, 255*.
Whig party, Whig views (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix); dissident (Walpolian or Devonshire) Whigs (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi).
Whitehall (administrative centre) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v).
Whitehall, palace of (i), ch. V n. 44.
White Mountain, battle of (i).
Whitworth, Charles (1675–1725), baron, British diplomat 238, 269.Widdrington, William (1678–1743), 4th lord, Jacobite (i), (ii).
Wildeshausen, territory acquired for Hanover by purchase ch. II n. 30.
Wilhelm, ruling duke of Lüneburg 1559–62, founder of Gesamthaus (i), gen. table I.
Wilhelm of Hesse-Cassel, see Hesse-Cassel, landgravate of.
Wilhelmine, George's granddaughter (1709–58), margravine of Bayreuth (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), ch. X n. 4 and 17.
Wilhelmine Amalie (1673–1742), d. of Johann Friedrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg, m. 1699 Joseph I, emperor 1705–11 22*, (i).
Wilhelmine Ernestine of Denmark (1650–1706), m. 1671 Karl, elector palatine 1680–85 (i).
Willem IV of Orange-Nassau (1711–51), stadholder 1747, m. 1734 Anne, granddaughter of George (i).
William (Willem) II of Orange (d. 1650), stadholder of Dutch Republic (i).
William (Willem) III (1650–1702), prince of Orange, stadholder and captain-general in the Dutch Republic from 1672, king of England, Ireland and Scotland 1689–1702 32, 36, 39–40, 46, 61, 69–70, 72–75, 77, 79, 82, 85–86, 89–90, 94, 101, in, 117, 129, 150, 165, 212, 234, 268*, (i), ch. II n. 21, ch. III n. 56.
William Augustus (1721–65), duke of Cumberland, George's grandson 166*, (i), (ii).
Wills, Charles (1666–1741), knighted 1725, army officer, active against Jacobites 1715–16 (i).
Windsor castle and forests (i), ch. IV n. 44, ch. X n. 18.
Winter King of Bohemia, see Frederick V, elector palatine.
Winter Queen of Bohemia, see Elizabeth, electress palatine.
Wintoun, (also Winton), George Seton, 5th earl of (d. 1749), Jacobite (i).
Wise, Henry (1653–1738), royal gardener to William III, Anne and George (i).
Wismar, possession of Swedish crown in Empire (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
Wolfenbüttel, duchy of, attack on, 1702 (i), (ii); see also Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.
Wood, William (1671–1730), entrepreneur who bought concession to issue copper money in Ireland 1722 (i).
Wratislaw, Johann Wenzel (1669–1712), Graf von Mitrowitz, Habsburg diplomat (i).
Wren, Sir Christopher (1632–1723), English architect, head of the Board of Works (i), (ii).
ZAHNDAM, palace of Anton Ulrich of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (i).
Zealand, largest of the Danish islands, Swedish invasion of, 1700 (i).