George W. Bush, Proclamation, “Declaration of National Emergency by Reason of Certain Terrorist Attacks, 2001, Proclamation 7463 of September 14, 2001,” Federal Register 66, no. 181 (Sept. 14, 2001): 48199, www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2001-09-18/pdf/01-23358.pdf.
“Military Decorations and Awards Review Results,” U.S. Department of Defense, accessed Feb. 18, 2022, upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Military_Decorations_and_Awards_Review_Results_%28January_2016%29.pdf.
Authorization for Use of Military Force, Pub. L. No. 107-40, 115 Stat. 224 (2001).
Mark Landler, “20 Years On, the War on Terror Grinds Along, with No End in Sight,” New York Times, Sept. 10, 2021, www.nytimes.com/2021/09/10/world/europe/war-on-terror-bush-biden-qaeda.html.
“Most Wanted Terrorist Dead: Bin Laden Killed in ‘Targeted Operation,’ ” FBI News, May 2, 2011, www.fbi.gov/news/stories/bin-laden-killed.
Neta C. Crawford and Catherine Lutz, “Human Cost of Post-9/11 Wars: Direct War Deaths in Major War Zones,” 20 Years of War: A Costs of War Research Series, Sept. 1, 2021, watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2021/Costs%20of%20War_Direct%20War%20Deaths_9.1.21.pdf.
“ ‘Islam Is Peace’ Says President: Remarks by the President at Islamic Center of Washington, D.C.,” White House press release, Sept. 17, 2001, georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010917-11.html.
Linda J. Bilmes, “Where Did the $5Tn Spent on Afghanistan and Iraq Go? Here’s Where,” Guardian, Sept. 11, 2021, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/sep/11/us-afghanistan-iraq-defense-spending.
Elisabeth Bumiller, “U.S. Lifts Photo Ban on Military Coffins,” New York Times, Dec. 7, 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/02/27/world/americas/27iht-photos.1.20479953.html.
Heidi Peltier, “The Growth of the ‘Camo Economy’ and the Commercialization of the Post-9/11 Wars,” 20 Years of War, June 30, 2020, watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2020/Peltier%202020%20-%20Growth%20of%20Camo%20Economy%20-%20June%2030%202020%20-%20FINAL.pdf.
Alex Horton and Aaron Gregg, “Use of Military Contractors Shrouds True Costs of War. Washington Wants It That Way, Study Says,” Washington Post, June 30, 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2020/06/30/military-contractor-study.
Jessica Purkiss and Jack Serle, “Obama’s Covert Drone War in Numbers: Ten Times More Strikes Than Bush,” Bureau of Investigative Journalism, Jan. 17, 2017, www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2017-01-17/obamas-covert-drone-war-in-numbers-ten-times-more-strikes-than-bush.
Donald Trump (@realDonaldTrump), Twitter, Oct. 9, 2019, 7:36 a.m., twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1181896127471333381.
“Excerpts from Bush Speech on Travel,” New York Times, Sept. 28, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/09/28/us/a-nation-challenged-excerpts-from-bush-speech-on-travel.html.
“The President’s News Conference with President François Hollande of France,” transcript, Nov. 24, 2015, www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/DCPD-201500839/html/DCPD-201500839.htm.
Charles Krauthammer, “The Greater the Evil, the More It Disarms,” Time, Sept. 24, 2001, content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,1000889,00.html.
John Lanchester, How to Speak Money: What the Money People Say—and What It Really Means (New York: W. W. Norton, 2014), xiv.
Jonathan Nitzan and Shimshon Bichler, The Global Political Economy of Israel (London: Pluto Press, 2002), 2.
“Satisfaction with the United States,” Gallup News, accessed March 7, 2022, news.gallup.com/poll/1669/general-mood-country.aspx.
R. J. Reinhart, “Terrorism Fears Drive More in U.S. to Avoid Crowds,” Gallup News, June 20, 2017, news.gallup.com/poll/212654/terrorism-fears-drive-avoid-crowds.aspx.
Joel Rose and Liz Baker, “6 in 10 Americans Say U.S. Democracy Is in Crisis as the ‘Big Lie’ Takes Root,” NPR, Jan. 3, 2022, www.npr.org/2022/01/03/1069764164/american-democracy-poll-jan-6.
Richard Falk, “Resisting the Global Domination Project,” interview, Frontline, April 25, 2003, frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30216662.ece.
David Johnston and Charlie Savage, “Obama Reluctant to Look into Bush Programs,” New York Times, Jan. 11, 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/01/12/us/politics/12inquire.html.
Mike Davis, “Thanatos Triumphant,” New Left Review, March 7, 2022, newleftreview.org/sidecar/posts/thanatos-triumphant.
Garrett M. Graff, The Only Plane in the Sky: An Oral History of 9/11 (New York: Avid Reader Press, 2019), 247.
Unless specified otherwise, all quotations from network and cable television news on September 11 can be found in “September 11 Television Archive,” Internet Archive, accessed Sept. 12, 2023, archive.org/details/sept_11_tv_archive. Jennings quotation from “ABC, Sept. 11, 2001 8:20 pm–9:01 pm,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109112020-2101.
David Friend, Watching the World Change: The Stories Behind the Images of 9/11 (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006), 32.
Don DeLillo, Underworld (New York: Scribner, 1997), 94.
Brian Stelter, “How NBC’s ‘Today’ Invented Morning TV,” CNN, Jan. 14, 2017, money.cnn.com/2016/01/14/media/today-show-creation-nbc/index.html.
Friend, Watching the World Change, 34.
“ABC, Sept. 11, 2001, 9:12 am–9:54 am,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109110912-0954.
“ABC, Sept. 11, 2001, 9:54 am–10:36 am,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109110954-1036.
Susan Faludi, The Terror Dream (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2007), 208.
Ibid., 213.
Richard Slotkin, Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600–1860 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1973), 78.
Ibid., 3.
Ibid., 95.
Ibid., 96.
Faludi, Terror Dream, 214.
Mary Rowlandson, The Sovereignty and Goodness of God, in Plymouth Colony: Narratives of English Settlement and Native Resistance from the Mayflower to King Philip’s War, ed. Lisa Brooks and Kelly Wisecup (New York: Library of America, 2022), 940.
Ibid., 942.
Ibid., 946.
Ibid., 976.
Ibid., 954.
Ibid., 982.
“ABC, Sept. 11, 2001, 10:36 am–11:18 am,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109111036-1118.
“ABC, Sept. 11, 2001, 1:23 pm–2:04 pm,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109111323-1404.
“ABC, Sept. 11, 2001, 12:41 pm–1:23 pm,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109111241-1323.
Kevin Flynn, “60 Firefighters Who Died on Sept. 11 Were Off Duty,” New York Times, Jan. 27, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/01/27/nyregion/60-firefighters-who-died-on-sept-11-were-off-duty.html.
“Common Valor,” Wall Street Journal, Sept. 14, 2001, www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000432905762754757.
William Langewiesche, American Ground: Unbuilding the World Trade Center (New York: North Point Press, 2002), 160–61.
David Carr, “Rebutting a Claim of Tarnished Valor; Research Challenges Account of 9/11 Looting by Firefighters,” New York Times, March 23, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/03/23/nyregion/rebutting-claim-tarnished-valor-research-challenges-account-9-11-looting.html.
Faludi, Terror Dream, 66.
9/11, directed by James Hanlon, Jules Naudet, and Gédéon Naudet (Paramount, 2002).
Faludi, Terror Dream, 66.
Ibid., 67.
Deputy Commissioner Thomas Fitzpatrick, World Trade Center Task Force interview transcript, Oct. 1, 2001, 13–14.
EMT Faisel Abed, World Trade Center Task Force interview transcript, Oct. 12, 2001, 4.
EMT Jody Bell, World Trade Center Task Force interview transcript, Dec. 15, 2001, 12.
Firefighter Tiernach Cassidy, World Trade Center Task Force interview transcript, Dec. 30, 2001, 3.
EMT Mala Harrilal, World Trade Center Task Force interview transcript, Nov. 2, 2001, 3.
Interview with Bobby Senn, “A Heroic Death,” National Geographic, Sept. 6, 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNyR2s2MKYc&t=1s.
Abed, World Trade Center Task Force interview, 9.
“FDNY Firefighter Bobby Senn: ‘The Dead Guy That God Sent Home,’ ” Easy Reader, Sept. 9, 2021, easyreadernews.com/fdny-firefighter-bobby-senn-the-dead-guy-that-god-sent-home.
Captain Paul Conlon, World Trade Center Task Force interview transcript, Jan. 26, 2002, 8.
Langewiesche, American Ground, 135.
Ibid., 131.
Paramedic Manuel Delgado, World Trade Center Task Force interview transcript, Oct. 2, 2001, 22.
Abed, World Trade Center Task Force interview, 10.
9/11, directed by Hanlon, Naudet, and Naudet.
Bell, World Trade Center Task force interview transcript, 19–20.
“ABC Sept. 11, 2001, 11:59 am–12:41 pm,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109111159-1241.
Ibid.
“ABC Sept. 11, 2001, 12:41 pm–1:23 pm,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109111241-1323.
“ABC Sept. 11, 2001, 3:28 pm–4:09 pm,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109111528-1609.
Graff, Only Plane in the Sky, 81.
Richard Slotkin, The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization, 1800–1890 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985), 55.
Ibid., 60.
Timothy Flint, Biographical Memoir of Daniel Boone, the First Settler of Kentucky, Interspersed with Incidents in the Early Annals of the Country (New Haven, Conn.: College & University Press, 1967).
Slotkin, Regeneration Through Violence, 441.
James Fenimore Cooper, Leatherstocking Tales, vols. 1–2 (New York: Library of America, 1985).
Slotkin, Regeneration Through Violence, 300.
Umberto Eco, “Casablanca, or, the Cliches Are Having a Ball,” in Signs of Life in the U.S.A.: Readings on Popular Culture for Writers, ed. Sonia Maasik and Jack Solomon (Boston: Bedford Books, 1994), 260–64.
“ABC Sept. 11, 2001, 6:14 pm–6:56 pm,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109111814-1856.
“ABC Sept. 11, 2001, 5:33 pm–6:14 pm,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109111733-1814.
“ABC Sept. 11, 2001, 6:14 pm–6:56 pm,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109111814-1856.
“CNN 9-11-2001 News Coverage 6:00 PM–7:00 PM,” 911NewsCoverage, YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=avLV11EvrPc.
Faludi, Terror Dream, 5.
Virginia Heffernan, “The Way We Live Now: 10-14-01: Aftermath; Getting Serious,” New York Times Magazine, Oct. 14, 2001, quoted in Faludi, Terror Dream, 117.
Ginia Bellafante, “Being Single in New York Is a Little Lonelier Now,” New York Times, Sept. 30, 2001, quoted in Faludi, Terror Dream, 119.
Phil McCombs, “Comeback of the Alpha Male,” Washington Post, March 16, 2003, quoted in Faludi, Terror Dream, 9.
Danielle Braff, “The Great Pandemic Wedding Boom,” New York Times, Feb. 6, 2021, www.nytimes.com/2021/02/06/style/the-great-pandemic-wedding-boom.html.
“Bush Rejects Taliban Offer to Hand bin Laden Over,” Guardian, Oct. 14, 2001, www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/14/afghanistan.terrorism5.
“ABC Sept. 11, 2001, 6:14 pm–6:56 pm,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109111814-1856.
“ABC Sept. 11, 2001, 6:56 pm–7:38 pm,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109111856-1938.
“ABC Sept. 11, 2001, 8:20 pm–9:01 pm,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109112020-2101.
“ABC Sept. 11, 2001, 6:56 pm–7:38 pm,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109111856-1938.
Batman Begins, directed by Christopher Nolan (Warner Bros. Pictures, 2005).
The Dark Knight, directed by Christopher Nolan (Warner Bros. Pictures, 2008).
The Dark Knight Rises, directed by Christopher Nolan (Warner Bros. Pictures, 2012).
The Dark Knight, advertisement, Movieposters.com, accessed April 2, 2021, www.movieposters.com/products/dark-knight-mpw-93991.
“Christopher Nolan: ‘Dark Knight Rises’ Isn’t Political,” Rolling Stone, July 20, 2012, www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/christopher-nolan-dark-knight-rises-isnt-political-245401.
Box Office History for Batman Movies. The Numbers, accessed April 2, 2021, www.the-numbers.com/movies/franchise/Batman#tab=summary.
Colin McInnes, “A Different Kind of War? September 11 and the United States’ Afghan War,” Review of International Studies 29, no. 2 (April 2003): 165–84.
Donald P. Wright, A Different Kind of War: The United States Army in Operation ENDURING FREEDOM (OEF) October 2001–September 2005 (Fort Leavenworth, Kans.: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2010), history.army.mil/html/bookshelves/resmat/gwot/DifferentKindofWar.pdf.
Serge Schmemann, “What Would ‘Victory’ Mean?,” New York Times, Sept. 16, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/09/16/weekinreview/war-zone-what-would-victory-mean.html.
Todd Purdum, “Leaders Face Challenges Far Different from Those of Last Conflict,” New York Times, Sept. 15, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/09/15/us/after-attacks-strategy-leaders-face-challenges-far-different-those-last-conflict.html.
Michael R. Gordon, “A New War and Its Scale,” New York Times, Sept. 17, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/09/17/world/after-the-attacks-the-strategy-a-new-war-and-its-scale.html.
“Radio Address of the President to the Nation,” Office of the Press Secretary, Sept. 15, 2001, georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010915.html.
“The Vice President Appears on Meet the Press with Tim Russert,” George W. Bush White House Archives, Sept. 16, 2001, georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/vicepresident/news-speeches/speeches/vp20010916.html.
Todd S. Purdum, “Bush Warns of a Wrathful, Shadowy, and Inventive War,” New York Times, Sept. 17, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/09/17/us/after-attacks-white-house-bush-warns-wrathful-shadowy-inventive-war.html.
“The 2000 Campaign; 2nd Presidential Debate Between Gov. Bush and Vice President Gore,” New York Times, Oct. 12, 2000, www.nytimes.com/2000/10/12/us/2000-campaign-2nd-presidential-debate-between-gov-bush-vice-president-gore.html.
Elliott Abrams, “Israel and the ‘Peace Process,’ ” in Robert Kagan and William Kristol, eds., Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and Defense Policy (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2000), 222, 234.
Kagan and Kristol, “Preface,” in Present Dangers, vii.
Ibid., 24.
Frederick W. Kagan, “The Decline of America’s Armed Forces,” in Kagan and Kristol, Present Dangers, 245.
Kagan and Kristol, Present Dangers, 6.
Ibid., vii.
Ibid., 7.
Richard N. Perle, “Iraq: Saddam Unbound,” in Kagan and Kristol, Present Dangers, 101.
Kagan, “Decline of America’s Armed Forces,” 241.
Kagan and Kristol, “Introduction: National Interest and Global Responsibility,” in Present Dangers, 9.
Ibid., 14.
Kyle Smith, “Triumph of the Normal,” New York Post, Sept. 11, 2011, nypost.com/2011/09/11/triumph-of-the-normal.
Andrew Bacevich, America’s War for the Greater Middle East: A Military History (New York: Random House, 2016), 178–79.
Ibid., 248.
“Off Target: The Conduct of the War and Civilian Casualties in Iraq,” Human Rights Watch, Dec. 11, 2003, www.hrw.org/report/2003/12/11/target/conduct-war-and-civilian-casualties-iraq.
“CNN Live Coverage—Start of Iraq War (7:00 p.m. E.T.–12:00 a.m. E.T.),” YouTube, Jan. 4, 2020, web.archive.org/web/20220507185855/www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3KNpswZyPc.
Tara Clarke, “The Dot-Com Crash of 2000–2002,” Money Morning, June 12, 2015, accessed April 14, 2022, moneymorning.com/2015/06/12/the-dot-com-crash-of-2000-2002.
Barnaby J. Feder, “New Military Systems May Be Tested in Field in ‘War Against Terrorism,’ ” New York Times, Oct. 1, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/10/01/business/nation-challenged-weapons-new-military-systems-may-be-tested-field-war-against.html.
Joseph Fitchett, “U.S. Charts a High-Tech Strategy for Afghan War,” New York Times, Oct. 3, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/10/03/news/us-charts-a-hightech-strategy-for-afghan-war.html.
Eric Schmitt and James Dao, “Use of Pinpoint Air Power Comes of Age in New War,” New York Times, Dec. 24, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/12/24/world/nation-challenged-air-campaign-use-pinpoint-air-power-comes-age-new-war.html.
Jennifer 8. Lee, “Agile in a Crisis, Robots Show Their Mettle,” New York Times, Sept. 27, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/09/27/technology/agile-in-a-crisis-robots-show-their-mettle.html.
P. W. Singer, Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century (New York: Penguin Press, 2009), 24–25.
Ibid., 29–30.
Ibid., 133.
Ibid., 34.
Abigail Gage and Shawna Sinnott, “Closing the Chapter: Ending Afghanistan for US Army Special Forces,” podcast, Modern War Institute at West Point, July 16, 2021, mwi.usma.edu/closing-the-chapter-ending-afghanistan-for-us-army-special-forces.
James Brooke, “Glimpse of Readiness to Fight Iraq at U.S. Copter Base in Afghanistan,” New York Times, Sept. 10, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/09/10/world/threats-responses-desert-warriors-glimpse-readiness-fight-iraq-us-copter-base.html.
Thom Shanker and Eric Schmitt, “Covert Units Conduct a Campaign Invisible Except for the Results,” New York Times, April 6, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/04/06/world/nation-war-special-operations-covert-units-conduct-campaign-invisible-except-for.html.
Matt Kennard, Irregular Army: How the US Military Recruited Neo-Nazis, Gang Members, and Criminals to Fight the War on Terror (London: Verso, 2006), 127–32.
Shanker and Schmitt, “Covert Units Conduct a Campaign Invisible Except for the Results.”
James Dao, “Ads Now Seek Recruits for ‘An Army of One,’ ” New York Times, Jan. 10, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/01/10/us/ads-now-seek-recruits-for-an-army-of-one.html.
“What’s Your Warrior | WHO WILL BUILD TOMORROW? | GO ARMY,” advertisement, YouTube, Dec. 17, 2020, web.archive.org/web/20210520180252/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=7fiManEc2Tk.
Matthew Alford and Tom Secker, National Security Cinema: The Shocking New Evidence of Government Control in Hollywood (U.K.: Drum Roll Books, 2017), 5.
Iron Man, directed by Jon Favreau (Marvel Studios, 2008).
Ibid.; Iron Man 2, directed by Jon Favreau (Marvel Studios, 2010); Iron Man 3, directed by Shane Black (Marvel Studios, 2013).
Iron Man 2.
Andrew Murr, “A Heroic Life,” Newsweek, May 2, 2004, www.newsweek.com/heroic-life-128209.
Ibid.
Mike Freeman, “Tillman Leaves N.F.L. to Join Army,” New York Times, June 1, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/06/01/sports/plus-pro-football-tillman-leaves-nfl-to-join-army.html.
Bill Pennington, “Former N.F.L. Player Killed in Afghanistan,” New York Times, April 23, 2004, www.nytimes.com/2004/04/23/sports/former-nfl-player-killed-in-afghanistan.html.
Murr, “Heroic Life.”
Pennington, “Former N.F.L. Player Killed in Afghanistan.”
Murr, “Heroic Life.”
Inspector General U.S. Department of Defense, Review of Matters Related to the Death of Corporal Patrick Tillman, U.S. Army, March 26, 2007, 4–5.
Sarah Seltzer, “Inside Pat Tillman’s Life, and the Bush Administration’s Cover-Up of His Death,” AlterNet, Sept. 17, 2009, www.alternet.org/2009/09/inside_pat_tillmans_life_and_the_bush_administrations_cover-up_of_his_death.
“Jessica Lynch Rescue Army Video,” YouTube, June 25, 2010, www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYtmUx4nHco.
John Kampfner, “The Truth About Jessica,” Guardian, May 15, 2003, www.theguardian.com/world/2003/may/15/iraq.usa2.
Stephen M. Silverman, “Jessica Lynch Story to Air as NBC Movie,” People, April 11, 2003, web.archive.org/web/20210307004954/people.com/celebrity/jessica-lynch-story-to-air-as-nbc-movie.
Faludi, Terror Dream, 185.
Rick Bragg, I Am a Soldier, Too: The Jessica Lynch Story (New York: Knopf, 2003), 96.
Faludi, Terror Dream, 191.
Bragg, I Am a Soldier, Too, 98–99.
Slotkin, Regeneration Through Violence, 555.
Chris Kyle, American Sniper: The Autobiography of the Most Lethal Sniper in U.S. Military History (New York: HarperCollins, 2012), 4.
Ibid., 144.
Ibid., 250.
Ibid., 98.
Ibid., 221.
American Sniper, directed by Clint Eastwood (Village Roadshow Pictures, 2014).
Kyle, American Sniper, 7.
Ibid., 272.
Philip Bump, “15 Years After the Iraq War Began, the Death Toll Is Still Murky,” Washington Post, March 20, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2018/03/20/15-years-after-it-began-the-death-toll-from-the-iraq-war-is-still-murky.
Kyle, American Sniper, 430.
Ibid., 109.
Nicholas Schmidle, “In the Crosshairs,” New Yorker, May 27, 2013, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/06/03/in-the-crosshairs.
Zoë Wool, After War: The Weight of Life at Walter Reed (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2015), 88.
Dana Priest and Anne Hull, “Soldiers Face Neglect, Frustration at Army’s Top Medical Facility,” Washington Post, Feb. 18, 2007, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2007/02/18/soldiers-face-neglect-frustration-at-armys-top-medical-facility/c0c4b3e4-fb22-4df6-9ac9-c602d41c5bda.
“President Bush Attends Arlington National Cemetery Memorial Day Commemoration,” Office of the Press Secretary, May 26, 2008, georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/05/20080526.html.
Chris Castel, “President Obama to Veterans: We Honor a Debt We Can Never Repay,” Oklahoman, Nov. 11, 2013, www.oklahoman.com/article/3903578/president-obama-to-veterans-we-honor-a-debt-we-can-never-repay.
Kenneth T. MacLeish, Making War at Fort Hood: Life and Uncertainty in a Military Community (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2013), 221.
Wool, After War, 112.
Ibid., 108.
Ibid., 114.
Ibid., 112.
Ibid., 19.
David Leigh, “Iraq War Logs Reveal 15,000 Previously Unlisted Civilian Deaths,” Guardian, Oct. 22, 2010, www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/22/true-civilian-body-count-iraq.
Don White, interview with the author, April 12, 2021.
Iraq (in Depth: Topics A to Z), Gallup, news.gallup.com/poll/1633/iraq.aspx.
“U.S. Active Duty Military Deaths by Year and Manner, 1980–2022 (as of August 2023),” Defense Casualty Analysis System, Defense Manpower Data Center, Aug. 2023, dcas.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/app/summaryData/deaths/byYearManner.
9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (New York: Barnes & Noble, 2004), 272.
Ibid., 16.
Ibid., 267.
Ibid., 3.
Ibid., 383–98.
“Gov. Ridge Sworn-In to Lead Homeland Security,” Office of the Press Secretary, White House, President George W. Bush, Oct. 8, 2001, georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/10/20011008-3.html.
“Barry Manilow, Patti Labell [sic], Wynona [sic], James Ingram, Super Bowl,” Música De archive, YouTube, May 20, 2020, www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_k-ahyKF8A.
John Hood, “Patriot Games,” Carolina Journal, Feb. 2, 2002, www.carolinajournal.com/opinion/patriot-games.
Fred Mitchell, “Safe Spot? At Your Secret Service,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 4, 2002, www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2002-02-04-0202040144-story.html.
“Big Easy Gets Tough Security for Super Bowl,” CNN.com, Feb. 2, 2002, www.cnn.com/2002/US/02/02/sb.superbowl.security/index.html.
Kimberly S. Schimmel, “ ‘Violence-Complacent’ to ‘Terrorist-Ready’: Post-9/11 Framing of the US Super Bowl,” Urban Studies 48, no. 15 (Nov. 2011): 3281.
Mitchell, “Safe Spot?”
Mike Freeman, “The Super Bowl: Security, and Event, Will Be Extraordinary,” New York Times, Dec. 1, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/12/01/sports/a-nation-challenged-the-super-bowl-security-and-event-will-be-extraordinary.html.
Mitchell, “Safe Spot?”
Brian Schmitz, “Security Keeps Game Safe, Sound,” Orlando Sentinel, Feb. 4, 2002, www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2002-02-04-0202040230-story.html.
Freeman, “Super Bowl: Security, and Event, Will Be Extraordinary.”
Schmitz, “Security Keeps Game Safe, Sound.”
Mitchell, “Safe Spot?”
Lydia Saad, “U.S. Air Travel Remains Down as Employed Adults Fly Less,” Gallup, Jan. 6, 2022, news.gallup.com/poll/388484/air-travel-remains-down-employed-adults-fly-less.aspx.
Leslie Josephs, “How the Sept. 11 Terrorist Attacks Forever Changed Air Travel,” CNBC, Sept. 11, 2021, www.cnbc.com/2021/09/11/how-9/11-forever-changed-air-travel.html.
Peter Kujawinski, “Air Travel After 9/11: Just Get Through It,” New York Times, Sept. 11, 2021, www.nytimes.com/2021/09/09/travel/airline-travel-september-11.html.
Josephs, “How the Sept. 11 Terrorist Attacks Forever Changed Air Travel.”
Laurence Zuckerman and Laura M. Holson, “A Spartan New Set of Standards for Airlines and Most Passengers,” New York Times, Sept. 18, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/09/18/business/nation-challenged-airlines-spartan-new-set-standards-for-airlines-most.html.
Joe Sharkey, “Tighter Airport Security Will Slow Business Fliers,” New York Times, Sept. 13, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/09/13/us/after-attacks-travelers-tighter-airport-security-will-slow-business-fliers.html.
Ronald K. Noble, “Invest in Global Policing,” New York Times, Sept. 15, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/09/15/opinion/invest-in-global-policing.html.
Aviation and Transportation Security Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-71, 115 Stat. 597 (2001).
“CNN: John Tyner to TSA Security ‘Don’t “Touch My Junk,” ’ ” CNN, Nov. 17, 2010, YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Laxmx4cE3aE.
Rachel Hall, The Transparent Traveler: The Performance and Culture of Airport Security (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2015), 117.
Alistair Gordon, Naked Airport: A Cultural History of the World’s Most Revolutionary Structure (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 218–19.
Hall, Transparent Traveler, 131–32.
Pilot, Lie to Me, YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWyhsqh_e9s.
Joe Sharkey, “Giving Human Intuition a Place in Airport Security,” New York Times, Aug. 21, 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/business/21road.html.
Hall, Transparent Traveler, 140–41.
Ibid., 142.
Ibid.
Ibid., 112–14.
“Briton Jailed in US After Joking About Bombs,” Scotsman, Jan. 21, 2004, www.scotsman.com/news/uk-news/briton-jailed-us-after-joking-about-bombs-2454136.
Hall, Transparent Traveler, 203.
Ibid., 171.
“Calvin Trillin Predicts Underwear Bomber Three Years Before,” ryangawker, YouTube, Jan. 8, 2010, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRco_Uh1rxc.
Calvin Trillin, “Crystal Ball,” New Yorker, Jan. 10, 2010, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/01/18/crystal-ball.
Gordon, Naked Airport, 262.
Hall, Transparent Traveler, 137.
Gordon, Naked Airport, 262.
“Aviation Security: Efforts to Validate TSA’s Passenger Screening Behavior Detection Program Underway, but Opportunities Exist to Strengthen Validation and Address Operational Challenges,” U.S. Government Accountability Office, GAO-10-763, May 20, 2010, www.gao.gov/assets/a304517.html.
Hall, Transparent Traveler, 137.
Lisa Parks, “Points of Departure: The Culture of US Airport Screening,” Journal of Visual Culture 6, no. 2 (2007): 189.
Bart Elias, “Airport Passenger Screening: Background and Issues for Congress,” Congressional Research Service, April 23, 2009, 9, sgp.fas.org/crs/homesec/R40543.pdf.
Justin Fishel et al., “Undercover DHS Tests Find Security Failures at US Airports,” ABC News, June 1, 2015, abcnews.go.com/US/exclusive-undercover-dhs-tests-find-widespread-security-failures/story?id=31434881.
Gallya Lahav, “Mobility and Border Security: The U.S. Aviation System, the State, and the Rise of Public-Private Partnerships,” in Politics at the Airport, ed. Mark B. Salter (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008), 96.
Greg Johnson, “Patriotism Barely Gets off the Bench,” Los Angeles Times, Feb. 4, 2002, www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-feb-04-fi-super4-story.html.
Ibid.
Sam Zuckerman, “Consumer Spending Kept Economy Going,” San Francisco Chronicle, Sept. 8, 2002, www.sfgate.com/business/article/9-11-01-Impact-on-Business-American-consumers-2773356.php.
David L. Altheide, “Consuming Terrorism,” Symbolic Interaction 27, no. 3 (Summer 2004): 298.
Marita Sturken, Tourists of History: Memory, Kitsch, and Consumerism from Oklahoma City to Ground Zero (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2007), 66.
Ibid.
“GDP Growth (Annual %)—United States,” World Bank, World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files, accessed June 15, 2022, data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=US.
Zuckerman, “Consumer Spending Kept Economy Going.”
Sturken, Tourists of History, 57.
30-Year Fixed Rate Mortgage Average in the United States, FRED Economic Data, St. Louis Fed, accessed Sept. 19, 2023, fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MORTGAGE30US.
Nicholas D. Kristof, “Chicks with Guns,” New York Times, March 8, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/03/08/opinion/chicks-with-guns.html.
Altheide, “Consuming Terrorism,” 298–99.
Tina Dirmann and Timothy Hughes, “More Residents Taking Up Arms,” Los Angeles Times, Oct. 14, 2001, www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-oct-14-me-57133-story.html.
Keith Bradsher, High and Mighty: The Dangerous Rise of the SUV (New York: Public Affairs, 2002), 105.
Faludi, Terror Dream, 156–57.
Karen Tumulty and Viveca Novak, “Goodbye, Soccer Mom. Hello, Security Mom,” Time, May 25, 2003, time.com/archive/6668815/goodbye-soccer-mom-hello-security-mom/.
Bradsher, High and Mighty, 20.
“Ford Uses High-Strength Steel Plus High-Strength, Aluminum Alloys on Toughest F-150 Ever,” Ford Media Center, Jan. 13, 2014, media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2014/01/13/ford-uses-high-strength-steel-plus-high-strength--aluminum-alloy.html.
David Campbell, “The Biopolitics of Security: Oil, Empire, and the Sports Utility Vehicle,” American Quarterly 57, no. 3 (Sept. 2005): 958.
Ibid., 959.
Ibid.
Matthew L. Brumbelow and Jessica S. Jermakian, “Injury Risks and Crashworthiness Benefits for Females and Males: Which Differences Are Physiological?,” Traffic Injury Prevention, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Dec. 2021, www.iihs.org/topics/bibliography/ref/2219.
Andrew J. Hawkins, “Driving the 2021 Cadillac Escalade Was One of the Most Stressful Experiences of My Life,” The Verge, Oct. 19, 2020, www.theverge.com/2020/10/19/21522959/cadillac-escalade-2021-first-drive-safety-oversized.
Peter Wallner, Anna Wanka, and Hans-Peter Hutter, “SUV Driving ‘Masculinizes’ Risk Behavior in Females: A Public Health Challenge,” Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 129, no. 17 (2017): 625–29.
Angie Schmitt, “What Happened to Pickup Trucks?,” Bloomberg, March 11, 2021, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-11/the-dangerous-rise-of-the-supersized-pickup-truck.
“Fuel Economy of 2005 Sport Utility Vehicle,” U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/byclass/Sport_Utility_Vehicle2005.shtml.
Nick Madigan, “Cries of Activism and Terrorism in S.U.V. Torching,” New York Times, Aug. 31, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/08/31/us/cries-of-activism-and-terrorism-in-suv-torching.html.
Campbell, “Politics of Security,” 960.
Sturken, Tourists of History, 88.
Jon Morgan, “Drills Set for Today Simulate Attacks; Ravens Stadium to Be Part of Exercises to Prepare for Possible Terrorist Strike,” Sun, July 13, 2002.
Ron Word, “Agencies Secure Jacksonville for Super Bowl XXXIX,” Ledger, Jan. 24, 2005.
Schimmel, “ ‘Violence-Complacent’ to ‘Terrorist-Ready,’ ” 3283.
Bill McCleery, “IPL: City Will Be Safe for the Super Bowl,” Indianapolis Star, Nov. 22, 2011.
“Super Bowl LII Host City Bid Specifications and Requirements,” National Football League, Nov. 2013, www.documentcloud.org/documents/1184220-20140605190910.htm.
Schimmel, “ ‘Violence-Complacent’ to ‘Terrorist-Ready,’ ” 3284.
“Super Bowl LII Host City Bid Specifications and Requirements,” 29–30.
Elizabeth Greenspan, Battle for Ground Zero: Inside the Political Struggle to Rebuild the World Trade Center (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), xii.
Ibid., 20.
Ibid., 97.
Ibid., 101–2.
Nicolai Ouroussoff, “A Tower of Impregnability, the Sort Politicians Love,” New York Times, June 30, 2005, www.nytimes.com/2005/06/30/nyregion/an-appraisal-a-tower-of-impregnability-the-sort-politicians-love.html.
David W. Dunlap, “With Security, Trade Center Faces New Isolation,” New York Times, May 17, 2013, archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/16/world-trade-center-may-be-isolated-again-this-time-by-security-measures.
Paul J. Browne, “Security at the Trade Center, as the Police Dept. Sees It,” New York Times, May 21, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/05/21/opinion/security-at-the-trade-center-as-the-police-dept-sees-it.html.
“Nosy Neighbor: Will the World Trade Center Streets Ever Reopen to Cars?,” Tribeca Citizen, Jan. 17, 2019, tribecacitizen.com/2019/01/17/nosy-neighbor-will-the-world-trade-center-streets-ever-reopen-to-cars.
Jeremy Németh and Justin Hollander, “Security Zones and New York City’s Shrinking Public Space,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 34, no. 1 (March 2010): 20–34.
Gerda Wekerle and Paul Jackson, “Urbanizing the Security Agenda,” City 9, no. 1 (April 2005): 41.
Ibid., 43.
Anti-eviction Mapping Project, “San Francisco for Sale,” accessed June 22, 2022, www.antievictionmappingproject.net/publicspace.html.
Kevin R. Grosskopf, “Evaluating the Societal Response to Antiterrorism Measures,” Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 3, no. 2 (2006).
Erika Doss, Memorial Mania: Public Feeling in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 160–64.
Greenspan, Battle for Ground Zero, 131–33.
Doss, Memorial Mania, 171.
Ibid., 153–54.
Greenspan, Battle for Ground Zero, 12.
Paula Reed Ward, “Designer of Flight 93 Memorial Receptive to Changes,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Sept. 16, 2005, web.archive.org/web/20221014054300/https://old.post-gazette.com/pg/05259/572574.stm.
Alec Rawls, “Flight 93 Memorial Design Petition,” Crescent of Betrayal, www.crescentofbetrayal.com/Flt%2093%20PETITION%20(Bill)%20both%20sides%20030508%20PDF.pdf.
Lori Peek, Behind the Backlash: Muslim Americans After 9/11 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2011), 29.
Tram Nguyen, We Are All Suspects Now: Untold Stories from Immigrant Communities After 9/11 (Boston: Beacon Press, 2005), xvii.
Tanya Kaur Bindra, “Communities of Colour Remain Under Attack,” Al Jazeera, Aug. 7, 2012, www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2012/8/7/communities-of-colour-remain-under-attack.
Peek, Behind the Backlash, 28.
Timothy Williams, “The Hated and the Hater, Both Touched by Crime,” New York Times, July 18, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/07/19/us/19questions.html.
Peek, Behind the Backlash, 29–30.
“Hate Crime Statistics,” Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program, Federal Bureau of Investigation, www.fbi.gov/services/cjis/ucr/hate-crime, accessed Sept. 20, 2023.
U.S. Congress, House, Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001, HR 3162, 107th Cong., 1st Sess., introduced in House Oct. 23, 2001, www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/html/PLAW-107publ56.htm.
ADAMA, directed by David Felix Sutcliffe, 2011, vimeo.com/47204289.
Alia Malek, ed., Patriot Acts: Narratives of Post-9/11 Injustice (San Francisco: McSweeney’s and Voice of Witness, 2011), 28–29.
Ibid., 27.
Ibid., 34.
Ibid., 25.
Ibid., 33.
Liz Brody, “This Woman Is Accused of Being a Terrorist—Her Story Is Beyond Important Right Now,” Glamour, Sept. 27, 2017, www.glamour.com/story/adama-bah-accused-of-being-a-terrorist.
Malek, Patriot Acts, 34.
Ibid., 38.
Ibid., 41.
ADAMA, directed by Sutcliffe.
Malek, Patriot Acts, 45.
Gail Sullivan, “Why the No-Fly List Was Declared Unconstitutional,” Washington Post, June 25, 2014, www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/06/25/judge-rules-no-fly-list-unconstitutional.
“National Security Division Statistics on Unsealed International Terrorism and Terrorism-Related Convictions 9/11/01–3/18/10,” U.S. Department of Justice, irp.fas.org/agency/doj/doj032610-stats.pdf.
Stephen Downs and Kathy Manley, “Inventing Terrorists: The Lawfare of Preemptive Prosecution,” study by Project SALAM and National Coalition to Protect Civil Freedoms, May 2014, 3–4.
“645. Entrapment—Elements,” Criminal Resource Manual, U.S. Department of Justice Archives, www.justice.gov/archives/jm/criminal-resource-manual-645-entrapment-elements.
Downs and Manley, “Inventing Terrorists,” B-5.
Mark Santora and Andrea Elliott, “A Seemingly Ordinary Friendship Held a Conspiracy, Authorities Say,” New York Times, May 31, 2005, www.nytimes.com/2005/05/31/nyregion/a-seemingly-ordinary-friendship-hid-a-conspiracy-authorities-say.html.
Downs and Manley, “Inventing Terrorists,” B-38.
(T)error, directed by Lyric R. Cabral and David Felix Sutcliffe (Film Collaborative, 2015).
Mattathias Schwartz, “The Informant and the Filmmakers,” New York Times, Feb. 19, 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/02/21/magazine/the-informant-and-the-filmmakers.html.
Alan Feuer, “Tapes Capture Bold Claims of Bronx Man in Terror Plot,” New York Times, May 8, 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/05/08/nyregion/08terror.html.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Alan Feuer, “Martial Arts Expert Pleads Guilty in Terror Case,” New York Times, April 4, 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/04/04/nyregion/04cnd-shah.html.
Rafil Dhafir and Osameh Alwahaidy, interview by author, July 22, 2021.
Mike McAndrew, “Dhafir Trial Hears Tax Preparer,” Post-Standard, Dec. 2, 2004, B-3.
Maher Zagha, sworn statement, Aug. 24, 2005.
John Pilger, “The Political Trial of a Caring Man and the End of Justice in America,” CounterCurrents.org, Nov. 11, 2012, www.countercurrents.org/pilger11112.htm.
John O’Brien, “U.S. Says CNY Charity Broke Iraq Sanctions,” Post-Standard, Feb. 27, 2003, A-1.
Pilger, “Political Trial of a Caring Man and the End of Justice in America.”
Glenn Coin, “Patients Unsure Where to Go for Care,” Post-Standard, Feb. 28, 2003, A-8.
Renée K. Gadoua, “Up to 150 Questioned; Doctor Is Denied Bail—Muslims Afraid to Speak Out Publicly,” Post-Standard, March 1, 2003, A-1, A-4.
Magda Bayoumi, “About Dr. Dhafir,” Syracuse Peace Newsletter, Syracuse Peace Council, Sept. 2005, www.dhafirtrial.net/about-this-site/about-dr-dhafir.
Rafil Dhafir and Osameh Alwahaidy, interview by author, July 22, 2021.
Renée K. Gadoua, “Dhafir Claims Religious Persecution,” Post-Dispatch, Nov. 14, 2005, A-10.
Sentencing Memorandum of the United States, Criminal Action No. 03-CR-64 (NAM), 3.
Karen Hughes, “Anatomy of a ‘Terrorism’ Prosecution: Dr. Rafil Dhafir and the Help the Needy Muslim Charity Case,” Truthout, Jan. 31, 2012, truthout.org/articles/anatomy-of-a-terrorism-prosecution-dr-rafil-dhafir-and-the-help-the-needy-muslim-charity-case.
Rafil Dhafir and Osameh Alwahaidy, interview by author, July 22, 2021.
Downs and Manley, “Inventing Terrorists,” B-31.
Graham Rayman, “Were the Newburgh Four Really Out to Blow Up Synagogues? A Defendant Finally Speaks Out,” Village Voice, March 2, 2011, www.villagevoice.com/2011/03/02/were-the-newburgh-4-really-out-to-blow-up-synagogues-a-defendant-finally-speaks-out.
Jesse McKinley, “Judge Orders Release of Three of ‘Newburgh Four,’ Criticizing FBI,” New York Times, July 27, 2023, www.nytimes.com/2023/07/27/nyregion/newburgh-four-terrorism-fbi.html.
Malek, Patriot Acts, 311–15.
Sunaina Marr Maira, The 9/11 Generation: Youth, Rights, and Solidarity in the War on Terror (New York: New York University Press, 2016), 66.
Ibid., 158.
Ibid., 208.
Malek, Patriot Acts, 66.
Ibid., 99.
Peek, Behind the Backlash, 156.
Ibid., 115.
Ya’akov Amidror, quoted in Anatol Levin, “A Trap of Their Own Making,” London Review of Books, May 8, 2003, www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v25/n09/anatol-lieven/a-trap-of-their-own-making.
“Interview with Donald Rumsfeld; Lugar, Dodd Talk About Post-war Iraq; Kissinger, Cohen Discuss Middle East Road Map,” transcript, Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer, CNN, May 4, 2003, www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0305/04/le.00.html.
Christopher Caldwell, “Daughter of the Enlightenment,” New York Times, April 3, 2005, www.nytimes.com/2005/04/03/magazine/daughter-of-the-enlightenment.html.
Charles J. Hanley, “Former Iraqi Detainees Tell of Riots, Punishment in the Sun, Good Americans and Pitiless Ones,” Associated Press, Nov. 1, 2003, web.archive.org/web/20140222024344/http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/world/iraq/20031101-0936-iraq-thecamps.html.
“Iraq: Continuing Failure to Uphold Human Rights,” Amnesty International, Index Number MDE 14/159/2003, July 22, 2003, www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde14/159/2003/en.
Greg Mitchell, “Four Years Later: Why Did It Take So Long for the Press to Break Abu Ghraib Story?,” Editor & Publisher, May 8, 2008, web.archive.org/web/20140221090737/http://www.editorandpublisher.com/Article/Four-Years-Later-Why-Did-It-Take-So-Long-for-the-Press-to-Break-Abu-Ghraib-Story-.
Michael Gelter, “The Images Are Getting Darker,” Washington Post, May 9, 2004, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2004/05/09/the-images-are-getting-darker/815a7763-e385-4b46-a069-a53b8804d9ff.
“Abuse of Iraqi POWs by GIs Probed,” 60 Minutes II, CBS News, April 27, 2004, www.youtube.com/watch?v=onPH6Xkq2zQ.
Joan Walsh, “The Abu Ghraib Files,” Salon, March 16, 2006, web.archive.org/web/20080306020142/http://www.salon.com/news/abu_ghraib/2006/03/14/introduction.
Richard A. Serrano, “Guard Enjoyed Beating Iraqis, Three Testify,” Los Angeles Times, Jan. 11, 2005, www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jan-11-na-graner11-story.html.
Philip Gourevitch and Errol Morris, Standard Operating Procedure (New York: Penguin Press, 2008), 127.
Ibid., 128.
Tara McKelvey, “Lynndie England in Love,” American Prospect, July 23, 2007, prospect.org/article/lynndie-england-love.
Gail Gibson, “Guards Say Abu Ghraib Abuses Went Beyond Photos,” Baltimore Sun, Jan. 11, 2005, www.baltimoresun.com/news/bal-te.graner11jan11-story.html.
Gourevitch and Morris, Standard Operating Procedure, 137.
Adam Clark Estes, “Eight Years After Abu Ghraib, Lynndie England’s Not Doing So Well,” Atlantic, March 19, 2012, www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/03/eight-years-after-abu-ghraib-lynndie-englands-not-doing-so-well/330398.
David Jones, “Why the Hell Should I Feel Sorry, Says Girl Soldier Who Abused Iraqi Prisoners at Abu Ghraib Prison,” Daily Mail, June 13, 2009, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1192701/Why-hell-I-feel-sorry-says-girl-soldier-abused-Iraqi-prisoners-Abu-Ghraib-prison.html.
Gourevitch and Morris, Standard Operating Procedure, 72–73.
Ibid., 74.
Ibid., 71.
Ibid., 111.
Ibid., 113–14.
Jane Mayer, “Whatever It Takes,” New Yorker, Feb. 11, 2007, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/02/19/whatever-it-takes.
24, season 1, “Day 1: 7:00 p.m.–8:00 p.m.,” directed by Stephen Hopkins, Fox, aired April 6, 2002.
24, season 2, “Day 2: 8:00 a.m.–9:00 a.m.,” directed by Jon Cassar, Fox, aired Oct. 29, 2002.
24, season 2, “Day 2: 9:00 p.m.–10:00 p.m.,” directed by Jon Cassar, Fox, aired Feb. 25, 2003.
24, season 3, “Day 3: 2:00 a.m.–3:00 a.m.,” directed by Bryan Spicer, Fox, aired Feb. 17, 2004.
24, season 3, “Day 3: 3:00 a.m.–4:00 a.m.,” directed by Kevin Hooks, Fox, aired Feb. 24, 2004.
24, season 5, “Day 5: 1:00 p.m.–2:00 p.m.,” directed by Brad Turner, Fox, aired Feb. 6, 2006.
24, season 5, “Day 5: 9:00 p.m.–10:00 p.m.,” directed by Jon Cassar, Fox, aired March 27, 2006.
24, season 4, “Day 4: 9:00 a.m.–10:00 a.m.,” directed by Brad Turner, Fox, aired Jan. 10, 2005.
24, season 4, “Day 4: 4:00 p.m.–5:00 p.m.,” directed by Brad Turner, Fox, aired Feb. 21, 2005.
24, season 4, “Day 4: 5:00 p.m.–6:00 p.m.,” directed by Jon Cassar, Fox, aired Feb. 28, 2005.
24, season 4, “Day 4: 12:00 a.m.–1:00 a.m.,” directed by Jon Cassar, Fox, aired April 18, 2005.
24, season 4, “Day 4: 9:00 p.m.–10:00 p.m.,” directed by Bryan Spicer, Fox, aired March 28, 2005.
Saw, directed by James Wan (Lionsgate Films, 2004).
Saw, Box Office Mojo, accessed Aug. 1, 2022, www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2289010177.
Hostel, directed by Eli Roth (Lionsgate Films, 2005).
Hostel: Part II, directed by Eli Roth (Lionsgate Films, 2007).
Hostel: Part III, directed by Eli Roth (Lionsgate Films, 2011).
The Passion of the Christ, directed by Mel Gibson (Icon Productions, 2004).
David Edelstein, “Now Playing at Your Local Multiplex: Torture Porn,” New York, Jan. 26, 2006, nymag.com/movies/features/15622.
24, season 2, “Day 2: 7:00 p.m.–8:00 p.m.,” directed by Frederick King Keller, Fox, aired Feb. 11, 2003.
24, season 2, “Day 2: 8:00 a.m.–9:00 a.m.,” directed by Jon Cassar, Fox, aired Oct. 29, 2002.
Mayer, “Whatever It Takes.”
Gourevitch and Morris, Standard Operating Procedure, 93.
Ibid., 102.
Ibid., 99.
Jane Mayer, The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned into a War on American Ideals (New York: Doubleday, 2008), 52.
Ibid., 87.
Yonah Jeremy Bob, “US Senate Report: CIA Used Israeli Courts as Precedent to Justify Torture,” Jerusalem Post, Dec. 10, 2014, www.jpost.com/Israel-News/US-Senate-Report-CIA-used-Israeli-courts-as-precedent-to-justify-torture-384237.
Chris Mackey and Greg Miller, The Interrogators: Inside the Secret War Against Al Qaeda (New York: Little, Brown, 2004), 109.
Ibid., 289.
Joshua E. S. Phillips, None of Us Were Like This Before: American Soldiers and Torture (New York: Verso, 2010), 30.
Ibid., 63.
Ibid., 64.
Ibid., 67.
Daniel Levin, “Definition of Torture Under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2340–2340A,” U.S. Department of Justice, Dec. 30, 2004, www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/olc/opinions/2004/12/31/op-olc-v028-p0297_0.pdf.
John Yoo, War by Other Means: An Insider’s Account of the War on Terror (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2006), 183.
Cynthia H. Cho, “ ‘Torture’ Fracas Draws Apology,” Los Angeles Times, June 22, 2005, www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jun-22-na-durbin22-story.html.
Mayer, Dark Side, 324.
Alfred W. McCoy, A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror (New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt, 2006), 167.
Phillips, None of Us Were Like This Before, 74–75.
Taxi to the Dark Side, directed by Alex Gibney (THINKFilm, 2007).
Brian Whitaker, “ ‘Its Best Use Is as a Doorstop,’ ” Guardian, May 24, 2004, www.theguardian.com/world/2004/may/24/worlddispatch.usa.
Richard Cimino, “ ‘No God in Common’: American Evangelical Discourse on Islam After 9/11,” Review of Religious Research 47, no. 2 (2005): 162–74.
Mary Jayne McKay, “Zion’s Christian Soldiers: Conservative Christian Says Founder of Islam Set a Bad Example,” 60 Minutes, CBS News, June 8, 2003, web.archive.org/web/20090210195101/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/10/03/60minutes/main524268.shtml.
Hal Lindsey, The Everlasting Hatred: The Roots of Jihad (Washington, D.C.: WND Books, 2011).
Ibid., 210, 70.
Ibid., 9.
Ibid., 124–25.
Ibid., 10.
Ibid., 6, 13.
Tom Curry, “Why Torture Issue Hasn’t Had Political Traction,” NBC News, Feb. 15, 2005, www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6970081.
Elizabeth Schambelan, “Special Journey to Our Bottom Line,” n+1, no. 34 (Spring 2019), www.nplusonemag.com/issue-34/essays/special-journey-to-our-bottom-line.
Eric Zimmerman, “Schumer on Torture 2004: ‘Do What You Have to Do,’ ” Hill, May 14, 2009, thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/lawmaker-news/31978-schumer-on-torture-2004-do-what-you-have-to-do.
Mayer, Dark Side, 8–9.
George F. Will, “America’s Shockingly Violent Birth,” Washington Post, June 30, 2017, www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/americas-shockingly-violent-birth/2017/06/30/46a378fe-5cea-11e7-9fc6-c7ef4bc58d13_story.html.
William d’Ambrusco, American Torture from the Philippines to Iraq: A Recurring Nightmare (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021).
Vincent Bevins, The Jakarta Method: Washington’s Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program That Shaped Our World (New York: PublicAffairs, 2020).
Mayer, Dark Side, 7–8.
“McCain Suspends Campaign to Focus on Economic Crisis,” TPM TV, Sept. 24, 2008, YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDWSFKnBIHg.
Elisabeth Bumiller and Michael Cooper, “Obama Rebuffs McCain on Debate Delay,” New York Times, Sept. 24, 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/us/politics/25mccain.html.
Henry M. Paulson Jr., “When Mr. McCain Came to Washington,” Wall Street Journal, Feb. 6, 2010, www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704022804575041280125257648.
Jonathan Martin and Amie Parnes, “McCain: Obama Not an Arab, Crowd Boos,” Politico, Oct. 10, 2008, www.politico.com/story/2008/10/mccain-obama-not-an-arab-crowd-boos-014479.
Matt Bai, “A Turning Point in the Discourse, but in Which Direction?,” New York Times, Jan. 8, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/us/politics/09bai.html.
Ben Smith, “McCain Camp: Obama Is ‘Radical,’ Pals Around with Terrorists,” Politico, Oct. 4, 2008, www.politico.com/blogs/ben-smith/2008/10/mccain-camp-obama-is-radical-pals-around-with-terrorists-012797.
Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (London: Free Press, 2002), 58.
Ibid., 66.
Ibid., 209.
Ibid., 256.
Ibid., 217.
Bernard Lewis, “The Roots of Muslim Rage,” Atlantic Monthly, Sept. 1990, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1990/09/the-roots-of-muslim-rage/304643.
Evelyn Alsultany, Arabs and Muslims in the Media: Race and Representation After 9/11 (New York: New York University Press, 2012), 3.
Sleeper Cell, season 1, “Al-Fatiha,” directed by Clark Johnson, Showtime, aired Dec. 4, 2005.
Homeland, season 1, “Grace,” directed by Michael Cuesta, Showtime, aired Oct. 9, 2011.
Homeland, season 1, “Blind Spot,” directed by Clark Johnson, Showtime, aired Oct. 30, 2011.
Homeland, season 1, “Crossfire,” directed by Jeffrey Nachmanoff, Showtime, aired Nov. 27, 2011.
Carole Cadwalladr, “Daniel Dennett: ‘I Begrudge Every Hour I Have to Spend Worrying About Politics,’ ” Guardian, Feb. 12, 2017, www.theguardian.com/science/2017/feb/12/daniel-dennett-politics-bacteria-bach-back-dawkins-trump-interview.
Christopher Hitchens, God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything (New York: Twelve, 2007), 125.
Ibid., 136–37.
Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion (New York: Mariner Books, 2008), 23.
Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 28.
Sam Harris, The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), 123.
Sam Harris, “Bombing Our Illusions,” Huffington Post, Oct. 10, 2005, www.huffpost.com/entry/bombing-our-illusions_b_8615.
Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 55.
Sam Harris, “Mired in a Religious War,” Washington Times, Dec. 1, 2004, www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/dec/1/20041201-090801-2582r.
Richard Dawkins (@RichardDawkins), Twitter, March 1, 2013, 1:01 a.m., twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/307369895031603200.
Ian Parker, “He Knew He Was Right,” New Yorker, Oct. 8, 2006, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/10/16/he-knew-he-was-right-2.
Dawkins, God Delusion, 182.
Barack Obama, A Promised Land (New York: Crown, 2020), 127–28.
Ibid., 41.
Ibid., 127, 41.
Ibid., 17.
Barack Obama, The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream (New York: Broadway Paperbacks, 2006), 229.
Ibid., 122.
Ibid., 266.
Obama, Promised Land, 116.
Ibid., 358.
Dana Priest, “Bush’s ‘War’ on Terror Comes to a Sudden End,” Washington Post, Jan. 23, 2009, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/22/AR2009012203929.html.
Greg Miller, “How Drones Became Obama’s Deadly Weapon in a High-Altitude, Perpetual War,” Washington Post, June 3, 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/obama-legacy/drone-program-strikes.html.
“Pakistan: Reported US Strikes 2009,” Bureau of Investigative Journalism, web.archive.org/web/20200226232608/https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/drone-war/data/obama-2009-pakistan-strikes.
“Afghanistan War: Trump’s Allies and Troop Numbers,” BBC News, Aug. 22, 2017, www.bbc.com/news/world-41014263.
Michael Hastings, “The Runaway General,” Rolling Stone, June 22, 2010, www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/the-runaway-general-the-profile-that-brought-down-mcchrystal-192609.
Bacevich, America’s War for the Greater Middle East, 297.
Ibid., 298.
Ibid., 300.
“Obama’s Speech on NSA Phone Surveillance,” transcript, New York Times, Jan. 17, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/01/18/us/politics/obamas-speech-on-nsa-phone-surveillance.html.
“Obama: Snowden Was No Patriot,” CNN, Aug. 9, 2013, YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=wS9TXJqxkSQ.
“Obama’s Speech on NSA Phone Surveillance.”
Al Baker, “Bloomberg Wants Terror Trial Moved,” City Room (blog), New York Times, Jan. 27, 2010, archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/27/a-growing-cry-to-move-a-terror-trial.
Katie Rooney, “Cheney’s Opening Salvo,” Time, April 28, 2009, content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1889908_1893754_1893874,00.html.
Ralph Blumenthal and Sharaf Mowjood, “Muslim Prayers and Renewal near Ground Zero,” New York Times, Dec. 8, 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/12/09/nyregion/09mosque.html.
Doug Chandler, “The Passions (and Perils) of Pamela Geller,” NY Jewish Week, Sept. 1, 2010, www.jta.org/2010/09/01/ny/the-passions-and-perils-of-pamela-geller.
Chris McGreal, “The US Blogger on a Mission to Halt ‘Islamic Takeover,’ ” Guardian, Aug. 20, 2010, www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/20/rightwing-blogs-islam-america.
“Obama Backs Mosque near Ground Zero,” Associated Press, Aug. 13, 2010, YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZOIBEEvbO0.
Obama, Promised Land, 672.
Ibid., 588.
Macon Phillips, “Osama Bin Laden Dead,” transcript, White House, President Barack Obama, May 2, 2011, obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/05/02/osama-bin-laden-dead.
“We Shall Remain,” American Experience, PBS, May 11, 2009, www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/weshallremain.
Gilbert King, “Geronimo’s Appeal to Theodore Roosevelt,” Smithsonian Magazine, Nov. 9, 2012, www.smithsonianmag.com/history/geronimos-appeal-to-theodore-roosevelt-117859516.
Salam Pax, “Tuesday, August 05, 2003,” Where Is Raed?, Aug. 5, 2003, dear_raed.blogspot.com/2003/08/i-know-what-we-have-done-is-right-and.html.
“Affording Country School,” New Canaan Country School, accessed Aug. 22, 2023, www.countryschool.net/admission/affording-country-school.
“L. Paul Bremer III Oral History,” transcript, Miller Center, University of Virginia, Aug. 28–29, 2012, millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-oral-histories/l-paul-bremer-iii-oral-history.
L. Paul Bremer III, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope, with Malcolm McConnell (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), 4.
Patrick E. Tyler, “Overseer Adjusts Strategy as Turmoil Grows in Iraq,” New York Times, July 13, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/07/13/world/after-the-war-the-overseer-overseer-adjusts-strategy-as-turmoil-grows-in-iraq.html.
Bremer, My Year in Iraq, 21.
Iraq (in Depth: Topics A-Z), Gallup, “Do you think the Bush administration deliberately misled the American public about whether Iraq has weapons of mass destruction, or not?,” news.gallup.com/poll/1633/iraq.aspx.
“Bush and Public Opinion: Reviewing the Bush Years and the Public’s Final Verdict,” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, Dec. 18, 2008, www.pewresearch.org/politics/2008/12/18/bush-and-public-opinion.
Megan Brenan, “Americans Split on Whether Afghanistan War Was a Mistake,” Gallup News, July 26, 2021, news.gallup.com/poll/352793/americans-split-whether-afghanistan-war-mistake.aspx.
Joseph E. Stiglitz and Linda J. Bilmes, The Three Trillion Dollar War: The True Cost of the Iraq Conflict (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008).
“Human Cost of Post-9/11 Wars: Direct War Deaths in Major War Zones,” Costs of War, Watson Institute for International & Public Affairs, Brown University, watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2021/WarDeathToll.
Mark Memmott, “Mark Wahlberg: With Me Aboard, 9/11 Hijackers Would Have Been Stopped,” The Two-Way, NPR, Jan. 18, 2012, www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2012/01/18/145404733/mark-wahlberg-with-me-aboard-9-11-hijackers-would-have-been-stopped.
Lone Survivor, directed by Peter Berg (Universal Pictures, 2013).
Erik Hayden, “ ‘Lone Survivor’: Texas Theater Cancels Other Film Screenings due to Demand,” Hollywood Reporter, Jan. 12, 2014, www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/lone-survivor-texas-theater-cancels-670140.
Gal Luft, “How Much Oil Does Iraq Have?,” Brookings, May 12, 2003, www.brookings.edu/research/how-much-oil-does-iraq-have.
Jane Mayer, “Contract Sport,” New Yorker, Feb. 8, 2004, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/02/16/contract-sport.
Retort (Iain Boal et al.), Afflicted Powers: Capital and Spectacle in a New Age of War, new ed. (London: Verso, 2006), 47.
Ibid., 10.
Mike Patton, “U.S. Role in Global Economy Declines Nearly 50%,” Forbes, Feb. 29, 2016, www.forbes.com/sites/mikepatton/2016/02/29/u-s-role-in-global-economy-declines-nearly-50/?sh=7078db4d5e9e.
George Packer, The Assassins’ Gate: America in Iraq (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 158.
“Interview: Rajiv Chandrasekaran,” Frontline, PBS, Oct. 17, 2006, www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/yeariniraq/interviews/rajiv.html.
Rajiv Chandrasekaran, Imperial Life in the Emerald City: Inside Iraq’s Green Zone (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), 11.
Ibid., 10.
“Iraq War Remembered: Good Morning Baghdad,” Channel 4 News, July 7, 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfK7QJdl0oA.
“Interview: Rajiv Chandrasekaran,” Frontline.
“Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 1—De-Ba’athification of Iraqi Society,” Coalition Provisional Authority, May 16, 2003, web.archive.org/web/20040621014307/http://www.iraqcoalition.org/regulations/20030516_CPAORD_1_De-Ba_athification_of_Iraqi_Society_.pdf.
“Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 2—Dissolution of Entities,” Coalition Provisional Authority, May 23, 2003, nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB418/docs/9b%20-%20Coalition%20Provisional%20Authority%20Order%20No%202%20-%208-23-03.pdf.
Thomas E. Ricks, Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq, 2003 to 2005 (New York: Penguin, 2006), 163.
Raed, “Wednesday, December 17, 2003–4:16 pm,” A Family in Baghdad, Dec. 17, 2003, afamilyinbaghdad.blogspot.com/2003/12/where-are-you-mam-start-bloging-for.html.
Salam Pax, “Tuesday, December 30, 2003–2:01 am,” Where Is Raed?, Dec. 30, 2003, dear_raed.blogspot.com/2003/12/it-is-going-to-be-great-year-no.html.
Riverbend, Baghdad Burning: Girl Blog from Iraq (New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 2005), 5.
Bremer, My Year in Iraq, 28.
Ibid., 71.
Ibid., 63–65.
Ibid., 68.
Ibid., 128.
Chandrasekaran, Imperial Life in the Emerald City, 117.
Antonia Juhasz, “The Handover That Wasn’t,” AlterNet, July 20, 2004, web.archive.org/web/20100323171357/http://www.alternet.org/story/19293.
Rajiv Chandrasekaran and Walter Pincus, “U.S. Edicts Curb Power of Iraq’s Leadership,” Washington Post, June 27, 2004, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/06/27/us-edicts-curb-power-of-iraqs-leadership/20f3a3f5-efc6-4374-a4bb-975c0a4d6a53.
“Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 14—Prohibited Media Activity,” Coalition Provisional Authority, June 15, 2003, govinfo.library.unt.edu/cpa-iraq/regulations/20030610_CPAORD_14_Prohibited_Media_Activity.pdf.
Bremer, My Year in Iraq, 148.
Ibid., 128.
Riverbend, Baghdad Burning, 22.
Ibid., 62.
Ibid., 68.
Khalid, “Monday, December 22, 2003–10:03 am,” A Family in Baghdad, Dec. 22, 2003, afamilyinbaghdad.blogspot.com/2003/12/so.html.
Riverbend, Baghdad Burning, 201–6.
Salam Pax, “Friday, August 29, 2003–12:43 am,” Where Is Raed?, Aug. 29, 2003, dear_raed.blogspot.com/2003/08/our-house-was-searched-by-americans.html.
“Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 18—Measures to Ensure the Independence of the Central Bank of Iraq,” Coalition Provisional Authority, July 18, 2003, govinfo.library.unt.edu/cpa-iraq/regulations/20030707_CPAORD_18_Independence_of_the_Central_Bank_of_Iraq.pdf.
Riverbend, Baghdad Burning, 7, 26.
Salam Pax, “Friday, May 09, 2003–11:47 am,” Where Is Raed?, May 9, 2003, dear_raed.blogspot.com/2003/05/5-us-dollars-for-single-hour-of.html.
“Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 39—Foreign Investment,” Coalition Provisional Authority, Sept. 19, 2003, govinfo.library.unt.edu/cpa-iraq/regulations/20031220_CPAORD_39_Foreign_Investment_.pdf.
“Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 30—Reform of Salaries and Employment Conditions of State Employees,” Coalition Provisional Authority, Sept. 8, 2003, govinfo.library.unt.edu/cpa-iraq/regulations/20030908_CPAORD_30_Reform_of_Salaries_and_Employment_Conditions_of_State_Employees_with_Annex_A.pdf.
“Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 29—Amendment to Law of Estate Lease,” Coalition Provisional Authority, Sept. 7, 2003, govinfo.library.unt.edu/cpa-iraq/regulations/20030907_CPAORD_29_Amendment_to_Law_of_Estate_Lease.pdf.
“Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 37—Tax Strategy for 2003,” Coalition Provisional Authority, Sept. 19, 2003, govinfo.library.unt.edu/cpa-iraq/regulations/20030919_CPAORD_37_Tax_Strategy_for_2003.pdf.
Edmund L. Andrews, “Overseer in Iraq Vows to Sell Off Government-Owned Companies,” New York Times, June 23, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/06/23/world/after-war-economy-overseer-iraq-vows-sell-off-government-owned-companies.html.
“Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 51—Suspension of Exclusive Agency Status of Iraqi State Company for Water Transportation,” Coalition Provisional Authority, Jan. 14, 2004, govinfo.library.unt.edu/cpa-iraq/regulations/20040114_CPAORD_51_Water_Transportation_.pdf.
Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2007), 345.
Chandrasekaran, Imperial Life in the Emerald City, 62.
Klein, Shock Doctrine, 345.
Riverbend, Baghdad Burning, 76.
Faiza al-Araji, “Tuesday, January 06, 2004–7:28 pm,” A Family in Baghdad, Jan. 6, 2004, afamilyinbaghdad.blogspot.com/2004/01/friday-26122004-visited-neighbours.html.
Salam Pax, “Tuesday, December 23, 2003–12:53 pm,” Where Is Raed?, Dec. 23, 2003, dear_raed.blogspot.com/2003/12/as-mr.html.
Riverbend, Baghdad Burning, 35.
Pekka Hämäläinen, Indigenous Continent: The Epic Contest for North America (New York: Liveright, 2022), 88.
Chandrasekaran, Imperial Life in the Emerald City, 119.
Rajiv Chandrasekaran, “Attacks Force Retreat from Wide-Ranging Plans for Iraq,” Washington Post, Dec. 28, 2003, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/12/28/attacks-force-retreat-from-wide-ranging-plans-for-iraq/ee72c7cf-955a-4f5d-98f8-4e78dea11cb8.
Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times (New York: Verso, 1994), 379.
Michael Ignatieff, “Why Are We in Iraq? (And Liberia? And Afghanistan?),” New York Times Magazine, Sept. 7, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/09/07/magazine/why-are-we-in-iraq-and-liberia-and-afghanistan.html.
Arrighi, Long Twentieth Century, 41.
Ibid., 34.
Ibid., 5–6.
Ibid., 6.
Ibid., 134–37.
Ibid., 142.
Quoted in ibid., 140.
Arrighi, Long Twentieth Century, 168.
“World GDP over the Last Two Millennia,” chart, Our World in Data, ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-gdp-over-the-last-two-millennia; and Angus Maddison, “The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective,” Development Centre Studies, OECD, 2001.
Robert J. Gordon, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2016), 1.
Arrighi, Long Twentieth Century, 30.
Robert Brenner, “What Is Good for Goldman Sachs Is Good for America: The Origins of the Current Crisis,” Verso Blog, Nov. 13, 2018, originally published April 18, 2009, www.versobooks.com/blogs/4122-what-is-good-for-goldman-sachs-is-good-for-america-the-origins-of-the-current-crisis.
Aaron Benanav, Automation and the Future of Work (London: Verso, 2020), 24.
See Mike Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream: Politics and Economy in the History of the U.S. Working Class (1986; London: Verso, 2018).
Benanav, Automation and the Future of Work, 25.
Brenner, “What Is Good for Goldman Sachs Is Good for America.”
Ibid.
Benanav, Automation and the Future of Work, 46–47.
Ibid., 47.
Mike Davis, Planet of Slums (2006; London: Verso, 2017), 2.
Ibid., 6.
Ibid., 178.
International Labour Office, United Nations, Women and Men in the Informal Economy: A Statistical Picture, 3rd ed. (Geneva: ILO, 2018), www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_626831.pdf.
Alexander Lee, “Who Becomes a Terrorist? Poverty, Education, and the Origins of Political Violence,” World Politics 63, no. 2 (April 2011): 203–45.
Alan B. Krueger, What Makes a Terrorist: Economics and the Roots of Terrorism (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007), 79.
Pankaj Mishra, Age of Anger: A History of the Present (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2017), 112.
Ralph Peters, “Our Soldiers, Their Cities,” Parameters (Spring 1996): 43–50, cited in Davis, Planet of Slums, 203.
“Transforming Defense: National Security in the 21st Century,” Synopsis, U.S. Army AMEDD Center and School, Fort Sam Houston, Tex., Dec. 1997, 11.
“Transforming Defense: National Security in the 21st Century,” Report of the National Defense Panel, Chairman Philip A. Odeen, Dec. 1997, 6.
Jennifer Morrison Taw and Bruce Hoffman, “The Urbanization of Insurgency: The Potential Challenge to U.S. Army Operations,” Small Wars and Insurgencies 6, no. 1 (1995): 68–87.
Troy Thomas, “Slumlords: Aerospace Power in Urban Fights,” Aerospace Power Journal (Spring 2002): 1–15, cited in Davis, Planet of Slums, 204.
Peters, “Our Soldiers, Their Cities.”
Joshua Hersh, “Egypt: American Tear Gas, Policy Loom over Tahrir Square,” HuffPost, Nov. 23, 2011, www.huffpost.com/entry/egypt-tahrir-square-tear-gas_n_1110292.
Joe Coscarelli, “ ‘Occupy Wall Street’ Protesters Claim Excessive NYPD Force in Latest Arrests,” New York, Sept. 20, 2011, nymag.com/intelligencer/2011/09/occupy_wall_street_protestors.html.
Jim Gilchrist and Jerome R. Corsi, Minutemen: The Battle to Secure America’s Borders (Los Angeles: World Ahead Publishing, 2006), 6.
Susy Buchanan and David Holthouse, “Minuteman Civil Defense Corps Leader Chris Simcox Has Troubled Past,” Intelligence Report, Jan. 31, 2006, www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2006/minuteman-civil-defense-corps-leader-chris-simcox-has-troubled-past.
Gilchrist and Corsi, Minutemen, 5.
Ibid., 3.
Harel Shapira, Waiting for José: The Minutemen’s Pursuit of America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2013), 21.
Ibid., 19.
Ibid., 58–59.
Ibid., 19.
Ibid., 113.
Ibid., 6.
Ibid., 55.
Ibid., 109.
Ibid., 2.
Ibid., 62.
Ibid., 109–11.
Daniel Denvir, All-American Nativism: How the Bipartisan War on Immigrants Explains Politics as We Know It (London: Verso, 2020), 107.
Ibid., 110.
“State Dept. Lapses Aided 9/11 Hijackers,” ABC News, Oct. 23, 2002, abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=130051&page=1.
Mark Potter and Rich Phillips, “Six Months After Sept. 11, Hijackers’ Visa Approval Letters Received,” CNN, March 13, 2002, web.archive.org/web/20220217055955/https://www.cnn.com/2002/US/03/12/inv.flight.school.visas.
“Attorney General Prepared Remarks on the National Security Entry-Exit Registration System,” Department of Justice, June 6, 2002, www.justice.gov/archive/ag/speeches/2002/060502agpreparedremarks.htm.
Denvir, All-American Nativism, 111.
Border Patrol Agent Nationwide Staffing by Fiscal Year (1992–2018), U.S. Border Patrol, www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2019-Mar/Staffing%20FY1992-FY2018.pdf.
A. Naomi Paik, Bans, Walls, Raids, Sanctuary: Understanding U.S. Immigration for the Twenty-First Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2020), 69–70.
Todd Miller, Border Patrol Nation: Dispatches from the Front Lines of Homeland Security (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 2014), 22–23, 30.
Ibid., 107.
Ibid., 261.
Ronn Blitzer, “Border Patrol Caught 10 Terror Suspects at Border in July, New Data Shows,” Fox News, Aug. 16, 2022, www.foxnews.com/politics/border-patrol-caught-ten-terror-suspects-border-july-new-data-shows.
Paik, Bans, Walls, Raids, Sanctuary, 11–12.
Miller, Border Patrol Nation, 17–18.
“Largest Armies in the World Ranked by Active Military Personnel in 2022,” chart, Statista, www.statista.com/statistics/264443/the-worlds-largest-armies-based-on-active-force-level.
Miller, Border Patrol Nation, 26–27.
Paik, Bans, Walls, Raids, Sanctuary, 93, 76.
9/11 Commission Report, 362.
Todd Miller, Empire of Borders: The Expansion of the U.S. Border Around the World (New York: Verso, 2019), 32, 33.
Ibid., 177.
Ibid., 140.
“The Preclearance Experience,” video, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, www.cbp.gov/travel/preclearance.
Miller, Empire of Borders, 132–33.
Ibid., 154–55.
Ibid., 132.
Justin Elliott, “How Did the U.S. Get in Bed with Mubarak?,” Salon, Jan. 29, 2011, www.salon.com/2011/01/29/egypt_america_alliance.
Edmund Blair, “Up Close, but Not Very Personal, with Col. Gaddafi,” Reuters, Feb. 25, 2011, www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-55161720110225.
“Gaddafi’s Son in Civil War Warning,” Al Jazeera, Feb. 21, 2011, www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/2/21/gaddafis-son-in-civil-war-warning.
Micah Zenko, “The Big Lie About the Libyan War,” Foreign Policy, March 22, 2016, foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/22/libya-and-the-myth-of-humanitarian-intervention.
Ian Black, “UK Envoy: If Libya Fails It Could Be Somalia on the Mediterranean,” Guardian, Feb. 16, 2015, www.theguardian.com/world/on-the-middle-east/2015/feb/16/uk-envoy-if-libya-fails-it-could-be-somalia-on-the-mediterranean.
Charles Glass, Syria Burning: A Short History of a Catastrophe (New York: Verso, 2016), 121.
William Wheeler and Ayman Oghanna, “After Liberation, Nowhere to Run,” New York Times, Oct. 29, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/opinion/sunday/libyas-forgotten-refugees.html.
Khalid Koser, “Migration, Displacement, and the Arab Spring: Lessons to Learn,” Brookings Institution, March 22, 2012, www.brookings.edu/opinions/migration-displacement-and-the-arab-spring-lessons-to-learn.
Andrew Berwick (pseud.), 2083: A European Declaration of Independence (self-published), 774.
Scott Shane, “Killings in Norway Spotlight Anti-Muslim Thought in U.S.,” New York Times, July 24, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/us/25debate.html.
“Remarks by the President on Comprehensive Immigration Reform in El Paso, Texas,” White House, Office of the Press Secretary, May 10, 2011, obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/05/10/remarks-president-comprehensive-immigration-reform-el-paso-texas.
Paik, Bans, Walls, Raids, Sanctuary, 95–98.
Gardiner Harris, David E. Sanger, and David M. Herszenhorn, “Obama Increases Number of Syrian Refugees for U.S. Resettlement to 10,000,” New York Times, Sept. 10, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/09/11/world/middleeast/obama-directs-administration-to-accept-10000-syrian-refugees.html.
Jon Henley, Ian Traynor, and Warren Murray, “Paris Attacks: EU in Emergency Talks on Border Crackdown,” Guardian, Nov. 20, 2015, www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/20/paris-attacks-france-launches-un-push-for-unified-declaration-of-war-on-isis.
“Youth Unemployment in the Arab World Is a Major Cause for Rebellion,” International Labour Organization, United Nations, April 5, 2011, www.ilo.org/resource/article/youth-unemployment-arab-world-major-cause-rebellion.
Maeve Shearlaw, “Egypt Five Years On: Was It Ever a ‘Social Media Revolution’?,” Guardian, Jan. 25, 2016, www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/25/egypt-5-years-on-was-it-ever-a-social-media-revolution.
Brenner, “What Is Good for Goldman Sachs Is Good for America.”
Colleen Shalby, “The Financial Crisis Hit 10 Years Ago. For Some, It Feels Like Yesterday,” Los Angeles Times, Sept. 15, 2018, www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-financial-crisis-experiences-20180915-htmlstory.html.
“Figure 8. Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 2020,” U.S. Census Bureau, Jan. 2022, www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html.
Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate, chart, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Dec. 2, 2022, www.bls.gov/charts/employment-situation/civilian-labor-force-participation-rate.htm.
Colin Moynihan, “In ‘Occupy,’ Well-Educated Professionals Far Outnumbered Jobless, Study Finds,” City Room (blog), New York Times, Jan. 28, 2013, archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/28/in-occupy-well-educated-professionals-far-outnumbered-jobless-study-finds.
Petra Cahill, “What Happened to the Antiwar Movement?,” NBC News, March 19, 2004, www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4546739.
Sean Bell, “Everyone Lost: Protest Art and the Iraq War,” PopMatters, March 7, 2013, www.popmatters.com/168763-everyone-lost-protest-art-and-the-iraq-war-2495775122.html.
“Widespread Looting Preceded by Cars Set on Fire, Tear Gas Deployed at Violent Rally in Rochester,” RochesterFirst, May 30, 2020, www.rochesterfirst.com/news/local-news/underway-black-lives-matter-rally-in-downtown-rochester.
Mapping Police Violence, mappingpoliceviolence.org.
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New York: Library of America, 2004), 278–79.
Ibid., 825.
Ibid., 212.
“In Iraq Crisis, Networks Are Megaphones for Official Views,” Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, March 18, 2003, fair.org/take-action/action-alerts/in-iraq-crisis-networks-are-megaphones-for-official-views.
“Americans’ Trust in Media Remains Near Record Low,” Gallup News, Oct. 18, 2022, news.gallup.com/poll/403166/americans-trust-media-remains-near-record-low.aspx.
“The Times and Iraq,” New York Times, May 26, 2004, www.nytimes.com/2004/05/26/world/from-the-editors-the-times-and-iraq.html.
Howard Kurtz, “Media’s Failure on Iraq Still Stings,” CNN, March 11, 2013, www.cnn.com/2013/03/11/opinion/kurtz-iraq-media-failure/index.html.
Susan Sontag, “Tuesday, and After,” New Yorker, Sept. 24, 2001, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2001/09/24/tuesday-and-after-talk-of-the-town.
Andrew Sullivan, “September 18, 2001,” The Dish, Sept. 18, 2001, dish.andrewsullivan.com/2001/09/17/september-18-2001.
Jonathan Alter, “Blame America at Your Peril,” Newsweek, Oct. 15, 2001, 41.
Rod Dreher, “Painful to Live in Stricken N.Y.,” New York Post, Sept. 20, 2001, nypost.com/2001/09/20/painful-to-live-in-stricken-n-y.
David Talbot, “The ‘Traitor’ Fires Back,” Salon, Oct. 16, 2001, www.salon.com/2001/10/16/susans.
Lawrence F. Kaplan, “No Choice,” New Republic, Oct. 1, 2001, newrepublic.com/article/64059/no-choice.
Talbot, “ ‘Traitor’ Fires Back.”
Ibid.
Ibid.
Adam Gopnik, “The City and the Pillars,” New Yorker, Sept. 17, 2001, www.newyorker.com/magazine/new-york-journal/the-city-and-the-pillars.
“ ‘Shut Up and Sing’: Dixie Chicks’ Big Grammy Win Caps Comeback from Backlash over Anti-war Stance,” Democracy Now, transcript, Feb. 15, 2007, web.archive.org/web/20071114015029/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=07%2F02%2F15%2F1528222.
Jon Pareles, “The Dixie Chicks: America Catches Up with Them,” New York Times, May 21, 2006, www.nytimes.com/2006/05/21/arts/music/21pare.html.
Allison Stewart, “The Fallout over Clear Channel’s (Possibly Apocryphal) Do-Not-Play List Lasted Well Past 9/11,” Washington Post, Oct. 8, 2021, www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/clear-channel-911-list/2021/10/07/2dd3dee2-17d8-11ec-b976-f4a43b740aeb_story.html.
Dwight Garner and Jennifer Szalai, “Dread, War, and Ambivalence: Literature Since the Towers Fell,” New York Times, Sept. 3, 2021, www.nytimes.com/2021/09/03/books/911-anniversary-fiction-literature.html.
Susannah Fox and Deborah Fallows, “The Internet and the Iraq War,” Pew Research Center, April 1, 2003, www.pewresearch.org/internet/2003/04/01/the-internet-and-the-iraq-war.
Bill Carter and Felicity Barringer, “In Patriotic Time, Dissent Is Muted,” New York Times, Sept. 28, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/09/28/us/a-nation-challenged-speech-and-expression-in-patriotic-time-dissent-is-muted.html.
Michael R. Gordon and Judith Miller, “U.S. Says Hussein Intensifies Quest for A-Bomb Parts,” New York Times, Sept. 8, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/09/08/world/threats-responses-iraqis-us-says-hussein-intensifies-quest-for-bomb-parts.html.
Judith Miller, “Iraqi Tells of Renovations at Sites for Chemical and Nuclear Arms,” New York Times, Dec. 20, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/12/20/world/nation-challenged-secret-sites-iraqi-tells-renovations-sites-for-chemical.html.
Judith Miller and Michael R. Gordon, “White House Lists Iraq Steps to Build Banned Weapons,” New York Times, Sept. 13, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/09/13/world/threats-responses-baghdad-s-arsenal-white-house-lists-iraq-steps-build-banned.html.
“Booking Agent Who Brought Elvis Back to Las Vegas Dies,” Las Vegas Sun, Dec. 12, 2002, lasvegassun.com/news/2002/dec/12/booking-agent-who-brought-elvis-back-to-las-vegas-.
Michael Massing, “Now They Tell Us,” New York Review of Books, Feb. 26, 2004, www.nybooks.com/articles/2004/02/26/now-they-tell-us.
“The Bush Foreign Policy Team,” New York Times, Dec. 16, 2000, www.nytimes.com/2000/12/16/opinion/the-bush-foreign-policy-team.html.
Michael Lewis, “Reluctant Warrior,” New York Times, Nov. 26, 2006, www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/books/review/Lewis.t.html.
Steven Rattner, “Roll Call,” Slate, Feb. 19, 2003.
“The Case Against Iraq,” New York Times, Feb. 6, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/02/06/opinion/the-case-against-iraq.html.
“U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell Addresses the U.N. Security Council,” transcript, White House, President George W. Bush, Feb. 5, 2003, georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030205-1.html.
Resolution 1441 (2002), United Nations Security Council, Nov. 8, 2002, www.un.org/depts/unmovic/documents/1441.pdf.
Michael E. O’Hanlon and Philip H. Gordon, “Is Fighting Iraq Worth the Risks?,” New York Times, July 25, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/07/25/opinion/is-fighting-iraq-worth-the-risks.html.
“A Time for Candor in Iraq,” New York Times, Aug. 3, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/08/03/opinion/a-time-for-candor-on-iraq.html.
“Steps Before War,” New York Times, Aug. 11, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/08/11/opinion/steps-before-war.html.
“Warning Shots on Iraq,” New York Times, Aug. 16, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/08/16/opinion/warning-shots-on-iraq.html.
Bill Keller, “The Loyal Opposition,” New York Times, Aug. 24, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/08/24/opinion/the-loyal-opposition.html.
“Countdown to a Collision,” New York Times, Sept. 5, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/09/05/opinion/countdown-to-a-collision.html.
“The Politics of War,” New York Times, Sept. 20, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/09/20/opinion/the-politics-of-war.html.
“A Time for Debate and Reflection,” New York Times, Oct. 3, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/10/03/opinion/a-time-for-debate-and-reflection.html.
“A Nation Wary of War,” New York Times, Oct. 8, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/10/08/opinion/a-nation-wary-of-war.html.
“The Iraq Dossier,” New York Times, Jan. 10, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/01/10/opinion/the-iraq-dossier.html.
“The Iraq Report,” New York Times, Jan. 28, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/01/28/opinion/the-iraq-report.html.
“An Improvised March to War,” New York Times, Feb. 2, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/02/02/opinion/an-improvised-march-to-war.html.
“The President Looks Toward War,” New York Times, March 7, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/03/07/opinion/the-president-looks-toward-war.html.
“President Bush Prepares for War,” New York Times, March 17, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/03/17/opinion/president-bush-prepares-for-war.html.
Hendrik Hertzberg, “Attack Anxiety,” New Yorker, March 9, 2003, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2003/03/17/attack-anxiety.
George Packer, “The Liberal Quandary over Iraq,” New York Times Magazine, Dec. 8, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/12/08/magazine/the-liberal-quandary-over-iraq.html.
Thomas L. Friedman, “Tell the Truth,” New York Times, Feb. 19, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/02/19/opinion/tell-the-truth.html.
Packer, “Liberal Quandary over Iraq.”
Hertzberg, “Attack Anxiety.”
Michael Erard, “No Comments,” New York Times, Sept. 20, 2023, www.nytimes.com/2013/09/22/magazine/no-comments.html.
“Percentage of Population Using the Internet in the United States from 2000 to 2022,” Statista Research Department, July 7, 2022, www.statista.com/statistics/209117/us-internet-penetration.
Charlotte Raven, “A Bully with a Bloody Nose Is Still a Bully,” Guardian, Sept. 18, 2001, www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/18/september11.comment.
Andrew Sullivan, “Appeasement Watch,” The Dish, Sept. 18, 2001, dish.andrewsullivan.com/2001/09/18/appeasement-watch-2.
Matthew Yglesias, “Afghan Optimism,” Matthew Yglesias: A Reality-Based Weblog, Sept. 30, 2004, yglesias.typepad.com/matthew/2004/09/afghan_optimism.html.
Matthew Yglesias, “Hyper-hawkish TNR Editorial,” Matthew Yglesias, Jan. 31, 2002, web.archive.org/web/20201115173556/http://yglesias.blogspot.com/2002_01_27_archive.html#9239310.
“Tom Friedman’s Flexible Deadlines,” FAIR, July 1, 2006, fair.org/extra/tom-friedman8217s-flexible-deadlines.
Atrios, “The Six Monthers,” Eschaton, May 21, 2006, www.eschatonblog.com/2006/05/six-monthers_21.html.
“Get Your War On 1–#8,” Get Your War On, Oct. 9, 2001, www.mnftiu.cc/category/gywo/war1.
“Roll Call: Who’s for War, Who’s Against It, and Why,” Slate, Feb. 19, 2003, slate.com/news-and-politics/2003/02/who-s-for-war-who-s-against-it-and-why.html.
David Plotz, “Make War, Help the Bourgeois,” Slate, Oct. 3, 2002, slate.com/news-and-politics/2002/10/make-war-help-the-bourgeois.html.
Jeffrey Goldberg, “Aflatoxin,” Slate, Oct. 3, 2002, slate.com/news-and-politics/2002/10/aflatoxin.html.
Julia Ioffe, “Ezra Klein: The Wise Boy,” New Republic, Feb. 12, 2013, newrepublic.com/article/112366/ezra-klein-profile-wonkblogs-wise-boy-cannot-be-stopped.
“Fighting Words,” Slow Burn: The Road to the Iraq War, podcast transcript, May 12, 2021, slate.com/transcripts/RHl5NGkrdkJoZS9pUzB6anBZQVRiekhIcXBhQ2xxT0NTSG1FRWZLd3dEdz0=.
“Mr. Obama’s Task,” New York Times, Nov. 18, 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/11/19/opinion/19thu1.html.
“At War in Libya,” New York Times, March 21, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/03/22/opinion/22tue1.html.
Mark Hensch, “CNN Host: ‘Donald Trump Became President’ Last Night,” Hill, April 7, 2017, thehill.com/homenews/administration/327779-cnn-host-donald-trump-became-president-last-night.
Frank Newport, “Seventy-Two Percent of Americans Support War Against Iraq,” Gallup News, March 24, 2003, news.gallup.com/poll/8038/seventytwo-percent-americans-support-war-against-iraq.aspx.
Jeffrey M. Jones, “Public Support for Iraq Invasion Inches Upward,” Gallup News, March 17, 2003, news.gallup.com/poll/7990/public-support-iraq-invasion-inches-upward.aspx.
Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Those Responsible for the Recent Attacks Launched Against the United States, Public Law 107-40, 115 Stat. 224 (2001).
John Fund, “Who Is Barbara Lee?,” Wall Street Journal, Sept. 17, 2001, www.wsj.com/articles/SB122418640015141825.
Matthew Weed, “Presidential References to the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force in Publicly Available Executive Actions and Reports to Congress,” Congressional Research Service, Feb. 16, 2018, sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/pres-aumf.pdf.
David Firestone, “Democrats Seek Compromise with White House on Iraq,” New York Times, Oct. 1, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/10/01/us/threats-responses-politics-democrats-seek-compromise-with-white-house-iraq.html.
Eric Schmitt, “Rumsfeld Says U.S. Has ‘Bulletproof’ Evidence of Iraq’s Links to Al-Qaeda,” New York Times, Sept. 28, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/09/28/world/threats-responses-intelligence-rumsfeld-says-us-has-bulletproof-evidence-iraq-s.html.
“Authority of the President Under Domestic and International Law to Use Military Force Against Iraq,” Opinions of the Office of Legal Counsel in Volume 26, Office of Legal Counsel, U.S. Justice Department, Oct. 23, 2002, 152, www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/olc/opinions/2002/10/31/op-olc-v026-p0143_0.pdf.
Scott R. Anderson, “How the 2002 Iraq AUMF Got to Be So Dangerous, Part 1: History and Practice,” Lawfare, Lawfare Institute, Nov. 15, 2022, www.lawfareblog.com/how-2002-iraq-aumf-got-be-so-dangerous-part-1-history-and-practice.
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002, Public Law No. 107-243, 116 Stat. 1498 (2002), www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-joint-resolution/114/text.
“A Time for Debate and Reflection,” New York Times, Oct. 3, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/10/03/opinion/a-time-for-debate-and-reflection.html.
Maureen Dowd, “Can Hillary Upgrade?,” New York Times, Oct. 2, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/10/02/opinion/can-hillary-upgrade.html.
Chris Sullentrop, “The Anti-war Democrats,” Slate, Oct. 2, 2002, slate.com/news-and-politics/2002/10/the-anti-war-democrats.html.
Andrew Sullivan, “Whose Side Are They On?,” The Dish, Sept. 30, 2002, dish.andrewsullivan.com/2002/09/30/whose-side-are-they-on.
“AT&T Long Lines Building,” NYC Urbanism, www.nycurbanism.com/brutalnyc/att-long-lines-building.
Ryan Gallagher and Henrik Moltke, “TITANPOINTE: The NSA’s Spy Hub in New York, Hidden in Plain Sight,” Intercept, Nov. 16, 2016, theintercept.com/2016/11/16/the-nsas-spy-hub-in-new-york-hidden-in-plain-sight.
Ryan Gallagher and Henrik Moltke, “The Wiretap Rooms: The NSA’s Hidden Spy Hubs in Eight U.S. Cities,” Intercept, June 25, 2018, theintercept.com/2018/06/25/att-internet-nsa-spy-hubs.
E-mail from [redacted] to James R. Clapper, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, FOIA Case # DF-2017-00119, Nov. 16, 2016, www.dni.gov/files/documents/FOIA/DF-2017-00119-TITANPOINTE.pdf.
Jake Tapper, “Squabbling Returns,” Salon, Oct. 3, 2001, www.salon.com/2001/10/03/ashcroft_13.
Malcolm Harris, Palo Alto: A History of California, Capitalism, and the World (New York: Little, Brown, 2023), 505.
Jamie Doward, “Can Larry Go On Forever?,” Guardian, June 24, 2001, www.theguardian.com/business/2001/jun/24/news.theobserver.
Joseph Menn, “National ID Card System Failing to Attract Supporters,” Los Angeles Times, Oct. 24, 2001, www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-oct-24-mn-60963-story.html.
David Lyon, Surveillance After September 11 (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity, 2003), 68.
9/11 Commission Report, 376.
Ibid., 374.
Ibid., 389.
Malcolm Harris, Palo Alto, 503.
Ibid., 514.
Shane Harris, The Watchers: The Rise of America’s Surveillance State (New York: Penguin Press, 2010), 178.
Malcolm Harris, Palo Alto, 519.
Ibid., 505.
Ibid., 517–18.
Shane Harris, Watchers, 197.
Malcolm Harris, Palo Alto, 518.
Shane Harris, Watchers, 167–68.
William Safire, “You Are a Suspect,” New York Times, Nov. 14, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/11/14/opinion/you-are-a-suspect.html.
Ritt Goldstein, “US Planning to Recruit One in 24 Americans as Citizen Spies,” Sydney Morning Herald, July 15, 2002, www.smh.com.au/world/us-planning-to-recruit-one-in-24-americans-as-citizen-spies-20020715-gdfgbq.html.
Andy Newman, “Citizen Snoops Wanted (Call Toll-Free),” New York Times, July 21, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/07/21/weekinreview/ideas-trends-look-out-citizen-snoops-wanted-call-toll-free.html.
Shane Harris, Watchers, 170.
“Only Collect,” n+1, no. 18 (Winter 2014), www.nplusonemag.com/issue-18/the-intellectual-situation/nsa.
Ibid.
Malcolm Harris, Palo Alto, 581–82.
Andy Greenberg, “Here’s How Often AT&T, Sprint, and Verizon Each Hand Over Users’ Data to the Government,” Forbes, July 9, 2012, www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2012/07/09/by-the-numbers-heres-how-often-att-sprint-and-verizon-hand-over-users-data-to-the-government/?sh=6b1328de5bb1.
Barton Gellman and Ashkan Soltani, “NSA Tracking Cellphone Locations Worldwide, Snowden Documents Show,” Washington Post, Dec. 4, 2013, www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-tracking-cellphone-locations-worldwide-snowden-documents-show/2013/12/04/5492873a-5cf2-11e3-bc56-c6ca94801fac_story.html.
Ted Ullyot, “Facebook Releases Data, Including All National Security Requests,” Facebook Newsroom, June 14, 2013, web.archive.org/web/20130804020113/http://newsroom.fb.com/News/636/Facebook-Releases-Data-Including-All-National-Security-Requests.
Glenn Greenwald, “XKeyscore: NSA Tool Collects ‘Nearly Everything a User Does on the Internet,’ ” Guardian, July 31, 2013, www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/31/nsa-top-secret-program-online-data.
“Are They Allowed to Do That? A Breakdown of Selected Government Surveillance Programs,” Brennan Center for Justice, New York University School of Law, July 15, 2013, www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/are-they-allowed-do-breakdown-selected-government-surveillance-programs.
Jeffrey M. Jones, “More Americans Disapprove Than Approve of Government Collecting Phone Records,” Gallup News, May 15, 2006, news.gallup.com/poll/22789/more-americans-disapprove-than-approve-government-collecting-phone-records.aspx.
Frank Newport, “Americans Disapprove of Government Surveillance Programs,” Gallup News, June 12, 2013, news.gallup.com/poll/163043/americans-disapprove-government-surveillance-programs.aspx.
Dana Priest and William M. Arkin, Top Secret America: The Rise of the New American Security State (New York: Little, Brown, 2011), 73.
Ibid., 25–26.
“Executive Order 12356—National Security Information,” Office of the Federal Register (OFR), National Archives, April 12, 1982, www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12356.html.
Priest and Arkin, Top Secret America, 7–9.
Ibid., 22–24.
Ibid., 59–62.
danah boyd, It’s Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2014), 88–89.
Ibid., 97.
Ibid., 90.
Ibid., 201.
Ibid., 21–22.
Ibid., 90–91.
“Facebook Parenting: For the Troubled Teen,” Tommy Jordan, Feb. 8, 2012, YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=kl1ujzRidmU.
boyd, It’s Complicated, 33.
Michael Zimmer, “Facebook’s Zuckerberg: ‘Having Two Identities for Yourself Is an Example of a Lack of Integrity,’ ” michaelzimmer.org, May 14, 2010, michaelzimmer.org/2010/05/14/facebooks-zuckerberg-having-two-identities-for-yourself-is-an-example-of-a-lack-of-integrity.
boyd, It’s Complicated, 55.
Ibid., 59.
Alyson Klein, “Yes, College Admissions Officers Do Look at Applicants’ Social Media, Survey Finds,” Education Week, Jan. 13, 2020, www.edweek.org/leadership/yes-college-admissions-officers-do-look-at-applicants-social-media-survey-finds/2020/01.
boyd, It’s Complicated, 11.
McLaughlin & Associates, “The William F. Buckley Jr. Program at Yale: Almost Half (49%) of U.S. College Students ‘Intimidated’ by Professors When Sharing Differing Beliefs: Survey,” press release, Oct. 26, 2015, mclaughlinonline.com/2015/10/26/the-william-f-buckley-jr-program-at-yale-almost-half-49-of-u-s-college-students-intimidated-by-professors-when-sharing-differing-beliefs-survey.
Lauren Kirchner, “What’s the Evidence Mass Surveillance Works? Not Much,” ProPublica, Nov. 18, 2015, www.propublica.org/article/whats-the-evidence-mass-surveillance-works-not-much.
“Only Collect.”
Public Trust in Government: 1958–2024, Pew Research Center, June 24, 2024, www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/06/24/public-trust-in-government-1958-2024/.
Jonathan Crary, Scorched Earth: Beyond the Digital Age to a Post-Capitalist World (London: Verso, 2022), 25.
Dick Cheney, In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir, with Liz Cheney (New York: Threshold Editions, 2011), 249–51.
“WHITTINGTON/CHENEY,” CNN, July 21, 2016, YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcFZgWqaMfM.
Cheney, In My Time, 251.
“Victims of Haditha Massacre,” United for Peace & Justice, accessed March 7, 2022, web.archive.org/web/20071120021340/http://www.unitedforpeace.org/article.php?id=3283.
Ellen Knickmeyer, “In Haditha, Memories of a Massacre,” Washington Post, May 27, 2006, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2006/05/27/in-haditha-memories-of-a-massacre-span-classbankheadiraqi-townspeople-describe-slaying-of-24-civilians-by-marines-in-nov-19-incidentspan/2c18d37f-071a-46e1-a0c2-30bbbcb0ba5f.
Julian Borger and Duncan Campbell, “Why Did Help Take So Long to Arrive?,” Guardian, Sept. 3, 2005, www.theguardian.com/world/2005/sep/03/hurricanekatrina.usa1.
Jarvis DeBerry, “Almost 10 Years After Katrina, Michael Brown’s Still Out to Lunch,” Times-Picayune, June 1, 2015, www.nola.com/opinions/almost-10-years-after-katrina-michael-browns-still-out-to-lunch-jarvis-deberry/article_d50e5d7e-8ff8-5996-9aaa-74aa9f393e46.html.
“Katrina 10 Years Later: ‘Brownie, You’re Doing a Heck of a Job,’ ” C-SPAN, Aug. 18, 2015, www.c-span.org/video/?c4548480/katrina-10-years-later-brownie-heck-job.
Helen Clapp and Kathryn Sikkink, “From ‘Invade the Hague’ to ‘Support the ICC’: America’s Shifting Stance on the International Criminal Court,” Harvard University, Kathryn Sikkink personal website, April 27, 2022, scholar.harvard.edu/ksikkink/blog/%E2%80%9Cinvade-hague%E2%80%9D-%E2%80%9Csupport-icc%E2%80%9D-america%E2%80%99s-shifting-stance-international-criminal-court.
“Humane Treatment of al-Qaeda and Taliban Detainees,” memorandum, White House, Feb. 7, 2002, www.aclu.org/legal-document/presidential-memo-feb-7-2002-humane-treatment-al-qaeda-and-taliban-detainees.
Military Commissions Act of 2006, Public Law 109-366, 120 Stat. 2600 (2006), www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/senate-bill/3930.
Andrew Jerell Jones, “Prison Dispatches from the War on Terror: Ex–CIA Officer John Kiriakou Speaks,” Intercept, Jan. 19, 2015, theintercept.com/2015/01/19/cia-agent-jailed-john-kiriakous-long-road-era-torture.
Scott Horton, “U.N. Rapporteur: Initiate Criminal Proceedings Against Bush and Rumsfeld Now,” Harper’s Magazine, Jan. 21, 2009, harpers.org/2009/01/un-rapporteur-initiate-criminal-proceedings-against-bush-and-rumsfeld-now.
Jeffrey Bachman, “The Obama Administration May Be Guilty of War Crimes,” Guardian, Nov. 5, 2013, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/nov/05/obama-administration-drone-strikes-war-crimes.
Micah Zenko, “Obama’s Final Drone Strike Data,” Politics, Power, and Preventive Action, Center for Preventive Action, Council on Foreign Relations, Jan. 20, 2017, www.cfr.org/blog/obamas-final-drone-strike-data.
Josh Gerstein, “Obama’s Muddy Transparency Record,” Politico, March 5, 2012, www.politico.com/story/2012/03/obamas-transparency-stumbles-073606.
Karen DeYoung, “Trump Pardons Blackwater Contractors Convicted in Deaths of 14 Iraqi Civilians,” Washington Post, Dec. 22, 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-pardon-blackwater-contractors-iraq/2020/12/22/603da1f4-44b8-11eb-a277-49a6d1f9dff1_story.html.
Ashley Hoffman, “Michelle Obama on Her Bond with ‘Beautiful, Funny, Kind, Sweet Man’ George W. Bush,” Time, Nov. 14, 2018, time.com/5454153/michelle-obama-on-george-w-bush.
Dave Phillips, “From the Brig to Mar-a-Lago, Former Navy SEAL Capitalizes on Newfound Fame,” New York Times, Dec. 31, 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/12/31/us/navy-seals-edward-gallagher-trump.html.
Matt Taibbi, “Turns Out That Trillion-Dollar Bailout Was, in Fact, Real,” Rolling Stone, March 18, 2019, www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/2008-financial-bailout-809731.
Astra Taylor and Mark Greif, “Scenes from an Occupation,” Occupy! An OWS-Inspired Gazette, Oct. 21, 2011, 2, www.nplusonemag.com/dl/occupy/Occupy-Gazette-1.pdf.
Elizabeth Gumport, “Back at Zuccotti Park,” Occupy! An OWS-Inspired Gazette, Oct. 21, 2011, 8, www.nplusonemag.com/dl/occupy/Occupy-Gazette-1.pdf.
Astra Taylor, “Diary,” Occupy! An OWS-Inspired Gazette, Oct. 21, 2011, 15, www.nplusonemag.com/dl/occupy/Occupy-Gazette-1.pdf.
Taylor and Greif, “Scenes from an Occupation,” 2.
Mark Greif, “Open Letter,” Occupy! An OWS-Inspired Gazette, no. 3, 2, www.nplusonemag.com/dl/occupy/Occupy-Gazette-3.pdf.
Jeremy Kessler, “The Police and the 99 Percent,” Occupy! An OWS-Inspired Gazette, Oct. 21, 2011, 25, www.nplusonemag.com/dl/occupy/Occupy-Gazette-1.pdf.
Chloe Rossetti, photograph, Occupy! An OWS-Inspired Gazette, no. 3, 3, www.nplusonemag.com/dl/occupy/Occupy-Gazette-3.pdf.
Kathleen Ross, “Arrested,” Occupy! An OWS-Inspired Gazette, no. 3, 3, www.nplusonemag.com/dl/occupy/Occupy-Gazette-3.pdf.
Matt Wells, “Occupy Wall Street—the Story of the Brooklyn Bridge ‘Trap,’ ” Guardian, Oct. 3, 2011, www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2011/oct/03/occupy-wall-street-brooklyn-bridge-arrests.
“FW: Guidance Requested: Occupy Wall Street,” email, in Occupy Wall Street Release 1—Homeland Security, Department of Homeland Security, Oct. 17, 2011, 6, www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/occupy-wall-street-redacted-1.pdf.
“The Crackdown on the Occupy Movement,” Partnership for Civil Justice Fund, Aug. 31, 2015, www.justiceonline.org/ows-foia.
“Fusion Centers Approached 2011 Black Friday Consumer Boycott Like a Terrorist Threat,” Partnership for Civil Justice Fund, June 1, 2014, www.justiceonline.org/news/fusion-centers-approached-2011-black-friday-consumer-boycott-like-a-terrorist-threat/.
John Avlon, “How Occupy Wall Street Flashed New York Back to 9/11,” Daily Beast, Dec. 30, 2011, www.thedailybeast.com/how-occupy-wall-street-flashed-new-york-back-to-911.
Jennifer Preston, “Surprise Eviction at Zuccotti Park? One Twitter-Friendly Celebrity Saw It Coming,” New York Times, Nov. 15, 2011, archive.nytimes.com/mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/15/surprise-eviction-at-zuccotti-park-one-twitter-friendly-celebrity-saw-it-coming.
Astra Taylor, “The Eviction,” Occupy! An OWS-Inspired Gazette, no. 3, 2, www.nplusonemag.com/dl/occupy/Occupy-Gazette-3.pdf.
James Barron and Colin Moynihan, “City Reopens Park After Protesters Are Evicted,” New York Times, Nov. 15, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/11/16/nyregion/police-begin-clearing-zuccotti-park-of-protesters.html.
Brendan O’Brien and Colleen Jenkins, “Zimmerman Offers Gun Used to Kill Martin on New Auction Site: Report,” Reuters, May 12, 2016, www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-guns-zimmerman-idUKKCN0Y318Z.
Joseph Goldstein and Nate Schweber, “Man’s Death After Chokehold Raises Old Issue for the Police,” New York Times, July 18, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/07/19/nyregion/staten-island-man-dies-after-he-is-put-in-chokehold-during-arrest.html?_r=0.
“Profile: Eric Garner,” BBC News, Dec. 5, 2014, www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-30350648.
“Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department,” U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, March 4, 2015, 9.
Ibid., 10.
Ibid., 17–18.
Ibid., 18–19.
Ibid., 73.
Andrea S. Boyles, You Can’t Stop the Revolution: Community Disorder and Social Ties in Post-Ferguson America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2019), 8.
Jose A. DelReal, “Michael Brown Memorial Destroyed Overnight,” Washington Post, Dec. 26, 2015, www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/12/26/auto-draft.
“A City Reacts: State of Emergency—Ferguson, Missouri (Dispatch 10),” VICE News, Nov. 27, 2014, YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZxEyoplYbI.
Boyles, You Can’t Stop the Revolution, 59.
Colleen Curry and Luis Martinez, “Ferguson Police’s Show of Force Highlights Militarization of America’s Cops,” ABC News, Aug. 14, 2014, abcnews.go.com/US/ferguson-police-small-army-thousands-police-departments/story?id=24977299.
Jon Swaine and Amanda Holpuch, “Ferguson Police: A Stark Illustration of Newly Militarized US Law Enforcement,” Guardian, Aug. 14, 2014, www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/14/ferguson-police-military-restraints-violence-weaponry-missouri.
Lindsey Cook, “Most Popular Items in the Defense Department’s 1033 Program,” U.S. News, Aug. 21, 2014, www.usnews.com/news/blogs/data-mine/2014/08/21/most-popular-items-in-the-defense-departments-1033-program.
Radley Balko, Rise of the Warrior Cop: The Militarization of America’s Police Forces (New York: PublicAffairs, 2014), 253.
Ibid., 255.
Michael Shenk, “How Police Became Paramilitaries,” New York Review of Books, June 3, 2020, www.nybooks.com/daily/2020/06/03/how-police-became-paramilitaries.
Tobi Haslett, “Magic Actions,” n+1, no. 40 (Summer 2021), www.nplusonemag.com/issue-40/politics/magic-actions-2.
Matthew Impelli, “54 Percent of Americans Think Burning Down Minneapolis Police Precinct Was Justified After George Floyd’s Death,” Newsweek, June 3, 2020, www.newsweek.com/54-americans-think-burning-down-minneapolis-police-precinct-was-justified-after-george-floyds-1508452.
Tanya Kerssen (@tkerssen), Twitter, May 30, 2020, 10:37 p.m., twitter.com/tkerssen/status/1266921821653385225.
Tom Cotton, “Tom Cotton: Send in the Troops,” New York Times, June 3, 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/06/03/opinion/tom-cotton-protests-military.html.
Candice Norwood, “ ‘Optics Matter’: National Guard Deployments amid Unrest Have a Long and Controversial History,” PBS NewsHour, June 9, 2020, www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/optics-matter-national-guard-deployments-amid-unrest-have-a-long-and-controversial-history.
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Meg Kelly, Joyce Sohyun Lee, and Jon Swaine, “Partially Blinded by Police,” Washington Post, July 14, 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2020/07/14/george-floyd-protests-police-blinding.
Valerie Pavilonis, “Fact Check: Thousands of Black Lives Matter Protesters Were Arrested in 2020,” USA Today, Feb. 22, 2022, www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2022/02/22/fact-check-thousands-black-lives-matter-protesters-arrested-2020/6816074001.
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Tim Elfrink, Marisa Iati, and Derek Hawkins, “Seattle Mayor Blasts Trump’s Threat to ‘Take Back’ the City After Protesters Set Up ‘Autonomous Zone,’ ” Washington Post, June 11, 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/06/11/trump-seattle-autonomous-zone-inslee.
Fola Akinnibi, Sarah Holder, and Christopher Cannon, “Cities Say They Want to Defund the Police. Their Budgets Say Otherwise,” Bloomberg, Jan. 12, 2021, www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2021-city-budget-police-funding.
Grace Manthey, Frank Esposito, and Amanda Hernandez, “Despite ‘Defunding’ Claims, Police Funding Has Increased in Many US Cities,” ABC News, Oct. 16, 2022, abcnews.go.com/US/defunding-claims-police-funding-increased-us-cities/story?id=91511971.
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“Policing in America,” police shootings database, Washington Post, accessed March 14, 2022, www.washingtonpost.com/police-america.
Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page, “Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens,” Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 12, Issue 3, Sept. 2014, 564–81.
Brendan James, “Princeton Study: U.S. No Longer an Actual Democracy,” Talking Points Memo, April 18, 2014, talkingpointsmemo.com/livewire/princeton-experts-say-us-no-longer-democracy.
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Matthew Yglesias, “Holding Politicians Accountable,” Boston Review, July 2, 2012, www.bostonreview.net/forum_response/holding-politicians-accountable-matthew-yglesias.
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Follman, Aronsen, and Pan, “US Mass Shootings, 1982–2023.”
Ragy Girgis, “Is There a Link Between Mental Health and Mass Shootings?,” Columbia University Department of Psychiatry, July 6, 2022, www.columbiapsychiatry.org/news/mass-shootings-and-mental-illness.
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Brendan I. Koerner, The Skies Belong to Us: Love and Terror in the Golden Age of Hijacking (New York: Crown, 2013).
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Ibid., 14.
Ibid., 9.
Ibid., 32.
“James Holmes Built Up Aurora Arsenal of Bullets, Ballistic Gear Through Unregulated Online Market,” CBS News, Sept. 19, 2012, www.cbsnews.com/news/james-holmes-built-up-aurora-arsenal-of-bullets-ballistic-gear-through-unregulated-online-market.
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“James Holmes Built Up Aurora Arsenal of Bullets, Ballistic Gear Through Unregulated Online Market.”
Julie Turkewitz and Vivian Lee, “With Grief and Hope, Florida Students Take Gun Control Fight on the Road,” New York Times, Feb. 20, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/02/20/us/parkland-students-shooting-florida.html.
Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1985), ix.
Eleanor Watson, “Ex–Afghan President Likely Did Not Flee Afghanistan with Millions, Report Finds,” CBS News, June 6, 2022, www.cbsnews.com/news/ashraf-ghani-likely-did-not-flee-afghanistan-with-millions-inspector-general-report.
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Yaron Steinbuch, “American Humane Group Says US Left Military Dogs Behind in Afghanistan,” New York Post, Aug. 31, 2021, nypost.com/2021/08/31/american-humane-society-say-us-left-military-dogs-behind-in-afghanistan.
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Gabriel Kolko, Anatomy of a War: Vietnam, the United States, and the Modern Historical Experience (New York: New Press, 1994), 472.
Remarks by President Biden on the End of the War in Afghanistan, White House, Aug. 31, 2021.
Ryan Grim, “House Progressives Float Diplomatic Path Toward Ending War in Ukraine, Get Annihilated, Quickly ‘Clarify,’ ” Intercept, Oct. 25, 2022, theintercept.com/2022/10/25/house-progressives-letter-russia-ukraine-diplomacy.
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Nick Estes, Our History Is the Future: Standing Rock Versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the Long Tradition of Indigenous Resistance (New York: Verso, 2019), 2–3.
Ibid., 54–55, 64–65.
Timothy Pratt, “Georgia Refuses to Release Evidence from Police Shooting of Cop City Activist,” Guardian, Oct. 16, 2023, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/oct/16/georgia-cop-city-police-shooting-evidence-manuel-paez-teran.
Timothy Pratt, “ ‘Cop City’ Activist’s Official Autopsy Reveals More Than 50 Bullet Wounds,” Guardian, April 20, 2023, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/apr/20/manuel-paez-teran-autopsy-cop-city.
Estes, Our History Is the Future, 13.
Ibid., 256.
Ibid., 248.
Slotkin, Regeneration Through Violence, 3.
Ibid., 565.