1 Ἀριστοτέλης Νικομάχου καὶ Φαιστίδος Σταγειρίτης. Ὁ δὲ Νικόμαχος ἦν ἀπὸ Νικομάχου τοῦ Μαχάονος τοῦ Ἀσκληπιοῦ, καθά φησιν Ἕρμιππος ἐν τῷ Περὶ Ἀριστοτέλους· καὶ συνεβίου Ἀμύντᾳ τῷ Μακεδόνων βασιλεῖ ἰατροῦ καὶ φίλου χρείᾳ. Οὗτος γνησιώτατος τῶν Πλάτωνος μαθητῶν, τραυλὸς τὴν φωνήν, ὥς φησι Τιμόθεος ὁ Ἀθηναῖος ἐν τῷ Περὶ βίων· ἀλλὰ καὶ ἰσχνοσκελής, φασίν, ἦν καὶ μικρόμματος ἐσθῆτί τ’ ἐπισήμῳ χρώμενος καὶ δακτυλίοις καὶ κουρᾷ. Ἔσχε δὲ καὶ υἱὸν Νικόμαχον ἐξ Ἑρπυλλίδος τῆς παλλακῆς, ὥς φησι Τιμόθεος.
1. Aristotle, son of Nicomachus and Phaestis, was a native of Stagira. His father, Nicomachus, as Hermippus relates in his book On Aristotle , traced his descent from Nicomachus who was the son of Machaon and grandson of Asclepius; and he resided with Amyntas, the king of Macedon, in the capacity of physician and friend. Aristotle was Plato’s most genuine disciple; he spoke with a lisp, as we learn from Timotheus the Athenian in his book On Lives ; further, his calves were slender (so they say), his eyes small, and he was conspicuous by his attire, his rings, and the cut of his hair. According to Timaeus, he had a son by Herpyllis, his concubine, who was also called Nicomachus.
2 Ἀπέστη δὲ Πλάτωνος ἔτι περιόντος· ὥστε φασὶν ἐκεῖνον εἰπεῖν, « Ἀριστοτέλης ἡμᾶς ἀπελάκτισε καθαπερεὶ τὰ πωλάρια γεννηθέντα τὴν μητέρα. » Φησὶ δ’ Ἕρμιππος ἐν τοῖς Βίοις ὅτι πρεσβεύοντος αὐτοῦ πρὸς Φίλιππον ὑπὲρ Ἀθηναίων σχολάρχης ἐγένετο τῆς ἐν Ἀκαδημείᾳ σχολῆς Ξενοκράτης· ἐλθόντα δὴ αὐτὸν καὶ θεασάμενον ὑπ’ ἄλλῳ τὴν σχολήν, ἑλέσθαι περίπατον τὸν ἐν Λυκείῳ καὶ μέχρι μὲν ἀλείμματος ἀνακάμπτοντα τοῖς μαθηταῖς συμφιλοσοφεῖν· ὅθεν περιπατητικὸν προσαγορευθῆναι. Οἱ δ’, ὅτι ἐκ νόσου περιπατοῦντι Ἀλεξάνδρῳ συμπαρὼν διελέγετο ἄττα.
2. He seceded from the Academy while Plato was still alive. Hence the remark attributed to the latter: “Aristotle spurns me, as colts kick out at the mother who bore them.” Hermippus in his Lives mentions that he was absent as Athenian envoy at the court of Philip when Xenocrates became head of the Academy, and that on his return, when he saw the school under a new head, he made choice of a public walk in the Lyceum where he would walk up and down discussing philosophy with his pupils until it was time to rub themselves with oil. Hence the name “Peripatetic.” But others say that it was given to him because, when Alexander was recovering from an illness and taking daily walks, Aristotle joined him and talked with him on certain matters.
3 Ἐπειδὴ δὲ πλείους ἐγίνοντο ἤδη, καὶ ἐκάθισεν εἰπών·
Αἰσχρὸν σιωπᾶν, Ξενοκράτη δ’ ἐᾶν λέγειν.
Καὶ πρὸς θέσιν συνεγύμναζε τοὺς μαθητάς, ἅμα καὶ ῥητορικῶς ἐπασκῶν. Ἔπειτα μέντοι ἀπῆρε πρὸς Ἑρμίαν τὸν εὐνοῦχον, Ἀταρνέως ὄντα τύραννον· ὃν οἱ μέν φασι παιδικὰ γενέσθαι αὐτοῦ, οἱ δὲ καὶ κηδεῦσαι αὐτῷ δόντα τὴν θυγατέρα ἢ ἀδελφιδῆν, ὥς φησι Δημήτριος ὁ Μάγνης ἐν τοῖς Περὶ ὁμωνύμων ποιητῶν τε καὶ συγγραφέων· ὃς καὶ δοῦλον Εὐβούλου φησὶ γενέσθαι τὸν Ἑρμίαν, γένει Βιθυνὸν ὄντα καὶ τὸν δεσπότην ἀνελόντα. Ἀρίστιππος δ’ ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ Περὶ παλαιᾶς τρυφῆς φησιν ἐρασθῆναι τὸν Ἀριστοτέλην παλλακίδος τοῦ Ἑρμίου.
3. In time the circle about him grew larger; he then sat down to lecture, remarking:
It were base to keep silence and let Xenocrates speak.
He also taught his pupils to discourse upon a set theme, besides practising them in oratory. Afterwards, however, he departed to Hermias the eunuch, who was tyrant of Atarneus, and there is one story that he was on very affectionate terms with Hermias; according to another, Hermias bound him by ties of kinship, giving him his daughter or his niece in marriage, and so Demetrius of Magnesia narrates in his work on Poets and Writers of the Same Name . The same author tells us that Hermias had been the slave of Eubulus, and that he was of Bithynian origin and had murdered his master. Aristippus in his first book On the Luxury of the Ancients says that Aristotle fell in love with a concubine of Hermias,
4 Τοῦ δὲ συγχωρήσαντος ἔγημέ τ’ αὐτὴν καὶ ἔθυεν ὑπερχαίρων τῷ γυναίῳ, ὡς Ἀθηναῖοι τῇ Ἐλευσινίᾳ Δήμητρι· τῷ τε Ἑρμίᾳ παιᾶνα ἔγραψεν, ὃς ἔνδον γέγραπται. Ἐντεῦθέν τε γενέσθαι ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ παρὰ Φιλίππῳ καὶ λαβεῖν μαθητὴν παρ’ αὐτοῦ τὸν υἱὸν Ἀλέξανδρον, καὶ αἰτῆσαι ἀναστῆσαι αὐτοῦ τὴν πατρίδα κατασκαφεῖσαν ὑπὸ Φιλίππου καὶ τυχεῖν. Οἷς καὶ νόμους θεῖναι. Ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τῇ σχολῇ νομοθετεῖν μιμούμενον Ξενοκράτην, ὥστε κατὰ δέκα ἡμέρας ἄρχοντα ποιεῖν. Ἐπειδὴ δ’ ἐδόκει ἐπιεικῶς αὐτῷ συγγεγενῆσθαι Ἀλεξάνδρῳ, ἀπῆρεν εἰς Ἀθήνας, συστήσας αὐτῷ τὸν συγγενῆ Καλλισθένην τὸν Ὀλύνθιον·
4. and married her with his consent, and in an excess of delight sacrificed to a weak woman as the Athenians did to Demeter of Eleusis; and that he composed a paean in honour of Hermias, which is given below; next that he stayed in Macedonia at Philip’s court and received from him his son Alexander as his pupil; that he petitioned Alexander to restore his native city which had been destroyed by Philip and obtained his request; and that he also drew up a code of laws for the inhabitants. We learn further that, following the example of Xenocrates, he made it a rule in his school that every ten days a new president should be appointed. When he thought that he had stayed long enough with Alexander, he departed to Athens, having first presented to Alexander his kinsman Callisthenes of Olynthus.
5 ὃν καὶ παρρησιαστικώτερον λαλοῦντα τῷ βασιλεῖ καὶ μὴ πειθόμενον αὐτῷ φασιν ἐπιπλήξαντα εἰπεῖν·
Ὠκύμορος δή μοι, τέκος, ἔσσεαι, οἷ’ ἀγορεύεις.
Καὶ δὴ καὶ ἐγένετο. Δόξας γὰρ Ἑρμολάῳ συμμετεσχηκέναι τῆς εἰς Ἀλέξανδρον ἐπιβουλῆς ἐν σιδηρᾷ περιήγετο γαλεάγρᾳ, φθειριῶν καὶ ἀκόμιστος· καὶ τέλος λέοντι παραβληθείς, οὕτω κατέστρεψεν.
Ὁ δ’ οὖν Ἀριστοτέλης ἐλθὼν εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας καὶ τρία πρὸς τοῖς δέκα τῆς σχολῆς
ἀφηγησάμενος ἔτη ὑπεξῆλθεν εἰς Χαλκίδα, Εὐρυμέδοντος αὐτὸν τοῦ ἱεροφάντου
δίκην ἀσεβείας γραψαμένου, ἢ Δημοφίλου ὥς φησι Φαβωρῖνος ἐν Παντοδαπῇ
ἱστορίᾳ, ἐπειδήπερ τὸν ὕμνον ἐποίησεν εἰς τὸν προειρημένον Ἑρμίαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ
ἐπίγραμμα ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐν Δελφοῖς ἀνδριάντος τοιοῦτον·
5. But when Callisthenes talked with too much freedom to the king and disregarded his own advice, Aristotle is said to have rebuked him by citing the line:
Short-lived, I ween, wilt thou be, my child, by what thou sayest.
And so indeed it fell out. For he, being suspected of complicity in the plot of Hermolaus against the life of Alexander, was confined in an iron cage and carried about until he became infested with vermin through lack of proper attention; and finally he was thrown to a lion and so met his end.
To return to Aristotle: he came to Athens, was head of his school for thirteen years, and then withdrew to Chalcis because he was indicted for impiety by Eurymedon the hierophant, or, according to Favorinus in his Miscellaneous History , by Demophilus, the ground of the charge being the hymn he composed to the aforesaid Hermias,
6 τόνδε ποτ’ οὐχ ὁσίως παραβὰς μακάρων θέμιν ἁγνὴν
ἔκτεινεν Περσῶν τοξοφόρων βασιλεύς,
οὐ φανερῶς λόγχῃ φονίοις ἐν ἀγῶσι κρατήσας,
ἀλλ’ ἀνδρὸς πίστει χρησάμενος δολίου.
Ἐνταῦθα δὴ πιὼν ἀκόνιτον ἐτελεύτησεν, ὥς φησιν Εὔμηλος ἐν τῇ πέμπτῃ τῶν Ἱστοριῶν, βιοὺς ἔτη ἑβδομήκοντα. Ὁ δ’ αὐτός φησιν αὐτὸν καὶ Πλάτωνι τριακοντούτην συστῆναι, διαπίπτων· βεβίωκε γὰρ τρία μὲν πρὸς τοῖς ἑξήκοντα, Πλάτωνι δὲ ἑπτακαιδεκέτης συνέστη.
Ὁ δὲ ὕμνος ἔχει τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον·
6. as well as the following inscription for his statue at Delphi:
This man in violation of the hallowed law of the immortals was unrighteously slain by the king of the bow-bearing Persians, who overcame him, not openly with a spear in murderous combat, but by treachery with the aid of one in whom he trusted.
At Chalcis he died, according to Eumelus in the fifth book of his Histories , by drinking aconite, at the age of seventy. The same authority makes him thirty years old when he came to Plato; but here he is mistaken. For Aristotle lived to be sixty-three, and he was seventeen when he became Plato’s pupil.
The hymn in question runs as follows:
7 Ἀρετά, πολύμοχθε γένει βροτείῳ,
θήραμα κάλλιστον βίῳ,
σᾶς πέρι, παρθένε, μορφᾶς
καὶ θανεῖν ζαλωτὸς ἐν Ἑλλάδι πότμος
καὶ πόνους τλῆναι μαλεροὺς ἀκάμαντας·
τοῖον ἐπὶ φρένα βάλλεις
καρπὸν ἰσαθάνατον χρυσοῦ τε κρεῖσσον
καὶ γονέων μαλακαυγήτοιό θ’ ὕπνου.
Σεῦ δ’ ἕνεχ’ οὑκ Διὸς Ἡρακλέης Λήδας τε κοῦροι
πόλλ’ ἀνέτλασαν ἔργοις
σὰν ἀγρεύοντες δύναμιν.
Σοῖς δὲ πόθοις Ἀχιλεὺς Αἴας τ’ Ἀίδαο δόμους ἦλθον·
7. O virtue, toilsome for the generation of mortals to achieve, the fairest prize that life can win, for thy beauty, O virgin, it were a doom glorious in Hellas even to die and to endure fierce, untiring labours. Such courage dost thou implant in the mind, imperishable, better than gold, dearer than parents or soft-eyed sleep. For thy sake Heracles, son of Zeus, and the sons of Leda endured much in the tasks whereby they pursued thy might.
8 σᾶς δ’ ἕνεκεν φιλίου μορφᾶς Ἀταρνέος
ἔντροφος ἀελίου χήρωσεν αὐγάς.
Τοιγὰρ ἀοίδιμος ἔργοις, ἀθάνατόν τε μιν αὐξήσουσι Μοῦσαι, Μναμοσύνας θύγατρες, Διὸς ξενίου σέβας αὔξουσαι
Φιλίας τε γέρας βεβαίου.
Ἔστι δ’ οὖν καὶ εἰς τοῦτον ἡμῶν οὕτως ἔχον·
Εὐρυμέδων ποτ’ ἔμελλεν Ἀριστοτέλην ἀσεβείας
γράψασθαι Δηοῦς μύστιδος ὢν πρόπολος,
ἀλλὰ πιὼν ἀκόνιτον ὑπέκφυγε· τοῦτ’ ἀκονιτὶ
ἦν ἄρα νικῆσαι συκοφάσεις ἀδίκους.
8. And yearning after thee came Achilles and Ajax to the house of Hades, and for the sake of thy dear form the nursling of Atarneus too was bereft of the light of the sun. Therefore shall his deeds be sung, and the Muses, the daughters of Memory, shall make him immortal, exalting the majesty of Zeus, guardian of strangers, and the grace of lasting friendship.
There is, too, something of my own upon the philosopher which I will quote:
Eurymedon, the priest of Deo’s mysteries, was once about to indict Aristotle for impiety, but he, by a draught of poison, escaped prosecution. This then was an easy way of vanquishing unjust calumnies.
9 Τοῦτον πρῶτον Φαβωρῖνος ἐν Παντοδαπῇ ἱστορίᾳ λόγον δικανικὸν ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ συγγράψαι φησὶν ἐπ’ αὐτῇ ταύτῃ τῇ δίκῃ καὶ λέγειν ὡς Ἀθήνησιν
Ὄγχνη ἐπ’ ὄγχνῃ γηράσκει, σῦκον δ’ ἐπὶ σύκῳ.
Φησὶ δ’ Ἀπολλόδωρος ἐν Χρονικοῖς γεννηθῆναι μὲν αὐτὸν τῷ πρώτῳ ἔτει τῆς ἐνάτης καὶ ἐνενηκοστῆς Ὀλυμπιάδος, παραβαλεῖν δὲ Πλάτωνι καὶ διατρῖψαι παρ’ αὐτῷ εἴκοσιν ἔτη, ἑπτακαιδεκέτη συστάντα· καὶ εἴς [τε] Μυτιλήνην ἐλθεῖν ἐπ’ ἄρχοντος Εὐβούλου τῷ τετάρτῳ ἔτει τῆς ὀγδόης καὶ ἑκατοστῆς Ὀλυμπιάδος. Πλάτωνος δὲ τελευτήσαντος τῷ πρώτῳ ἔτει ἐπὶ Θεοφίλου, πρὸς Ἑρμίαν ἀπᾶραι καὶ μεῖναι ἔτη τρία·
9. Favorinus in his Miscellaneous History affirms that Aristotle was the first to compose a forensic speech in his own defence written for this very suit; and he cites him as saying that at Athens
Pear upon pear grows old and fig upon fig.
According to Apollodorus in his Chronology he was born in the first year of the 99th Olympiad. He attached himself to Plato and resided with him twenty years, having become his pupil at the age of seventeen. He went to Mitylene in the archonship of Eubulus in the fourth year of the 108th Olympiad. When Plato died in the first year of that Olympiad, during the archonship of Theophilus, he went to Hermias and stayed with him three years.
10 ἐπὶ Πυθοδότου δ’ ἐλθεῖν πρὸς Φίλιππον τῷ δευτέρῳ ἔτει τῆς ἐνάτης καὶ ἑκατοστῆς Ὀλυμπιάδος, Ἀλεξάνδρου πεντεκαίδεκα ἔτη ἤδη γεγονότος. Εἰς δ’ Ἀθήνας ἀφικέσθαι τῷ δευτέρῳ ἔτει τῆς ἑνδεκάτης καὶ ἑκατοστῆς Ὀλυμπιάδος καὶ ἐν Λυκείῳ σχολάσαι ἔτη τρία πρὸς τοῖς δέκα. Εἶτ’ ἀπᾶραι εἰς Χαλκίδα τῷ τρίτῳ ἔτει τῆς τετάρτης καὶ δεκάτης καὶ ἑκατοστῆς Ὀλυμπιάδος, καὶ τελευτῆσαι ἐτῶν τριῶν που καὶ ἑξήκοντα νόσῳ, ὅτε καὶ Δημοσθένην καταστρέψαι ἐν Καλαυρίᾳ, ἐπὶ Φιλοκλέους. Λέγεται δὲ διὰ τὴν Καλλισθένους πρὸς Ἀλέξανδρον σύστασιν προσκροῦσαι τῷ βασιλεῖ· κἀκεῖνον ἐπὶ τῷ τοῦτον λυπῆσαι Ἀναξιμένην μὲν αὐξῆσαι, πέμψαι δὲ καὶ Ξενοκράτει δῶρα.
10. In the archonship of Pythodotus, in the second year of the 109th Olympiad, he went to the court of Philip, Alexander being then in his fifteenth year. His arrival at Athens was in the second year of the 111th Olympiad, and he lectured in the Lyceum for thirteen years; then he retired to Chalcis in the third year of the 114th Olympiad and died a natural death, at the age of about sixty-three, in the archonship of Philocles, in the same year in which Demosthenes died at Calauria. It is said that he incurred the king’s displeasure because he had introduced Callisthenes to him, and that Alexander, in order to cause him annoyance, honoured Anaximenes and sent presents to Xenocrates.
11 Ἀπέσκωψε δ’ εἰς αὐτὸν ἐπίγραμμα καὶ Θεόκριτος ὁ Χῖος, οὑτωσὶ ποιήσας, ὥς φησιν Ἀμβρύων ἐν τῷ Περὶ Θεοκρίτου·
Ἑρμίου εὐνούχου ἠδ’ Εὐβούλου ἅμα δούλου
σῆμα κενὸν κενόφρων τεῦξεν Ἀριστοτέλης,
<ὃς διὰ τὴν ἀκρατῆ γαστρὸς φύσιν εἵλετο ναίειν
ἀντ’ Ἀκαδημείας Βορβόρου ἐν προχοαῖς>.
ἀλλὰ καὶ Τίμων αὐτοῦ καθήψατο εἰπών·
Οὐδ’ ἄρ’ Ἀριστοτέλους εἰκαιοσύνης ἀλεγεινῆς.
Καὶ οὗτος μὲν ὁ βίος τοῦ φιλοσόφου. Ἡμεῖς δὲ καὶ διαθήκαις αὐτοῦ περιετύχομεν οὕτω πως ἐχούσαις·
« Ἔσται μὲν εὖ· ἐὰν δέ τι συμβαίνῃ, τάδε διέθετο Ἀριστοτέλης·
11. Theocritus of Chios, according to Ambryon in his book On Theocritus , ridiculed him in an epigram which runs as follows:
To Hermias the eunuch, the slave withal of Eubulus, an empty monument was raised by empty-witted Aristotle, who by constraint of a lawless appetite chose to dwell at the mouth of the Borborus [muddy stream] rather than in the Academy.
Timon again attacked him in the line:
No, nor yet Aristotle’s painful futility.
Such then was the life of the philosopher. I have also come across his will, which is worded thus:
“All will be well; but, in case anything should happen, Aristotle has made these dispositions. Antipater is to be executor in all matters and in general;
12 ἐπίτροπον μὲν εἶναι πάντων καὶ διὰ παντὸς Ἀντίπατρον· ἕως δ’ ἂν Νικάνωρ
καταλάβῃ, ἐπιμελεῖσθαι Ἀριστομένην, Τίμαρχον, Ἵππαρχον, Διοτέλην, Θεόφραστον
ἐὰν βούληται καὶ ἐνδέχηται αὐτῷ, τῶν τε παιδίων καὶ Ἑρπυλλίδος καὶ τῶν
καταλελειμμένων. Καὶ ὅταν ὥρα ᾖ τῇ παιδί, ἐκδόσθαι αὐτὴν Νικάνορι· ἐὰν δὲ τῇ
παιδὶ συμβῇ τι-ὃ μὴ γένοιτο οὐδὲ ἔσται - πρὸ τοῦ γήμασθαι ἢ ἐπειδὰν γήμηται, μήπω
παιδίων ὄντων, Νικάνωρ κύριος ἔστω καὶ περὶ τοῦ παιδίου καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων
διοικεῖν ἀξίως καὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἡμῶν. Ἐπιμελείσθω δὲ Νικάνωρ καὶ τῆς παιδὸς καὶ τοῦ
παιδὸς Νικομάχου, ὅπως ἂν ἀξιοῖ τὰ περὶ αὐτῶν, ὡς καὶ πατὴρ ὢν καὶ ἀδελφός. Ἐὰν
δέ τι πρότερον συμβῇ Νικάνορι - ὃ μὴ γένοιτο - ἢ πρὸ τοῦ λαβεῖν τὴν παῖδα ἢ ἐπειδὰν
λάβῃ, μήπω παιδίων ὄντων,
12. but, until Nicanor shall arrive, Aristomenes, Timarchus, Hipparchus, Dioteles and (if he consent and if circumstances permit him) Theophrastus shall take charge as well of Herpyllis and the children as of the property. And when the girl shall be grown up she shall be given in marriage to Nicanor; but if anything happen to the girl (which heaven forbid and no such thing will happen) before her marriage, or when she is married but before there are children, Nicanor shall have full powers, both with regard to the child and with regard to everything else, to administer in a manner worthy both of himself and of us. Nicanor shall take charge of the girl and of the boy Nicomachus as he shall think fit in all that concerns them as if he were father and brother. And if anything should happen to Nicanor (which heaven forbid!) either before he marries the girl, or when he has married her but before there are children, any arrangements that he may make shall be valid.
13 ἐὰν μέν τι ἐκεῖνος τάξῃ, ταῦτα κύρια ἔστω· ἐὰν δὲ βούληται Θεόφραστος
εἶναι μετὰ τῆς παιδός, καθάπερ πρὸς Νικάνορα· εἰ δὲ μή, τοὺς ἐπιτρόπους
βουλευομένους μετ’ Ἀντιπάτρου καὶ περὶ τῆς παιδὸς καὶ περὶ τοῦ παιδίου διοικεῖν
ὅπως ἂν αὐτοῖς δοκῇ ἄριστα εἶναι. Ἐπιμελεῖσθαι δὲ τοὺς ἐπιτρόπους καὶ Νικάνορα
μνησθέντας ἐμοῦ καὶ Ἑρπυλλίδος, ὅτι σπουδαία περὶ ἐμὲ ἐγένετο, τῶν τε ἄλλων καὶ
ἐὰν βούληται ἄνδρα λαμβάνειν, ὅπως μὴ ἀναξίως ἡμῶν δοθῇ. Δοῦναι δ’ αὐτῇ πρὸς
τοῖς πρότερον δεδομένοις καὶ ἀργυρίου τάλαντον ἐκ τῶν καταλελειμμένων καὶ
θεραπαίνας τρεῖς, ἐὰν βούληται, καὶ τὴν παιδίσκην ἣν ἔχει καὶ παῖδα τὸν Πυρραῖον·
13. And if Theophrastus is willing to live with her, he shall have the same rights as Nicanor. Otherwise the executors in consultation with Antipater shall administer as regards the daughter and the boy as seems to them to be best. The executors and Nicanor, in memory of me and of the steady affection which Herpyllis has borne towards me, shall take care of her in every other respect and, if she desires to be married, shall see that she be given to one not unworthy; and besides what she has already received they shall give her a talent of silver out of the estate and three handmaids whomsoever she shall choose besides the maid she has at present and the man-servant Pyrrhaeus;
14 καὶ ἐὰν μὲν ἐν Χαλκίδι βούληται οἰκεῖν, τὸν ξενῶνα τὸν πρὸς τῷ κήπῳ· ἐὰν δὲ
ἐν Σταγείροις, τὴν πατρῴαν οἰκίαν. Ὁποτέραν δ’ ἂν τούτων βούληται, κατασκευάσαι
τοὺς ἐπιτρόπους σκεύεσιν οἷς ἂν δοκῇ κἀκείνοις καλῶς ἔχειν καὶ Ἑρπυλλίδι ἱκανῶς.
Ἐπιμελείσθω δὲ Νικάνωρ καὶ Μύρμηκος τοῦ παιδίου, ὅπως ἀξίως ἡμῶν τοῖς ἰδίοις
ἐπικομισθῇ σὺν τοῖς ὑπάρχουσιν ἃ εἰλήφαμεν αὐτοῦ. Εἶναι δὲ καὶ Ἀμβρακίδα
ἐλευθέραν καὶ δοῦναι αὐτῇ, ὅταν ἡ παῖς ἐκδοθῇ, πεντακοσίας δραχμὰς καὶ τὴν
παιδίσκην ἣν ἔχει. Δοῦναι δὲ καὶ Θαλῇ πρὸς τῇ παιδίσκῃ ἣν ἔχει, τῇ ὠνηθείσῃ,
χιλίας δραχμὰς καὶ παιδίσκην·
14. and if she chooses to remain at Chalcis, the lodge by the garden, if in Stagira, my father’s house. Whichever of these two houses she chooses, the executors shall furnish with such furniture as they think proper and as Herpyllis herself may approve. Nicanor shall take charge of the boy Myrmex, that he be taken to his own friends in a manner worthy of me with the property of his which we received. Ambracis shall be given her freedom, and on my daughter’s marriage shall receive 500 drachmas and the maid whom she now has. And to Thale shall be given, in addition to the maid whom she has and who was bought, a thousand drachmas and a maid.
15 καὶ Σίμωνι χωρὶς τοῦ πρότερον ἀργυρίου αὐτῷ <δοθέντος> εἰς παῖδ’ ἄλλον, ἢ
παῖδα πρίασθαι ἢ ἀργύριον ἐπιδοῦναι. Τύχωνα δ’ ἐλεύθερον εἶναι, ὅταν ἡ παῖς
ἐκδοθῇ, καὶ Φίλωνα καὶ Ὀλύμπιον καὶ τὸ παιδίον αὐτοῦ. Μὴ πωλεῖν δὲ τῶν παίδων
μηδένα τῶν ἐμὲ θεραπευόντων, ἀλλὰ χρῆσθαι αὐτοῖς· ὅταν δ’ ἐν ἡλικίᾳ γένωνται,
ἐλευθέρους ἀφεῖναι κατ’ ἀξίαν. Ἐπιμελεῖσθαι δὲ καὶ τῶν ἐκδεδομένων εἰκόνων παρὰ
Γρυλλίωνα, ὅπως ἐπιτελεσθεῖσαι ἀνατεθῶσιν, ἥ τε Νικάνορος καὶ ἡ Προξένου, ἣν
διενοούμην ἐκδοῦναι, καὶ ἡ τῆς μητρὸς τῆς Νικάνορος· καὶ τὴν Ἀριμνήστου τὴν
πεποιημένην ἀναθεῖναι, ὅπως μνημεῖον αὐτοῦ ᾖ, ἐπειδὴ ἄπαις ἐτελεύτησε·
15. And Simon, in addition to the money before paid to him towards another servant, shall either have a servant purchased for him or receive a further sum of money. And Tycho, Philo, Olympius and his child shall have their freedom when my daughter is married. None of the servants who waited upon me shall be sold but they shall continue to be employed; and when they arrive at the proper age they shall have their freedom if they deserve it. My executors shall see to it, when the images which Gryllion has been commissioned to execute are finished, that they be set up, namely that of Nicanor, that of Proxenus, which it was my intention to have executed, and that of Nicanor’s mother; also they shall set up the bust which has been executed of Arimnestus, to be a memorial of him seeing that he died childless,
16 καὶ <τὴν> τῆς μητρὸς τῆς ἡμετέρας τῇ Δήμητρι ἀναθεῖναι εἰς Νεμέαν ἢ ὅπου
ἂν δοκῇ. Ὅπου δ’ ἂν ποιῶνται τὴν ταφήν, ἐνταῦθα καὶ τὰ Πυθιάδος ὀστᾶ ἀνελόντας
θεῖναι, ὥσπερ αὐτὴ προσέταξεν· ἀναθεῖναι δὲ καὶ Νικάνορα σωθέντα, ἣν εὐχὴν ὑπὲρ
αὐτοῦ ηὐξάμην. Ζῷα λίθινα τετραπήχη Διὶ σωτῆρι καὶ Ἀθηνᾷ σωτείρᾳ ἐν Σταγείροις. »
Τοῦτον ἴσχουσιν αὐτῷ αἱ διαθῆκαι τὸν τρόπον. Λέγεται δὲ καὶ λοπάδας αὐτοῦ πλείστας εὑρῆσθαι· καὶ Λύκωνα λέγειν ὡς ἐν πυέλῳ θερμοῦ ἐλαίου λούοιτο καὶ τοὔλαιον διαπωλοῖτο. Ἔνιοι δὲ καὶ ἀσκίον θερμοῦ ἐλαίου ἐπιτιθέναι αὐτὸν τῷ στομάχῳ φασί· καὶ ὁπότε κοιμῷτο, σφαῖραν χαλκῆν βάλλεσθαι αὐτῷ εἰς τὴν χεῖρα λεκάνης ὑποκειμένης, ἵν’ ἐκπεσούσης τῆς σφαίρας εἰς τὴν λεκάνην ὑπὸ τοῦ ψόφου ἐξέγροιτο.
16. and shall dedicate my mother’s statue to Demeter at Nemea or wherever they think best. And wherever they bury me, there the bones of Pythias shall be laid, in accordance with her own instructions. And to commemorate Nicanor’s safe return, as I vowed on his behalf, they shall set up in Stagira stone statues of life size to Zeus and Athena the Saviours.”
Such is the tenor of Aristotle’s will. It is said that a very large number of dishes belonging to him were found, and that Lyco mentioned his bathing in a bath of warm oil and then selling the oil. Some relate that he placed a skin of warm oil on his stomach, and that, when he went to sleep, a bronze ball was placed in his hand with a vessel under it, in order that, when the ball dropped from his hand into the vessel, he might be waked up by the sound.
17 Ἀναφέρεται δ’ εἰς αὐτὸν καὶ ἀποφθέγματα κάλλιστα ταυτί. Ἐρωτηθεὶς τί περιγίνεται κέρδος τοῖς ψευδομένοις, « Ὅταν, » ἔφη, « λέγωσιν ἀλήθειαν, μὴ πιστεύεσθαι. » Ὀνειδιζόμενός ποτε ὅτι πονηρῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ἐλεημοσύνην ἔδωκεν, « Οὐ τὸν τρόπον, » εἶπεν « ἀλλὰ τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἠλέησα. » Συνεχὲς εἰώθει λέγειν πρός τε τοὺς φίλους καὶ τοὺς φοιτῶντας αὐτῷ, ἔνθα ἂν καὶ ὅπου διατρίβων ἔτυχεν, ὡς ἡ μὲν ὅρασις ἀπὸ τοῦ περιέχοντος [ἀέρος] λαμβάνει τὸ φῶς, ἡ δὲ ψυχὴ ἀπὸ τῶν μαθημάτων. Πολλάκις δὲ καὶ ἀποτεινόμενος τοὺς Ἀθηναίους ἔφασκεν εὑρηκέναι πυροὺς καὶ νόμους· ἀλλὰ πυροῖς μὲν χρῆσθαι, νόμοις δὲ μή.
17. Some exceedingly happy sayings are attributed to him, which I proceed to quote. To the question, “What do people gain by telling lies?” his answer was, “Just this, that when they speak the truth they are not believed.” Being once reproached for giving alms to a bad man, he rejoined, “It was the man and not his character that I pitied.” He used constantly to say to his friends and pupils, whenever or wherever he happened to be lecturing, “As sight takes in light from the surrounding air, so does the soul from mathematics.” Frequently and at some length he would say that the Athenians were the discoverers of wheat and of laws; but, though they used wheat, they had no use for laws.
18 Τῆς παιδείας ἔφη τὰς μὲν ῥίζας εἶναι πικράς, τὸν δὲ καρπὸν γλυκύν. Ἐρωτηθεὶς τί γηράσκει ταχύ, « χάρις, » ἔφη. Ἐρωτηθεὶς τί ἐστιν ἐλπίς, « Ἐγρηγορότος, » εἶπεν, « ἐνύπνιον. » Διογένους ἰσχάδ’ αὐτῷ διδόντος νοήσας ὅτι, εἰ μὴ λάβοι, χρείαν εἴη μεμελετηκώς, λαβὼν ἔφη Διογένην μετὰ τῆς χρείας καὶ τὴν ἰσχάδα ἀπολωλεκέναι· πάλιν τε διδόντος λαβὼν καὶ μετεωρίσας ὡς τὰ παιδία εἰπών τε « Μέγας Διογένης, » ἀπέδωκεν αὐτῷ. Τριῶν ἔφη δεῖν παιδείᾳ, φύσεως, μαθήσεως, ἀσκήσεως. Ἀκούσας ὑπό τινος λοιδορεῖσθαι, « Ἀπόντα με, » ἔφη, « καὶ μαστιγούτω. »
18. “The roots of education,” he said, “are bitter, but the fruit is sweet.” Being asked, “What is it that soon grows old?” he answered, “Gratitude.” He was asked to define hope, and he replied, “It is a waking dream.” When Diogenes offered him dried figs, he saw that he had prepared something caustic to say if he did not take them; so he took them and said Diogenes had lost his figs and his jest into the bargain. And on another occasion he took them when they were offered, lifted them up aloft, as you do babies, and returned them with the exclamation, “Great is Diogenes.” Three things he declared to be indispensable for education: natural endowment, study, and constant practice. On hearing that some one abused him, he rejoined, “He may even scourge me so it be in my absence.” Beauty he declared to be a greater recommendation than any letter of introduction.
19 Τὸ κάλλος παντὸς ἔλεγεν ἐπιστολίου συστατικώτερον. Οἱ δὲ τοῦτο μὲν Διογένην φασὶν ὁρίσασθαι, αὐτὸν δὲ θεοῦ δῶρον εἰπεῖν εὐμορφίαν· Σωκράτην δὲ ὀλιγοχρόνιον τυραννίδα· Πλάτωνα προτέρημα φύσεως· Θεόφραστον σιωπῶσαν ἀπάτην· Θεόκριτον ἐλεφαντίνην ζημίαν· Καρνεάδην ἀδορυφόρητον βασιλείαν. Ἐρωτηθεὶς τίνι διαφέρουσιν οἱ πεπαιδευμένοι τῶν ἀπαιδεύτων, « ὅσῳ, » εἶπεν, « οἱ ζῶντες τῶν τεθνεώτων. » Τὴν παιδείαν ἔλεγεν ἐν μὲν ταῖς εὐτυχίαις εἶναι κόσμον, ἐν δὲ ταῖς ἀτυχίαις καταφυγήν. Τῶν γονέων τοὺς παιδεύσαντας ἐντιμοτέρους εἶναι τῶν μόνον γεννησάντων· τοὺς μὲν γὰρ τὸ ζῆν, τοὺς δὲ τὸ καλῶς ζῆν παρασχέσθαι. Πρὸς τὸν καυχώμενον ὡς ἀπὸ μεγάλης πόλεως εἴη, « Οὐ τοῦτο, » ἔφη, « δεῖ σκοπεῖν, ἀλλ’ ὅστις μεγάλης πατρίδος ἄξιός ἐστιν. »
19. Others attribute this definition to Diogenes; Aristotle, they say, defined good looks as the gift of god, Socrates as a short-lived reign, Plato as natural superiority, Theophrastus as a mute deception, Theocritus as an evil in an ivory setting, Carneades as a monarchy that needs no bodyguard. Being asked how the educated differ from the uneducated, “As much,” he said, “as the living from the dead.” He used to declare education to be an ornament in prosperity and a refuge in adversity. Teachers who educated children deserved, he said, more honour than parents who merely gave them birth; for bare life is furnished by the one, the other ensures a good life. To one who boasted that he belonged to a great city his reply was, “That is not the point to consider, but who it is that is worthy of a great country.”
20 Ἐρωτηθεὶς τί ἐστι φίλος, ἔφη, « Μία ψυχὴ δύο σώμασιν ἐνοικοῦσα. » Τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἔλεγε τοὺς μὲν οὕτω φείδεσθαι ὡς ἀεὶ ζησομένους, τοὺς δὲ οὕτως ἀναλίσκειν ὡς αὐτίκα τεθνηξομένους. Πρὸς τὸν πυθόμενον διὰ τί τοῖς καλοῖς πολὺν χρόνον ὁμιλοῦμεν, « Τυφλοῦ, » ἔφη, « τὸ ἐρώτημα. » Ἐρωτηθεὶς τί ποτ’ αὐτῷ περιγέγονεν ἐκ φιλοσοφίας, ἔφη, « Τὸ ἀνεπιτάκτως ποιεῖν ἅ τινες διὰ τὸν ἀπὸ τῶν νόμων φόβον ποιοῦσιν. » Ἐρωτηθεὶς πῶς ἂν προκόπτοιεν οἱ μαθηταί, ἔφη, « ἐὰν τοὺς προέχοντας διώκοντες τοὺς ὑστεροῦντας μὴ ἀναμένωσι. » Πρὸς τὸν εἰπόντα ἀδολέσχην, ἐπειδὴ αὐτοῦ πολλὰ κατήντλησε, « Μήτι σου κατεφλυάρησα; » « Μὰ Δί’, » εἶπεν· « οὐ γάρ σοι προσεῖχον. »
20. To the query, “What is a friend?” his reply was, “A single soul dwelling in two bodies.” Mankind, he used to say, were divided into those who were as thrifty as if they would live for ever, and those who were as extravagant as if they were going to die the next day. When some one inquired why we spend much time with the beautiful, “That,” he said, “is a blind man’s question.” When asked what advantage he had ever gained from philosophy, he replied, “This, that I do without being ordered what some are constrained to do by their fear of the law.” The question being put, how can students make progress, he replied, “By pressing hard on those in front and not waiting for those behind.” To the chatterbox who poured out a flood of talk upon him and then inquired, “Have I bored you to death with my chatter?” he replied, “No, indeed; for I was not attending to you.”
21 Πρὸς τὸν αἰτιασάμενον ὡς εἴη μὴ ἀγαθῷ ἔρανον δεδωκώς - φέρεται γὰρ καὶ οὕτως - « Οὐ τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ, » φησίν, « ἔδωκα, ἀλλὰ τῷ ἀνθρωπίνῳ. » Ἐρωτηθεὶς πῶς ἂν τοῖς φίλοις προσφεροίμεθα, ἔφη, « ὡς ἂν εὐξαίμεθα αὐτοὺς ἡμῖν προσφέρεσθαι. » Τὴν δικαιοσύνην ἔφη ἀρετὴν ψυχῆς διανεμητικὴν τοῦ κατ’ ἀξίαν. Κάλλιστον ἐφόδιον τῷ γήρᾳ τὴν παιδείαν ἔλεγε. Φησὶ δὲ Φαβωρῖνος ἐν τῷ δευτέρῳ τῶν Ἀπομνημονευμάτων ὡς ἑκάστοτε λέγοι, « ᾯ φίλοι οὐδεὶς φίλος »· ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τῷ ἑβδόμῳ τῶν Ἠθικῶν ἐστι. Καὶ ταῦτα μὲν εἰς αὐτὸν ἀναφέρεται.
Συνέγραψε δὲ πάμπλειστα βιβλία, ἃ ἀκόλουθον ἡγησάμην ὑπογράψαι διὰ τὴν περὶ πάντας λόγους τἀνδρὸς ἀρετήν·
21. When some one accused him of having given a subscription to a dishonest man – for the story is also told in this form – “It was not the man,” said he, “that I assisted, but humanity.” To the question how we should behave to friends, he answered, “As we should wish them to behave to us.” Justice he defined as a virtue of soul which distributes according to merit. Education he declared to be the best provision for old age. Favorinus in the second book of his Memorabilia mentions as one of his habitual sayings that “He who has friends can have no true friend.” Further, this is found in the seventh book of the Ethics . These then are the sayings attributed to him.
His writings are very numerous and, considering the man’s all-round excellence, I deemed it incumbent on me to catalogue them:
22 Περὶ δικαιοσύνης αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ,
Περὶ ποιητῶν αʹ βʹ γʹ,
Περὶ φιλοσοφίας αʹ βʹ γʹ,
Περὶ πολιτικοῦ αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ ῥητορικῆς ἢ Γρῦλος αʹ,
Νήρινθος αʹ,
Σοφιστὴς αʹ,
Μενέξενος αʹ,
Ἐρωτικὸς αʹ,
Συμπόσιον αʹ,
Περὶ πλούτου αʹ,
Προτρεπτικὸς αʹ,
Περὶ ψυχῆς αʹ,
Περὶ εὐχῆς αʹ,
Περὶ εὐγενείας αʹ,
Περὶ ἡδονῆς αʹ,
Ἀλέξανδρος ἢ ὑπὲρ ἀποίκων αʹ,
Περὶ βασιλείας αʹ,
Περὶ παιδείας αʹ,
Περὶ τἀγαθοῦ αʹ βʹ γʹ,
Τὰ ἐκ τῶν νόμων Πλάτωνος αʹ βʹ γʹ,
Τὰ ἐκ τῆς πολιτείας αʹ βʹ,
<Περὶ> οἰκονομίας αʹ,
Περὶ φιλίας αʹ,
Περὶ τοῦ πάσχειν ἢ πεπονθέναι αʹ,
Περὶ ἐπιστημῶν αʹ,
Περὶ ἐριστικῶν αʹ βʹ,
Λύσεις ἐριστικαὶ δʹ,
Διαιρέσεις σοφιστικαὶ δʹ,
Περὶ ἐναντίων αʹ,
Περὶ εἰδῶν καὶ γενῶν αʹ,
Περὶ ἰδίων αʹ,
22. Of Justice, four books.
On Poets, three books.
On Philosophy, three books.
Of the Statesman, two books.
On Rhetoric, or Grylus, one book.
Nerinthus, one book.
The Sophist, one book.
Menexenus, one book.
Concerning Love, one book.
Symposium, one book.
Of Wealth, one book.
Exhortation to Philosophy, one book.
Of the Soul, one book.
Of Prayer, one book.
On Noble Birth, one book.
On Pleasure, one book.
Alexander, or a Plea for Colonies, one book.
On Kingship, one book.
On Education, one book.
Of the Good, three books.
Extracts from Plato’s Laws, three books.
Extracts from the Republic, two books.
Of Household Management, one book.
Of Friendship, one book.
On being or having been affected, one book.
Of Sciences, one book.
On Controversial Questions, two books.
Solutions of Controversial Questions, four books.
Sophistical Divisions, four books.
On Contraries, one book.
On Genera and Species, one book.
On Essential Attributes, one book.
23 Ὑπομνήματα ἐπιχειρηματικὰ γʹ,
Προτάσεις περὶ ἀρετῆς αʹ βʹ,
Ἐνστάσεις αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν ποσαχῶς λεγομένων ἢ κατὰ πρόσθεσιν αʹ,
Περὶ παθῶν <ἢ περὶ> ὀργῆς αʹ,
Ἠθικῶν αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ,
Περὶ στοιχείων αʹ βʹ γʹ,
Περὶ ἐπιστήμης αʹ,
Περὶ ἀρχῆς αʹ,
Διαιρέσεις ιζʹ,
Διαιρετικὸν αʹ,
<Περὶ> ἐρωτήσεως καὶ ἀποκρίσεως αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ κινήσεως αʹ,
Προτάσεις αʹ,
Προτάσεις ἐριστικαὶ αʹ,
Συλλογισμοὶ αʹ,
Προτέρων ἀναλυτικῶν αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ ζʹ ηʹ θʹ,
Ἀναλυτικῶν ὑστέρων μεγάλων αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ προβλημάτων αʹ,
Μεθοδικὰ αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ ζʹ ηʹ,
Περὶ τοῦ βελτίονος αʹ,
Περὶ τῆς ἰδέας αʹ,
Ὅροι πρὸ τῶν τοπικῶν αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ ζʹ,
Συλλογισμῶν αʹ βʹ,
23. Three note-books on Arguments for Purposes of Refutation.
Propositions concerning Virtue, two books.
Objections, one book.
On the Various Meanings of Terms or Expressions where a Determinant is added, one book.
Of Passions or of Anger, one book.
Five books of Ethics.
On Elements, three books.
Of Science, one book.
Of Logical Principle, one book.
Logical Divisions, seventeen books.
Concerning Division, one book.
On Dialectical Questioning and Answering, two books.
Of Motion, one book.
Propositions, one book.
Controversial Propositions, one book.
Syllogisms, one book.
Eight books of Prior Analytics.
Two books of Greater Posterior Analytics.
Of Problems, one book.
Eight books of Methodics.
Of the Greater Good, one book.
On the Idea, one book.
Definitions prefixed to the Topics, seven books.
Two books of Syllogisms.
24 Συλλογιστικὸν καὶ ὅροι αʹ,
Περὶ τοῦ αἱρετοῦ καὶ τοῦ συμβεβηκότος αʹ,
Τὰ πρὸ τῶν τόπων αʹ,
Τοπικῶν πρὸς τοὺς ὅρους αʹ βʹ,
Πάθη αʹ,
Διαιρετικὸν αʹ,
Μαθηματικὸν αʹ,
Ὁρισμοὶ ιγʹ,
Ἐπιχειρημάτων αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ ἡδονῆς αʹ,
Προτάσεις αʹ,
Περὶ ἑκουσίου αʹ,
Περὶ καλοῦ αʹ,
Θέσεις ἐπιχειρηματικαὶ κεʹ,
Θέσεις ἐρωτικαὶ δʹ,
Θέσεις φιλικαὶ βʹ,
Θέσεις περὶ ψυχῆς αʹ,
Πολιτικὰ βʹ,
Πολιτικῆς ἀκροάσεως ὡς ἡ Θεοφράστου αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ ζʹ ηʹ,
Περὶ δικαίων αʹ βʹ,
Τεχνῶν συναγωγὴ αʹ βʹ,
Τέχνης ῥητορικῆς αʹ βʹ,
Τέχνη αʹ,
Ἄλλη τέχνη αʹ βʹ,
Μεθοδικὸν αʹ,
Τέχνης τῆς Θεοδέκτου συναγωγὴ αʹ,
Πραγματεία τέχνης ποιητικῆς αʹ βʹ,
Ἐνθυμήματα ῥητορικὰ αʹ,
Περὶ μεγέθους αʹ,
Ἐνθυμημάτων διαιρέσεις αʹ,
Περὶ λέξεως αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ συμβουλίας αʹ,
24. Concerning Syllogism with Definitions, one book.
Of the Desirable and the Contingent, one book.
Preface to Commonplaces, one book.
Two books of Topics criticizing the Definitions.
Affections or Qualities, one book.
Concerning Logical Division, one book.
Concerning Mathematics, one book.
Definitions, thirteen books.
Two books of Refutations.
Of Pleasure, one book.
Propositions, one book.
On the Voluntary, one book.
On the Beautiful, one book.
Theses for Refutation, twenty-five books.
Theses concerning Love, four books.
Theses concerning Friendship, two books.
Theses concerning the Soul, one book.
Politics, two books.
Eight books of a course of lectures on Politics like that of Theophrastus.
Of Just Actions, two books.
A Collection of Arts [that is, Handbooks], two books.
Two books of the Art of Rhetoric.
Art, a Handbook, one book.
Another Collection of Handbooks, two books.
Concerning Method, one book.
Compendium of the “Art” of Theodectes, one book.
A Treatise on the Art of Poetry, two books.
Rhetorical Enthymemes, one book.
Of Degree, one book.
Divisions of Enthymemes, one book.
On Diction, two books.
Of Taking Counsel, one book.
25 Συναγωγῆς αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ φύσεως αʹ βʹ γʹ,
Φυσικὸν αʹ,
Περὶ τῆς Ἀρχυτείου φιλοσοφίας αʹ βʹ γʹ,
Περὶ τῆς Σπευσίππου καὶ Ξενοκράτους αʹ,
Τὰ ἐκ τοῦ Τιμαίου καὶ τῶν Ἀρχυτείων αʹ,
Πρὸς τὰ Μελίσσου αʹ,
Πρὸς τὰ Ἀλκμαίωνος αʹ,
Πρὸς τοὺς Πυθαγορείους αʹ,
Πρὸς τὰ Γοργίου αʹ,
Πρὸς τὰ Ξενοφάνους αʹ,
Πρὸς τὰ Ζήνωνος αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν Πυθαγορείων αʹ,
Περὶ ζῴων αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ ζʹ ηʹ θʹ,
Ἀνατομῶν αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ ζʹ ηʹ,
Ἐκλογὴ ἀνατομῶν αʹ,
Ὑπὲρ τῶν συνθέτων ζῴων αʹ,
Ὑπὲρ τῶν μυθολογουμένων ζῴων αʹ,
Ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ γεννᾶν αʹ,
Περὶ φυτῶν αʹ βʹ,
Φυσιογνωμονικὸν αʹ,
Ἰατρικὰ βʹ,
Περὶ μονάδος αʹ,
25. A Collection or Compendium, two books.
On Nature, three books.
Concerning Nature, one book.
On the Philosophy of Archytas, three books.
On the Philosophy of Speusippus and Xenocrates, one book.
Extracts from the Timaeus and from the Works of Archytas, one book.
A Reply to the Writings of Melissus, one book.
A Reply to the Writings of Alcmaeon, one book.
A Reply to the Pythagoreans, one book.
A Reply to the Writings of Gorgias, one book.
A Reply to the Writings of Xenophanes, one book.
A Reply to the Writings of Zeno, one book.
On the Pythagoreans, one book.
On Animals, nine books.
Eight books of Dissections.
A selection of Dissections, one book.
On Composite Animals, one book.
On the Animals of Fable, one book.
On Sterility, one book.
On Plants, two books.
Concerning Physiognomy, one book.
Two books concerning Medicine.
On the Unit, one book.
26 Σημεῖα χειμώνων αʹ,
Ἀστρονομικὸν αʹ,
Ὀπτικὸν αʹ,
Περὶ κινήσεως αʹ,
Περὶ μουσικῆς αʹ,
Μνημονικὸν αʹ,
Ἀπορημάτων Ὁμηρικῶν αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ,
Ποιητικὰ αʹ,
Φυσικῶν κατὰ στοιχεῖον ληʹ,
Ἐπιτεθεαμένων προβλημάτων αʹ βʹ,
Ἐγκυκλίων αʹ βʹ,
Μηχανικὸν αʹ,
Προβλήματα ἐκ τῶν Δημοκρίτου βʹ,
Περὶ τῆς λίθου αʹ,
Παραβολαὶ αʹ,
Ἄτακτα ιβʹ,
Ἐξηγημένα κατὰ γένος ιδʹ,
Δικαιώματα αʹ,
Ὀλυμπιονῖκαι αʹ,
Πυθιονῖκαι αʹ,
<Περὶ> μουσικῆς αʹ,
Πυθικὸς αʹ,
Πυθιονικῶν ἔλεγχοι αʹ,
Νῖκαι Διονυσιακαὶ αʹ,
Περὶ τραγῳδιῶν αʹ,
Διδασκαλίαι αʹ,
Παροιμίαι αʹ,
Νόμοι συσσιτικοὶ αʹ,
Νόμων αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ,
Κατηγοριῶν αʹ,
Περὶ ἑρμηνείας αʹ,
26. Prognostics of Storms, one book.
Concerning Astronomy, one book.
Concerning Optics, one book.
On Motion, one book.
On Music, one book.
Concerning Memory, one book.
Six books of Homeric Problems.
Poetics, one book.
Thirty-eight books of Physics according to the lettering.
Two books of Problems which have been examined.
Two books of Routine Instruction.
Mechanics, one book.
Problems taken from the works of Democritus, two books.
On the Magnet, one book.
Analogies, one book.
Miscellaneous Notes, twelve books.
Descriptions of Genera, fourteen books.
Claims advanced, one book.
Victors at Olympia, one book.
Victors at the Pythian Games, one book.
On Music, one book.
Concerning Delphi, one book.
Criticism of the List of Pythian Victors, one book.
Dramatic Victories at the Dionysia, one book.
Of Tragedies, one book.
Dramatic Records, one book.
Proverbs, one book.
Laws of the Mess-table, one book.
Four books of Laws.
Categories, one book.
De Interpretatione, one book.
27 Πολιτεῖαι πόλεων δυοῖν δεούσαιν ρξʹ· κατ’ εἴδη· δημοκρατικαί, ὀλιγαρχικαί, τυραννικαί, ἀριστοκρατικαί,
Ἐπιστολαὶ πρὸς Φίλιππον,
Σηλυμβρίων ἐπιστολαί,
Πρὸς Ἀλέξανδρον ἐπιστολαὶ δʹ,
Πρὸς Ἀντίπατρον θʹ,
Πρὸς Μέντορα αʹ,
Πρὸς Ἀρίστωνα αʹ,
Πρὸς Ὀλυμπιάδα αʹ,
Πρὸς Ἡφαιστίωνα αʹ,
Πρὸς Θεμισταγόραν αʹ,
Πρὸς Φιλόξενον αʹ,
Πρὸς Δημόκριτον αʹ,
Ἔπη ὧν ἀρχή· Ἁγνὲ θεῶν πρέσβισθ’ ἑκατηβόλε.
Ἐλεγεῖα ὧν ἀρχή· Καλλιτέκνου μητρὸς θύγατερ.
Γίνονται αἱ πᾶσαι μυριάδες στίχων τέτταρες καὶ τετταράκοντα πρὸς τοῖς πεντακισχιλίοις καὶ διακοσίοις ἑβδομήκοντα.
27. Constitutions of 158 Cities, in general and in particular, democratic, oligarchic, aristocratic, tyrannical.
Letters to Philip.
Letters of Selymbrians.
Letters to Alexander, four books.
Letters to Antipater, nine books.
To Mentor, one book.
To Ariston, one book.
To Olympias, one book.
To Hephaestion, one book.
To Themistagoras, one book.
To Philoxenus, one book.
In reply to Democritus, one book.
Verses beginning Ἁγνὲ θεῶν πρέσβισθ᾽ ἑκατηβόλε (“Holy One and Chiefest of Gods, far-darting”).
Elegiac verses beginning Καλλιτέκνου μητρὸς θύγατερ (“Daughter of a Mother blessed with fair offspring”).
In all 445,270 lines.
28 Καὶ τοσαῦτα μὲν αὐτῷ πεπραγμάτευται βιβλία. Βούλεται δὲ ἐν αὐτοῖς τάδε· διττὸν εἶναι τὸν κατὰ φιλοσοφίαν λόγον, τὸν μὲν πρακτικόν, τὸν δὲ θεωρητικόν· καὶ τοῦ πρακτικοῦ τόν τε ἠθικὸν καὶ πολιτικόν, οὗ τά τε περὶ πόλιν καὶ τὰ περὶ οἶκον ὑπογεγράφθαι· τοῦ δὲ θεωρητικοῦ τόν τε φυσικὸν καὶ λογικόν, οὗ τὸ λογικὸν οὐχ ὡς ὅλου μέρος, ἀλλ’ ὡς ὄργανον προσηκριβωμένον. Καὶ τούτου διττοὺς ὑποθέμενος σκοποὺς τό τε πιθανὸν καὶ τὸ ἀληθὲς διεσάφησε. Δύο δὲ πρὸς ἑκάτερον δυνάμεσιν ἐχρήσατο, διαλεκτικῇ μὲν καὶ ῥητορικῇ πρὸς τὸ πιθανόν, ἀναλυτικῇ δὲ καὶ φιλοσοφίᾳ πρὸς τὸ ἀληθές· οὐδὲν ὑπολειπόμενος οὔτε τῶν πρὸς εὕρεσιν, οὔτε τῶν πρὸς κρίσιν, οὔτε μὴν τῶν πρὸς χρῆσιν.
28. Such is the number of the works written by him. And in them he puts forward the following views. There are two divisions of philosophy, the practical and the theoretical. The practical part includes ethics and politics, and in the latter not only the doctrine of the state but also that of the household is sketched. The theoretical part includes physics and logic, although logic is not an independent science, but is elaborated as an instrument to the rest of science. And he clearly laid down that it has a twofold aim, probability and truth. For each of these he employed two faculties, dialectic and rhetoric where probability is aimed at, analytic and philosophy where the end is truth; he neglects nothing which makes either for discovery or for judgement or for utility.
29 Πρὸς μὲν οὖν τὴν εὕρεσιν τά τε Τοπικὰ καὶ Μεθοδικὰ παρέδωκε <καὶ> προτάσεων πλῆθος, ἐξ ὧν πρὸς τὰ προβλήματα πιθανῶν ἐπιχειρημάτων οἷόν τε εὐπορεῖν· πρὸς δὲ τὴν κρίσιν τὰ Ἀναλυτικὰ πρότερα καὶ ὕστερα. Διὰ μὲν οὖν τῶν προτέρων τὰ λήμματα κρίνεται, διὰ δὲ τῶν ὑστέρων ἡ συναγωγὴ ἐξετάζεται. Πρὸς δὲ τὴν χρῆσιν τά τε ἀγωνιστικὰ καὶ τὰ περὶ ἐρωτήσεως, ἐριστικά τε καὶ σοφιστικῶν ἐλέγχων τε καὶ συλλογισμῶν [καὶ] τῶν ὁμοίων τούτοις. Κριτήριον δὲ τῆς ἀληθείας τῶν μὲν κατὰ φαντασίαν ἐνεργημάτων τὴν αἴσθησιν ἀπεφήνατο· τῶν δὲ ἠθικῶν, τῶν περὶ πόλιν καὶ περὶ οἶκον καὶ περὶ νόμους τὸν νοῦν.
29. As making for discovery he left in the Topics and Methodics a number of propositions, whereby the student can be well supplied with probable arguments for the solution of problems. As an aid to judgement he left the Prior and Posterior Analytics . By the Prior Analytics the premisses are judged, by the Posterior the process of inference is tested. For practical use there are the precepts on controversy and the works dealing with question and answer, with sophistical fallacies, syllogisms and the like. The test of truth which he put forward was sensation in the sphere of objects actually presented, but in the sphere of morals dealing with the state, the household and the laws, it was reason.
30 Τέλος δὲ ἓν ἐξέθετο χρῆσιν ἀρετῆς ἐν βίῳ τελείῳ. Ἔφη δὲ καὶ τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν συμπλήρωμα ἐκ τριῶν ἀγαθῶν εἶναι· τῶν περὶ ψυχήν, ἃ δὴ καὶ πρῶτα τῇ δυνάμει καλεῖ· ἐκ δευτέρων δὲ τῶν περὶ σῶμα, ὑγιείας καὶ ἰσχύος καὶ κάλλους καὶ τῶν παραπλησίων· ἐκ τρίτων δὲ τῶν ἐκτός, πλούτου καὶ εὐγενείας καὶ δόξης καὶ τῶν ὁμοίων. Τήν τε ἀρετὴν μὴ εἶναι αὐτάρκη πρὸς εὐδαιμονίαν· προσδεῖσθαι γὰρ τῶν τε περὶ σῶμα καὶ τῶν ἐκτὸς ἀγαθῶν, ὡς κακοδαιμονήσοντος τοῦ σοφοῦ κἂν ἐν πόνοις ᾖ κἂν ἐν πενίᾳ καὶ τοῖς ὁμοίοις. Τὴν μέντοι κακίαν αὐτάρκη πρὸς κακοδαιμονίαν, κἂν ὅτι μάλιστα παρῇ αὐτῇ τὰ ἐκτὸς ἀγαθὰ καὶ τὰ περὶ σῶμα.
30. The one ethical end he held to be the exercise of virtue in a completed life. And happiness he maintained to be made up of goods of three sorts: goods of the soul, which indeed he designates as of the highest value; in the second place bodily goods, health and strength, beauty and the like; and thirdly external goods, such as wealth, good birth, reputation and the like. And he regarded virtue as not of itself sufficient to ensure happiness; bodily goods and external goods were also necessary, for the wise man would be miserable if he lived in the midst of pains, poverty, and similar circumstances. Vice, however, is sufficient in itself to secure misery, even if it be ever so abundantly furnished with corporeal and external goods.
31 Τάς τ’ ἀρετὰς ἔφη μὴ ἀντακολουθεῖν· ἐνδέχεσθαι γὰρ φρόνιμόν τινα καὶ ὁμοίως δίκαιον ὄντα ἀκόλαστον καὶ ἀκρατῆ εἶναι. Ἔφη δὲ τὸν σοφὸν ἀπαθῆ μὲν μὴ εἶναι, μετριοπαθῆ δέ.
Τήν τε φιλίαν ὡρίζετο ἰσότητα εὐνοίας ἀντιστρόφου· ταύτης δὲ τὴν μὲν εἶναι συγγενικήν, τὴν δὲ ἐρωτικήν, τὴν δὲ ξενικήν. Εἶναι δὲ καὶ τὸν ἔρωτα μὴ μόνον συνουσίας, ἀλλὰ καὶ φιλ[οσοφ]ίας. Καὶ ἐρασθήσεσθαι δὲ τὸν σοφὸν καὶ πολιτεύσεσθαι, γαμήσειν τε μὴν καὶ βασιλεῖ συμβιώσεσθαι. Βίων τε τριῶν ὄντων, θεωρητικοῦ, πρακτικοῦ, ἡδονικοῦ, τὸν θεωρητικὸν προέκρινεν. Εὔχρηστα δὲ καὶ τὰ ἐγκύκλια μαθήματα πρὸς ἀρετῆς ἀνάληψιν.
31. He held that the virtues are not mutually interdependent. For a man might be prudent, or again just, and at the same time profligate and unable to control his passions. He said too that the wise man was not exempt from all passions, but indulged them in moderation.
He defined friendship as an equality of reciprocal good-will, including under the term as one species the friendship of kinsmen, as another that of lovers, and as a third that of host and guest. The end of love was not merely intercourse but also philosophy. According to him the wise man would fall in love and take part in politics; furthermore he would marry and reside at a king’s court. Of three kinds of life, the contemplative, the practical, and the pleasure-loving life, he gave the preference to the contemplative. He held that the studies which make up the ordinary education are of service for the attainment of virtue.
32 Ἔν τε τοῖς φυσικοῖς αἰτιολογικώτατος πάντων ἐγένετο μάλιστα, ὥστε καὶ περὶ τῶν ἐλαχίστων τὰς αἰτίας ἀποδιδόναι· διόπερ καὶ οὐκ ὀλίγα βιβλία συνέγραψε φυσικῶν ὑπομνημάτων. Τὸν δὲ θεὸν ἀσώματον ἀπέφαινε, καθὰ καὶ ὁ Πλάτων. Διατείνειν δὲ αὐτοῦ τὴν πρόνοιαν μέχρι τῶν οὐρανίων καὶ εἶναι ἀκίνητον αὐτόν· τὰ δ’ ἐπίγεια κατὰ τὴν πρὸς ταῦτα συμπάθειαν οἰκονομεῖσθαι. Εἶναι δὲ παρὰ τὰ τέτταρα στοιχεῖα καὶ ἄλλο πέμπτον, ἐξ οὗ τὰ αἰθέρια συνεστάναι. Ἀλλοίαν δ’ αὐτοῦ τὴν κίνησιν εἶναι· κυκλοφορητικὴν γάρ. Καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν δὲ ἀσώματον, ἐντελέχειαν οὖσαν τὴν πρώτην σώματος [γὰρ] φυσικοῦ καὶ ὀργανικοῦ δυνάμει ζωὴν ἔχοντος.
32. In the sphere of natural science he surpassed all other philosophers in the investigation of causes, so that even the most insignificant phenomena were explained by him. Hence the unusual number of scientific notebooks which he compiled. Like Plato he held that God was incorporeal; that his providence extended to the heavenly bodies, that he is unmoved, and that earthly events are regulated by their affinity with them (the heavenly bodies). Besides the four elements he held that there is a fifth, of which the celestial bodies are composed. Its motion is of a different kind from that of the other elements, being circular. Further, he maintained the soul to be incorporeal, defining it as the first entelechy [i.e. realization] of a natural organic body potentially possessed of life.
33 Διττὴ δ’ ἐστὶν αὕτη κατ’ αὐτόν. Λέγει δ’ ἐντελέχειαν ἧς ἐστιν εἶδός τι ἀσώματον. Ἡ μὲν κατὰ δύναμιν, ὡς ἐν τῷ κηρῷ ὁ Ἑρμῆς ἐπιτηδειότητα ἔχοντι ἐπιδέξασθαι τοὺς χαρακτῆρας, καὶ ὁ ἐν τῷ χαλκῷ ἀνδριάς· καθ’ ἕξιν δὲ λέγεται ἐντελέχεια ἡ τοῦ συντετελεσμένου Ἑρμοῦ ἢ ἀνδριάντος. Σώματος δὲ φυσικοῦ, ἐπεὶ τῶν σωμάτων τὰ μέν ἐστι χειρόκμητα, ὡς τὰ ὑπὸ τεχνιτῶν γινόμενα, οἷον πύργος, πλοῖον· τὰ δὲ ὑπὸ φύσεως, ὡς φυτὰ καὶ τὰ τῶν ζῴων. Ὀργανικοῦ δὲ εἶπε, τούτεστι πρός τι κατεσκευασμένου, ὡς ἡ ὅρασις πρὸς τὸ ὁρᾶν καὶ ἡ ἀκοὴ πρὸς τὸ ἀκούειν· δυνάμει δὲ ζωὴν ἔχοντος, οἷον ἐν ἑαυτῷ.
33. By the term realization he means that which has an incorporeal form. This realization, according to him, is twofold.
Either it is potential, as that of Hermes in the wax, provided the wax be adapted to receive the proper mouldings, or as that of the statue implicit in the bronze; or again it is determinate, which is the case with the completed figure of Hermes or the finished statue. The soul is the realization “of a natural body,” since bodies may be divided into (a) artificial bodies made by the hands of craftsmen, as a tower or a ship, and (b) natural bodies which are the work of nature, such as plants and the bodies of animals. And when he said “organic” he meant constructed as means to an end, as sight is adapted for seeing and the ear for hearing. Of a body “potentially possessed of life,” that is, in itself.
34 Τὸ δυνάμει δὲ διττόν, ἢ καθ’ ἕξιν ἢ κατ’ ἐνέργειαν· κατ’ ἐνέργειαν μέν, ὡς ὁ ἐγρηγορὼς λέγεται ψυχὴν ἔχειν· καθ’ ἕξιν δ’, ὡς ὁ καθεύδων. Ἵν’ οὖν καὶ οὗτος ὑποπίπτῃ, τὸ δυνάμει προσέθηκε.
Πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ἄλλα περὶ πολλῶν ἀπεφήνατο, ἅπερ μακρὸν ἂν εἴη καταριθμεῖσθαι. Τοῖς γὰρ ὅλοις φιλοπονώτατος ἐγένετο καὶ εὑρετικώτατος, ὡς δῆλον ἐκ τῶν προγεγραμμένων συγγραμμάτων, ἃ τὸν ἀριθμὸν ἐγγὺς ἥκει τῶν τετρακοσίων, τὰ ὅσα γε ἀναμφίλεκτα· πολλὰ γὰρ καὶ ἄλλα εἰς αὐτὸν ἀναφέρεται συγγράμματ’ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀποφθέγματα, ἀγράφου φωνῆς εὐστοχήματα.
34. There are two senses of “potential,” one answering to a formed state and the other to its exercise in act. In the latter sense of the term he who is awake is said to have soul, in the former he who is asleep. It was then in order to include the sleeper that Aristotle added the word “potential.”
He held many other opinions on a variety of subjects which it would be tedious to enumerate. For altogether his industry and invention were remarkable, as is shown by the catalogue of his writings given above, which come to nearly 400 in number, i.e. counting those only the genuineness of which is not disputed. For many other written works and pointed oral sayings are attributed to him.
35 Γεγόνασι δὲ Ἀριστοτέλεις ὀκτώ· πρῶτος αὐτὸς οὗτος· δεύτερος ὁ πολιτευσάμενος Ἀθήνησιν, οὗ καὶ δικανικοὶ φέρονται λόγοι χαρίεντες· τρίτος περὶ Ἰλιάδος πεπραγματευμένος· τέταρτος Σικελιώτης ῥήτωρ, πρὸς τὸν Ἰσοκράτους Πανηγυρικὸν ἀντιγεγραφώς· πέμπτος ὁ ἐπικληθεὶς Μῦθος, Αἰσχίνου τοῦ Σωκρατικοῦ γνώριμος· ἕκτος Κυρηναῖος, γεγραφὼς περὶ ποιητικῆς· ἕβδομος παιδοτρίβης, οὗ μέμνηται Ἀριστόξενος ἐν τῷ Πλάτωνος βίῳ· ὄγδοος γραμματικὸς ἄσημος, οὗ φέρεται τέχνη περὶ πλεονασμοῦ.
Τοῦ δὴ Σταγειρίτου γεγόνασι μὲν πολλοὶ γνώριμοι, διαφέρων δὲ μάλιστα Θεόφραστος, περὶ οὗ λεκτέον.
Θεόφραστος
35. There were in all eight Aristotles: (1) our philosopher himself; (2) an Athenian statesman, the author of graceful forensic speeches; (3) a scholar who commented on the Iliad ; (4) a Sicilian rhetorician, who wrote a reply to the Panegyric of Isocrates; (5) a disciple of Aeschines the Socratic philosopher, surnamed Myth; (6) a native of Cyrene, who wrote upon the art of poetry; (7) a trainer of boys, mentioned by Aristoxenus in his Life of Plato; (8) an obscure grammarian, whose handbook On Redundancy is still extant.
Aristotle of Stagira had many disciples; the most distinguished was Theophrastus, of whom we have next to speak.
36 Θεόφραστος Μελάντα Ἐρέσιος κναφέως υἱός, ὥς φησιν Ἀθηνόδωρος ἐν ὀγδόῃ Περιπάτων. Οὗτος πρῶτον μὲν ἤκουσεν Ἀλκίππου τοῦ πολίτου ἐν τῇ πατρίδι, εἶτ’ ἀκούσας Πλάτωνος μετέστη πρὸς Ἀριστοτέλην· κἀκείνου εἰς Χαλκίδα ὑποχωρήσαντος αὐτὸς διεδέξατο τὴν σχολὴν Ὀλυμπιάδι τετάρτῃ καὶ δεκάτῃ καὶ ἑκατοστῇ.
Φέρεται δ’ αὐτοῦ καὶ δοῦλος φιλόσοφος ὄνομα Πομπύλος, καθά φησιν Μυρωνιανὸς Ἀμαστριανὸς ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ τῶν Ὁμοίων ἱστορικῶν κεφαλαίων. Ὁ δὲ Θεόφραστος γέγονεν ἀνὴρ συνετώτατος καὶ φιλοπονώτατος καί, καθά φησι Παμφίλη ἐν τῷ τριακοστῷ δευτέρῳ τῶν Ὑπομνημάτων, διδάσκαλος Μενάνδρου τοῦ κωμικοῦ·
36. Theophrastus was a native of Eresus, the son of Melantes, a fuller, as stated by Athenodorus in the eighth book of his Walks . He first heard his countryman Alcippus lecture in his native town and afterwards he heard Plato, whom he left for Aristotle. And when the latter withdrew to Chalcis he took over the school himself in the 114th Olympiad. A slave of his named Pompylus is also said to have been a philosopher, according to Myronianus of Amastris in the first book of his Historical Parallels . Theophrastus was a man of remarkable intelligence and industry and, as Pamphila says in the thirtysecond book of her Memorabilia , he taught Menander the comic poet.
37 ἄλλως τε καὶ εὐεργετικὸς καὶ φιλόλογος.
Κάσσανδρος γοῦν αὐτὸν ἀπεδέχετο καὶ Πτολεμαῖος ἔπεμψεν ἐπ’ αὐτόν· τοσοῦτον δ’ ἀποδοχῆς ἠξιοῦτο παρ’ Ἀθηναίοις, ὥσθ’ Ἁγνωνίδης τολμήσας ἀσεβείας αὐτὸν γράψασθαι μικροῦ καὶ προσῶφλεν. Ἀπήντων τ’ εἰς τὴν διατριβὴν αὐτοῦ μαθηταὶ πρὸς δισχιλίους. Οὗτος τά τ’ ἄλλα καὶ περὶ δικαστηρίου τοιαῦτα διείλεκται ἐν τῇ πρὸς Φανίαν τὸν περιπατητικὸν ἐπιστολῇ·
« Οὐ γὰρ ὅτι πανήγυριν, ἀλλ’ οὐδὲ συνέδριον ῥᾴδιον, οἷόν τις βούλεται,
λαβεῖν· αἱ δ’ ἀναγνώσεις ποιοῦσιν ἐπανορθώσεις· τὸ δ’ ἀναβάλλεσθαι
πάντα καὶ ἀμελεῖν οὐκέτι φέρουσιν αἱ ἡλικίαι. »
Ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ ἐπιστολῇ σχολαστικὸν ὠνόμακε.
37. Furthermore, he was ever ready to do a kindness and fond of discussion. Casander certainly granted him audience and Ptolemy made overtures to him. And so highly was he valued at Athens that, when Agnonides ventured to prosecute him for impiety, the prosecutor himself narrowly escaped punishment. About 2000 pupils used to attend his lectures. In a letter to Phanias the Peripatetic, among other topics, he speaks of a tribunal as follows: “To get a public or even a select circle such as one desires is not easy. If an author reads his work, he must re-write it. Always to shirk revision and ignore criticism is a course which the present generation of pupils will no longer tolerate.” And in this letter he has called some one “pedant.”
38 Τοιοῦτος δ’ ὤν, ὅμως πρὸς ὀλίγον ἀπεδήμησε καὶ οὗτος καὶ πάντες οἱ λοιποὶ φιλόσοφοι, Σοφοκλέους τοῦ Ἀμφικλείδου νόμον εἰσενεγκόντος μηδένα τῶν φιλοσόφων σχολῆς ἀφηγεῖσθαι ἂν μὴ τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ δόξῃ· εἰ δὲ μή, θάνατον εἶναι τὴν ζημίαν. Ἀλλ’ αὖθις ἐπανῆλθον εἰς νέωτα, Φίλωνος τὸν Σοφοκλέα γραψαμένου παρανόμων. Ὅτε καὶ τὸν νόμον μὲν ἄκυρον ἐποίησαν Ἀθηναῖοι, τὸν δὲ Σοφοκλέα πέντε ταλάντοις ἐζημίωσαν κάθοδόν τε τοῖς φιλοσόφοις ἐψηφίσαντο, ἵνα καὶ Θεόφραστος κατέλθῃ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ὁμοίοις ᾖ.
38. Although his reputation stood so high, nevertheless for a short time he had to leave the country with all the other philosophers, when Sophocles the son of Amphiclides proposed a law that no philosopher should preside over a school except by permission of the Senate and the people, under penalty of death. The next year, however, the philosophers returned, as Philo had prosecuted Sophocles for making an illegal proposal. Whereupon the Athenians repealed the law, fined Sophocles five talents, and voted the recall of the philosophers, in order that Theophrastus also might return and live there as before. He bore the name of Tyrtamus, and it was Aristotle who re-named him Theophrastus on account of his graceful style.
39 Τοῦτον Τύρταμον λεγόμενον Θεόφραστον διὰ τὸ τῆς φράσεως θεσπέσιον Ἀριστοτέλης μετωνόμασεν· οὗ καὶ τοῦ υἱέος Νικομάχου φησὶν ἐρωτικῶς διατεθῆναι, καίπερ ὄντα διδάσκαλον, Ἀρίστιππος ἐν τετάρτῳ Περὶ παλαιᾶς τρυφῆς. Λέγεται δ’ ἐπ’ αὐτοῦ τε καὶ Καλλισθένους τὸ ὅμοιον εἰπεῖν Ἀριστοτέλην, ὅπερ Πλάτωνα, καθὰ προείρηται, φασὶν εἰπεῖν ἐπί τε Ξενοκράτους καὶ αὐτοῦ τούτου· φάναι γάρ, τοῦ μὲν Θεοφράστου καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν ὀξύτητος πᾶν τὸ νοηθὲν ἐξερμηνεύοντος, τοῦ δὲ νωθροῦ τὴν φύσιν ὑπάρχοντος, ὡς τῷ μὲν χαλινοῦ δέοι, τῷ δὲ κέντρου. Λέγεται δ’ αὐτὸν καὶ ἴδιον κῆπον σχεῖν μετὰ τὴν Ἀριστοτέλους τελευτήν, Δημητρίου τοῦ Φαληρέως, ὃς ἦν καὶ γνώριμος αὐτῷ, τοῦτο συμπράξαντος, φέρεται δ’ αὐτοῦ ἀποφθέγματα ταυτὶ χρειώδη· θᾶττον ἔφη πιστεύειν δεῖν ἵππῳ ἀχαλίνῳ ἢ λόγῳ ἀσυντάκτῳ.
39. And Aristippus, in his fourth book On the Luxury of the Ancients , asserts that he was enamoured of Aristotle’s son Nicomachus, although he was his teacher. It is said that Aristotle applied to him and Callisthenes what Plato had said of Xenocrates and himself (as already related), namely, that the one needed a bridle and the other a goad; for Theophrastus interpreted all his meaning with an excess of cleverness, whereas the other was naturally backward. He is said to have become the owner of a garden of his own after Aristotle’s death, through the intervention of his friend Demetrius of Phalerum. There are pithy sayings of his in circulation as follows: “An unbridled horse,” he said, “ought to be trusted sooner than a badly-arranged discourse.”
40 Πρὸς δὲ τὸν ἐν τῷ συμποσίῳ σιωπῶντα τὸ ὅλον ἔφη, « Εἰ μὲν ἀμαθὴς εἶ, φρονίμως ποιεῖς, εἰ δὲ πεπαίδευσαι, ἀφρόνως. » Συνεχές τε ἔλεγε πολυτελὲς ἀνάλωμα εἶναι τὸν χρόνον.
Ἐτελεύτα δὴ γηραιός, βιοὺς ἔτη πέντε καὶ ὀγδοήκοντα, ἐπειδήπερ ὀλίγον ἀνῆκε τῶν πόνων. Καὶ ἔστιν ἡμῶν εἰς αὐτόν·
Οὐκ ἄρα τοῦτο μάταιον ἔπος μερόπων τινὶ λέχθη,
ῥήγνυσθαι σοφίης τόξον ἀνιέμενον·
δὴ γὰρ καὶ Θεόφραστος ἕως ἐπόνει μὲν ἄπηρος
ἦν δέμας, εἶτ’ ἀνεθεὶς κάτθανε πηρομελής.
Φασὶ δ’ αὐτὸν ἐρωτηθέντα ὑπὸ τῶν μαθητῶν εἴ τι ἐπισκήπτει, εἰπεῖν,
« Ἐπισκήπτειν μὲν ἔχειν οὐδέν, πλὴν ὅτι πολλὰ τῶν ἡδέων ὁ βίος διὰ τὴν δόξαν καταλαζονεύεται.
40. To some one who never opened his lips at a banquet he remarked: “Yours is a wise course for an ignoramus, but in an educated man it is sheer folly.” He used constantly to say that in our expenditure the item that costs most is time.
He died at the age of eighty-five, not long after he had relinquished his labours. My verses upon him are these:
Not in vain was the word spoken to one of human kind, “Slacken the bow of wisdom and it breaks.” Of a truth, so long as Theophrastus laboured he was sound of limb, but when released from toil his limbs failed him and he died.
It is said that his disciples asked him if he had any last message for them, to which he replied: “Nothing else but this, that many of the pleasures which life boasts are but in the seeming.
41 Ἡμεῖς γὰρ ὁπότ’ ἀρχόμεθα ζῆν, τότ’ ἀποθνῄσκομεν. Οὐδὲν οὖν
ἀλυσιτελέστερόν ἐστι φιλοδοξίας. Ἀλλ’ εὐτυχεῖτε καὶ ἤτοι τὸν λόγον
ἄφετε-πολὺς γὰρ ὁ πόνος-, ἢ καλῶς αὐτοῦ πρόστητε· μεγάλη γὰρ ἡ δόξα.
Τὸ δὲ κενὸν τοῦ βίου πλεῖον τοῦ συμφέροντος. Ἀλλ’ ἐμοὶ μὲν οὐκέτ’ ἐκποιεῖ
βουλεύεσθαι τί πρακτέον, ὑμεῖς δ’ ἐπισκέψασθε τί ποιητέον. »
Ταῦτα, φασίν, εἰπὼν ἀπέπνευσε· καὶ αὐτόν, ὡς ὁ λόγος, Ἀθηναῖοι πανδημεὶ παρέπεμψαν ποσί, τὸν ἄνδρα τιμήσαντες. Φαβωρῖνος δέ φησι γηράσαντα αὐτὸν ἐν φορείῳ περιφέρεσθαι· καὶ τοῦτο λέγειν Ἕρμιππον, παρατιθέμενον ἱστορεῖν Ἀρκεσίλαον τὸν Πιταναῖον ἐν οἷς ἔφασκε πρὸς Λακύδην τὸν Κυρηναῖον.
41. For when we are just beginning to live, lo! we die. Nothing then is so unprofitable as the love of glory. Farewell, and may you be happy. Either drop my doctrine, which involves a world of labour, or stand forth its worthy champions, for you will win great glory. Life holds more disappointment than advantage. But, as I can no longer discuss what we ought to do, do you go on with the inquiry into right conduct.”
With these words, they say, he breathed his last. And according to the story all the Athenians, out of respect for the man, escorted his bier on foot. And Favorinus tells that he had in his old age to be carried about in a litter; and this he says on the authority of Hermippus, whose account is taken from a remark of Arcesilaus of Pitane to Lacydes of Cyrene.
42 Καταλέλοιπε δὲ βιβλία καὶ αὐτὸς ὅτι μάλιστα πάμπλειστα, ἃ καὶ αὐτὰ ἄξιον ἡγησάμην ὑπογράψαι διὰ τὸ πάσης ἀρετῆς πεπληρῶσθαι. Ἔστι δὲ τάδε·
Ἀναλυτικῶν προτέρων αʹ βʹ γʹ,
Ἀναλυτικῶν ὑστέρων αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ ζʹ,
Περὶ ἀναλύσεως συλλογισμῶν αʹ,
Ἀναλυτικῶν ἐπιτομὴ αʹ,
Ἀνηγμένων τόπων αʹ βʹ,
Ἀγωνιστικὸν τῆς περὶ τοὺς ἐριστικοὺς λόγους θεωρίας,
Περὶ αἰσθήσεων αʹ,
Πρὸς Ἀναξαγόραν αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν Ἀναξαγόρου αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν Ἀναξιμένους αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν Ἀρχελάου αʹ,
Περὶ ἁλῶν, νίτρου, στυπτηρίας αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν λιθουμένων αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ τῶν ἀτόμων γραμμῶν αʹ,
Ἀκροάσεως αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ ἀνέμων αʹ,
Ἀρετῶν διαφοραὶ αʹ,
Περὶ βασιλείας αʹ,
Περὶ παιδείας βασιλέως αʹ,
Περὶ βίων αʹ βʹ γʹ,
42. He too has left a very large number of writings. I think it right to catalogue them also because they abound in excellence of every kind. They are as follows:
Three books of Prior Analytics.
Seven books of Posterior Analytics.
On the Analysis of Syllogisms, one book.
Epitome of Analytics, one book.
Two books of Classified Topics.
Polemical discussion on the Theory of Eristic Argument.
Of the Senses, one book.
A Reply to Anaxagoras, one book.
On the Writings of Anaxagoras, one book.
On the Writings of Anaximenes, one book.
On the Writings of Archelaus, one book.
Of Salt, Nitre and Alum, one book.
Of Petrifactions, two books.
On Indivisible Lines, one book.
Two books of Lectures.
Of the Winds, one book.
Characteristics of Virtues, one book.
Of Kingship, one book.
Of the Education of Kings, one book.
Of Various Schemes of Life, three books.
43 Περὶ γήρως αʹ,
Περὶ τῆς Δημοκρίτου ἀστρολογίας αʹ,
Τῆς μεταρσιολεσχίας αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν εἰδώλων αʹ,
Περὶ χυμῶν, χροῶν, σαρκῶν αʹ,
Περὶ τοῦ διακόσμου αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων αʹ,
Τῶν Διογένους συναγωγὴ αʹ,
Διορισμῶν αʹ βʹ γʹ,
Ἐρωτικὸς αʹ,
Ἄλλο περὶ ἔρωτος αʹ,
Περὶ εὐδαιμονίας αʹ,
Περὶ εἰδῶν αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ ἐπιλήψεως αʹ,
Περὶ ἐνθουσιασμοῦ αʹ,
Περὶ Ἐμπεδοκλέους αʹ,
Ἐπιχειρημάτων αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ ζʹ ηʹ θʹ ιʹ ιαʹ ιβʹ ιγʹ ιδʹ ιεʹ ιϚʹ ιζʹ ιηʹ,
Ἐνστάσεων αʹ βʹ γʹ,
Περὶ ἑκουσίου αʹ,
Ἐπιτομὴ τῆς Πλάτωνος Πολιτείας αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ ἑτεροφωνίας ζῴων τῶν ὁμογενῶν αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν ἀθρόον φαινομένων αʹ,
Περὶ δακέτων καὶ βλητικῶν αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν ζῴων ὅσα λέγεται φθονεῖν αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν ἐν ξηρῷ διαμενόντων αʹ,
43. Of Old Age, one book.
On the Astronomy of Democritus, one book.
On Meteorology, one book.
On Visual Images or Emanations, one book.
On Flavours, Colours and Flesh, one book.
Of the Order of the World, one book.
Of Mankind, one book.
Compendium of the Writings of Diogenes, one book.
Three books of Definitions.
Concerning Love, one book.
Another Treatise on Love, one book.
Of Happiness, one book.
On Species or Forms, two books.
On Epilepsy, one book.
On Frenzy, one book.
Concerning Empedocles, one book.
Eighteen books of Refutative Arguments.
Three books of Polemical Objections.
Of the Voluntary, one book.
Epitome of Plato’s Republic, two books.
On the Diversity of Sounds uttered by Animals of the same Species, one book.
Of Sudden Appearances, one book.
Of Animals which bite or gore, one book.
Of Animals reputed to be spiteful, one book.
Of the Animals which are confined to Dry Land, one book.
44 Περὶ τῶν τὰς χρόας μεταβαλλόντων αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν φωλευόντων αʹ,
Περὶ ζῴων αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ ζʹ,
Περὶ ἡδονῆς ὡς Ἀριστοτέλης αʹ,
Περὶ ἡδονῆς (ἄλλο) αʹ,
Θέσεις κδʹ,
Περὶ θερμοῦ καὶ ψυχροῦ αʹ,
Περὶ ἰλίγγων καὶ σκοτώσεων αʹ,
Περὶ ἱδρώτων αʹ,
Περὶ καταφάσεως καὶ ἀποφάσεως αʹ,
Καλλισθένης ἢ περὶ πένθους αʹ,
Περὶ κόπων αʹ,
Περὶ κινήσεως αʹ βʹ γʹ,
Περὶ λίθων αʹ,
Περὶ λοιμῶν αʹ,
Περὶ λιποψυχίας αʹ,
Μεγαρικὸς αʹ,
Περὶ μελαγχολίας αʹ,
Περὶ μετάλλων αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ μέλιτος αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν Μητροδώρου συναγωγῆς αʹ,
Μεταρσιολογικῶν αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ μέθης αʹ,
Νόμων κατὰ στοιχεῖον κδʹ,
Νόμων ἐπιτομῆς αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ ζʹ ηʹ θʹ ιʹ,
44. Of those which change their Colours, one book.
Of Animals that burrow, one book.
Of Animals, seven books.
Of Pleasure according to Aristotle, one book.
Another treatise on Pleasure, one book.
Theses, twenty-four books.
On Hot and Cold, one book.
On Vertigo and Dizziness, one book.
On Sweating Sickness, one book.
On Affirmation and Negation, one book.
Callisthenes, or On Bereavement, one book.
On Fatigues, one book.
On Motion, three books.
On Precious Stones, one book.
On Pestilences, one book.
On Fainting, one book.
Megarian Treatise, one book.
Of Melancholy, one book.
On Mines, two books.
On Honey, one book.
Compendium on the Doctrines of Metrodorus, one book.
Two books of Meteorology.
On Intoxication, one book.
Twenty-four books of Laws distinguished by the letters of the alphabet.
Ten books of an Epitome of Laws.
45 Πρὸς τοὺς ὁρισμοὺς αʹ,
Περὶ ὀδμῶν αʹ,
Περὶ οἴνου καὶ ἐλαίου,
Πρώτων προτάσεων αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ ζʹ ηʹ θʹ ιʹ ιαʹ ιβʹ ιγʹ ιδʹ ιεʹ ιϚʹ ιζʹ ιηʹ,
Νομοθετῶν αʹ βʹ γʹ,
Πολιτικῶν αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ,
Πολιτικῶν πρὸς τοὺς καιροὺς αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ,
Πολιτικῶν ἐθῶν αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ,
Περὶ τῆς ἀρίστης πολιτείας αʹ,
Προβλημάτων συναγωγῆς αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ,
Περὶ παροιμιῶν αʹ,
Περὶ πήξεων καὶ τήξεων αʹ,
Περὶ πυρὸς αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ πνευμάτων αʹ,
Περὶ παραλύσεως αʹ,
Περὶ πνιγμοῦ αʹ,
Περὶ παραφροσύνης αʹ,
Περὶ παθῶν αʹ,
Περὶ σημείων αʹ,
Σοφισμάτων αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ συλλογισμῶν λύσεως αʹ,
Τοπικῶν αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ τιμωρίας αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ τριχῶν αʹ,
Περὶ τυραννίδος αʹ,
Περὶ ὕδατος αʹ βʹ γʹ,
Περὶ ὕπνου καὶ ἐνυπνίων αʹ,
Περὶ φιλίας αʹ βʹ γʹ,
45. Remarks upon Definitions, one book.
On Smells, one book.
On Wine and Oil.
Introduction to Propositions, eighteen books.
Of Legislators, three books.
Of Politics, six books.
A Political Treatise dealing with important Crises, four books.
Of Social Customs, four books.
Of the Best Constitution, one book.
A Collection of Problems, five books.
On Proverbs, one book.
On Coagulation and Liquefaction, one book.
On Fire, two books.
On Winds, one book.
Of Paralysis, one book.
Of Suffocation, one book.
Of Mental Derangement, one book.
On the Passions, one book.
On Symptoms, one book.
Two books of Sophisms.
On the solution of Syllogisms, one book.
Two books of Topics.
Of Punishment, two books.
On Hair, one book.
Of Tyranny, one book.
On Water, three books.
On Sleep and Dreams, one book.
Of Friendship, three books.
Of Ambition, two books.
46 Περὶ φιλοτιμίας αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ φύσεως αʹ βʹ γʹ,
Περὶ φυσικῶν αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ ζʹ ηʹ θʹ ιʹ ιαʹ ιβʹ ιγʹ ιδʹ ιεʹ ιϚʹ ιζʹ ιηʹ,
Περὶ φυσικῶν ἐπιτομῆς αʹ βʹ,
Φυσικῶν αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ ζʹ ηʹ,
Πρὸς τοὺς φυσικοὺς αʹ,
Περὶ φυσικῶν ἱστοριῶν αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ ζʹ ηʹ θʹ ιʹ,
Φυσικῶν αἰτιῶν αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ ζʹ ηʹ,
Περὶ χυλῶν αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ,
Περὶ ψεύδους ἡδονῆς αʹ,
Περὶ ψυχῆς θέσις μία,
Περὶ τῶν ἀτέχνων πίστεων αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν ἁπλῶν διαπορημάτων αʹ,
Ἁρμονικῶν αʹ,
Περὶ ἀρετῆς αʹ,
Ἀφορμαὶ ἢ ἐναντιώσεις αʹ,
Περὶ ἀποφάσεως αʹ,
Περὶ γνώμης αʹ,
Περὶ γελοίου αʹ,
Δειλινῶν αʹ βʹ,
Διαιρέσεις αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ τῶν διαφορῶν αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν ἀδικημάτων αʹ,
Περὶ διαβολῆς αʹ,
Περὶ ἐπαίνου αʹ,
Περὶ ἐμπειρίας αʹ,
Ἐπιστολῶν αʹ βʹ γʹ,
Περὶ τῶν αὐτομάτων ζῴων αʹ,
Περὶ ἐκκρίσεως αʹ,
46. On Nature, three books.
On Physics, eighteen books.
An Epitome of Physics, two books.
Eight books of Physics.
A Reply to the Physical Philosophers, one book
Of Botanical Researches, ten books.
Of Botanical Causes, eight books.
On Juices, five books.
Of False Pleasure, one book.
One Dissertation on the Soul.
On Unscientific Proofs, one book.
On Simple Problems, one book.
Harmonics, one book.
Of Virtue, one book.
Materials for Argument, or Contrarieties, one book.
On Negation, one book.
On Judgement, one book.
Of the Ludicrous, one book.
Afternoon Essays, two books.
Divisions, two books.
On Differences, one book.
On Crimes, one book.
On Calumny, one book.
Of Praise, one book.
Of Experience, one book.
Three books of Letters.
On Animals produced spontaneously, one book.
Of Secretion, one book.
47 Ἐγκώμια θεῶν αʹ,
Περὶ ἑορτῶν αʹ,
Περὶ εὐτυχίας αʹ,
Περὶ ἐνθυμημάτων αʹ,
Περὶ εὑρημάτων αʹ βʹ,
Ἠθικῶν σχολῶν αʹ,
Ἠθικοὶ χαρακτῆρες αʹ,
Περὶ θορύβου αʹ,
Περὶ ἱστορίας αʹ,
Περὶ κρίσεως συλλογισμῶν αʹ,
Περὶ θαλάττης αʹ,
Περὶ κολακείας αʹ,
Πρὸς Κάσανδρον περὶ βασιλείας αʹ,
Περὶ κωμῳδίας αʹ,
[Περὶ μέτρων αʹ,]
Περὶ λέξεως αʹ,
Λόγων συναγωγὴ αʹ,
Λύσεις αʹ,
Περὶ μουσικῆς αʹ βʹ γʹ,
Περὶ μέτρων αʹ,
Μεγακλῆς αʹ,
Περὶ νόμων αʹ,
Περὶ παρανόμων αʹ,
Τῶν Ξενοκράτους συναγωγῆς αʹ,
Ὁμιλητικὸς αʹ,
Περὶ ὅρκου αʹ,
Παραγγέλματα ῥητορικῆς αʹ,
Περὶ πλούτου αʹ,
Περὶ ποιητικῆς αʹ,
Προβλήματα πολιτικά, φυσικά, ἐρωτικά, ἠθικὰ αʹ,
47. Panegyrics on the Gods, one book.
On Festivals, one book.
Of Good Fortune, one book.
On Enthymemes, one book.
Of Discoveries, two books.
Lectures on Ethics, one book.
Character Sketches, one book.
On Tumult or Riot, one book.
On Research, one book.
On Judging of Syllogisms, one book.
Of Flattery, one book.
Of the Sea, one book.
To Casander on Kingship, one book.
Of Comedy, one book.
[Of Metres, one book.]
Of Diction, one book.
A Compendium of Arguments, one book.
Solutions, one book.
On Music, three books.
On Measures, one book.
Megacles, one book.
On Laws, one book.
On Illegalities, one book.
A Compendium of the Writings of Xenocrates, one book.
Concerning Conversation, one book.
On Taking an Oath, one book.
Rhetorical Precepts, one book.
Of Wealth, one book.
On the Art of Poetry, one book.
Problems in Politics, Ethics, Physics, and in the Art of Love, one book.
48 Προοιμίων αʹ,
Προβλημάτων συναγωγῆς αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν προβλημάτων φυσικῶν αʹ,
Περὶ παραδείγματος αʹ,
Περὶ προθέσεως καὶ διηγήματος αʹ,
Περὶ ποιητικῆς ἄλλο αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν σοφῶν αʹ,
Περὶ συμβουλῆς αʹ,
Περὶ σολοικισμῶν αʹ,
Περὶ τέχνης ῥητορικῆς αʹ,
Περὶ τεχνῶν ῥητορικῶν εἴδη ιζʹ,
Περὶ ὑποκρίσεως αʹ,
Ὑπομνημάτων Ἀριστοτελικῶν ἢ Θεοφραστείων αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ,
Φυσικῶν δοξῶν αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ ζʹ ηʹ θʹ ιʹ ιαʹ ιβʹ ιγʹ ιδʹ ιεʹ ιϚʹ,
Φυσικῶν ἐπιτομῆς αʹ,
Περὶ χάριτος αʹ,
[Χαρακτῆρες ἠθικοί,]
Περὶ ψεύδους καὶ ἀληθοῦς αʹ,
Τῶν περὶ τὸ θεῖον ἱστορίας αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ,
Περὶ θεῶν αʹ βʹ γʹ,
Ἱστορικῶν γεωμετρικῶν αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ,
48. Preludes, one book.
A Collection of Problems, one book.
On Physical Problems, one book.
On Example, one book.
On Introduction and Narrative, one book.
Another tract on the Art of Poetry, one book.
Of the Wise, one book.
On Consultation, one book.
On Solecisms, one book.
On the Art of Rhetoric, one book.
The Special Commonplaces of the Treatises on Rhetoric, seventeen books.
On Acting, one book.
Lecture Notes of Aristotle or Theophrastus, six books.
Sixteen books of Physical Opinions.
Epitome of Physical Opinions, one book.
On Gratitude, one book.
[Character Sketches, one book.]
On Truth and Falsehood, one book.
The History of Theological Inquiry, six books.
Of the Gods, three books.
Geometrical Researches, four books.
49 Ἐπιτομῶν Ἀριστοτέλους περὶ ζῴων αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ,
Ἐπιχειρημάτων αʹ βʹ,
Θέσεις <ἄλλο> γʹ,
Περὶ βασιλείας αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ αἰτιῶν αʹ,
Περὶ Δημοκρίτου αʹ,
[Περὶ διαβολῆς αʹ,]
Περὶ γενέσεως αʹ,
Περὶ ζῴων φρονήσεως καὶ ἤθους αʹ,
Περὶ κινήσεως αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ ὄψεως αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ,
Πρὸς ὅρους αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ τοῦ δεδόσθαι αʹ,
Περὶ μείζονος καὶ ἐλάττονος αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν μουσικῶν αʹ,
Περὶ τῆς θείας εὐδαιμονίας αʹ,
Πρὸς τοὺς ἐξ Ἀκαδημείας αʹ,
Προτρεπτικὸς αʹ,
Πῶς ἂν ἄριστα πόλεις οἰκοῖντο αʹ,
Ὑπομνήματα αʹ,
Περὶ ῥύακος τοῦ ἐν Σικελίᾳ αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν ὁμολογουμένων αʹ,
[Περὶ τῶν προβλημάτων φυσικῶν αʹ,]
Τίνες οἱ τρόποι τοῦ ἐπίστασθαι αʹ,
Περὶ τοῦ ψευδομένου αʹ βʹ γʹ,
49. Epitomes of Aristotle’s work on Animals, six books.
Two books of Refutative Arguments.
Theses, three books.
Of Kingship, two books.
Of Causes, one book.
On Democritus, one book.
[Of Calumny, one book.]
Of Becoming, one book.
Of the Intelligence and Character of Animals, one book.
On Motion, two books.
On Vision, four books.
Relating to Definitions, two books.
On Data, one book.
On Greater and Less, one book.
On the Musicians, one book.
Of the Happiness of the Gods, one book.
A Reply to the Academics, one book.
Exhortation to Philosophy, one book.
How States can best be governed, one book.
Lecture-Notes, one book.
On the Eruption in Sicily, one book.
On Things generally admitted, one book.
[On Problems in Physics, one book.]
What are the methods of attaining Knowledge, one book.
On the Fallacy known as the Liar, three books.
50 Τὰ πρὸ τῶν τόπων αʹ,
Πρὸς Αἰσχύλον αʹ,
Ἀστρολογικῆς ἱστορίας αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ εʹ Ϛʹ,
Ἀριθμητικῶν ἱστοριῶν περὶ αὐξήσεως αʹ,
Ἀκίχαρος αʹ,
Περὶ δικανικῶν λόγων αʹ,
[Περὶ διαβολῆς αʹ,]
Ἐπιστολαὶ αἱ ἐπὶ τῷ Ἀστυκρέοντι, Φανίᾳ, Νικάνορι,
Περὶ εὐσεβείας αʹ,
Εὐιάδος αʹ,
Περὶ καιρῶν αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ οἰκείων λόγων αʹ,
Περὶ παίδων ἀγωγῆς αʹ,
Ἄλλο διάφορον αʹ,
Περὶ παιδείας ἢ περὶ ἀρετῶν ἢ περὶ σωφροσύνης αʹ,
[Προτρεπτικὸς αʹ,]
Περὶ ἀριθμῶν αʹ,
Ὁριστικὰ περὶ λέξεως συλλογισμῶν αʹ,
Περὶ οὐρανοῦ αʹ,
Πολιτικοῦ αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ φύσεως,
Περὶ καρπῶν,
Περὶ ζῴων.
Ἃ γίνονται στίχων μυρίων κγʹ, ͵βωνʹ.
Τοσαῦτα μὲν οὖν καὶ τῷδε τὰ βιβλία.
50. Prolegomena to Topics, one book.
Relating to Aeschylus, one book.
Astronomical Research, six books.
Arithmetical Researches on Growth, one book.
Acicharus, one book.
On Forensic Speeches, one book.
[Of Calumny, one book.]
Correspondence with Astycreon, Phanias and Nicanor.
Of Piety, one book.
Evias, one book.
On Times of Crisis, two books.
On Relevant Arguments, one book.
On the Education of Children, one book.
Another treatise with the same title, one book.
Of Education or of the Virtues or of Temperance, one book.
[An Exhortation to Philosophy, one book.]
On Numbers, one book.
Definitions concerning the Diction of Syllogisms, one book.
Of the Heavens, one book.
Concerning Politics, two books.
On Nature.
On Fruits.
On Animals.
In all 232,808 lines. So much for his writings.
51 Εὗρον δ’ αὐτοῦ καὶ διαθήκας τοῦτον ἐχούσας τὸν τρόπον·
« Ἔσται μὲν εὖ· ἐὰν δέ τι συμβῇ, τάδε διατίθεμαι· τὰ μὲν οἴκοι ὑπάρχοντα
πάντα δίδωμι Μελάντῃ καὶ Παγκρέοντι τοῖς υἱοῖς Λέοντος. Ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν
παρ’ Ἱππάρχου συμβεβλημένων τάδε μοι βούλομαι γενέσθαι· πρῶτον
μὲν [βούλομαι γενέσθαι] τὰ περὶ τὸ μουσεῖον καὶ τὰς θεὰς συντελεσθῆναι
κἄν τι ἄλλο ἰσχύῃ περὶ αὐτὰς ἐπικοσμηθῆναι πρὸς τὸ κάλλιον· ἔπειτα τὴν
Ἀριστοτέλους εἰκόνα τεθῆναι εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ἀναθήματα ὅσα
πρότερον ὑπῆρχεν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ· εἶτα τὸ στωίδιον οἰκοδομηθῆναι τὸ πρὸς τῷ
μουσείῳ μὴ χεῖρον ἢ πρότερον·
51. I have also come across his will, couched in the following terms:
“All will be well; but in case anything should happen, I make these dispositions. I give and bequeath all my property at home to Melantes and Pancreon, the sons of Leon. It is my wish that out of the trust funds at the disposal of Hipparchus the following appropriations should be made. First, they should be applied to finish the rebuilding of the Museum with the statues of the goddesses, and to add any improvements which seem practicable to beautify them. Secondly, to replace in the temple the bust of Aristotle with the rest of the dedicated offerings which formerly were in the temple. Next, to rebuild the small cloister adjoining the Museum at least as handsomely as before, and to replace in the lower cloister the tablets containing maps of the countries traversed by explorers.
52 ἀναθεῖναι δὲ καὶ τοὺς πίνακας, ἐν οἷς αἱ τῆς γῆς περίοδοί εἰσιν,
εἰς τὴν κάτω στοάν· ἐπισκευασθῆναι δὲ καὶ τὸν βωμόν, ὅπως ἔχῃ τὸ τέλειον
καὶ τὸ εὔσχημον. Βούλομαι δὲ καὶ τὴν Νικομάχου εἰκόνα συντελεσθῆναι
ἴσην. Τὸ μὲν τῆς πλάσεως ἔχει Πραξιτέλης, τὸ δ’ ἄλλο ἀνάλωμα ἀπὸ
τούτου γενέσθω. Σταθῆναι δὲ ὅπου ἂν δοκῇ τοῖς καὶ τῶν ἄλλων
ἐπιμελουμένοις τῶν ἐν τῇ διαθήκῃ γεγραμμένων. Καὶ τὰ μὲν περὶ τὸ ἱερὸν
καὶ τὰ ἀναθήματα τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον. Τὸ δὲ χωρίον τὸ ἐν Σταγείροις ἡμῖν
ὑπάρχον δίδωμι Καλλίνῳ· τὰ δὲ βιβλία πάντα Νηλεῖ. Τὸν δὲ κῆπον καὶ τὸν
περίπατον καὶ τὰς οἰκίας τὰς πρὸς τῷ κήπῳ πάσας δίδωμι τῶν γεγραμμένων φίλων
ἀεὶ τοῖς βουλομένοις συσχολάζειν καὶ συμφιλοσοφεῖν ἐν αὐταῖς,
52. Further, to repair the altar so that it may be perfect and elegant. It is also my wish that the statue of Nicomachus should be completed of life size. The price agreed upon for the making of the statue itself has been paid to Praxiteles, but the rest of the cost should be defrayed from the source above mentioned. The statue should be set up in whatever place seems desirable to the executors entrusted with carrying out my other testamentary dispositions. Let all that concerns the temple and the offerings set up be arranged in this manner. The estate at Stagira belonging to me I give and bequeath to Callinus. The whole of my library I give to Neleus. The garden and the walk and the houses adjoining the garden, all and sundry, I give and bequeath to such of my friends hereinafter named as may wish to study literature and philosophy there in common,
53 ἐπειδήπερ οὐ δυνατὸν πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ἀεὶ ἐπιδημεῖν,
μήτ’ ἐξαλλοτριοῦσι μήτ’ ἐξιδιαζομένου μηδενός, ἀλλ’ ὡς ἂν ἱερὸν κοινῇ
κεκτημένοις, καὶ τὰ πρὸς ἀλλήλους οἰκείως καὶ φιλικῶς χρωμένοις, ὥσπερ
προσῆκον καὶ δίκαιον. Ἔστωσαν δὲ οἱ κοινωνοῦντες Ἵππαρχος, Νηλεύς, Στράτων,
Καλλῖνος, Δημότιμος, Δημάρατος, Καλλισθένης, Μελάντης, Παγκρέων, Νίκιππος.
Ἐξεῖναι δὲ βουλομένῳ φιλοσοφεῖν καὶ Ἀριστοτέλει τῷ Μητροδώρου καὶ Πυθιάδος
υἱῷ καὶ μετέχειν τούτων· καὶ αὐτοῦ πᾶσαν ἐπιμέλειαν ποιεῖσθαι τοὺς
πρεσβυτάτους, ὅπως ὅτι μάλιστα προαχθῇ κατὰ φιλοσοφίαν. Θάψαι δὲ καὶ ἡμᾶς
ὅπου ἂν δοκῇ μάλιστα ἁρμόττον εἶναι τοῦ κήπου, μηδὲν περίεργον μήτε περὶ
τὴν ταφὴν μήτε περὶ τὸ μνημεῖον ποιοῦντας.
53. since it is not possible for all men to be always in residence, on condition that no one alienates the property or devotes it to his private use, but so that they hold it like a temple in joint possession and live, as is right and proper, on terms of familiarity and friendship. Let the community consist of Hipparchus, Neleus, Strato, Callinus, Demotimus, Demaratus, Callisthenes, Melantes, Pancreon, Nicippus. Aristotle, the son of Metrodorus and Pythias, shall also have the right to study and associate with them if he so desire. And the oldest of them shall pay every attention to him, in order to ensure for him the utmost proficiency in philosophy. Let me be buried in any spot in the garden which seems most suitable, without unnecessary outlay upon my funeral or upon my monument.
54 Ὅπως δὲ συνείρηται, μετὰ τὰ περὶ ἡμᾶς συμβάντα, <τὰ> περὶ τὸ ἱερὸν
καὶ τὸ μνημεῖον καὶ τὸν κῆπον καὶ τὸν περίπατον θεραπευόμενα συνεπιμελεῖσθαι
καὶ Πομπύλον τούτων ἐποικοῦντα αὐτὸν καὶ τὴν τῶν ἄλλων ἐπιμέλειαν ποιούμενον
ἣν καὶ πρότερον· τῆς δὲ λυσιτελείας ἐπιμελεῖσθαι αὐτοὺς τοὺς ἔχοντας ταῦτα.
Πομπύλῳ δὲ καὶ Θρέπτῃ πάλαι ἐλευθέροις οὖσι καὶ ἡμῖν πολλὴν χρείαν
παρεσχημένοις, εἴ τι πρότερον ἔχουσι παρ’ ἡμῶν καὶ εἴ τι αὐτοὶ ἐκτήσαντο
καὶ ἃ νῦν παρ’ Ἱππάρχου αὐτοῖς συντέταχα, δισχιλίας δραχμάς, ἀσφαλῶς οἶμαι
δεῖν αὐτοῖς ὑπάρχειν ταῦτα, καθάπερ καὶ αὐτὸς διελέχθην Μελάντῃ καὶ
Παγκρέοντι πλεονάκις καὶ πάντα μοι συγκατετίθεντο.
54. And according to previous agreement let the charge of attending, after my decease, to the temple and the monument and the garden and the walk be shared by Pompylus in person, living close by as he does, and exercising the same supervision over all other matters as before; and those who hold the property shall watch over his interests. Pompylus and Threpta have long been emancipated and have done me much service; and I think that 2000 drachmas certainly ought to belong to them from previous payments made to them by me, from their own earnings, and my present bequest to them to be paid by Hipparchus, as I stated many times in conversation with Melantes and Pancreon themselves, who agreed with me. I give and bequeath to them the maidservant Somatale.
55 Δίδωμι δ’ αὐτοῖς καὶ Σωματάλην [καὶ] τὴν παιδίσκην. Τῶν δὲ παίδων
Μόλωνα μὲν καὶ Τίμωνα καὶ Παρμένοντα ἤδη ἐλευθέρους ἀφίημι· Μανῆν δὲ καὶ
Καλλίαν παραμείναντας ἔτη τέτταρα ἐν τῷ κήπῳ καὶ συνεργασαμένους καὶ
ἀναμαρτήτους γενομένους ἀφίημι ἐλευθέρους. Τῶν δὲ οἰκηματικῶν σκευῶν
ἀποδιδόντας Πομπύλῳ ὅσ’ ἂν δοκῇ τοῖς ἐπιμεληταῖς καλῶς ἔχειν, τὰ λοιπὰ
ἐξαργυρίσαι. Δίδωμι δὲ καὶ Καρίωνα Δημοτίμῳ, Δόνακα δὲ Νηλεῖ· Εὔβοιον δ’
ἀποδόσθαι. Δότω δ’ Ἵππαρχος Καλλίνῳ τρισχιλίας δραχμάς· Μελάντῃ δὲ καὶ
Παγκρέοντι εἰ μὲν μὴ ἑωρῶμεν Ἵππαρχον καὶ ἡμῖν πρότερον χρείαν παρεσχημένον
καὶ νῦν ἐν τοῖς ἰδίοις μάλα νεναυαγηκότα, προσετάξαμεν ἂν μετὰ Μελάντου καὶ
Παγκρέον τος ἐξάγειν αὐτά.
55. And of my slaves I at once emancipate Molon and Timon and Parmeno; to Manes and Callias I give their freedom on condition that they stay four years in the garden and work there together and that their conduct is free from blame. Of my household furniture let so much as the executors think right be given to Pompylus and let the rest be sold. I also devise Carion to Demotimus, and Donax to Neleus. But Euboeus must be sold. Let Hipparchus pay to Callinus 3000 drachmas. And if I had not seen that Hipparchus had done great service to Melantes and Pancreon and formerly to me, and that now in his private affairs he has made shipwreck, I would have appointed him jointly with Melantes and Pancreon to carry out my wishes.
56 Ἐπειδὴ δὲ οὔτ’ ἐκείνοις ἑώρων ῥᾴδιον ὄντα συνοικονομεῖν
λυσιτελέστερόν τ’ αὐτοῖς ὑπελάμβανον εἶναι τεταγμένον τι λαβεῖν παρὰ Ἱππάρχου,
δότω Ἵππαρχος Μελάντῃ καὶ Παγκρέοντι, ἑκατέρῳ, τάλαντον· διδόναι δ’ Ἵππαρχον
καὶ τοῖς ἐπιμεληταῖς εἰς τὰ ἀναλώματα τὰ ἐν τῇ διαθήκῃ γεγραμμένα κατὰ τοὺς
ἑκάστου καιροὺς τῶν δαπανημάτων. Οἰκονομήσαντα δὲ ταῦτα Ἵππαρχον ἀπηλλάχθαι
τῶν συμβολαίων τῶν πρὸς ἐμὲ πάντων· καὶ εἴ τι ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμοῦ ὀνόματος συμβέβληκεν
Ἵππαρχος ἐν Χαλκίδι, Ἱππάρχου τοῦτό ἐστιν. Ἐπιμεληταὶ δὲ ἔστωσαν τῶν ἐν τῇ
διαθήκῃ γεγραμμένων Ἵππαρχος, Νηλεύς, Στράτων, Καλλῖνος, Δημότιμος,
Καλλισθένης, Κτήσαρχος.
56. But, since I saw that it was not easy for them to share the management with him, and I thought it more advantageous for them to receive a fixed sum from Hipparchus, let Hipparchus pay Melantes and Pancreon one talent each and let Hipparchus provide funds for the executors to defray the expenses set down in the will, as each disbursement falls due. And when Hipparchus shall have carried out all these injunctions, he shall be released in full from his liabilities to me. And any advance that he has made in Chalcis in my name belongs to him alone. Let Hipparchus, Neleus, Strato, Callinus, Demotimus, Callisthenes and Ctesarchus be executors to carry out the terms of the will.
57 Αἱ διαθῆκαι κεῖνται, ἀντίγραφα τῷ Θεοφράστου δακτυλίῳ
σεσημασμέναι, μία μὲν παρὰ Ἡγησίᾳ Ἱππάρχου· μάρτυρες Κάλλιππος Παλληνεύς,
Φιλόμηλος Εὐωνυμεύς, Λύσανδρος Ὑβάδης, Φίλων Ἀλωπεκῆθεν. Τὴν δ’ ἑτέραν ἔχει
Ὀλυμπιόδωρος· μάρτυρες δ’ οἱ αὐτοί. Τὴν δ’ ἑτέραν ἔλαβεν Ἀδείμαντος, ἀπήνεγκε
δὲ Ἀνδροσθένης ὁ υἱός· μάρτυρες Ἀρίμνηστος Κλεοβούλου, Λυσίστρατος Φείδωνος
Θάσιος, Στράτων Ἀρκεσιλάου Λαμψακηνός, Θήσιππος Θησίππου ἐκ Κεραμέων,
Διοσκουρίδης Διονυσίου Ἐπικηφίσιος. »
Ὧδ’ ἔχουσιν αὐτῷ καὶ αἱ διαθῆκαι.
Ἀκοῦσαι δ’ αὐτοῦ καὶ Ἐρασίστρατον τὸν ἰατρόν εἰσιν οἳ λέγουσι· καὶ εἰκός.
Στράτων
57. One copy of the will, sealed with the signet-ring of Theophrastus, is deposited with Hegesias, the son of Hipparchus, the witnesses being Callippus of Pallene, Philomelus of Euonymaea, Lysander of Hyba, and Philo of Alopece. Olympiodorus has another copy, the witnesses being the same. The third copy was received by Adeimantus, the bearer being Androsthenes junior; and the witnesses are Arimnestus the son of Cleobulus, Lysistratus the son of Pheidon of Thasos, Strato the son of Arcesilaus of Lampsacus, Thesippus the son of Thesippus of Cerameis, and Dioscurides the son of Dionysius of Epicephisia.”
Such is the tenor of his will.
There are some who say that Erasistratus the physician was also a pupil of his, and it is not improbable.