Ariston the Bald, of Chios, who was also called the Siren, declared the end of action to be a life of perfect indifference to everything which is neither virtue nor vice; recognizing no distinction whatever in things indifferent, but treating them all alike. The wise man he compared to a good actor, who, if called upon to take the part of a Thersites or of an Agamemnon, will impersonate them both becomingly. He wished to discard both Logic and Physics, saying that Physics was beyond our reach and Logic did not concern us: all that did concern us was Ethics.
161 Ἐοικέναι δὲ τοὺς διαλεκτικοὺς λόγους τοῖς ἀραχνίοις, ἃ καίτοι δοκοῦντα τεχνικόν τι ἐμφαίνειν, ἄχρηστά ἐστιν. Ἀρετάς τ’ οὔτε πολλὰς εἰσῆγεν, ὡς ὁ Ζήνων, οὔτε μίαν πολλοῖς ὀνόμασι καλουμένην, ὡς οἱ Μεγαρικοί, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὸ πρός τί πως ἔχειν. Οὕτω δὲ φιλοσοφῶν καὶ ἐν Κυνοσάργει διαλεγόμενος ἴσχυσεν αἱρετιστὴς ἀκοῦσαι. Μιλτιάδης οὖν καὶ Δίφιλος Ἀριστώνειοι προσηγορεύοντο. Ἦν δέ τις πειστικὸς καὶ ὄχλῳ πεποιημένος· ὅθεν ὁ Τίμων φησὶ περὶ αὐτοῦ,
Καί τις Ἀρίστωνος γέννης ἄπο αἱμύλον ἕλκων.
161. Dialectical reasonings, he said, are like spiders’ webs, which, though they seem to display some artistic workmanship, are yet of no use. He would not admit a plurality of virtues with Zeno, nor again with the Megarians one single virtue called by many names; but he treated virtue in accordance with the category of relative modes. Teaching this sort of philosophy, and lecturing in the Cynosarges, he acquired such influence as to be called the founder of a sect. At any rate Miltiades and Diphilus were denominated Aristoneans. He was a plausible speaker and suited the taste of the general public. Hence Timon’s verse about him:
One who from wily Ariston’s line boasts his descent.
162 Παραβαλὼν δὲ Πολέμωνι, φησὶ Διοκλῆς ὁ Μάγνης, μετέθετο, Ζήνωνος ἀρρωστίᾳ μακρᾷ περιπεσόντος. Μάλιστα δὲ προσεῖχε Στωικῷ δόγματι τῷ τὸν σοφὸν ἀδόξαστον εἶναι. Πρὸς ὃ Περσαῖος ἐναντιούμενος διδύμων ἀδελφῶν τὸν ἕτερον ἐποίησεν αὐτῷ παρακαταθήκην δοῦναι, ἔπειτα τὸν ἕτερον ἀπολαβεῖν· καὶ οὕτως ἀπορούμενον διήλεγξεν. Ἀπετείνετο δὲ πρὸς Ἀρκεσίλαον· ὅτε θεασάμενος ταῦρον τερατώδη μήτραν ἔχοντα, « οἴμοι, » ἔφη, « δέδοται Ἀρκεσιλάῳ ἐπιχείρημα κατὰ τῆς ἐναργείας. »
162. After meeting Polemo, says Diocles of Magnesia, while Zeno was suffering from a protracted illness, he recanted his views. The Stoic doctrine to which he attached most importance was the wise man’s refusal to hold mere opinions. And against this doctrine Persaeus was contending when he induced one of a pair of twins to deposit a certain sum with Ariston and afterwards got the other to reclaim it. Ariston being thus reduced to perplexity was refuted. He was at variance with Arcesilaus; and one day when he saw an abortion in the shape of a bull with a uterus, he said, “Alas, here Arcesilaus has had given into his hand an argument against the evidence of the senses.”
163 Πρὸς δὲ τὸν φάμενον Ἀκαδημαϊκὸν οὐδὲν καταλαμβάνειν, « ἆρ’ οὐδὲ τὸν πλησίον σου καθήμενον ὁρᾷς; » εἶπεν· ἀρνησαμένου δέ,
τίς <δέ> σ’ ἐτύφλωσεν (ἔφη), τίς ἀφείλετο λαμπάδος αὐγάς;
Βιβλία δ’ αὐτοῦ φέρεται τάδε·
Προτρεπτικῶν βʹ,
Περὶ τῶν Ζήνωνος δογμάτων,
Διάλογοι,
Σχολῶν Ϛʹ,
Περὶ σοφίας διατριβῶν ζʹ,
Ἐρωτικαὶ διατριβαί,
Ὑπομνήματα ὑπὲρ κενοδοξίας,
Ὑπομνημάτων κεʹ,
Ἀπομνημονευμάτων γʹ,
Χρειῶν ιαʹ,
Πρὸς τοὺς ῥήτορας,
Πρὸς τὰς Ἀλεξίνου ἀντιγραφάς,
Πρὸς τοὺς διαλεκτικοὺς γʹ,
Πρὸς Κλεάνθην,
Ἐπιστολῶν δʹ,
Παναίτιος δὲ καὶ Σωσικράτης μόνας αὐτοῦ τὰς ἐπιστολάς φασι, τὰ δ’ ἄλλα τοῦ περιπατητικοῦ Ἀρίστωνος.
163. When some Academic alleged that he had no certainty of anything, Ariston said, “Do you not even see your neighbour sitting by you?” and when the other answered “No,” he rejoined,
Who can have blinded you? who robbed you of luminous eyesight?
The books attributed to him are as follows:
Exhortations, two books.
Of Zeno’s Doctrines.
Dialogues.
Lectures, six books.
Dissertations on Philosophy, seven books.
Dissertations on Love.
Commonplaces on Vainglory.
Notebooks, twenty-five volumes.
Memorabilia, three books.
Anecdotes, eleven books.
Against the Rhetoricians.
An Answer to the Counter-pleas of Alexinus.
Against the Dialecticians, three books.
Letters to Cleanthes, four books.
Panaetius and Sosicrates consider the Letters to be alone genuine; all the other works named they attribute to Ariston the Peripatetic.
164 Τοῦτον λόγος φαλακρὸν ὄντα ἐγκαυθῆναι ὑπὸ ἡλίου καὶ ὧδε τελευτῆσαι. Προσεπαίξαμεν δ’ αὐτῷ τόνδε τὸν τρόπον τῷ ἰάμβῳ τῷ χωλῷ·
Τί δὴ γέρων ὢν καὶ φάλανθος, ὦ ‘ρίστων,
τὸ βρέγμ’ ἔδωκας ἡλίῳ κατοπτῆσαι;
τοιγὰρ τὸ θερμὸν πλεῖον ἢ δέοι ζητῶν
τὸν ψυχρὸν ὄντως εὗρες οὐ θέλων Ἅιδην.
Γέγονε δὲ καὶ ἄλλος Ἀρίστων Ἰουλιήτης περιπατητικός, ὁ δέ τις μουσικὸς Ἀθηναῖος, τέταρτος ποιητὴς τραγῳδίας, πέμπτος Ἁλαιεὺς τέχνας γεγραφὼς ῥητορικάς, ἕκτος Ἀλεξανδρεὺς περιπατητικός.
Ήριλλος
164. The story goes that being bald he had a sunstroke and so came to his end. I have composed a trifling poem upon him in limping iambics as follows:
Wherefore, Ariston, when old and bald did you let the sun roast your forehead? Thus seeking warmth more than was reasonable, you lit unwillingly upon the chill reality of Death.
There was also another Ariston, a native of Iulis; a third, a musician of Athens; a fourth, a tragic poet; a fifth, of Halae, author of treatises on rhetoric; a sixth, a Peripatetic philosopher of Alexandria.
165 Ἥριλλος δ’ ὁ Καρχηδόνιος τέλος εἶπε τὴν ἐπιστήμην, ὅπερ ἐστὶ ζῆν ἀεὶ πάντ’ ἀναφέροντα πρὸς τὸ μετ’ ἐπιστήμης ζῆν καὶ μὴ τῇ ἀγνοίᾳ διαβεβλημένον. Εἶναι δὲ τὴν ἐπιστήμην ἕξιν ἐν φαντασιῶν προσδέξει ἀνυπόπτωτον ὑπὸ λόγου. Ποτὲ δ’ ἔλεγε μηδὲν εἶναι τέλος, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὰς περιστάσεις καὶ τὰ πράγματ’ ἀλλάττεσθαι αὐτό, ὡς καὶ τὸν αὐτὸν χαλκὸν ἢ Ἀλεξάνδρου γινόμενον ἀνδριάντα ἢ Σωκράτους. Διαφέρειν δὲ τέλος καὶ ὑποτελίδα· τῆς μὲν γὰρ καὶ τοὺς μὴ σοφοὺς στοχάζεσθαι, τοῦ δὲ μόνον τὸν σοφόν. Τὰ δὲ μεταξὺ ἀρετῆς καὶ κακίας ἀδιάφορα εἶναι. Ἔστι δ’ αὐτοῦ τὰ βιβλία ὀλιγόστιχα μέν, δυνάμεως δὲ μεστὰ καὶ περιέχοντα ἀντιρρήσεις πρὸς Ζήνωνα.
165. Herillus of Carthage declared the end of action to be Knowledge, that is, so to live always as to make the scientific life the standard in all things and not to be misled by ignorance. Knowledge he defined as a habit of mind, not to be upset by argument, in the acceptance of presentations. Sometimes he used to say there was no single end of action, but it shifted according to varying circumstances and objects, as the same bronze might become a statue either of Alexander or of Socrates. He made a distinction between end-in-chief and subordinate end: even the unwise may aim at the latter, but only the wise seek the true end of life. Everything that lies between virtue and vice he pronounced indifferent. His writings, though they do not occupy much space, are full of vigour and contain some controversial passages in reply to Zeno.
166 Λέγεται δ’ ὅτι παιδὸς ὄντος αὐτοῦ ἠράσθησαν ἱκανοί, οὓς ἀποτρέψαι βουλόμενος ὁ Ζήνων ἠνάγκασε ξυρᾶσθαι Ἥριλλον, οἱ δ’ ἀπετράποντο.
Τὰ δὲ βιβλία ἐστὶ τάδε·
Περὶ ἀσκήσεως,
Περὶ παθῶν,
Περὶ ὑπολήψεως,
Νομοθέτης,
Μαιευτικός,
Ἀντιφέρων,
Διδάσκαλος,
Διασκευάζων,
Εὐθύνων,
Ἑρμῆς,
Μήδεια,
Διάλογοι,
Θέσεων ἠθικῶν.
Διονύσιος
Διονύσιος δ’ ὁ Μεταθέμενος τέλος εἶπε τὴν ἡδονὴν διὰ περίστασιν ὀφθαλμίας· ἀλγήσας γὰρ ἐπιπόνως ὤκνησεν εἰπεῖν τὸν πόνον ἀδιάφορον.
Ἦν δὲ παῖς μὲν Θεοφάντου, πόλεως δ’ Ἡρακλείας. Ἤκουσε δέ, καθά φησι Διοκλῆς, πρῶτον μὲν Ἡρακλείδου τοῦ πολίτου, ἔπειτ’ Ἀλεξίνου καὶ Μενεδήμου, τελευταῖον δὲ Ζήνωνος.
166. He is said to have had many admirers when a boy; and as Zeno wished to drive them away, he compelled Herillus to have his head shaved, which disgusted them.
His books are the following:
Of Training.
Of the Passions.
Concerning Opinion or Belief.
The Legislator.
The Obstetrician.
The Challenger.
The Teacher.
The Reviser.
The Controller.
Hermes.
Medea.
Dialogues.
Ethical Themes.
Dionysius, the Renegade, declared that pleasure was the end of action; this under the trying circumstance of an attack of ophthalmia. For so violent was his suffering that he could not bring himself to call pain a thing indifferent.
He was the son of Theophantus and a native of Heraclea. At first, as Diocles relates, he was a pupil of his fellow-townsman, Heraclides, next of Alexinus and Menedemus, and lastly of Zeno.
167 Καὶ κατ’ ἀρχὰς μὲν φιλογράμματος ὢν παντοδαποῖς ἐπεχείρει ποιήμασιν, ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ Ἄρατον ἀπεδέχετο, ζηλῶν αὐτόν. Ἀποστὰς δὲ τοῦ Ζήνωνος πρὸς τοὺς Κυρηναϊκοὺς ἀπετράπη καὶ εἴς τε τὰ χαμαιτυπεῖα εἰσῄει καὶ τἄλλ’ ἀπαρακαλύπτως ἡδυπάθει. Βιοὺς δὲ πρὸς τὰ ὀγδοήκοντ’ ἀσιτίᾳ κατέστρεψε.
Βιβλία δ’ αὐτοῦ φέρεται τάδε·
Περὶ ἀπαθείας βʹ,
Περὶ ἀσκήσεως βʹ,
Περὶ ἡδονῆς δʹ,
Περὶ πλούτου καὶ χάριτος καὶ τιμωρίας,
Περὶ ἀνθρώπων χρήσεως,
Περὶ εὐτυχίας,
Περὶ ἀρχαίων βασιλέων,
Περὶ τῶν ἐπαινουμένων,
Περὶ βαρβαρικῶν ἐθῶν.
Καὶ οὗτοι μὲν οἱ διενεχθέντες. Διεδέξατο δὲ τὸν Ζήνωνα Κλεάνθης, περὶ οὗ λεκτέον.
Κλεάνθης
167. At the outset of his career he was fond of literature and tried his hand at all kinds of poetry; afterwards he took Aratus for his model, whom he strove to imitate. When he fell away from Zeno, he went over to the Cyrenaics, and used to frequent houses of ill fame and indulge in all other excesses without disguise. After living till he was nearly eighty years of age, he committed suicide by starving himself.
The following works are attributed to him:
Of Apathy, two books
On Training, two books.
Of Pleasure, four books.
Of Wealth, Popularity and Revenge
How to live amongst Men.
Of Prosperity.
Of Ancient Kings.
Of those who are Praised.
Of the Customs of Barbarians.
These three, then, are the heterodox Stoics. The legitimate successor to Zeno, however, was Cleanthes: of whom we have now to speak.
168 Κλεάνθης Φανίου Ἄσσιος. Οὗτος πρῶτον ἦν πύκτης, ὥς φησιν Ἀντισθένης ἐν Διαδοχαῖς. Ἀφικόμενος δ’ εἰς Ἀθήνας τέσσαρας ἔχων δραχμάς, καθά φασί τινες, καὶ Ζήνωνι παραβαλὼν ἐφιλοσόφησε γενναιότατα καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν αὐτῶν ἔμεινε δογμάτων. Διεβοήθη δ’ ἐπὶ φιλοπονίᾳ, ὅς γε πένης ὢν ἄγαν ὥρμησε μισθοφορεῖν· καὶ νύκτωρ μὲν ἐν τοῖς κήποις ἤντλει, μεθ’ ἡμέραν δ’ ἐν τοῖς λόγοις ἐγυμνάζετο· ὅθεν καὶ Φρεάντλης ἐκλήθη. Φασὶ δ’ αὐτὸν καὶ εἰς δικαστήριον ἀχθῆναι, λόγους δώσοντα πόθεν ἐς τοσοῦτον εὐέκτης ὢν διαζῇ· ἔπειτ’ ἀποφυγεῖν, τόν τε κηπουρὸν μάρτυρα παρασχόντα παρ’ ὃν ἤντλει, καὶ τὴν ἀλφιτόπωλιν παρ’ ᾗ τὰ ἄλφιτα ἔπεττεν.
168. Cleanthes, son of Phanias, was a native of Assos. This man, says Antisthenes in his Successions of Philosophers , was at first a pugilist. He arrived in Athens, as some people say, with four drachmas only, and meeting with Zeno he studied philosophy right nobly and adhered to the same doctrines throughout. He was renowned for his industry, being indeed driven by extreme poverty to work for a living. Thus, while by night he used to draw water in gardens, by day he exercised himself in arguments: hence the nickname Phreantles or Well-lifter was given him. He is said to have been brought into court to answer the inquiry how so sturdy a fellow as he made his living, and then to have been acquitted on producing as his witnesses the gardener in whose garden he drew water
169 Ἀποδεξαμένους δ’ αὐτὸν τοὺς Ἀρεοπαγίτας ψηφίσασθαι δέκα μνᾶς δοθῆναι, Ζήνωνα δὲ κωλῦσαι λαβεῖν. Φασὶ δὲ καὶ Ἀντίγονον αὐτῷ τρισχιλίας δοῦναι. Ἡγούμενόν τε τῶν ἐφήβων ἐπί τινα θέαν ὑπ’ ἀνέμου παραγυμνωθῆναι καὶ ὀφθῆναι ἀχίτωνα· ἐφ’ ᾧ κρότῳ τιμηθῆναι ὑπ’ Ἀθηναίων, καθά φησι Δημήτριος ὁ Μάγνης ἐν τοῖς Ὁμωνύμοις. Ἐθαυμάσθη δὴ οὖν καὶ διὰ τόδε. Φασὶ δὲ καὶ Ἀντίγονον αὐτοῦ πυθέσθαι ὄντα ἀκροατήν, διὰ τί ἀντλεῖ· τὸν δ’ εἰπεῖν, « ἀντλῶ γὰρ μόνον; τί δ’; οὐχὶ σκάπτω; τί δ’; οὐκ ἄρδω καὶ πάντα ποιῶ φιλοσοφίας ἕνεκα; » καὶ γὰρ ὁ Ζήνων αὐτὸν συνεγύμναζεν εἰς τοῦτο καὶ ἐκέλευεν ὀβολὸν φέρειν ἀποφορᾶς.
169. and the woman who sold the meal which he used to crush. The Areopagites were satisfied and voted him a donation of ten minas, which Zeno forbade him to accept. We are also told that Antigonus made him a present of three thousand drachmas. Once, as he was conducting some youths to a public spectacle, the wind blew his cloak aside and disclosed the fact that he wore no shirt, whereupon he was applauded by the Athenians, as is stated by Demetrius of Magnesia in his work on Men of the Same Name . This then also increased the admiration felt for him. There is another story that Antigonus when attending his lectures inquired of him why he drew water and received the reply, “Is drawing water all I do? What? Do I not dig? What? Do I not water the garden? or undertake any other labour for the love of philosophy?” For Zeno used to discipline him to this and bid him return him an obol from his wages.
170 Καί ποτ’ ἀθροισθὲν τὸ κέρμα ἐκόμισεν εἰς μέσον τῶν γνωρίμων καί φησι, « Κλεάνθης μὲν καὶ ἄλλον Κλεάνθην δύναιτ’ ἂν τρέφειν, εἰ βούλοιτο· οἱ δ’ ἔχοντες ὅθεν τραφήσονται παρ’ ἑτέρων ἐπιζητοῦσι τὰ ἐπιτήδεια, καίπερ ἀνειμένως φιλοσοφοῦντες. » Ὅθεν δὴ καὶ δεύτερος Ἡρακλῆς ὁ Κλεάνθης ἐκαλεῖτο. Ἦν δὲ πονικὸς μέν, ἀφύσικος δὲ καὶ βραδὺς ὑπερβαλλόντως· διὸ καὶ Τίμων περὶ αὐτοῦ φησιν οὕτως·
Τίς δ’ οὗτος κτίλος ὣς ἐπιπωλεῖται στίχας ἀνδρῶν,
μωλύτης ἐπέων φίλος Ἄσσιος, ὅλμος ἄτολμος;
Καὶ σκωπτόμενος δ’ ὑπὸ τῶν συμμαθητῶν ἠνείχετο καὶ ὄνος ἀκούων προσεδέχετο, λέγων αὐτὸς μόνος δύνασθαι βαστάζειν τὸ Ζήνωνος φορτίον.
170. And one day he produced a handful of small coin before his acquaintance and said, “Cleanthes could even maintain a second Cleanthes, if he liked, whereas those who possess the means to keep themselves yet seek to live at the expense of others, and that too though they have plenty of time to spare from their studies.” Hence Cleanthes was called a second Heracles. He had industry, but no natural aptitude for physics, and was extraordinarily slow. On which account Timon describes him thus:
Who is this that like a bell-wether ranges over the ranks of men, a dullard, lover of verse, hailing from Assos, a mass of rock, unventuresome.
And he used to put up with gibes from his fellow-pupils and did not mind being called the ass, telling them that he alone was strong enough to carry the load of Zeno.
171 Καί ποτ’ ὀνειδιζόμενος ὡς δειλός, « Διὰ τοῦτο, » εἶπεν, « ὀλίγα ἁμαρτάνω. »
Προκρίνων δὲ τὸν ἑαυτοῦ βίον τοῦ τῶν πλουσίων ἔλεγεν, ἐν ᾧ σφαιρίζουσιν ἐκεῖνοι τὴν σκληρὰν καὶ ἄκαρπον <αὐτὸς> ἐργάζεσθαι σκάπτων. Πολλάκις δὲ καὶ ἑαυτῷ ἐπέπληττεν· ὧν ἀκούσας Ἀρίστων, « Τίνι, » ἔφη, « ἐπιπλήττεις; » Καὶ ὃς γελάσας, « Πρεσβύτῃ, » φησί, « πολιὰς μὲν ἔχοντι, νοῦν δὲ μή. » Εἰπόντος δέ τινος Ἀρκεσίλαον μὴ ποιεῖν τὰ δέοντα, « Παῦσαι, » ἔφη, « καὶ μὴ ψέγε· εἰ γὰρ καὶ λόγῳ τὸ καθῆκον ἀναιρεῖ, τοῖς γοῦν ἔργοις αὐτὸ τιθεῖ. » Καὶ ὁ Ἀρκεσίλαος, « Οὐ κολακεύομαι, » φησί. Πρὸς ὃν ὁ Κλεάνθης, « Ναί, » ἔφη, « σὲ κολακεύω φάμενος ἄλλα μὲν λέγειν, ἕτερα δὲ ποιεῖν. »
171. Once when he was reproached with cowardice, he replied, “That is why I so seldom go wrong.” Again, when extolling his own manner of life above that of the wealthy, he used to say that, while they were playing at ball, he was at work digging hard and barren ground. He would often find fault with himself too, and one day when Ariston heard him doing this and asked, “Who is it you are scolding so?” he, laughing, said, “An old man with grey hairs and no wits.” To some one who declared that Arcesilaus did not do what he ought, his reply was, “No more of this; do not censure him. For if by his words he does away with duty, he maintains it at all events by his deeds.” And Arcesilaus rejoined, “I am not to be won by flattery.” Whereupon Cleanthes said, “True, but my flattery consists in alleging that your theory is incompatible with your practice.”
172 Ἐρομένου τινὸς τί ὑποτίθεσθαι δεῖ τῷ υἱῷ, « Τὸ τῆς Ἠλέκτρας, » ἔφη,
Σῖγα, σῖγα, λεπτὸν ἴχνος.
Λάκωνός τινος εἰπόντος ὅτι ὁ πόνος ἀγαθόν, διαχυθείς φησιν,
Αἵματός εἰς ἀγαθοῖο, φίλον τέκος.
Φησὶ δ’ ὁ Ἑκάτων ἐν ταῖς Χρείαις, εὐμόρφου μειρακίου εἰπόντος, « Εἰ ὁ εἰς τὴν γαστέρα τύπτων γαστρίζει, καὶ ὁ εἰς τοὺς μηροὺς τύπτων μηρίζει, » ἔφη, « Σὺ μὲν τοὺς διαμηρισμοὺς ἔχε, μειράκιον· αἱ δ’ ἀνάλογοι φωναὶ τὰ ἀνάλογα οὐ πάντως σημαίνουσι πράγματα. » Μειρακίῳ ποτὲ διαλεγόμενος ἐπύθετο εἰ αἰσθάνεται· τοῦ δ’ ἐπινεύσαντος, « Διὰ τί οὖν, » εἶπεν, « ἐγὼ οὐκ αἰσθάνομαι ὅτι αἰσθάνῃ; »
172. When some one inquired of him what lesson he ought to give his son, Cleanthes in reply quoted words from the Electra:
Silence, silence, light be thy step.
A Lacedaemonian having declared that toil was a good thing, he was overjoyed and said,
Thou art of gentle blood, dear child.
Dicit autem Hecato in Sententiis eum, cum adulescens quidam formosus dixisset, Si pulsans ventrem ventrizat, pulsans coxas coxizat, dixisse, Tibi habeas, adulescens, coxizationes: nempe vocabula quae conveniunt analogia non semper etiam significatione conveniunt. Once in conversation with a youth he put the question, “Do you see?” and when the youth nodded assent, he went on, “Why, then, don’t I see that you see?”
173 Σωσιθέου τοῦ ποιητοῦ ἐν θεάτρῳ εἰπόντος πρὸς αὐτὸν παρόντα,
Οὓς ἡ Κλεάνθους μωρία βοηλατεῖ,
ἔμεινεν ἐπὶ ταὐτοῦ σχήματος· ἐφ’ ᾧ ἀγασθέντες οἱ ἀκροαταὶ τὸν μὲν ἐκρότησαν, τὸν δὲ Σωσίθεον ἐξέβαλον. Μεταγινώσκοντα δ’ αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τῇ λοιδορίᾳ προσήκατο, εἰπὼν ἄτοπον εἶναι τὸν μὲν Διόνυσον καὶ τὸν Ἡρακλέα φλυαρουμένους ὑπὸ τῶν ποιητῶν μὴ ὀργίζεσθαι, αὐτὸν δ’ ἐπὶ τῇ τυχούσῃ βλασφημίᾳ δυσχεραίνειν.
Ἔλεγε δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἐκ τοῦ περιπάτου ὅμοιόν τι πάσχειν ταῖς λύραις, αἳ καλῶς φθεγξάμεναι αὑτῶν οὐκ ἀκούουσι. Λέγεται δέ, φάσκοντος αὐτοῦ κατὰ Ζήνωνα καταληπτὸν εἶναι τὸ ἦθος ἐξ εἴδους, νεανίσκους τινὰς εὐτραπέλους ἀγαγεῖν πρὸς αὐτὸν κίναιδον ἐσκληραγωγημένον ἐν ἀγρῷ καὶ ἀξιοῦν ἀποφαίνεσθαι περὶ τοῦ ἤθους· τὸν δὲ διαπορούμενον κελεῦσαι ἀπιέναι τὸν ἄνθρωπον.
173. He was present in the theatre when the poet Sositheus uttered the verse –
Driven by Cleanthes’ folly like dumb herds,
and he remained unmoved in the same attitude. At which the audience were so astonished that they applauded him and drove Sositheus off the stage. Afterwards when the poet apologized for the insult, he accepted the apology, saying that, when Dionysus and Heracles were ridiculed by the poets without getting angry, it would be absurd for him to be annoyed at casual abuse. He used to say that the Peripatetics were in the same case as lyres which, although they give forth sweet sounds, never hear themselves. It is said that when he laid it down as Zeno’s opinion that a man’s character could be known from his looks, certain witty young men brought before him a rake with hands horny from toil in the country and requested him to state what the man’s character was. Cleanthes was perplexed and ordered the man to go away; but when, as he was making off, he sneezed, “I have it,” cried Cleanthes, “he is effeminate.”
174 Ὡς δ’ ἀπιὼν ἐκεῖνος ἔπταρεν, « Ἔχω, » εἶπεν, « αὐτόν, » ὁ Κλεάνθης, « Μαλακός ἐστι. » Πρὸς δὲ τὸν μονήρη καὶ ἑαυτῷ λαλοῦντα, « Οὐ φαύλῳ, » ἔφη, « ἀνθρώπῳ λαλεῖς. » Ὀνειδίσαντος αὐτῷ τινος εἰς τὸ γῆρας, « Κἀγώ, » ἔφη, « ἀπιέναι βούλομαι· ὅταν δὲ πανταχόθεν ἐμαυτὸν ὑγιαίνοντα περινοῶ καὶ γράφοντα καὶ ἀναγινώσκοντα, πάλιν μένω. » Τοῦτόν φασιν εἰς ὄστρακα καὶ βοῶν ὠμοπλάτας γράφειν ἅπερ ἤκουε παρὰ τοῦ Ζήνωνος, ἀπορίᾳ κερμάτων ὥστε ὠνήσασθαι χαρτία. Τοιοῦτος δ’ ὢν ἐξίσχυσε, πολλῶν καὶ ἄλλων ὄντων ἀξιολόγων Ζήνωνος μαθητῶν, αὐτὸς διαδέξασθαι τὴν σχολήν.
Βιβλία δὲ κάλλιστα καταλέλοιπεν, ἅ ἐστι τάδε·
Περὶ χρόνου,
Περὶ τῆς Ζήνωνος φυσιολογίας δύο,
Τῶν Ἡρακλείτου ἐξηγήσεις, τέσσαρα,
Περὶ αἰσθήσεως,
Περὶ τέχνης,
Πρὸς Δημόκριτον,
Πρὸς Ἀρίσταρχον,
Πρὸς Ἥριλλον,
Περὶ ὁρμῆς δύο,
174. To the solitary man who talked to himself he remarked, “You are not talking to a bad man.” When some one twitted him on his old age, his reply was, “I too am ready to depart; but when again I consider that I am in all points in good health and that I can still write and read, I am content to wait.” We are told that he wrote down Zeno’s lectures on oyster-shells and the blade-bones of oxen through lack of money to buy paper. Such was he; and yet, although Zeno had many other eminent disciples, he was able to succeed him in the headship of the school.
He has left some very fine writings, which are as follows:
Of Time.
Of Zeno’s Natural Philosophy, two books.
Interpretations of Heraclitus, four books.
De Sensu.
Of Art.
A Reply to Democritus.
A Reply to Aristarchus.
A Reply to Herillus.
Of Impulse, two books.
175 Ἀρχαιολογία,
Περὶ θεῶν,
Περὶ γιγάντων,
Περὶ ὑμεναίου,
Περὶ τοῦ ποιητοῦ,
Περὶ τοῦ καθήκοντος τρία,
Περὶ εὐβουλίας,
Περὶ χάριτος,
Προτρεπτικός,
Περὶ ἀρετῶν,
Περὶ εὐφυΐας,
Περὶ Γοργίππου,
Περὶ φθονερίας,
Περὶ ἔρωτος,
Περὶ ἐλευθερίας,
Ἐρωτικὴ τέχνη,
Περὶ τιμῆς,
Περὶ δόξης,
Πολιτικός,
Περὶ βουλῆς,
Περὶ νόμων,
Περὶ τοῦ δικάζειν,
Περὶ ἀγωγῆς,
Περὶ τοῦ λόγου τρία,
Περὶ τέλους,
Περὶ καλῶν,
Περὶ πράξεων,
Περὶ ἐπιστήμης,
Περὶ βασιλείας,
Περὶ φιλίας,
Περὶ συμποσίου,
Περὶ τοῦ ὅτι ἡ αὐτὴ ἀρετὴ καὶ ἀνδρὸς καὶ γυναικός,
Περὶ τοῦ τὸν σοφὸν σοφιστεύειν,
Περὶ χρειῶν,
Διατριβῶν δύο,
Περὶ ἡδονῆς,
Περὶ ἰδίων,
Περὶ τῶν ἀπόρων,
Περὶ διαλεκτικῆς,
Περὶ τρόπων,
Περὶ κατηγορημάτων,
Ταῦτα αὐτῷ τὰ βιβλία.
175. Antiquities.
Of the Gods.
Of Giants.
Of Marriage.
On Homer.
Of Duty, three books.
Of Good Counsel.
Of Gratitude.
An Exhortation.
Of the Virtues.
Of Natural Ability.
Of Gorgippus.
Of Envy.
Of Love.
Of Freedom.
The Art of Love.
Of Honour.
Of Fame.
The Statesman.
Of Deliberation.
Of Laws.
Of Litigation.
Of Education.
Of Logic, three books.
Of the End.
Of Beauty.
Of Conduct.
Of Knowledge.
Of Kingship.
Of Friendship.
On the Banquet.
On the Thesis that Virtue is the same in Man and in Woman.
On the Wise Man turning Sophist.
Of Usages.
Lectures, two books.
Of Pleasure.
On Properties.
On Insoluble Problems.
Of Dialectic.
Of Moods or Tropes.
Of Predicates.
This, then, is the list of his works.
176 Καὶ τελευτᾷ τόνδε τὸν τρόπον· διῴδησεν αὐτῷ τὸ οὖλον· ἀπαγορευσάντων δὲ τῶν ἰατρῶν, δύο ἡμέρας ἀπέσχετο τροφῆς. Καί πως ἔσχε καλῶς ὥστε τοὺς ἰατροὺς αὐτῷ πάντα τὰ συνήθη συγχωρεῖν· τὸν δὲ μὴ ἀνασχέσθαι, ἀλλ’ εἰπόντα ἤδη αὐτῷ προωδοποιῆσθαι καὶ τὰς λοιπὰς ἀποσχόμενον τελευτῆσαι ταὐτὰ Ζήνωνι, καθά φασί τινες, [ὀγδοήκοντα] ἔτη βιώσαντα καὶ ἀκούσαντα Ζήνωνος ἔτη ἐννεακαίδεκα.
Ἐπαίξαμεν δὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς πρὸς αὐτὸν οὕτως·
Αἰνῶ Κλεάνθην, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον Ἀΐδην·
ἰδὼν γὰρ αὐτὸν πρέσβυν οὐκ ἠνέσχετο
<τὸ> μὴ οὐ τὸ λοιπὸν ἄνεσιν ἐν φθιτοῖς ἔχειν
τοσοῦτον ἀντλήσαντα τοῦ βίου χρόνον.
Σφαίρος
176. His end was as follows. He had severe inflammation of the gums, and by the advice of his doctors he abstained from food for two whole days. As it happened, this treatment succeeded, so that the doctors were for allowing him to resume his usual diet. To this, however, he would not consent, but declaring that he had already got too far on the road, he went on fasting the rest of his days until his death at the same age as Zeno according to some authorities, having spent nineteen years as Zeno’s pupil.
My lighter verse on him runs thus:
I praise Cleanthes, but praise Hades more,
Who could not bear to see him grown so old,
So gave him rest at last among the dead,
Who’d drawn such load of water while alive.
177 Τούτου, καθάπερ προειρήκαμεν, ἤκουσε μετὰ Ζήνωνα καὶ Σφαῖρος ὁ Βοσποριανός, ὃς προκοπὴν ἱκανὴν περιποιησάμενος λόγων εἰς Ἀλεξάνδρειαν ἀπῄει πρὸς Πτολεμαῖον τὸν Φιλοπάτορα. Λόγου δέ ποτε γενομένου περὶ τοῦ δοξάσειν τὸν σοφὸν καὶ τοῦ Σφαίρου εἰπόντος ὡς οὐ δοξάσει, βουλόμενος ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐλέγξαι αὐτόν, κηρίνας ῥόας ἐκέλευσε παρατεθῆναι· τοῦ δὲ Σφαίρου ἀπατηθέντος ἀνεβόησεν ὁ βασιλεὺς ψευδεῖ συγκατατεθεῖσθαι αὐτὸν φαντασίᾳ. Πρὸς ὃν ὁ Σφαῖρος εὐστόχως ἀπεκρίνατο, εἰπὼν οὕτως συγκατατεθεῖσθαι, οὐχ ὅτι ῥόαι εἰσίν, ἀλλ’ ὅτι εὔλογόν ἐστι ῥόας αὐτὰς εἶναι· διαφέρειν δὲ τὴν καταληπτικὴν φαντασίαν τοῦ εὐλόγου. Πρὸς δὲ Μνησίστρατον κατηγοροῦντα αὐτοῦ ὅτι Πτολεμαῖον οὔ φησι βασιλέα εἶναι, « τοιοῦτον δ’ ὄντα τὸν Πτολεμαῖον καὶ βασιλέα εἶναι. »
177. Amongst those who after the death of Zeno became pupils of Cleanthes was Sphaerus of Bosporus, as already mentioned. After making considerable progress in his studies, he went to Alexandria to the court of King Ptolemy Philopator. One day when a discussion had arisen on the question whether the wise man could stoop to hold opinion, and Sphaerus had maintained that this was impossible, the king, wishing to refute him, ordered some waxen pomegranates to be put on the table. Sphaerus was taken in and the king cried out, “You have given your assent to a presentation which is false.” But Sphaerus was ready with a neat answer. “I assented not to the proposition that they are pomegranates, but to another, that there are good grounds for thinking them to be pomegranates. Certainty of presentation and reasonable probability are two totally different things.” Mnesistratus having accused him of denying that Ptolemy was a king, his reply was, “Being of such quality as he is, Ptolemy is indeed a king.”
178 Βιβλία δὲ γέγραφε τάδε·
Περὶ κόσμου δύο,
Περὶ στοιχείων,
<Περὶ> σπέρματος,
Περὶ τύχης,
Περὶ ἐλαχίστων,
Πρὸς τὰς ἀτόμους καὶ τὰ εἴδωλα,
Περὶ αἰσθητηρίων,
Περὶ Ἡρακλείτου πέντε διατριβῶν,
Περὶ τῆς ἠθικῆς διατάξεως,
Περὶ καθήκοντος,
Περὶ ὁρμῆς,
Περὶ παθῶν δύο,
Περὶ βασιλείας,
Περὶ Λακωνικῆς πολιτείας,
Περὶ Λυκούργου καὶ Σωκράτους τρία,
Περὶ νόμου,
Περὶ μαντικῆς,
Διαλόγους ἐρωτικούς,
Περὶ τῶν Ἐρετριακῶν φιλοσόφων,
Περὶ ὁμοίων,
Περὶ ὅρων,
Περὶ ἕξεως,
Περὶ τῶν ἀντιλεγομένων τρία,
Περὶ λόγου,
Περὶ πλούτου,
Περὶ δόξης,
Περὶ θανάτου,
Τέχνης διαλεκτικῆς δύο,
Περὶ κατηγορημάτων,
Περὶ ἀμφιβολιῶν,
Ἐπιστολάς.
Χρύσιππος
178. The books that he wrote were as follows:
Of the Cosmos, two books.
Of Elements.
Of Seed.
Of Fortune.
Of Minimal Parts.
Against Atoms and Images.
Of Organs of Sense.
A Course of Five Lectures on Heraclitus.
On the Right Arrangement of Ethical Doctrine.
Of Duty.
Of Impulse.
Of the Passions, two books.
Of Kingship.
Of the Spartan Constitution.
Of Lycurgus and Socrates, three books.
Of Law.
On Divination.
Dialogues on Love.
Of the School of Eretria.
Of Similars.
Of Terms.
Of Habit.
Of Contradictions, three books.
Of Discourse.
Of Wealth.
Of Fame.
Of Death.
Handbook of Dialectic, two books.
Of Predicates.
Of Ambiguous Terms.
Letters.
179 Χρύσιππος Ἀπολλωνίου Σολεύς, ἢ Ταρσεὺς ὡς Ἀλέξανδρος ἐν Διαδοχαῖς, μαθητὴς Κλεάνθους. Οὗτος πρότερον μὲν δόλιχον ἤσκει, ἔπειτ’ ἀκούσας Ζήνωνος ἢ Κλεάνθους, ὡς Διοκλῆς καὶ οἱ πλείους, ἔτι τε ζῶντος ἀπέστη αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐχ ὁ τυχὼν ἐγένετο κατὰ φιλοσοφίαν· ἀνὴρ εὐφυὴς καὶ ὀξύτατος ἐν παντὶ μέρει οὕτως ὥστε καὶ ἐν τοῖς πλείστοις διηνέχθη πρὸς Ζήνωνα, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς Κλεάνθην, ᾧ καὶ πολλάκις ἔλεγε μόνης τῆς τῶν δογμάτων διδασκαλίας χρῄζειν, τὰς δὲ ἀποδείξεις αὐτὸς εὑρήσειν. Μετενόει μέντοι ὁπότε πρὸς αὐτὸν ἀποτείνοιτο, ὥστε συνεχὲς προφέρεσθαι ταῦτα·
Ἐγὼ δὲ τἄλλα μακάριος πέφυκ’ ἀνὴρ
πλὴν εἰς Κλεάνθην· τοῦτο δ’ οὐκ εὐδαιμονῶ.
179. Chrysippus, the son of Apollonius, came either from Soli or from Tarsus, as Alexander relates in his Successions . He was a pupil of Cleanthes. Before this he used to practise as a long-distance runner; but afterwards he came to hear Zeno, or, as Diocles and most people say, Cleanthes; and then, while Cleanthes was still living, withdrew from his school and attained exceptional eminence as a philosopher. He had good natural parts and showed the greatest acuteness in every branch of the subject; so much so that he differed on most points from Zeno, and from Cleanthes as well, to whom he often used to say that all he wanted was to be told what the doctrines were; he would find out the proofs for himself. Nevertheless, whenever he had contended against Cleanthes, he would afterwards feel remorse, so that he constantly came out with the lines:
Blest in all else am I, save only where
I touch Cleanthes: there I am ill-fortuned.
180 Οὕτω δ’ ἐπίδοξος ἐν τοῖς διαλεκτικοῖς ἐγένετο, ὥστε δοκεῖν τοὺς πλείους ὅτι εἰ παρὰ θεοῖς ἦν [ἡ] διαλεκτική, οὐκ ἂν ἄλλη ἦν ἢ ἡ Χρυσίππειος. Πλεονάσας δὲ τοῖς πράγμασι τὴν λέξιν οὐ κατώρθωσε. Πονικώτατός τε παρ’ ὁντινοῦν γέγονεν, ὡς δῆλον ἐκ τῶν συγγραμμάτων αὐτοῦ· τὸν ἀριθμὸν γὰρ ὑπὲρ πέντε καὶ ἑπτακόσιά ἐστιν. Ἐπλήθυνε δ’ αὐτὰ πολλάκις ὑπὲρ τοῦ αὐτοῦ δόγματος ἐπιχειρῶν καὶ πᾶν τὸ ὑποπεσὸν γράφων καὶ διορθούμενος πλεονάκις πλείστῃ τε τῶν μαρτυριῶν παραθέσει χρώμενος· ὥστε καὶ ἐπειδή ποτ’ ἔν τινι τῶν συγγραμμάτων παρ’ ὀλίγον τὴν Εὐριπίδου Μήδειαν ὅλην παρετίθετο καί τις μετὰ χεῖρας εἶχε τὸ βιβλίον, πρὸς τὸν πυθόμενον τί ἄρα ἔχοι, ἔφη « Χρυσίππου Μήδειαν. »
180. So renowned was he for dialectic that most people thought, if the gods took to dialectic, they would adopt no other system than that of Chrysippus. He had abundance of matter, but in style he was not successful. In industry he surpassed every one, as the list of his writings shows; for there are more than 705 of them. He increased their number by arguing repeatedly on the same subject, setting down anything that occurred to him, making many corrections and citing numerous authorities. So much so that in one of his treatises he copied out nearly the whole of Euripides’ Medea , and some one who had taken up the volume, being asked what he was reading, replied, “The Medea of Chrysippus.”
181 Καὶ Ἀπολλόδωρος δ’ ὁ Ἀθηναῖος ἐν τῇ Συναγωγῇ τῶν δογμάτων, βουλόμενος παριστάνειν ὅτι τὰ Ἐπικούρου οἰκείᾳ δυνάμει γεγραμμένα καὶ ἀπαράθετα ὄντα μυρίῳ πλείω ἐστὶ τῶν Χρυσίππου βιβλίων, φησὶν οὕτως αὐτῇ τῇ λέξει· « Εἰ γάρ τις ἀφέλοι τῶν Χρυσίππου βιβλίων ὅσ’ ἀλλότρια παρατέθειται, κενὸς αὐτῷ ὁ χάρτης καταλελείψεται. » Καὶ ταῦτα μὲν Ἀπολλόδωρος. Ἡ δὲ παρεδρεύουσα πρεσβῦτις αὐτῷ, ὥς φησι Διοκλῆς, ἔλεγεν ὡς πεντακοσίους γράφοι στίχους ἡμερησίους. Ἑκάτων δέ φησιν ἐλθεῖν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ φιλοσοφίαν, τῆς οὐσίας αὐτοῦ τῆς πατρῴας εἰς τὸ βασιλικὸν ἀναληφθείσης.
181. Apollodorus of Athens in his Collection of Doctrines , wishing to show that what Epicurus wrote with force and originality unaided by quotations was far greater in amount than the books of Chrysippus, says, to quote his exact words, “If one were to strip the books of Chrysippus of all extraneous quotations, his pages would be left bare.” So much for Apollodorus. Of Chrysippus the old woman who sat beside him used to say, according to Diocles, that he wrote 500 lines a day. Hecato says that he came to the study of philosophy, because the property which he had inherited from his father had been confiscated to the king’s treasury.
182 Ἦν δὲ καὶ τὸ σωμάτιον εὐτελής, ὡς δῆλον ἐκ τοῦ ἀνδριάντος τοῦ ἐν Κεραμεικῷ, ὃς σχεδόν τι ὑποκέκρυπται τῷ πλησίον ἱππεῖ· ὅθεν αὐτὸν ὁ Καρνεάδης Κρύψιππον ἔλεγεν. Οὗτος ὀνειδισθεὶς ὑπό τινος ὅτι οὐχὶ παρ’ Ἀρίστωνι μετὰ πολλῶν σχολάζοι, « Εἰ τοῖς πολλοῖς, » εἶπε, « προσεῖχον, οὐκ ἂν ἐφιλοσόφησα. » Πρὸς δὲ τὸν κατεξανιστάμενον Κλεάνθους διαλεκτικὸν καὶ προτείνοντα αὐτῷ σοφίσματα, « Πέπαυσο, » εἶπε, « παρέλκων τὸν πρεσβύτερον ἀπὸ τῶν πραγματικωτέρων, ἡμῖν δὲ τὰ τοιαῦτα πρότεινε τοῖς νέοις. » Πάλιν δ’ ἐπεί τις ζητῶν καταμόνας αὐτῷ διελέγετο εὐσταθῶς, ἐπεὶ δὲ θεωρῶν προσιόντα ὄχλον ἤρχετο φιλονεικεῖν, ἔφη,
Οἴμοι, κασίγνητ’, ὄμμα σὸν ταράσσεται·
ταχὺς δὲ μετέθου λύσσαν ἀρτίως φρονῶν.
182. In person he was insignificant, as is shown by the statue in the Ceramicus, which is almost hidden by an equestrian statue hard by; and this is why Carneades called him Crypsippus or Horse-hidden. Once when somebody reproached him for not going with the multitude to hear Ariston, he rejoined, “If I had followed the multitude, I should not have studied philosophy.” When some dialectician got up and attacked Cleanthes, proposing sophistical fallacies to him, Chrysippus called to him. “Cease to distract your elder from matters of importance; propound such quibbles to us juniors.” Again, when somebody who had a question to ask was steadily conversing with him in private, and then upon seeing a crowd approaching began to be more contentious, he said:
Ah! brother mine, thine eye is growing wild:
To madness fast thou’rt changing, sane but now.
183 Ἐν μέντοι ταῖς οἰνώσεσιν ἡσύχαζε παραφερόμενος τοῖς σκέλεσιν, ὥστε εἰπεῖν τὴν δούλην, « Χρυσίππου μόνα τὰ σκέλη μεθύει. » Οὕτω δ’ ἦν φρονηματίας ὥστ’ ἐρομένου τινός, « Τίνι συστήσω τὸν υἱόν; », εἰπεῖν, « ἐμοί· καὶ γὰρ εἰ ὑπελάμβανον εἶναί τιν’ ἐμοῦ βελτίονα, παρ’ αὐτῷ ἂν ἐγὼ ἐφιλοσόφουν. » Ὅθεν φασὶν ἐπ’ αὐτοῦ λεχθῆναι,
Οἶος πέπνυται, τοὶ δὲ σκιαὶ ἀΐσσουσι·
καί,
Εἰ μὴ γὰρ ἦν Χρύσιππος, οὐκ ἂν ἦν στοά.
183. At wine-parties he used to behave quietly, though he was unsteady on his legs; which caused the woman-slave to say, “As for Chrysippus, only his legs get tipsy.” His opinion of himself was so high that when some one inquired, “To whom shall I entrust my son?” he replied, “To me: for, if I had dreamt of there being anyone better than myself, I should myself be studying with him.” Hence, it is said, the application to him of the line:
He alone has understanding; the others flit shadow-like around;
and
But for Chrysippus, there had been no Porch.
184 Τέλος δ’ Ἀρκεσιλάῳ καὶ Λακύδῃ, καθά φησι Σωτίων ἐν τῷ ὀγδόῳ, παραγενόμενος ἐν Ἀκαδημείᾳ συνεφιλοσόφησε· δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν καὶ κατὰ τῆς συνηθείας καὶ ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς ἐπεχείρησε, καὶ περὶ μεγεθῶν καὶ πληθῶν τῇ τῶν Ἀκαδημαϊκῶν συστάσει χρησάμενος.
Τοῦτον ἐν τῷ Ὠιδείῳ σχολάζοντά φησιν Ἕρμιππος ἐπὶ θυσίαν ὑπὸ τῶν μαθητῶν κληθῆναι· ἔνθα προσενεγκάμενον γλυκὺν ἄκρατον καὶ ἰλιγγιάσαντα πεμπταῖον ἀπελθεῖν ἐξ ἀνθρώπων, τρία καὶ ἑβδομήκοντα βιώσαντ’ ἔτη, κατὰ τὴν τρίτην καὶ τετταρακοστὴν <καὶ ἑκατοστὴν> Ὀλυμπιάδα, καθά φησιν Ἀπολλόδωρος ἐν Χρονικοῖς. Καὶ ἔστιν ἡμῶν εἰς αὐτόν·
Ἰλιγγίασε Βάκχον ἐκπιὼν χανδὸν
Χρύσιππος, οὐδ’ ἐφείσατο
οὐ τῆς στοᾶς, οὐχ ἧς πάτρης, οὐ τῆς ψυχῆς,
ἀλλ’ ἦλθε δῶμ’ ἐς Ἀΐδεω.
184. At last, however, – so we are told by Sotion in his eighth book, – he joined Arcesilaus and Lacydes and studied philosophy under them in the Academy. And this explains his arguing at one time against, and at another in support of, ordinary experience, and his use of the method of the Academy when treating of magnitudes and numbers.
On one occasion, as Hermippus relates, when he had his school in the Odeum, he was invited by his pupils to a sacrificial feast. There after he had taken a draught of sweet wine unmixed with water, he was seized with dizziness and departed this life five days afterwards, having reached the age of seventy-three years, in the 143rd Olympiad. This is the date given by Apollodorus in his Chronology . I have toyed with the subject in the following verses:
Chrysippus turned giddy after gulping down a draught of Bacchus; he spared not the Porch nor his country nor his own life, but fared straight to the house of Hades.
185 Ἔνιοι δέ φασι γέλωτι συσχεθέντα αὐτὸν τελευτῆσαι· ὄνου γὰρ τὰ σῦκα αὐτῷ φαγόντος, εἰπόντα τῇ γραΐ, « Δίδου νυν ἄκρατον ἐπιρροφῆσαι τῷ ὄνῳ, » ὑπερκαγχάσαντα τελευτῆσαι.
Δοκεῖ δ’ ὑπερόπτης τις γεγονέναι. Τοσαῦτα γοῦν συγγράψας οὐδενὶ τῶν βασιλέων προσπεφώνηκεν. Ἠρκεῖτό τε γραϊδίῳ μόνῳ, καθὰ καὶ Δημήτριος ἐν Ὁμωνύμοις φησί. Πτολεμαίου τε πρὸς Κλεάνθην ἐπιστείλαντος ἢ αὐτὸν ἐλθεῖν ἢ πέμψαι τινά, Σφαῖρος μὲν ἀπῆλθε, Χρύσιππος δὲ περιεῖδε. Μεταπεμψάμενος δὲ τοὺς τῆς ἀδελφῆς υἱεῖς, Ἀριστοκρέοντα καὶ Φιλοκράτην, συνεκρότησε. Καὶ πρῶτος ἐθάρρησε σχολὴν ἔχειν ὕπαιθρον ἐν Λυκείῳ, καθάπερ καὶ ὁ προειρημένος Δημήτριος ἱστορεῖ.
185. Another account is that his death was caused by a violent fit of laughter; for after an ass had eaten up his figs, he cried out to the old woman, “Now give the ass a drink of pure wine to wash down the figs.” And thereupon he laughed so heartily that he died.
He appears to have been a very arrogant man. At any rate, of all his many writings he dedicated none to any of the kings. And he was satisfied with one old woman’s judgement, says Demetrius in his work called Men of the Same Name . When Ptolemy wrote to Cleanthes requesting him to come himself or else to send some one to his court, Sphaerus undertook the journey, while Chrysippus declined to go. On the other hand, he sent for his sister’s sons, Aristocreon and Philocrates, and educated them. Demetrius above mentioned is also our authority for the statement that Chrysippus was the first who ventured to hold a lecture-class in the open air in the Lyceum.
186 Γέγονε δὲ καὶ ἄλλος Χρύσιππος Κνίδιος ἰατρός, παρ’ οὗ φησιν Ἐρασίστρατος τὰ μάλιστα ὠφελῆσθαι. Καὶ ἕτερος υἱὸς τούτου, ἰατρὸς Πτολεμαίου, ὃς διαβληθεὶς περιήχθη καὶ μαστιγούμενος ἐκολάσθη· ἄλλος μαθητὴς Ἐρασιστράτου καί τις Γεωργικὰ γεγραφώς.
Ὁ δὴ φιλόσοφος καὶ τοιούτους τινὰς ἠρώτα λόγους· « Ὁ λέγων τοῖς ἀμυήτοις τὰ μυστήρια ἀσεβεῖ· ὁ δέ γ’ ἱεροφάντης τοῖς ἀμυήτοις λέγει <τὰ μυστήρια>· ἀσεβεῖ ἄρα ὁ ἱεροφάντης. » Ἄλλο· « Ὃ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν τῇ πόλει, τοῦτ’ οὐδ’ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ· οὐκ ἔστι δὲ φρέαρ ἐν τῇ πόλει, οὐδ’ ἄρ’ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ. » Ἄλλο· « Ἔστι τις κεφαλή· ἐκείνην δ’ οὐκ ἔχεις· ἔστι δέ γέ τις κεφαλὴ <ἣν οὐκ ἔχεις>· οὐκ ἄρα ἔχεις κεφαλήν. »
186. There was another Chrysippus, a native of Cnidus, a physician, to whom Erasistratus says that he was under great obligation. And another besides, a son of the former, court-physician to Ptolemy, who on a false charge was dragged about and castigated with the lash. And yet another was a pupil of Erasistratus, and another the author of a work on Agriculture .
To return to the philosopher. He used to propound arguments such as the following: “He who divulges the mysteries to the uninitiated is guilty of impiety. Now the hierophant certainly does reveal the mysteries to the uninitiated, ergo he is guilty of impiety.” Or again: “What is not in the city is not in the house either: now there is no well in the city, ergo there is none in the house either.” Yet another: “There is a certain head, and that head you have not. Now this being so, there is a head which you have not, therefore you are without a head.”
187 Ἄλλο· « Εἴ τις ἐστιν ἐν Μεγάροις, οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν Ἀθήναις· ἄνθρωπος δ’ ἐστὶν ἐν Μεγάροις· οὐκ ἄρ’ ἐστὶν ἄνθρωπος ἐν Ἀθήναις. » Καὶ πάλιν· « Εἴ τι λαλεῖς, τοῦτο διὰ τοῦ στόματός σου διέρχεται· ἅμαξαν δὲ λαλεῖς· ἅμαξα ἄρα διὰ τοῦ στόματός σου διέρχεται. » Καί· « Εἴ τι οὐκ ἀπέβαλες, τοῦτ’ ἔχεις· κέρατα δ’ οὐκ ἀπέβαλες· κέρατ’ ἄρ’ ἔχεις. » Οἱ δ’ Εὐβουλίδου τοῦτό φασιν.
Εἰσὶ δὲ οἳ κατατρέχουσι τοῦ Χρυσίππου ὡς πολλὰ αἰσχρῶς καὶ ἀρρήτως ἀναγεγραφότος. Ἐν μὲν γὰρ τῷ Περὶ τῶν ἀρχαίων φυσιολόγων συγγράμματι αἰσχρῶς τὰ περὶ τὴν Ἥραν καὶ τὸν Δία ἀναπλάττει, λέγων κατὰ τοὺς ἑξακοσίους στίχους ἃ μηδεὶς ἠτυχηκὼς μολύνειν τὸ στόμα εἴποι ἄν.
187. Again: “If anyone is in Megara, he is not in Athens: now there is a man in Megara, therefore there is not a man in Athens.” Again: “If you say something, it passes through your lips: now you say wagon, consequently a wagon passes through your lips.” And further: “If you never lost something, you have it still; but you never lost horns, ergo you have horns.” Others attribute this to Eubulides.
There are people who run Chrysippus down as having written much in a tone that is gross and indecent. For in his work On the ancient Natural Philosophers at line 600 or thereabouts he interprets the story of Hera and Zeus coarsely, with details which no one would soil his lips by repeating.
188 Αἰσχροτάτην γάρ, φασί, ταύτην ἀναπλάττει ἱστορίαν, εἰ καὶ ἐπαινεῖ ὡς φυσικήν, χαμαιτύπαις μᾶλλον πρέπουσαν ἢ θεοῖς, ἔτι τε καὶ παρὰ τοῖς περὶ πινάκων γράψασι <οὐ> κατακεχωρισμένην· μήτε γὰρ παρὰ Πολέμωνι μήτε παρ’ Ὑψικράτει, ἀλλὰ μηδὲ παρ’ Ἀντιγόνῳ εἶναι, ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ δὲ πεπλάσθαι. Ἐν δὲ τῷ Περὶ πολιτείας καὶ μητράσι λέγει συνέρχεσθαι καὶ θυγατράσι καὶ υἱοῖς· τὰ δ’ αὐτά φησι καὶ ἐν τῷ Περὶ τῶν μὴ δι’ ἑαυτὰ αἱρετῶν εὐθὺς ἐν ἀρχῇ. Ἐν δὲ τῷ τρίτῳ Περὶ δικαίου κατὰ τοὺς χιλίους στίχους καὶ τοὺς ἀποθανόντας κατεσθίειν κελεύων.
188. Indeed, his interpretation of the story is condemned as most indecent. He may be commending physical doctrine; but the language used is more appropriate to street-walkers than to deities; and it is moreover not even mentioned by bibliographers, who wrote on the titles of books. What Chrysippus makes of it is not to be found in Polemo nor Hypsicrates, no, nor even in Antigonus. It is his own invention. Again, in his Republic he permits marriage with mothers and daughters and sons. He says the same in his work On Things for their own Sake not Desirable , right at the outset. In the third book of his treatise On Justice , at about line 1000, he permits eating of the corpses of the dead. And in the second book of his On the Means of Livelihood , where he professes to be considering a priori how the wise man is to get his living, occur the words:
189 Ἐν δὲ τῷ δευτέρῳ Περὶ βίου καὶ πορισμοῦ προνοεῖν λέγων ὅπως ποριστέον τῷ σοφῷ· « Καίτοι τίνος χάριν ποριστέον αὐτῷ; εἰ μὲν γὰρ τοῦ ζῆν ἕνεκεν, ἀδιάφορον τὸ ζῆν· εἰ δὲ ἡδονῆς, καὶ αὕτη ἀδιάφορος· εἰ δὲ τῆς ἀρετῆς, αὐτάρκης αὕτη πρὸς εὐδαιμονίαν. Καταγέλαστοι δὲ καὶ οἱ τρόποι τοῦ πορισμοῦ, οἷον οἱ ἀπὸ βασιλέως· εἴκειν γὰρ αὐτῷ δεήσει. Καὶ οἱ ἀπὸ φιλίας· λήμματος γὰρ ὤνιος ἡ φιλία ἔσται. Καὶ οἱ ἀπὸ σοφίας· μισθαρνήσει γὰρ ἡ σοφία. » Καὶ ταῦτα μὲν ἐγκαλεῖται.
Ἐπεὶ δ’ ἐνδοξότατα τὰ βιβλία ἐστὶν αὐτῷ, ἔδοξέ μοι καὶ τὴν πρὸς εἶδος ἀναγραφὴν αὐτῶν ἐνταῦθα καταχωρίσαι. Καὶ ἔστι τάδε·
Λογικοῦ τόπου
Θέσεις λογικαί,
Τῶν τοῦ φιλοσόφου σκεμμάτων,
Ὅρων διαλεκτικῶν πρὸς Μητρόδωρον Ϛʹ,
Περὶ τῶν κατὰ τὴν διαλεκτικὴν ὀνομάτων πρὸς Ζήνωνα αʹ,
189. “And yet what reason is there that he should provide a living? For if it be to support life, life itself is after all a thing indifferent. If it be for pleasure, pleasure too is a thing indifferent. While if it be for virtue, virtue in itself is sufficient to constitute happiness. The modes of getting a livelihood are also ludicrous, as e.g. maintenance by a king; for he will have to be humoured: or by friends; for friendship will then be purchasable for money: or living by wisdom; for so wisdom will become mercenary.” These are the objections urged against him.
As the reputation of his writings stands so high, I have decided to make a separate catalogue of them, arranged according to the class of subject treated. And they are as follows:
I. Logic.
Logical Theses.
The Philosopher’s Inquiries.
Dialectical Definitions addressed to Metrodorus, six books.
On the Terms used in Dialectic, addressed to Zeno, one book.
190 Τέχνη διαλεκτικὴ πρὸς Ἀρισταγόραν αʹ,
Συνημμένων πιθανῶν πρὸς Διοσκουρίδην δʹ.
Λογικοῦ τόπου τοῦ περὶ τὰ πράγματα
Σύνταξις πρώτη
Περὶ ἀξιωμάτων αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν οὐχ ἁπλῶν ἀξιωμάτων αʹ,
Περὶ τοῦ συμπεπλεγμένου πρὸς Ἀθηνάδην αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ ἀποφατικῶν πρὸς Ἀρισταγόραν γʹ,
Περὶ τῶν καταγορευτικῶν πρὸς Ἀθηνόδωρον αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν κατὰ στέρησιν λεγομένων πρὸς Θέαρον αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν ἀορίστων ἀξιωμάτων πρὸς Δίωνα αʹ βʹ γʹ,
Περὶ τῆς διαφορᾶς τῶν ἀορίστων αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ,
Περὶ τῶν κατὰ χρόνους λεγομένων αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ συντελικῶν ἀξιωμάτων βʹ.
Σύνταξις δευτέρα
Περὶ ἀληθοῦς διεζευγμένου πρὸς Γοργιππίδην αʹ,
Περὶ ἀληθοῦς συνημμένου πρὸς Γοργιππίδην αʹ βʹ γʹ δʹ,
190. Art of Dialectic, addressed to Aristagoras, one book.
Probable Hypothetical Judgements, addressed to Dioscurides, four books.
II. Logic dealing with the subject matter.
First series:
Of Judgements, one book.
Of Judgements which are not Simple, one book.
Of the Complex Judgement, addressed to Athenades, two books.
Of Negative Judgements, addressed to Aristagoras, three books.
Of Affirmative Judgements, addressed to Athenodorus, one book.
Of Judgements expressed by means of Privation, addressed to Thearus, one book.
Of Indefinite Judgements, addressed to Dion, three books.
On the Variety of Indefinite Judgements, four books.
On Temporal Judgements, two books.
On Judgements in the Perfect Tense, two books.
Second series:
Of a True Disjunctive Judgement, addressed to Gorgippides, one book.
Of a True Hypothetical Judgement, addressed to Gorgippides, four books.
191 Αἵρεσις πρὸς Γοργιππίδην αʹ,
Πρὸς τὸ περὶ ἀκολούθων αʹ,
Περὶ τοῦ διὰ τριῶν πάλιν πρὸς Γοργιππίδην αʹ,
Περὶ δυνατῶν πρὸς Κλεῖτον δʹ,
Πρὸς τὸ περὶ σημασιῶν Φίλωνος αʹ,
Περὶ τοῦ τίνα ἐστὶ τὰ ψευδῆ αʹ.
Σύνταξις τρίτη
Περὶ προσταγμάτων βʹ,
Περὶ ἐρωτήσεως βʹ,
Περὶ πεύσεως δʹ,
Ἐπιτομὴ περὶ ἐρωτήσεως καὶ πεύσεως αʹ,
Ἐπιτομὴ περὶ ἀποκρίσεως αʹ,
<Περὶ> ζητήσεως βʹ,
Περὶ ἀποκρίσεως δʹ.
Σύνταξις τετάρτη·
Περὶ τῶν κατηγορημάτων πρὸς Μητρόδωρον ιʹ,
Περὶ ὀρθῶν καὶ ὑπτίων πρὸς Φύλαρχον αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν συναμμάτων πρὸς Ἀπολλωνίδην αʹ,
Πρὸς Πάσυλον περὶ κατηγορημάτων δʹ.
191. Choosing from Alternatives, addressed to Gorgippides, one book.
A Contribution to the Subject of Consequents, one book.
On the Argument which employs three Terms, also addressed to Gorgippides, one book.
On Judgements of Possibility, addressed to Clitus, four books.
A Reply to the Work of Philo on Meanings, one book.
On the Question what are False Judgements, one book.
Third series:
Of Imperatives, two books.
Of Asking Questions, two books.
Of Inquiry, four books.
Epitome of Interrogation and Inquiry, one book.
Epitome of Reply, one book.
Of Investigation, two books.
Of Answering Questions, four books.
Fourth series:
Of Predicates, addressed to Metrodorus, ten books.
Of Nominatives and Oblique Cases, addressed to Phylarchus, one book.
Of Hypothetical Syllogisms, addressed to Apollonides, one book.
A Work, addressed to Pasylus, on Predicates, four books.
192 Σύνταξις πέμπτη
Περὶ τῶν πέντε πτώσεων αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν κατὰ τὸ ὑποκείμενον ὡρισμένων ἐκφορῶν αʹ,
Περὶ παρεμφάσεως πρὸς Στησαγόραν βʹ,
Περὶ τῶν προσηγορικῶν βʹ.
Λογικοῦ τόπου περὶ τὰς λέξεις καὶ τὸν κατ’ αὐτὰς λόγον
Σύνταξις πρώτη
Περὶ τῶν ἑνικῶν καὶ πληθυντικῶν ἐκφορῶν Ϛʹ,
Περὶ λέξεων πρὸς Σωσιγένην καὶ Ἀλέξανδρον εʹ,
Περὶ τῆς κατὰ τὰς λέξεις ἀνωμαλίας πρὸς Δίωνα δʹ,
Περὶ τῶν πρὸς τὰς φωνὰς σωριτῶν λόγων γʹ,
Περὶ σολοικισμῶν αʹ,
Περὶ σολοικιζόντων λόγων πρὸς Διονύσιον αʹ,
Λόγοι παρὰ τὰς συνηθείας αʹ,
Λέξις πρὸς Διονύσιον αʹ.
Σύνταξις δευτέρα
Περὶ τῶν στοιχείων τοῦ λόγου καὶ τῶν λεγομένων εʹ,
Περὶ τῆς συντάξεως τῶν λεγομένων δʹ,
192. Fifth series:
Of the Five Cases, one book.
Of Enunciations classified according to subject matter, one book.
Of Modification of Significance, addressed to Stesagoras, two books.
Of Proper Nouns, two books.
III. Logic, as concerned with words or phrases and the sentence.
First series:
Of Singular and Plural Expressions, six books.
On Single Words, addressed to Sosigenes and Alexander, five books.
Of Anomalous Words or Phrases, addressed to Dion, four books.
Of the Sorites Argument as applied to Uttered Words, three books.
On Solecisms, one book.
On Solecistic Sentences, addressed to Dionysius, one book.
Sentences violating Ordinary Usage, one book.
Diction, addressed to Dionysius, one book.
Second series:
Of the Elements of Speech and on Words Spoken, five books.
Of the Arrangement of Words Spoken, four books.
193 Περὶ τῆς συντάξεως καὶ στοιχείων τῶν λεγομένων πρὸς
Φίλιππον γʹ,
Περὶ τῶν στοιχείων τοῦ λόγου πρὸς Νικίαν αʹ,
Περὶ τοῦ πρὸς ἕτερα λεγομένου αʹ.
Σύνταξις τρίτη
Πρὸς τοὺς μὴ διαιρουμένους βʹ,
Περὶ ἀμφιβολιῶν πρὸς Ἀπολλᾶν δʹ,
Περὶ τῶν τροπικῶν ἀμφιβολιῶν αʹ,
Περὶ συνημμένης τροπικῆς ἀμφιβολίας βʹ,
Πρὸς τὸ περὶ ἀμφιβολιῶν Πανθοίδου βʹ,
Περὶ τῆς εἰς τὰς ἀμφιβολίας εἰσαγωγῆς εʹ,
Ἐπιτομὴ τῶν πρὸς Ἐπικράτην ἀμφιβολιῶν αʹ,
Συνημμένα πρὸς τὴν εἰσαγωγὴν τῶν εἰς τὰς ἀμφιβολίας βʹ.
Λογικοῦ τόπου πρὸς τοὺς λόγους καὶ τοὺς τρόπους
Σύνταξις πρώτη
Τέχνη λόγων καὶ τρόπων πρὸς Διοσκουρίδην εʹ,
193. Of the Arrangement and Elements of Sentences, addressed to Philip, three books.
Of the Elements of Speech, addressed to Nicias, one book.
Of the Relative Term, one book.
Third series:
Against Those who reject Division, two books.
On Ambiguous Forms of Speech, addressed to Apollas, four books.
On Figurative Ambiguities, one book.
Of Ambiguity in the Moods of the Hypothetical Syllogism, two books.
A Reply to the Work of Panthoides on Ambiguities, two books.
Introduction to the Study of Ambiguities, five books.
Epitome of the Work on Ambiguities, addressed to Epicrates, one book.
Materials collected for the Introduction to the Study of Ambiguities, two books.
IV. Logic as concerned with syllogisms and moods.
First series:
Handbook of Arguments and Moods, addressed to Dioscurides, five books.
194 Περὶ τῶν λόγων γʹ,
Περὶ τρόπων συστάσεως πρὸς Στησαγόραν βʹ,
Σύγκρισις τῶν τροπικῶν ἀξιωμάτων αʹ,
Περὶ ἀντιστρεφόντων λόγων καὶ συνημμένων αʹ,
Πρὸς Ἀγάθωνα ἢ περὶ τῶν ἑξῆς προβλημάτων αʹ,
Περὶ τοῦ τίνα συλλογιστικά τινος μετ’ ἄλλου τε καὶ μετ’ἄλλων αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν ἐπιφορῶν πρὸς Ἀρισταγόραν αʹ,
Περὶ τοῦ τάττεσθαι τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον ἐν πλείοσι τρόποις αʹ,
Πρὸς τὰ ἀντειρημένα τῷ τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον ἐν συλλογιστικῷ
καὶ ἀσυλλογίστῳ τετάχθαι τρόπῳ βʹ,
Πρὸς τὰ ἀντειρημένα ταῖς τῶν συλλογισμῶν ἀναλύσεσι γʹ,
Πρὸς τὸ περὶ τρόπων Φίλωνος πρὸς Τιμόστρατον αʹ,
Λογικὰ συνημμένα πρὸς Τιμοκράτην καὶ Φιλομαθῆ· εἰς τὰ περὶ λόγων καὶ τρόπων αʹ.
194. Of Syllogisms, three books.
Of the Construction of Moods, addressed to Stesagoras, two books.
Comparison of the Judgements expressed in the Moods, one book.
Of Reciprocal and Hypothetical Syllogisms, one book.
To Agathon, or Of the Problems that remain, one book.
On the Question what Premisses are capable of demonstrating a given Conclusion with the Aid of one or more Subsidiary Premisses, one book.
Of Inferences, addressed to Aristagoras, one book.
How the same Syllogism may be drawn up in several Moods, one book.
Reply to the Objections brought against drawing out the same Argument syllogistically and without a Syllogism, two books.
Reply to the Objections against the Analyses of Syllogisms, three books.
Reply to Philo’s Work on Moods, addressed to Timostratus, one book.
Collected Logical Writings, addressed to Timocrates and Philomathes: a Criticism of their Works on Moods and Syllogisms, one book.
195 Σύνταξις δευτέρα
Περὶ τῶν περαινόντων λόγων πρὸς Ζήνωνα αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν πρώτων καὶ ἀναποδείκτων συλλογισμῶν πρὸς Ζήνωνα αʹ,
Περὶ τῆς ἀναλύσεως τῶν συλλογισμῶν αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν παρελκόντων λόγων πρὸς Πάσυλον βʹ,
Περὶ τῶν εἰς τοὺς συλλογισμοὺς θεωρημάτων αʹ,
Περὶ συλλογισμῶν εἰσαγωγικῶν πρὸς Ζήνωνα αʹ,
Τῶν πρὸς εἰσαγωγὴν τρόπων πρὸς Ζήνωνα γʹ,
Περὶ τῶν κατὰ ψευδῆ σχήματα συλλογισμῶν εʹ,
Λόγοι συλλογιστικοὶ κατ’ ἀνάλυσιν ἐν τοῖς ἀναποδείκτοις αʹ,
Τροπικὰ ζητήματα πρὸς Ζήνωνα καὶ Φιλομαθῆ αʹ (τοῦτο δοκεῖ ψευδεπίγραφον).
Σύνταξις τρίτη
Περὶ τῶν μεταπιπτόντων λόγων πρὸς Ἀθηνάδην αʹ (ψευδεπίγραφον),
195. Second series:
On Conclusive Arguments, addressed to Zeno, one book.
On the Primary Indemonstrable Syllogisms, addressed to Zeno, one book.
On the Analysis of Syllogisms, one book.
Of Redundant Arguments, addressed to Pasylus, two books.
Of the Rules for Syllogisms, one book.
Of Introductory or Elementary Syllogisms, addressed to Zeno, one book.
Of the Introductory Moods, addressed to Zeno, three books.
Of the Syllogisms under False Figures, five books.
Syllogistic Arguments by Resolution in Indemonstrable Arguments, one book.
Inquiries into the Moods: addressed to Zeno and Philomathes, one book. (This appears to be spurious.)
Third series:
On Variable Arguments, addressed to Athenades, one book. (This also is spurious.)
196 Λόγοι μεταπίπτοντες πρὸς τὴν μεσότητα γʹ (ψευδεπίγραφα),
Πρὸς τοὺς Ἀμεινίου διαζευκτικοὺς αʹ.
Σύνταξις τετάρτη
Περὶ ὑποθέσεων πρὸς Μελέαγρον γʹ,
Λόγοι ὑποθετικοὶ εἰς τοὺς νόμους πρὸς Μελέαγρον πάλιν αʹ,
Λόγοι ὑποθετικοὶ πρὸς εἰσαγωγὴν βʹ,
Λόγοι ὑποθετικοὶ θεωρημάτων βʹ,
Λύσις τῶν Ἡδύλου ὑποθετικῶν βʹ,
Λύσις τῶν Ἀλεξάνδρου ὑποθετικῶν γʹ (ψευδεπίγραφα),
Περὶ ἐκθέσεων πρὸς Λαοδάμαντα αʹ.
Σύνταξις πέμπτη
Περὶ τῆς εἰς τὸν ψευδόμενον εἰσαγωγῆς πρὸς Ἀριστοκρέοντα
αʹ,
Λόγοι ψευδόμενοι πρὸς εἰσαγωγὴν αʹ,
Περὶ τοῦ ψευδομένου πρὸς Ἀριστοκρέοντα Ϛʹ.
Σύνταξις ἕκτη
Πρὸς τοὺς νομίζοντας καὶ ψευδῆ καὶ ἀληθῆ εἶναι αʹ,
196. Variable Arguments concerning the Mean, three books. (Spurious.)
A Reply to Ameinias’ “Disjunctive Syllogisms,” one book.
Fourth series:
On Hypotheses, addressed to Meleager, three books.
Hypothetical Syllogisms upon the Laws, again addressed to Meleager, one book.
Hypothetical Syllogisms to serve as Introduction, two books.
Hypothetical Syllogisms consisting of Theorems, two books.
Solutions of the Hypothetical Arguments of Hedylus, two books.
Solutions of the Hypothetical Arguments of Alexander, three books. (Spurious.)
On Explanatory Symbols, addressed to Laodamas, one book.
Fifth series:
Introduction to the Mentiens Argument, addressed to Aristocreon, one book.
Arguments of the Mentiens Type, to serve as Introduction, one book.
Of the mentiens Argument, addressed to Aristocreon, six books.
Sixth series:
Reply to those who hold that Propositions may be at once False and True, one book.
197 Πρὸς τοὺς διὰ τῆς τομῆς διαλύοντας τὸν ψευδόμενον λόγον πρὸς :Ἀριστοκρέοντα βʹ,
Ἀποδείξεις πρὸς τὸ μὴ δεῖν τέμνειν τὰ ἀόριστα αʹ,
Πρὸς τὰ ἀντειρημένα τοῖς κατὰ τῆς τομῆς τῶν ἀορίστων πρὸς Πάσυλον γʹ,
Λύσις κατὰ τοὺς ἀρχαίους πρὸς Διοσκουρίδην αʹ,
Περὶ τῆς τοῦ ψευδομένου λύσεως πρὸς Ἀριστοκρέοντα γʹ,
Λύσις τῶν Ἡδύλου ὑποθετικῶν πρὸς Ἀριστοκρέοντα καὶ Ἀπολλᾶν αʹ.
Σύνταξις ἑβδόμη
Πρὸς τοὺς φάσκοντας τὰ λήμματα ἔχειν ψευδῆ τὸν ψευδόμενον λόγον αʹ,
Περὶ ἀποφάσκοντος πρὸς τὸν Ἀριστοκρέοντα βʹ,
Λόγοι ἀποφάσκοντες πρὸς γυμνασίαν αʹ,
Περὶ τοῦ παρὰ μικρὸν λόγου πρὸς Στησαγόραν αʹ βʹ,
Περὶ τῶν εἰς τὰς ὑπολήψεις λόγων καὶ ἡσυχαζόντων πρὸς Ὀνήτορα βʹ,
197. To those who solve the Mentiens by dissecting it, addressed to Aristocreon, two books.
Proofs showing that Indefinite Arguments ought not to be dissected, one book.
Reply to Objections urged against those who condemn the Dissection of Indefinite Arguments, addressed to Pasylus, three books.
Solution in the Style of the Ancients, addressed to Dioscurides, one book.
On the Solution of the Mentiens, addressed to Aristocreon, three books.
Solutions of the Hypothetical Arguments of Hedylus, addressed to Aristocreon and Apollas, one book.
Seventh series:
To those who maintain that the Premisses of the Mentiens are false, one book.
Of the Sceptic who denies, addressed to Aristocreon, two books.
Negative Arguments, to serve as Logical Exercises, one book.
Of the Argument from Small Increments, addressed to Stesagoras, two books.
Of the Arguments affecting Ordinary Suppositions and on those who are Inactive or Silent, addressed to Onetor, two books.
198 Περὶ τοῦ ἐγκεκαλυμμένου πρὸς Ἀριστόβουλον βʹ,
Περὶ τοῦ διαλεληθότος πρὸς Ἀθηνάδην αʹ.
Σύνταξις ὀγδόη
Περὶ τοῦ οὔτιδος πρὸς Μενεκράτην ηʹ,
Περὶ τῶν ἐξ ἀορίστου καὶ ὡρισμένου λόγων πρὸς Πάσυλον βʹ,
Περὶ οὔτιδος λόγου πρὸς Ἐπικράτην αʹ.
Σύνταξις ἐνάτη
Περὶ τῶν σοφισμάτων πρὸς Ἡρακλείδην καὶ Πόλλιν βʹ,
Περὶ τῶν ἀπόρων διαλεκτικῶν [λόγων] πρὸς Διοσκουρίδην εʹ,
Πρὸς τὸ Ἀρκεσιλάου μεθόδιον πρὸς Σφαῖρον αʹ.
Σύνταξις δεκάτη
Κατὰ τῆς συνηθείας πρὸς Μητρόδωρον Ϛʹ,
Ὑπὲρ τῆς συνηθείας πρὸς Γοργιππίδην ζʹ.
Λογικοῦ τόπου τὰ τῶν προειρημένων τεττάρων διαφορῶν ἐκτὸς
ὄντα καὶ περιέχοντα <τὰς> σποράδην καὶ οὐ σωματικὰς ζητήσεις
λογικάς, περὶ τῶν καταλεγομένων ζητημάτων ἐννέα καὶ τριά-
κοντα. Ὁμοῦ τὰ πάντα τοῦ λογικοῦ τιαʹ.
198. Of the Fallacy of “the Veiled Person,” addressed to Aristobulus, two books.
On the Puzzle of “the Man who escapes Detection,” addressed to Athenades, one book.
Eighth series:
Of the “Nobody” Puzzle, addressed to Menecrates, eight books.
Of the Arguments derived from the Indeterminate and the Determined, addressed to Pasylus, two books.
Of the “Nobody” Argument, addressed to Epicrates, one book.
Ninth series:
Of Sophisms, addressed to Heraclides and Pollis, two books.
Of Dialectical Puzzles, addressed to Dioscurides, five books.
Reply to the Method of Arcesilaus, dedicated to Sphaerus, one book.
Tenth series:
Attack upon Common Sense, addressed to Metrodorus, six books.
Defence of Common Sense, addressed to Gorgippides, seven books.
V. Under Logic.
Thirty-nine investigations outside the range of the four above-mentioned main divisions dealing with isolated logical investigations not included in separate wholes of the subjects enumerated. The total of the logical writings is three hundred and eleven.
199 Ἠθικοῦ λόγου τοῦ περὶ τὴν διάρθρωσιν τῶν ἠθικῶν ἐννοιῶν
Σύνταξις πρώτη
Ὑπογραφὴ τοῦ <ἠθικοῦ> λόγου πρὸς Θεόπορον αʹ,
Θέσεις ἠθικαὶ αʹ,
Πιθανὰ λήμματα εἰς τὰ δόγματα πρὸς Φιλομαθῆ γʹ,
Ὅρων τῶν τοῦ ἀστείου πρὸς Μητρόδωρον βʹ,
Ὅρων τῶν τοῦ φαύλου πρὸς Μητρόδωρον βʹ,
Ὅρων τῶν ἀναμέσων πρὸς Μητρόδωρον βʹ,
Ὅρων τῶν πρὸς Μητρόδωρον κατὰ γένος ζʹ,
Ὅρων τῶν κατὰ τὰς ἄλλας τέχνας πρὸς Μητρόδωρον αʹ βʹ.
Σύνταξις δευτέρα
Περὶ τῶν ὁμοίων πρὸς Ἀριστοκλέα γʹ,
Περὶ τῶν ὅρων πρὸς Μητρόδωρον ζʹ.
Σύνταξις τρίτη
Περὶ τῶν οὐκ ὀρθῶς τοῖς ὅροις ἀντιλεγομένων πρὸς Λαοδάμαντα ζʹ,
199. Ethics dealing with the classification of ethical conceptions.
First series:
Outline of Ethical Theory, addressed to Theoporos, one book.
Ethical Theses, one book.
Probable Premisses for Ethical Doctrines, addressed to Philomathes, three books.
Definitions of the Good or Virtuous, addressed to Metrodorus, two books.
Definitions of the Bad or Vicious, addressed to Metrodorus, two books.
Definitions of the Morally Intermediate, addressed to Metrodorus, two books.
Definitions of the Generic Notions [in Ethics], addressed to Metrodorus, seven books.
Definitions concerned with other Branches of Science, addressed to Metrodorus, two books.
Second series:
Of Similes, addressed to Aristocles, three books.
Of Definitions, addressed to Metrodorus, seven books.
Third series:
Of the Objections wrongly urged against the Definitions, addressed to Laodamas, seven books.
200 Πιθανὰ εἰς τοὺς ὅρους πρὸς Διοσκουρίδην βʹ,
Περὶ εἰδῶν καὶ γενῶν πρὸς Γοργιππίδην βʹ,
Περὶ διαιρέσεων αʹ,
Περὶ ἐναντίων πρὸς Διονύσιον βʹ,
Πιθανὰ πρὸς τὰς διαιρέσεις καὶ τὰ γένη καὶ τὰ εἴδη καὶ <τὰ> περὶ τῶν ἐναντίων αʹ.
Σύνταξις τετάρτη
Περὶ τῶν ἐτυμολογικῶν πρὸς Διοκλέα ζʹ,
Ἐτυμολογικῶν πρὸς Διοκλέα δʹ.
Σύνταξις πέμπτη
Περὶ παροιμιῶν πρὸς Ζηνόδοτον βʹ,
Περὶ ποιημάτων πρὸς Φιλομαθῆ αʹ,
Περὶ τοῦ πῶς δεῖ τῶν ποιημάτων ἀκούειν βʹ,
Πρὸς τοὺς κριτικοὺς πρὸς Διόδωρον αʹ.
200. Probabilities in Support of the Definitions, addressed to Dioscurides, two books.
Of Species and Genera, addressed to Gorgippides, two books.
Of Classifications, one book.
Of Contraries, addressed to Dionysius, two books.
Probable Arguments relative to the Classifications, Genera and Species, and the Treatment of Contraries, one book.
Fourth series:
Of Etymological Matters, addressed to Diocles, seven books.
Points of Etymology, addressed to Diocles, four books.
Fifth series:
Of Proverbs, addressed to Zenodotus, two books.
Of Poems, addressed to Philomathes, one book.
On the Right Way of reading Poetry, two books.
A Reply to Critics, addressed to Diodorus, one book.
201 Ἠθικοῦ τόπου περὶ τὸν κοινὸν λόγον καὶ τὰς ἐκ τούτου συνισταμένας τέχνας καὶ ἀρετάς
Σύνταξις πρώτη
Πρὸς τὰς ἀναζωγραφήσεις πρὸς Τιμώνακτα αʹ,
Περὶ τοῦ πῶς ἕκαστα λέγομεν καὶ διανοούμεθα αʹ,
Περὶ τῶν ἐννοιῶν πρὸς Λαοδάμαντα βʹ,
Περὶ ὑπολήψεως πρὸς Πυθώνακτα γʹ,
Ἀποδείξεις πρὸς τὸ μὴ δοξάσειν τὸν σοφὸν αʹ,
Περὶ καταλήψεως καὶ ἐπιστήμης καὶ ἀγνοίας δʹ,
Περὶ λόγου βʹ,
Περὶ τῆς χρήσεως τοῦ λόγου πρὸς Λεπτίνην.
Σύνταξις δευτέρα
Περὶ τοῦ ἐγκρίνειν τοὺς ἀρχαίους τὴν διαλεκτικὴν σὺν ταῖς ἀποδείξεσι πρὸς Ζήνωνα βʹ,
201. Ethics dealing with the common view and the sciences and virtues thence arising.
First series:
Against the Touching up of Paintings, addressed to Timonax, one book.
How it is we name each Thing and form a Conception of it, one book.
Of Conceptions, addressed to Laodamas, two books.
Of Opinion or Assumption, addressed to Pythonax, three books.
Proofs that the Wise Man will not hold Opinions, one book.
Of Apprehension, of Knowledge and of Ignorance, four books.
Of Reason, two books.
Of the Use of Reason, addressed to Leptines.
Second series:
That the Ancients rightly admitted Dialectic as well as Demonstration, addressed to Zeno, two books.
202 Περὶ τῆς διαλεκτικῆς πρὸς Ἀριστοκρέοντα δʹ,
Περὶ τῶν ἀντιλεγομένων τοῖς διαλεκτικοῖς γʹ,
Περὶ τῆς ῥητορικῆς πρὸς Διοσκουρίδην δʹ.
Σύνταξις τρίτη
Περὶ ἕξεως πρὸς Κλέωνα γʹ,
Περὶ τέχνης καὶ ἀτεχνίας πρὸς Ἀριστοκρέοντα δʹ,
Περὶ τῆς διαφορᾶς τῶν ἀρετῶν πρὸς Διόδωρον δʹ,
Περὶ τοῦ ποιὰς εἶναι τὰς ἀρετὰς αʹ,
Περὶ ἀρετῶν πρὸς Πόλλιν βʹ.
Ἠθικοῦ τόπου περὶ ἀγαθῶν καὶ κακῶν
Σύνταξις πρώτη
Περὶ τοῦ καλοῦ καὶ τῆς ἡδονῆς πρὸς Ἀριστοκρέοντα ιʹ,
Ἀποδείξεις πρὸς τὸ μὴ εἶναι τὴν ἡδονὴν τέλος δʹ,
Ἀποδείξεις πρὸς τὸ μὴ εἶναι τὴν ἡδονὴν ἀγαθὸν δʹ,
Περὶ τῶν λεγομένων ὑπὲρ τῆς * *
202. Of Dialectic, addressed to Aristocreon, four books.
Of the Objections urged against the Dialecticians, three books.
Of Rhetoric, addressed to Dioscurides, four books.
Third series:
Of formed State, or Habit, of Mind, addressed to Cleon, three books.
Of Art and the Inartistic, addressed to Aristocreon, four books.
Of the Difference between the Virtues, addressed to Diodorus, four books.
A Reply to Critics, addressed to Diodorus, one book.
Of the Characters of the several Virtues, one book.
Of Virtues, addressed to Pollis, two books.
Ethics, dealing with things good and evil.
First series:
Of the Good or Morally Beautiful and Pleasure, addressed to Aristocreon, ten books.
Proofs that Pleasure is not the End-in-chief of Action, four books.
Proofs that Pleasure is not a Good, four books.
Of the Arguments commonly used on Behalf of [Pleasure].
Πυθαγόρας