It is important to understand the concepts of fluid transport, capillary fluid movement, and the chemical regulation of fluid and electrolyte balances (hormones and peptides).
One of the most important elements is being able to identify the signs and symptoms of fluid or electrolyte imbalance in a client. In terms of fluids, this means identifying both dehydration and edema, knowing how to treat each one, and being able to teach the client how to prevent recurrence.
For example, a dehydrated client needs fluids, with no sugar, salt, or caffeine. If the client can take fluids orally, they should be delivered that way, but you should know when parenteral (IV) therapy is the right choice. Clients may also retain excess fluid; risk factors include age, surgery, cardiac or renal failure, and medications. A client with excess fluid should have fluid intake limited, protein intake increased, and excretion promoted, and should be carefully monitored for overcorrection.
Implement interventions to restore client fluid and/or electrolyte balance. Common electrolyte imbalances include the following: