abolitionists, 25, 33–34, 36–39, 65, 66, 78, 98–99, 101
Thirteenth Amendment and, 128–29
Adams, John, 114
Adams, John Quincy, 125
Africa, 68
African Americans
civil and voting rights of, 7, 43, 62, 67–68, 99, 105–6, 122–23, 125, 143, 152
Emancipation Proclamation and, 78, 130–31, 139
end of war and, 141–42
Lincoln’s funeral and, 148–49
Supreme Court and, 117–18
Thirteenth Amendment and, 125–29
as Union soldiers, 76–77, 99, 107, 117, 131
Agriculture, Department of, 120–21
American Colonization Society, 68
American Party (“Know-Nothings”), 7, 35, 39, 45, 46
American Revolution, 152
Anaconda Plan, 82
Anson, Henry, 27
anti-Catholic groups, 35
Antislavery Baptists, 66
Appomattox Court House, surrender at, 140–42
Armstrong, Hannah, 19
Army of the Cumberland, 85–87, 92
Army of the James, 92
Army of the Potomac, 58, 79, 85–86, 88–89, 92
Articles of Association (1776), 55
Atlanta, capture of, 92, 94, 108
Baker, Edward, 31
Ball’s Bluff, battle of, 82
banks, national charters for, 119, 123
Bates, Edward, 45, 53, 60, 71–72, 116–18
Bell, John, 46
Bennett, James Gordon, 101–2, 109
Bentonville, battle of, 137
Berry, William, 22
Bible, 90
Bill of Rights, 9, 91, 125, 151
Black Hawk, Chief of Sauk, 21
Blair, Francis, 100
Blair, Montgomery, 53, 71, 100–101, 114, 118
“blind memorandum,” 106
blockade, 61, 81–82, 98, 115–16
Booth, John Wilkes, 143–45
border states, 69–71, 75, 126–27
Brackenridge, John, 20–21
Bragg, Braxton, 85
Breckinridge, John C., 46
Breckinridge, Robert J., 103
Brown, Robert H., 66
Bryant, William Cullen, 44
Buchanan, James, 13, 40–41, 44, 51
Bull Run
First Battle of, 82–83
Second Battle of, 85
Bunyan, John, 90
Bureau of Colored Troops, 77
Butler, Benjamin, 92
Calhoun, John C., 34
Cameron, Simon, 45, 53, 84, 102
Cartwright, Peter, 31
Carwardine, Richard, 152
Catton, Bruce, 140
Central Pacific Railroad, 121
Chamberlain, Joshua, 140
Chancellorsville, battle of, 89
Chandler, Zachariah, 101
Charleston, fall of, 135
Chase, Salmon P., 36, 45, 52–53, 71, 99–101, 114–15, 118
Chattenooga, battle of, 93, 98
Chicago Times, 61
China, 123
Chinese immigrants, 121
City Point, Virginia, Lincoln confers
with generals at, 135–40
civil rights, 7, 43, 62, 67–68, 99, 105–6, 122–23, 125, 143, 152
Civil War. See also specific battles, cities and towns, and individuals
begun, 58
cost and funding of, 118–19
elections of 1864 and, 97–99, 104–12
Emancipation Proclamation and meaning of, 64–65, 69, 74–78
end of, with advance on Richmond, 135–41
freedom as ultimate task of, 152
Gettysburg Address defines meaning of, 89–91
Grant as supreme commander and strategy of 1864, 91–93
Grant’s successes in, vs. other generals, 84–89
habeas corpus and, 8–10
Lee’s surrender and, 142–43
limited war strategy and, 79–81
Lincoln as commander in chief and, 1, 7–8, 10–11, 81–85, 95–96
Lincoln determined to win, on own terms, 151–53
Lincoln’s second term and, 123–24
Sherman’s march and, 93–95
toll of, on Lincoln, 131–32
total war strategy and, 81–83, 88–90, 93–94
Clay, Henry, 12, 23, 31–32, 34–35, 68, 90, 126–27
Cobb, Howell, 50–51
Cold Harbor, battle of, 93, 104
Colfax, Schuyler, 128
Colombia, 68
colonization, 71–72
Compromise of 1850, 35–36, 49, 67
Confederate army, 71, 80, 85, 93, 131, 136–38, 140–42. See also specific battles and individuals
Confederate States of America, 6–7, 62–63. See also Confederate army
secession
and specific individuals and states
blockade of, 98
border states and, 69–71
Davis’s leadership of, 86
Emancipation Proclamation and, 75
Lincoln and plans for reconstruction of, 121–23, 138–39
military governments in former, 143
peace talks and, 105, 127–28, 138–139, 142
spies and saboteurs, 9
White House of, in Richmond, 141
Conklin, James, 27
Connecticut, 110
Conservative Republicans, 126
censorship, 109
Cooke, Jay, 119
Corning, Erastus, 9
Custer, George, 140
Davis, Jefferson, 51, 86, 111, 121, 123, 138–41
Declaration of Independence, 37, 47, 55, 67–68, 75, 89–91, 151
Deep South, secession of, 51–52
Delaware, 58, 69, 75, 109, 111
democracy and freedom, 2, 6–7, 48, 64, 68, 76–77, 89–90, 150–52, 154
Democratic Party, 23, 31–33, 35, 39, 60, 107, 120, 125–28
divisions over slavery and, 36–37, 43, 45
elections of 1860 and, 5, 45–46
elections of 1862 and, 98
elections of 1864 and, 97–98, 102, 106–8, 110–11
Emancipation Proclamation and, 74
Depew, Chauncey, 53
Donald, David, 53
Douglas, Adele, 42
Douglas, Stephen A., 25, 35–41, 44, 46, 53
Lincoln debates with, 4, 41–43, 67, 90
Douglass, Frederick, 67, 76–77, 135
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 40, 51, 67, 117
Early, Jubal, 105
Edwards, Elizabeth Todd, 26
Edwards, Matilda, 27
Edwards, Ninian, 26–27
Eighth Judicial Circuit, 25, 34
Elections
of 1832, 98
of 1840, 98
of 1844, 31
of 1846, 31–32
of 1848, 33
of 1852, 35
of 1856, 40
of 1858, 40
of 1862, 98
of 1864, 97–104, 106–7, 109–11
Electoral College, 125
Eleventh Amendment, 125
Emancipation Proclamation, 7, 61–64, 69–70, 73–78, 85, 98–99, 107, 115, 117, 139
constitutional amendment as follow-up for, 124–25, 129
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 76
equality, 1, 5, 50, 68, 125, 139, 150. See also civil rights
democracy and freedom Europe, 70–71, 77–78, 98
evangelical Protestantism, 31–32
Everett, Edward, 89
excise taxes, 119
Fair Oaks, battle of, 85
farmers, 120
Farragut, David, 108
federal improvements bill, 32
Fehrenbacher, Don E., 67–68
Fessenden, William, 114
Fifth Amendment, 40
Fillmore, Millard, 35
Five Forks, battle of, 139–40
Foote, Shelby, 96
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 96
Fort Donelson, capture of, 86
Fort Henry, capture of, 86
Fort Pickens, 58
Fort Stedman, battle of, 136–37
Fort Sumter, 58
Franklin, Benjamin, 114
Fredericksburg, battle of, 85–86
Frémont, John C., 40, 101, 114
Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 49, 55, 56
Garrison, William Lloyd, 128
General War Order Number One, 84
Gentry, James, 18
Georgia, 84
Sherman’s march on, 92–94, 108
Gettysburg, battle of, 89, 98, 139
Gettysburg Address, 89–91, 111–12, 152
Gienapp, William, 17
Goodwin, Doris Kearns, 53
Gordon, John, 136
government, role of, and public welfare, 121, 150, 152–54
Graham, Mentor, 20
Grant, Ulysses S., 81, 86–88, 91–93, 95–96, 101–4, 108, 111–12, 131, 135–42, 144
Gray, E. H., 148
greenbacks, 119
Gurley, Phineas, 147–48
habeas corpus, suspension of, 8–9, 13, 59–60, 62, 108, 115, 117, 126
Habeas Corpus Indemnity Act (1863), 60–61
Haiti, 68
Hanks, Dennis, 18
Hardin, John J., 31
Harper’s Ferry, attack at, 44
Harris, Clara, 144
Harris, Thomas, 33
Harrison, William Henry, 98
Henderson, John, 125
Henning, Fanny, 27–28
Herndon, William “Billy,” 4, 29, 33, 34
Hitchcock, Henry, 94
Holt, Joseph, 117
Homestead Act (1862), 120–21
Hood, John Bell, 93
Hunter, David, 84
Illinois, 10, 31, 37–38, 109, 129
House of Representatives, 3–4, 66, 22–25
Illinois Central Railroad, 35
Illinois Internal Improvements Act, 25
Illinois Republican Party, 39
income tax, 119
Indian Territory of Oklahoma, 70
industrial development, 152
Internal Revenue, Bureau of, 119
Internal Revenue Acts (1861, 1862, 1864), 119
Invalid Corps, 8
“Ironclad” oath, 122
Isabella, USS, 58
Italian immigrants, 121
Jackson, Andrew, 22, 30–31, 41, 49, 98, 114
Japanese Americans, 10
Jefferson, Thomas, 47, 90–91, 114, 149, 151
Johnson, Andrew, 103–4
Johnson, Lyndon B., 53
Johnston, Joseph, 93, 136, 137
Johnston, John, 18
Judd, Norman, 45
Julian, George, 128
Justice Department, 116–17
Kansas, “Bleeding,” 36, 38, 41
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 36–40, 66–67
Kentucky, 52, 58, 66, 69, 75, 108, 111
Lamon, Ward Hill, 34
Lee, Robert E., 73, 85, 88–89, 92–93, 96, 98, 131, 135–42
Legal Tender Act (1862), 119
Liberia, 68
limited war strategy, 79–81, 83, 85
Lincoln, Abraham
achievements and legacy of, 149–55
agriculture reshaped by, 120–21
birth and early life of, 2–3, 15–18
blind memorandum and, 106–7
cabinet of, 52–53, 68–69, 71–72, 84, 99–101, 113–17
character of, and affability, 19–20, 23–24
character of, and compassion and rapport, 7–8, 12–13
character of, as inspiration today, 153–55
Civil War and, leadership and strategy, 8, 10–13, 81–89, 92–93, 95–96, 98, 105, 123–24, 151–53
Civil War and, Lee’s surrender, 141–46
Civil War and, limited vs. total war, 79–82, 85, 87–90
Civil War and, Fort Sumter attack initiates, 58–59
Civil War and, toll on, 131–32
death of Ann Rutledge and, 24, 143
debates vs. Douglas in Senate campaign and, 4–5, 39–43, 67, 90
depressions and melancholy of, 3–4, 24, 27
determination of, to preserve Union and end slavery, 5, 48–54
Dred Scott and, 40–41
early jobs of, in New Salem, 18–20
economic policy of, 123
education of, 20–21
elected to Illinois legislature, 3, 21–25, 27
elected to U.S. Congress, 3–4, 31–34
election campaign of 1860 and, 43–47
election campaign of 1864 and, 97–112
election of, and secession by South, 5, 48–54
emancipation and, 68–69, 71–72
Emancipation Proclamation issued by, and presidential authority, 7, 62–65, 70–71
family relationships and, 7, 16–17
foreign policy and, 123
funding of war and, 118–20
funeral of, 147–49
Grant appointed supreme commander by, 91–92
habeas corpus and other protections suspended by, 8–9, 13, 59–62, 108
health of, and syphilis, 4
inauguration of, in 1861, 5, 54–58
inauguration of, in 1865, 133–35
Indian wars and, 116
intelligence of, 111–12
joins emerging Republican Party, 38–40
law studies and career of, 3, 7, 10, 20–26, 28–29, 31, 34–35
marriage of, to Mary Todd, 3–4, 10, 26–29
McClellan vs., and executive power, 107
Mexican War and, 32
military conscription and, 61–62
military experience of, 21
moves to Springfield, 25–26, 28
patriotism and, 12
peace negotiations with Confederacy and, 139
political skills of, 30–31, 133
racial prejudices of, 67–68
reconstruction plans of, 105–6, 121–23, 141
romance of, with Ann Rutledge, 3
slavery and, 7, 13, 25, 33–34, 37, 53–54, 111–12, 124–25
slavery ended by, with Emancipation Proclamation, 65–73
social life of, 26–27
speeches, Cooper Union of 1860 (“rule or ruin”), 44–46, 91
speeches, Gettysburg Address, 89–91, 111–12, 152
speeches, Hartford of 1860, on slavery, 64
speeches, inaugural address of 1861, 5, 54–58, 91
speeches, inaugural address of 1865, 6, 91, 133–35
speeches, Lee’s surrender and, 142–43
speeches, message to Congress of 1864, 123–25
speeches, method of writing, 90–91
speeches, Peoria of 1854, on slavery, 37–38, 67, 91
speeches, Philadelphia of 1861, 150–51
speeches, Philadelphia of 1864, 105
speeches, Springfield of 1858 (“house divided”), 41–42, 91
“Spot Resolutions” introduced by, 32–33
as strategist despite idealism, 75–76
Supreme Court and, 117–18
Thirteenth Amendment and, 124–29
transcontinental railroad and, 121
travels to City Point to confer with Grant and Sherman near war’s end, 135–41
travels to Richmond and greeted by freed slaves, 141
treason proceedings and, 108–9
Wade-Davis vs. Ten Percent plan for reconstruction and, 105–6, 121–23
Lincoln, Abraham (grandfather), 15
Lincoln, Edward (son), 28, 143
Lincoln, Mary Todd (wife), 3, 12–13, 26–29, 31, 113, 132, 135–37, 143–45, 147
Lincoln, Nancy Hanks (mother), 15–16
Lincoln, Robert Todd (son), 28, 116, 136, 145, 148
Lincoln, Sarah Bush Johnston (stepmother), 16–17
Lincoln, Sarah (sister), 16
Lincoln, Thomas, Jr. (brother), 16
Lincoln, Thomas (father), 15–17
Lincoln, Thomas “Tad” (son), 28, 135, 148
Lincoln, William “Willie” (son), 28, 132, 143, 149
Lincoln’s Sword (Wilson), 91
Logan, John, 111
Marbury v. Madison, 41
Mary land, 58–59, 60, 69, 75, 110
McAllister, Archibald, 128
McClellan, George, 73, 79–85, 88, 95–96, 106–11, 126
Meade, George, 89, 92, 96, 136
Medford, Edna Greene, 77
Memphis, capture of, 86
meritocracy, 150
Mexican territories, 66
Mexico, 123
Midwest, 120
military conscription, 61–62, 81, 107
military necessity doctrine, 70
military tribunals, 116
Militia Act (1862), 61–62
Miller, William Lee, 111
Minnesota, 109
Sioux uprising of 1862, 116
Mississippi, 51
Mississippi River Valley, 82–84, 86–87, 98
Missouri, 35, 52, 58, 69, 75, 101, 103, 127
Missouri Compromise (1820), 35–37, 40, 53
Mobile Bay, capture of, 108
Monroe Doctrine, 104
Morgan, Edwin D., 103
Morrill, Justin, 120
Morrill Land Grant College Act (1862), 120–21
Morrill Tariff Acts (1860, 1861), 119
Nashville, capture of, 86
nation, creation of, by Civil War, 152–53
National Banking Acts (1863, 1864), 32, 119
National Union Party, 98, 100–104, 106, 109–11. See also Republican Party Navy Department, 53, 115–16
Nebraska, 36
Neely, Mark E., Jr., 9
Nevada, 109
New York City draft riots, 62
New York Journal of Commerce, 61
New York World, 61
“Next Presidential Election, The,” 100
Nicolay, John, 52
North
Civil War strategy and, 81
divisions over slavery and, 36–37
elections of 1864 and, 106, 111
emancipation and, 68, 73, 75, 77–78
Southern secession and, 50–51
North Carolina, 136
Northern Democrats, 46
nullification theory, 49–50
Odell, Moses, 127
148th Ohio Regiment, 110
Ord, Edward, 137
Ord, Mary (Mrs.), 137
Oregon, 109
Organization to Make S. P. Chase President, 100
Our American Cousin (play), 144
Pacific Railway Acts (1862, 1864), 121
Parke, John, 136
parochial schools, 39
Peace Democrats, 108
Pennsylvania, 89, 98, 108, 110
People’s Convention (1864), 101
Perryville, battle of, 85
Petersburg
final assault on, 139–41
siege of, 92–93, 104–5, 108, 135, 136
Petersen, William, 145
Pickett, George, 139–40
Pierce, Henry, 68
Pilgrim’s Progress, The (Bunyan), 16, 90
Polk, James, 32–33
Pomeroy, Samuel, 100
Pomeroy Circular, 100
popular sovereignty, 36–38, 41
Powell, Lewis, 145
presidential power, 32, 62–63, 71
press, 61, 72–73, 81–83, 86, 104, 106, 109, 135, 141
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863), 121–22
property destruction and confiscations, 80, 87–88, 93–94, 101
racial prejudice, 67
radical Republicans, 6, 51, 98–104, 106, 114, 117–18, 122–23, 125, 143
Rathbone, Henry, 144
reconstruction, 101, 103–6, 118, 121–22, 133–34, 142–46
religious toleration, 39
Republican Party, 6, 54, 117, 120
elections of 1856 and, 40
elections of 1860, 5, 6, 43–45, 50–51
elections of 1862 and, 98
elections of 1864 and, 97–102, 109
Emancipation Proclamation and, 71, 75
Lincoln joins emerging, 39–40
reconstruction and, 106
Senate race of 1858 in Illinois and, 41–43
Ten Percent Plan vs. Wade-Davis bill and, 122–23
Thirteenth Amendment and, 125–27
Revised Laws of Illinois, 20
Reynolds, John, 21
Rhode Island, 109
Rhodes, James Ford, 96
Richmond
advance on, 82–83, 85, 92–93, 135
River Queen (boat), 135–37, 140, 142
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 16
Rock, John, 118
Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 35
Rollins, James, 126–27
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 10
Russia, 123
Rutledge, James, 24
Sangamo Journal, 21
Sauk Indians, 21
Sayler’s Creek, battle of, 141
Schurz, Carl, 50
Scott, Winfield, 32, 35, 58, 60, 81–83
secession, 6, 44, 46, 48–52, 54–55, 57–59, 65, 74–75
Second Confiscation Act (1862), 68
Second Great Awakening, 32
Seminole Wars, 70
Seven Days battles, 85
Seward, William, 45, 52–54, 57, 72, 90, 99, 114, 117, 145
Shenandoah Valley, 88, 105, 108
Shenk, Joshua Wolf, 3–4
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 81, 92–96, 108, 123, 135–39, 155
Shiloh, battle of, 86
Silbey, Joel, 31
Sioux Indians, 8
slavery, 6, 18, 25, 50–51. See also African Americans
Emancipation Proclamation
Thirteenth Amendment
constitutional amendment abolishing, 76, 117, 101, 103, 105, 123–29, 133–34
Dred Scott and, 40–41
elections of 1860 and, 44–46, 50–51
Emancipation Proclamation and evolution of Lincoln’s ideas on, 64–78, 104–5, 107, 151–52
Lincoln becomes leader vs., and debates vs. Douglas, 37–43
Lincoln’s opposition to, 5–7, 12, 33–34, 55–57, 65
reconstruction and, 123
slaves, freed, 130–31
civil rights of, 105
by Union forces, 70–71, 76–77, 84, 101
Soldiers’ Home, 8
South
concept of nation and, 152–53
Emancipation Proclamation and, 74–75
limited war and, 80
reconstruction and, 104–6, 121–23
secession of, 6, 44–46, 49–51, 57–58, 65
slavery in territories and, 6, 36–37
total war and, 87–88
Union occupation of, 106
South Carolina, 34, 49, 51, 58, 84, 94–95, 103, 135
sovereign immunity of states, 125
Speed, James, 117
Speed, Joshua, 25, 27–28, 78, 117
Spot Resolutions, 32–33
Spotsylvania Court House, battle of, 93, 104
Springfield Register, 27
Stanton, Edwin, 53, 62, 84, 92, 109, 114–15, 118, 128, 135, 140–42, 145
state bank notes, tax on, 119
state sovereignty rights, 49, 126
state university systems, 120
Stephens, Alexander, 33–34, 52
Stevens, Thaddeus, 98
Stiles, Robert, 141
Stones River, battle of, 85
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 143
Striner, Richard, 75–76
Stuart, John T., 23, 25–26, 98
Taney, Roger, 40, 44, 60, 117–18
Tariff of 1832, 49
taxes, 119–20
Team of Rivals (Goodwin), 53
Tennessee Valley, 86
territories, slavery in, 6, 35–36, 40, 44, 45, 66, 151
Texas, 66
Thirteenth Amendment, 76, 124–29
Todd, Mary, 26–28
transcontinental railroad, 104, 121, 123
treason, 108–9
Treasury Department, 53, 99–100, 114, 119, 123
Twelfth Amendment, 125
unconditional surrender, 86, 104
Union, 105
funding of, 119
Gettysburg Address redefines, 91
Lincoln desires healing of, 142–46
preservation of, 5–6, 12–13, 48–49, 54–58, 63, 80, 105, 139, 151–54
secession of South and 51
Union Army, 82, 85, 87, 91–93, 101–2, 104–5, 108–10, 139–41. See also specific divisions
African Americans in, 71, 76–77, 131
Union Navy, 116
Union Pacific Railroad, 121
U.S. Army, 70
U.S. Congress, 33, 34, 36–37, 40–41, 49, 51, 53–54, 60–62, 66, 70, 80, 83, 91–92, 98, 111, 118–19, 124–29
reconstruction and, 101, 105–6, 122–23, 143
U.S. Constitution, 9–10, 53–54, 56, 59–63, 76, 101, 103, 124–29, 151, 153. See also Bill of Rights
and specific amendments
slavery protections in, 32–33, 37, 39, 44, 47, 65–66, 70
U.S. House of Representatives, 31–34, 98, 100, 126–28
Committee on Territories, 36
U.S. Mint, New Orleans, 58
U.S. Sanitary Commission, 137
U.S. Senate, 4–5, 38, 40–42, 98, 122, 126
Judiciary Committee, 125–26
U.S. Supreme Court, 35, 40–41, 60, 117–18, 124–25, 127
Usher, John, 116
Utah, 36
Vallandigham, Clement, 107
Virginia, 52, 58, 75, 84–86, 92–93, 104
Vorenberg, Michael, 126
Wade, Ben, 99
Wade-Davis bill, 105–6, 122–23
war bonds, 119
War Department, 53, 61, 82, 84, 114–15, 140–41
Washburne, Elihu, 98
Washington, George, 12, 22, 90, 95, 102, 114, 149
Washington, D.C., 59–60, 81, 105
Webster, Daniel, 32, 35, 39, 41, 90
Weed, Thurlow, 102
Weitzel, Godfrey, 141
Welles, Gideon, 53, 60–61, 70, 72, 115–16, 131, 142, 145
West Indies, 68
Whig Party, 23, 29–39, 46, 52, 103, 121, 126, 150
Whitman, Walt, 149
Whitney, Henry, 4
Wilderness, battle of, 92–93, 104
Williams, T. Harry, 96
Wilmot Proviso, 66
Wilson, Douglas L., 91
Wilson, James, 125
Wilson, Robert L., 4
Wilson, Woodrow, 91
Wisconsin, 109
World War II, 10
Wright, Horatio, 141