Index

• Absurd world, 81
• Access, 146. See also Personal consciousness, access of
  • computational, 164–168, 173
  • introspective, 174
  • to oneself, 305
  • to pain, 245
  • privileged, 32, 33, 38, 40, 246n
  • public, 165, 166
• Action(s), 9, 15, 32, 69, 79–80, 281–282, 313
  • awareness of and responsibility for, 303–305, 308, 309, 314
  • considered, 107, 108
  • free will vs. determinism and, 308–310, 314
  • intelligible, 309–310
  • libertarianism and, 308, 309
  • vs. mere happening, 264, 265
  • plans of, 88
  • predictable, 310
  • random, 309
  • reasons for, 265, 303–304
• Action organizing unit, 222
• Action-potentials, 161n
• Acupuncture, 224n
• Adaptive potential behavior control elements, 88
• Adaptive potential behavior controls
• After-images, 21
• Agent, 80, 107–108, 316. See also Morally responsible agents
  • exempt, 111–112
  • free, xx, xxxiv
• AI. See Artificial intelligence
• Akrasia, 330–332
• Algorithm, 102, 285–286, 314, 326
• Alien entities, desire attributed to, 7–10, 292
• Alien intelligence, 214
• Amnesia, 270
  • analgesia and, 228n, 230, 233, 240
  • anesthesia and, 230, 233
  • dream, 144 (see also Dreams)
  • lexical, 240
• Analgesia, 229–234
  • and amnesia, 228n, 230, 233, 240
  • non-drug, 224
• Analgesics, 226, 240. See also Morphine
  • defined, 240
• Analogue computer, 26
• Anesthesia, 224n. See also Analgesia
  • and amnesia, 230, 233
  • barbiturate, 227, 229, 230, 232
  • feigning, 164
  • general, 227–236, 247, 334
  • local, 225–227
• Animals, 290, 295. See also Wasps
  • desires of, 10–11, 16, 292, 294, 297, 305n, 327
  • intentional systems and, 11, 294–295
• Anscombe, G. E. M., 44, 47, 185, 239, 266, 297, 300, 301
  • H. Frankfurt and, 291
  • Intention, 31n, 43, 291
• Anthropology, 197–200
• Anthropomorphizing, 9, 89
• Aphasia, Wernicke’s, 127
• Apprehension, 191–193
• Arbib, Michael, 25, 28, 33–36, 40, 111, 177
• Argument presented to someone, 266, 331–332
• Aristotle, 31n, 141, 290, 314
• Armstrong, D. M., 192–193, 204–205
• Artificial intelligence (AI), xxxiv. See also Face-recognizers
  • AI research, 27, 88
  • behaviorism and, 88–91, 95, 123, 129
  • Church’s Thesis and, 91, 92, 122
  • cognitive psychology and, 88, 122, 124
  • computers and, 89, 92, 120, 124–129
  • computer simulation and, 27, 90n
  • criticism and skepticism regarding, 112
  • data structures and, 133–135
  • design and, 88–93, 122–123, 128
  • epistemology and, 122–124, 127, 136
  • Fodor and, 100
  • generate-and-test, 90–93, 95, 98n
  • genuine intelligence and, 214
  • goals, 124
  • homunculus and, 134–135, 178
  • information and, 128, 129, 135
  • introspection and, 120, 129
  • and the Law of Effect, 90, 95
  • learning and, 90–95
  • meanings and connotations of the term, 214
  • mechanism and, 89, 90n, 91–92, 122
  • natural language and, 126, 127
  • nature of, 214
  • as philosophy and psychology, 119–137
  • problem-solving and, 89, 90, 129, 133, 134n, 136
  • recognition and, 71, 89, 128
  • robots and, 115
  • top-down strategy and, 122, 124, 358n3
  • triumphs, failures, and false starts, 207, 284–286
• Ashley, Peter, 295, 296, 299
• Aspirin, 226, 237, 238, 339
• Assent, 324, 331, 332
  • acts of, 330
• Associationism, 111, 133
• Attention
  • allocation of cognitive resources and, 171
  • conscious vs. unconscious, 171
  • disattracting vs. attracting, 34
  • distracted, 220
  • focusing attention on one’s pains
  • notions of, 171, 185
  • objects of, 34, 235, 236
• Augustine of Hippo, Saint, 98
• Automaton, 98, 279
  • non-deterministic, 94, 98
• Autophenomenology, 201
• Awareness, 33, 34, 96, 141, 173, 180, 182, 184n, 301, 303–306. See also Action(s), awareness of and responsibility for; Consciousness
  • aware₁, 33, 35, 37–39
  • aware_1.5, 33, 34, 36–40
  • aware₂, 33, 34
  • defined, 33
• Ayer, A. J., 314

• Baier, Annette, xx, 186, 323–324, 326, 327, 330, 331
• Barbiturates, 227, 229, 230, 232
• Barnette, R., xx
• Bayes, Thomas, 117, 330
• Beecher, Henry K., 241n
• Begging the question, 63, 64, 81–83, 91–92, 95, 122
• Behavior, theories of, 10, 13, 16, 252
• Behavioral controls, unuitilized, 85
• Behavioral control systems, 33, 34. See also Behavior-controlling system; Behavior control systems
• Behavior control elements, adaptive potential, 88
• Behavior-controlling system, 159. See also Behavioral control systems; Behavior control systems
• Behavior control(s), 33–34, 73, 83, 87
• Behavior control systems, 68. See also Behavioral control systems; Behavior-controlling system; Control systems
  • potential, 87
• Behaviorism, xxxiv, 13, 95, 120, 293, 294, 296. See also Reinforcement; Skinner, B. F.
  • artificial intelligence (AI) and, 88–91, 95, 123, 129
  • criticisms of and resistance/opposition to, 59, 83, 97, 98n, 107, 296
  • curiosity and, 63
  • Fodor and, 101, 103–105, 107
  • intentionality and, 16, 296
  • Koestler and, 96n, 98n
  • Law of Effect and, 79, 82–83, 86, 90, 97
  • logical, xxiv, 101, 103, 105, 228n
  • logical internal, 204
  • mentalism and, 61, 63, 80, 104–105 (see also Mentalism)
  • neo-cognitivism and, 101
  • Ryle and, 101, 103–105
• “Behaviorism at Fifty” (Skinner), 64–65, 72, 356n36. See also Skinner, B. F.
• Behaviorists, 123, 129, 164, 238, 296, 335. See also Behaviorism
  • representations and, 45
  • Skinner and, 61 (see also Skinner, B. F.)
• Belief-analogues, 7, 10
• Belief(s), xxxi, 324–332. See also specific topics
  • of computers, 7, 65–66, 292
  • epistemic credentials of, 195, 196
  • intentional systems and, 7, 9–12, 15–23, 30
  • intuitions and, 293, 329
  • judgment and, 51, 53–54, 326, 332
  • language and, xvi, 53, 295, 328, 329
  • language of thought and, 112
  • manifest, 9, 44, 46–48
  • vs. opinion, 328, 329
  • phenomenology and, 35
  • point of view and, 337
  • prediction and, 9–11, 294, 327–328, 330
  • rationality and, 19–22, 267–271
  • reasoning and, 136–137
  • reinforcement and, 69
  • Stalnaker on propositions and, 328–329
  • systematically illusory, 202–203
  • theories of, 22, 327
• Bender, John, 186
• Bennett, J., 260n
• Blackburn, Thomas, 186
• Block, N., xx
• Boden, Margaret, 137n
• Bottom-up strategy, 120
• Bradykinin, 226, 237
• Brain. See Neurobiology; Neurophysiology
• Brain surgery, 270, 271, 274
• Brainwashing, 268–271, 274
• Brain writing, xxxiii, 44–55, 103, 116
  • grammar of, 46, 49, 53
  • language and, 46, 51
• Brazier, M., 233
• Brentano, Franz, 3, 23, 103, 196, 253
• Brentano’s Thesis, xxx
• Broadbent, B., 79–81, 173
• Buber, Martin, 261
• Bullock, T. H., 47n
• Buridan’s ass, 312

• Canon of Parsimony, 294, 356n36
• Carr, C. J., 230n
• Carroll, Lewis, 11n, 50
• Cartesian interactionism, 61, 191n, 341
• Cassette theory of dreams, 148–154, 156, 157
• Category mistake, 238
• Causal chains, 266, 312–313, 318
• Causal determinism/causal determinacy, 262, 308–309
• Causal explanation, 104, 252, 253
  • vs. conceptual explanation, 104, 105, 116
• Causal indeterminism/causal indeterminacy, 319, 320
• Causally undetermined processes, 262, 309, 319, 320
• Causal sequences, 29
• Causal theories, 195–196
• Causation, 95, 181, 253–254
  • Fodor and, 104, 105, 108–109, 116
  • Hume on, 181, 253, 254
  • mental images as, 190–202, 204
  • Skinner and, 64
• Causes and effects of pain, 209, 213, 235–239, 241, 243, 244
• C-fibers, 167, 209–210, 217, 224, 237
• Change of mind, 323–332
• Chekhov, Anton, 52, 329
• Chess, 22–23, 285
• Chess algorithms, 285–286
• Chess-playing computers, 20, 34
  • artificial intelligence and, 16
  • design of, 117, 165, 258
  • intentional systems, intentionality, and, 3, 6, 7, 74, 255, 258, 259, 292, 302
  • learning as they play, 75
  • mentalistic terms and, 65–66, 70–71
  • nature of, 7, 8
  • predicting, 5, 6, 23, 255–256
  • rationality and, 5–6, 8, 10, 256, 258–260, 292, 302
  • Skinner and, 65, 71, 74–75
  • stances and, 3–8, 255, 256, 258, 263
  • strategies against, 292
• Chess-playing programs, 75, 117, 165, 285
• Chisholm, Roderick, 67, 253
• Choice, 107, 108, 312, 326. See also Free will; Volition
• Choice points, 197, 312–313, 326
• Chomsky, Noam, 62, 117, 123
• Christian Science, 234
• Church’s Thesis (constructive mathematics), xxx, 91–92, 122, 275n
• Clairvoyance, xxiii, 48
• Clone, 216
• Cogito, 98
• Cognitive dissonance, 160
• Cognitive pathology, 332
• Cognitive processes, 27, 101, 104, 107, 125, 129
• Cognitive psychology, xxv
  • artificial intelligence (AI) and, 88, 122, 124
  • cognitive science and, xxxiv
  • computational access and, 165
  • consciousness and, 163
  • as dualistic, 103
  • feelings and, 357n41
  • Fodor and, 99, 100, 105–107, 114, 115
  • images and, 175
  • Law of Effect and, 88
  • mentalism and, 103, 105–106
  • neo-cognitivism and, 101
  • philosophers and, 163
  • propositions and, 55, 175, 328
  • Ryle and, 105–106
  • task of, 328
  • top-down strategy and, 122, 124, 358n3
• Cognitive science, xxxiv
• Cognitive simulation (CS), 90n, 91. See also Computer simulation
• Cognitivism, 188. See also Neo-cognitivism
• Cognitivist-dualist equation, 354n3
• Cognitivistic horrors, 355n21
• Cognitivistic hypotheses, 104
• Cognitivistic models, 168, 188
• Cognitivistic theory(ies), 95, 115, 163, 168, 187, 188
• Cognitivists, 76–77, 95, 164
• Colby, Kenneth, 90n, 129
• Combinatorial explosion, 136
• Communication, 195, 265–267
  • capacity for, 17, 18, 304, 306n
  • capacity for verbal, 290–291, 298, 299, 304
  • Fodor and, 117–118
  • Grice and, 117, 135, 260–261, 298–301
  • homuncular, 135
  • intentionality and, 259–261, 298–301
  • nature of, 260, 261
  • necessity for, 306n
  • rationality and, 259–260, 271, 273, 299
• Compatibilism, xvi, 308, 318, 320
• Computational access, 164–168, 173
• Computational processes, 108–110, 112, 113, 115, 117
• Computational speed, 342. See also Computer speed
• Computer chess-playing. See Chess-playing computers
• Computer design, 66, 89, 215, 255, 262. See also Design stance
• Computer languages, 91, 128, 301
• Computer programs, xxviii, 29, 92, 115, 164–165, 285, 342–343. See also Chess-playing computers
• Computers, xxviii, 7, 29, 342–343
  • artificial intelligence (AI) and, 89, 92, 120, 124–129
  • beliefs and desires, 7, 65–66, 292
  • desires of, 7–10, 292
  • Grice and, 301
  • Hume’s problem and, 134n, 136
  • intentionality and, 256–257
  • intentional stance and, 6–8, 292
  • intentional systems and, 6, 7, 256–257, 292, 295
  • nature of, 285
  • philosophers and, 119
  • rationality and, 257, 292
  • “reasoning,” 66, 71, 292
  • representations and, 111–112
  • Skinner and, 71, 74, 75
  • Turing machine and, 92n, 208, 276, 279, 282, 284, 285
• Computer science, 111, 134n, 205
• Computer simulation, 32, 90, 125, 128. See also Computers; Generate-and-test procedure
  • artificial intelligence (AI) and, 27, 90n, 91
  • of cognitive processes, 27, 114
  • of a hurricane, 208–209
  • mental features recalcitrant to, 207
  • of pain, 207, 209–213 (see also Pain)
  • philosophers and, 208
• Computer speed, 128, 129
• Concept learning, 109, 125
• Concepts. See also specific topics
  • ordinary, xxxi, 147, 152–153, 158, 184 (see also Pain, ordinary concept of)
  • parochial, 215, 248
• Conceptual analysis, 120, 151, 153, 157, 161, 184, 224, 226, 239
• Conceptual confusion, 142, 147, 207, 214, 235, 240
• Conceptual vs. causal explanation, 104, 105
• Conditioning. See Behaviorism; Operant conditioning; Reinforcement; Skinner, B. F.
• Consciousness, xv, xxiv, 33–35, 163, 184, 185, 291, 302, 306n. See also Content and Consciousness; Personal consciousness; Self-consciousness; Unconscious
  • anesthesia and, 229
  • attention and, 171
  • cognitivistic model of, 188
  • information and, 146
  • language and, 306n
  • pain and, 231, 233, 244, 245
  • purpose of, 306n
  • Skinner on, 355n21
  • states of, 229, 244, 288, 290
  • stream of, 40–41, 133, 157
  • theories of, 17, 141, 161, 164, 169
• Content. See also specific topics
  • of beliefs, 199
  • of hallucinations, 232
  • of judgments, 53
  • of mental states and events, 16, 22, 39n, 88, 110–111, 166, 170, 177–178, 184–185
• Arbib on, 34–37
• Content and Consciousness and, 33, 186 (see also Content and Consciousness)
• Fodor and, 110, 112, 116
• non-rationality and, 268
• Content and Consciousness (Dennett), 36n, 89n, 186, 205n, 263, 269, 291n, 361n7, 365n23
  • iconophobia and, 205n
  • overview and outline of, xix, xx, xxxiv, 3, 17
  • papers related to, 25
  • and the word “aware
• Content-relativity, 142–143, 150
• Content-sensitivity, 234
• Control, 34, 170–175
  • privileged access and, 33
  • Skinner on, 357n41
• Control centers, 93, 222, 226–227, 229, 237, 340
• Controlling stimuli, 14, 15
• Control programs, 88
• Control systems, 34, 211, 220, 225, 264, 312. See also Behavior-controlling system
• Copernicus, 149
• Cortex, 48, 161, 218, 225–227, 232–234
• Creationism, xxiii
• Creative self, 98
• Criterial, 116, 152–153, 155, 157
• Curare, 227–228, 230, 234, 236
• Cybernetics, 164, 177, 264

• Dahlbom, B., xx
• Darwinism, xxiii, 81, 82. See also Evolution; Natural selection
• Data-driven process, 177
• Data structures, 171, 175, 205. See also Information-bearing structures
  • artificial intelligence (AI), 133–135
  • of computer science, 111, 205
  • propositional, 55
• Davidson, D., 30, 54, 253
• Davis, L., 167, 242n
• Deception, 295–300
  • self-deception, 32, 36, 40, 54
• Decision-making. See also Deliberation
  • model of, 314–320
  • under time pressure, 314
• Decisions, 34, 108, 257, 325–326
  • Bayesian prediction of, 328
  • determinism vs. indeterminism and, 314, 317
  • related to pain, 245, 247
  • subconscious, 32
• Decision theory, 116
  • normative, 107–108
• Decision unit of face-recognizers, 28
• Deep structure, 53, 170
• Déjà vu, 149, 196
• Deliberation, 262, 312, 315, 316, 319–321, 326, 328, 330. See also Decision-making
  • practical, 309, 313
  • rational, 316–317
• De re and de dicto, 324–326
• Descartes, René, 129, 141, 238, 263
  • Cartesian interactionism, 61, 191n, 341
• Design, 8, 25, 26, 93–94, 265. See also Chess-playing computers
  • artificial intelligence (AI) and, 88–93, 122–123, 128
  • biological, 82
  • efficient evolution of, 88n
  • of humans, 266–268, 282
  • and misdesign, 280–281
  • neural, 266, 267
  • optimal, 5, 6, 8, 9, 16, 18, 21, 88
  • rationality and, 256, 262, 268 (see also Rationality)
  • systems designed to malfunction
  • Turing machine and, 276–282
  • well-designed systems, 106
• Design breaks, 89
• Design elements, hierarchical organization of, 88n
• Design principles, 317
• Design stance, 6, 8, 10, 16, 23, 259, 262, 274
  • chess-playing computers and, 5–8, 16, 255, 256
  • essential features of, 4, 255
  • intentional stance and, 10, 256–258, 265n, 274
  • overview, 4
  • rationality and, 12, 256, 262
• Design-stance predictions, 4–6, 8, 12, 23, 255, 262, 265n. See also Prediction, design stance and
• Desire(s), 44, 267, 271–272, 327–330
  • of animals, 10–11, 16, 292, 294, 297, 305n, 327
  • attributed to alien entities, 7–10, 292
  • de re and de dicto, 324–326
  • epistemic, 327
  • first- and second-order, 304
  • Fodor and, 107, 112, 115
  • H. Frankfurt on, 304, 305
  • intentional explanations and, 253, 254
  • intentional systems and, 7–12, 17, 20, 256, 291–294
  • pain and, 221–222, 232, 235
  • prediction and, 292, 328, 330
  • propositions and, 328, 329
  • representations and, 46, 47
  • Skinner and, 68, 70
• de Sousa, Ronald, 324, 327, 329–332
• Determinism, 94, 313–314, 319
  • free will and, 308–310, 314
  • hard, 308, 356n34
  • libertarians and, 308, 309, 313–314, 319, 320
  • and moral responsibility, 251
  • physics and, 310–311
  • Skinner and, 356n34
• Deutscher, M., 157, 158
• Dichotic listening experiment, 173
• Dickens, Charles, 189, 196
• Digital and analogue devices, 124
• Digital computer, xxviii, 26, 276
• Dignity, 287, 313, 318
  • Skinner and, 64, 70, 73, 76, 77, 356n34
• Dispositions, 83, 105, 114–115, 193
• Dissociation. See Reactive disassociation
• Dissociative anesthetics, 234
• DNA, 112, 113
• Dream recall/dream memory, 143–144, 146–147, 150
  • prediction of, 143, 147, 150
• Dreams, xxix, xxxi, xxxiv, 141–161, 172–173
  • cassette theory of, 148–154, 156, 157
  • composition of, 146–151, 160
  • as experience, 141–161
  • lucid, 150–151
  • Malcolm and, 141–143, 147–149, 151–153, 155–156, 159n, 160
  • precognitive, 149, 151
• Dreyfus, Hubert, 90n, 102–103
• d-tubocurarine, 227
• Dualism, 101, 104, 122, 202n, 354n3
  • Fodor and, 101, 103, 104
  • mentalism and, 62, 103

• Economics, 80
  • as metaphor for intentionality, 12, 13, 17
• Effect, Law of, 81–83, 85, 97
  • artificial intelligence (AI) and, 90, 95
  • behaviorism and, 79, 82–83, 86, 90
  • Broadbent on, 79–81
  • cognitive psychology and, 88
  • learning and, 84–85, 90
  • natural selection and, 81–83, 87, 95
  • overview, 79–80
  • Skinner and, 82, 86
  • Skinnerian creatures and, 84–85
• Ego, 123
• Einstein, Albert, 96, 149, 264
• Electroencephalography (EEG), 142, 144, 150
• Eliminative materialism, xxxii, xxxiii
• Emergent properties, 117
• Empiricism, 109–110
  • British, 129
• Encounters, 299
• Engineering, biological, 112, 317, 319
• Engineering questions, 121, 175, 178, 187, 276–278
• Engrams, 130
• Environment, inner, 85–88, 90
• Epiphenomenalism, xxix, 163, 191, 202–204, 209, 238
• Episodes
  • of conscious experience, 32, 40, 41, 141, 142, 149, 179, 180, 183, 303, 306, 333
  • propositional, 179, 180, 183, 361n7
• Episodic belief as a misnomer, 326
• Epistemic credentials of belief, 195, 196
• Epistemic desires, 327
• Epistemic horizon, 273
• Epistemic logic, 21n, 26, 30, 302
• Epistemic possession, 7
• Epistemic situation, 246
• Epistemic state, 244
• Epistemology, 101, 163, 175, 176, 181, 327, 328. See also Propositions
  • artificial intelligence (AI) and, 122–124, 127, 136
  • psychology and, 101, 121–124, 163, 175, 176
• Epoché, 201
• Escher, M. C., 338
• Essential traits, 199, 214–216, 245–247, 255
• Ether, 229
• Ethical dimension of pain, 215
• Ethical intuitions, 215
• Ethics, 290–291, 302. See also Justice; Morality; Moral responsibility
• Evolution, xxiii, 14, 16–18, 21, 36, 81, 83, 86, 87, 93, 297. See also Darwinism; Natural selection
• Expectations, 72, 80, 88, 171, 292, 294
• Experience, 242, 245–247. See also Dreams; Pain
  • perceptual, 172–176, 183–185
  • person as subject of, 168
  • transcendental, 201n
• Experience-generator, simulation as an, 208
• Explanation(s). See also Intentional explanation; Mechanistic explanation (and prediction); Prediction
  • causal vs. conceptual, 104, 105, 116
  • explaining away vs. explaining, 71, 72, 98
  • purposive, 251–253
  • simplicity of, 72–73, 253, 264
• Extrapolator-deducer mechanism, 50, 51

• Face-recognizers, 25–28, 30, 31
• Fatigues, xxxii
• Feature detectors, 28, 171
• Feenoman and Feenomanology, 197–201
• Flew, A., 269, 271, 290
• Flow charts, 169, 169f, 179
  • artificial intelligence (AI) and, 89, 129, 130f–132f, 134
  • for a pain program, 216–217, 218f, 219, 219f, 235, 237–239, 241, 243
• Fodor, Jerry, 99–118
  • behaviorism and, 101, 103–105, 107
  • causation and, 104, 105, 108–109, 116
  • cognitive psychology and, 99, 100, 105–107, 114, 115
  • communication and, 117–118
  • on concept learning, 109
  • and the content of mental states and events, 110, 112, 116
  • desire and, 107, 112, 115
  • dualism and, 101, 103, 104
  • information and, 101, 107, 116
  • intelligence and, 100, 101, 105, 108
  • intentional explanation and, 72, 107
  • language and, 108–110
  • language learning and, 102, 113
  • The Language of Thought, 99, 107
  • language of thought and, 109, 112
  • mentalism and, 103–107
  • natural language and, 101, 102, 113, 118
  • perception and, 109–110
  • prediction and, 115, 116
  • on representation and learning, 113–114
  • Ryle and, 104, 105, 114, 116
  • Skinner and, 103, 105
  • sub-personal level and, 107, 112, 173
  • three demonstrations, 107–110
  • three parts to his message, 100–102
• Form, Platonic, 26
• Forster, E. M., 326
• Fortran, 301
• Foulkes, David, 161n
• Frame problem, 136, 137
• Frames, 137, 171
• Frankfurt, Harry, 291, 304–305
• Franklin, R. L., 365n23
• Free-floating rationalists, xv
• Free will, 317. See also Choice; Volition
  • deliberation and, 319
  • determinism and, 308–310, 314 (see also Determinism)
  • vs. freedom of action, 304
  • and responsibility, 305, 306, 308, 312
• Freud, Sigmund, 123, 141, 160, 185n
• Friedman, H., 301n
• Function, 4. See also specific topics
• Functionalism, xxiv, xxxiii, 106, 167–169, 174
  • homuncular, xxxiii
  • token, xxix
• Functionalist theories and sub-personal level, 167–168
• Functionalist theory of mind, 167
• Functional organization, 186
• Functional role, 55, 88, 112

• Game theory, 16–17, 23, 302, 352n5
• Gap of ignorance, 124
• Garrett, M., 173
• Generate-and-test procedure, 90–93, 95, 98n, 319. See also Decision-making, model of
• Generative grammar, 46, 49, 53
• Generativity. See Productivity
• Genes and genetics, 68, 112
• Genetic endowment, 84, 96, 297, 357n41
• Genetic inheritance, problem of, 76, 112
• Genius, 95–98, 314
• Gibson, J. J., 123
• Gilbert, Margaret, 366n12
• Gilman, A., 228n, 230–232
• Goals, 5–8, 171, 221, 235, 237, 239, 243
• Gödel sentences, 275, 281, 283, 284
• Gödel’s Theorem, xxxv, 275, 276, 283–286
• Goffman, Erving, 160, 299
• Goldberg, Rube, 129, 276
• Goodman, L. S., 228n, 230–232
• Gorovitz, S., 289n
• Grain problem, 124
• Grammar of brain writing, 46, 49, 53
• Gregory, R. L., 15n
• Gresham’s Law, 106
• Grice, H. Paul
  • communication and, 117, 135, 260–261, 298–301
  • Fodor and, 117
  • intentions and, 298–301
  • reciprocity and, 290, 298
  • theory of non-natural meaning, 298–301
• Gunderson, Keith, 25, 30, 32–34, 40, 186, 207
• Guthrie, E. R., 96n

• Hadamard, J., 98
• Hahnemann, F., 210n
• Hallucination, 146, 159, 341
  • anesthetic drugs and, 228n, 229, 232, 234–235
• Hallucinogens, 190. See also Hallucination, anesthetic drugs and
• Halothane, 230n
• Hampshire, S., 269, 272
• Hand simulation, 129, 276, 282–286
• Hard-wiring, 84, 87
• Hardy-Wolff-Goodell dolorimeter, 241n
• Harman, Gilbert, 44–46, 53, 94n, 246n
• Harris, MacDonald, 18
• Herrnstein, R., 198
• Heterophenomenology, xv
• Heuristic procedures, 92n, 315, 326
• Hilliard, J., 307, 308
• Hintikka, J., 21n, 22, 290, 302
• Hippocampus, 218, 233
• Hobart, R. E., 314
• Hobbes, Thomas, 302
• Hologram, 130
• Homuncular functionalism, xxxiii
• Homunculus, 81, 89, 95, 96, 98, 111, 130, 178
  • artificial intelligence (AI) and, 134–135, 178
  • Fodor and, 112
  • pain and, 238
  • psychology and, 92, 111, 133
  • Skinner and, 63–65
• Hooker, M., xx
• Hospers, J., 252
• Hubel, David H., 143n
• Hull, Clark L., 80–82
• Hume, David, 111, 181–182, 253, 254, 327
  • on causation, 181, 253, 254
  • on ideas, 111, 113
• Hume’s problem, 111, 133, 134n, 136
• Hurricane, computer simulation of a, 208–209
• Husserl, Edmund, 199, 201n, 361n6
• Huxley, Aldous, 269
• Hyle (hyletic phase), 361n6
• Hypnosis, 224, 232, 236–237, 241, 268, 274
• Hypnotics, 227n, 231–232. See also Barbiturates
• Hypothalamus, 217, 238n
• Hypothesis formation, 109–110, 114, 171

• Iconic memory, 169f, 171, 172, 360n7
• Iconophiles, 189–194, 202–205
• Iconophobes, 189, 190, 193, 194, 202–205
• Iconophobia, scientific vs. metaphysical, 205n
• Identity theory, xxvii, xxxii, 30, 100, 209–210, 243
  • type, xxvi, 351n2
• Idioms, xxxi–xxxii
  • intentional, 3, 13, 67–70, 103, 105, 253, 355n26
• Illusions, 71, 203, 340, 346
  • of having had a dream, 149
  • optical, 15, 183
  • regarding human behavior, 73
• Illusory beliefs. See also Illusions
  • systematically, 202–203
• Illusory shift in point of view, 337–338
• Images. See also Mental images; specific topics
  • meanings and uses of the term, 361n5
  • vs. propositions as vehicles of information, 55, 175, 177, 178n, 184
• Imagination, xx, 52, 63, 128–129, 159, 161n, 215, 239, 338. See also Face-recognizers
  • vs. a critical eye, 96
  • Skinner and, 86
• Imagined society, xxxii—xxxiii
• Imaging, 202
• Imagistic data structures, 178n, 183–184. See also Images
• Imagistic problem-solving, 172. See also Problem-solving, images and
• Impressions, 111, 129, 133, 141
• Incorrigibility, 20–21, 32, 35, 36, 40, 41, 185, 186, 201, 335. See also Infallibility
  • with regard to pain, 240, 245–247
• Indeterminacy, 7, 309, 311–313, 316, 319
  • intentionality and, 52, 273–274
  • quantum-level, 5
  • representations and, 52, 55
  • scientific vs. phenomenological approach and, 203
• Indeterminism, 313–314, 319, 320
  • libertarians and, 312–314, 316–317, 320
  • and moral responsibility, 251
• Infallibility, 253, 337
  • papal, 198
• Inference, 136, 170, 181, 238n, 256
• Information, 6–10, 43, 93–95, 222
  • access to (see Computational access)
  • artificial intelligence (AI) and, 128, 129, 135
  • carried by unlearnable languages and systems, 54
  • coded, 47, 50, 54
  • consciousness and, 146
  • false, 267
  • Fodor and, 101, 107, 116
  • forms of, 175, 178
  • input of, 266–267
  • metalinguistic, 50
  • procedural, 135
  • propositions vs. images as vehicles of, 175, 177, 178n, 184
  • Skinner and, 76–77
  • transmission, 16, 292
• Information-bearing structures, 202, 204–205. See also Data structures
• Information-flow, 101, 107
• Information-processing, 123, 177
• Information-processing models, 280
• Information processing systems, 261, 273, 329, 342
• Information storage, 50, 51, 170, 175, 178, 235. See also Propositions, vs. images as vehicles of information
• Information theory, 93, 177
• Innate behavioral dispositions, 83
• Innate knowledge, 102, 130, 150
• Innate selectivity, 95
• Inner environment, 85–88, 90
• Insanity, 10, 257, 265, 268, 271, 287, 289
• Instinct, 83, 296–297
• Intellectualist theory, 101, 103, 104
• Intelligence, 12–13, 214, 259
  • artificial intelligence (AI) and, 214 (see also Artificial intelligence)
  • begging the question of, 64, 81, 82, 92, 98
  • Canon of Parsimony and, 294
  • Church’s Thesis and, 92
  • components, 66, 98
  • computer simulation and, 208
  • dreams and, 146
  • emergent form of, 17
  • factors that influence, 65, 81
  • Fodor, 100, 101, 105, 108
  • homunculus and, 65, 89, 95, 134
  • inner environment and, 87–88
  • intentionality and, 13
  • Law of Effect and, 79–80, 83, 86
  • learning and, 79–80, 83, 86, 87, 91
  • modes of, 122
  • natural selection and, 83
  • psychology and, 64, 80–81, 92
  • randomness and, 314
  • representation and, 108
  • Russell and, 309, 314, 316
  • Skinner and, 65, 75
  • Turing on, 208
  • Wiggins and, 309, 310
• Intelligence loans, 12–13, 16, 89n
• Intelligent agents, 288
• Intelligent behavior, 72, 83, 99, 105, 134, 297
  • unmasking, 72, 73, 76
• Intelligo, 98
• Intention (Anscombe), 31n, 43, 291
• Intention (in the ordinary sense), 301n
• Intention(s). See also specific topics
  • higher-order, 298, 302, 305
  • meanings and uses of the term, 301n
  • semantic, 169, 175, 181, 185–186
• Intentional action, 265, 301, 303n, 312–313, 320
  • against one’s better judgment, 332
• Intentional discourse, 13, 29–30
• Intentional explanation, 13, 21, 253, 254, 266
  • and behavior of complex machines, 255
  • chess-playing computers and, 7
  • defined, 3
  • desire and, 253, 254
  • Fodor and, 72, 107
  • mechanistic explanation and, 254, 262, 264–265, 272–274
  • prediction and, 7, 8, 12, 17, 21, 67–68, 265
  • Skinner and, 13, 67–68, 70–72
  • Wiggins and, 309–310
• Intentional idioms, 3, 13, 67–70, 103, 105, 253, 355n26
• Intentional inexistence, 196
• Intentionality, xxx, 3. See also Intention(s)
  • behaviorism and, 16, 296
  • communication and, 259–261, 298–301
  • computers and, 256–257
  • economics as metaphor for, 12, 13, 17
  • indeterminacy and, 52, 273–274
• Intentional labels, 26, 28–30
• Intentional language, xxx, 28, 29, 39, 89
  • and non-intentional language, 14, 87
• Intentional objects, 196–203, 361n4
• Intentional prediction, 6–8, 10–15
  • intentionalists and, 75, 310–313
  • mechanistic prediction and, 265
• Intentional stance, 21, 273, 274, 294, 302
  • abandoning/eliminating the, 260, 272, 273
  • communication and, 259–260
  • computers and, 6–8, 292
  • design stance and, 10, 256–258, 265n, 274
  • intentional system and, 256–257, 291–293, 297
  • mechanistic stance and, 258–259, 272
  • moral stance and, 258–259, 261
  • overview and nature of, 6, 256
  • payoff, 8
  • personal stance and, 257–259
  • prediction and, 6, 10, 25, 256–257, 297, 313
  • rationality and, 6, 20, 256–260, 292, 293
• Intentional story, 28–31
• Intentional systems, xxix–xxxi, 3–23, 256–257
  • animals and, 11, 294–295
  • artificial intelligence (AI) and, 134
  • behaviorists and, 296
  • belief and, 7, 9–12, 15–23, 30
  • computers and, 6, 7, 256–257, 292, 295
  • defined, 3, 7, 134, 256, 291, 292
  • desire and, 7–12, 17, 20, 256, 291–294
  • first-order, 296
  • functionalist theory of mind and, 167
  • higher-order, xxxv, 295
  • intentional stance and, 256–257, 291–293, 297
  • language and, 14, 17, 18, 295
  • people as, 17, 20–21, 33, 266–267, 273–274
  • plants and, 292
  • prediction and, 3–17, 261, 273–274, 291–292, 297
  • processing information, 261
  • rationality and, 5–6, 8–13, 16–22, 291
  • reason and, 261
  • reciprocity and, 298
  • responsibility and, 266–267
  • second-order, 293–297, 304
  • theory of, 26
  • use of the term, 252n4, 352n4
• Interactionism, xxiv, 61, 191n, 230, 341
• Introspection, 64, 164, 170, 179, 184, 185, 188, 200–201, 205
  • artificial intelligence (AI) and, 120, 129
  • causal, 120
  • Hume and, 181
  • James and, 174
  • nature of, 97
  • pain and, 242–244
  • Poincaré and, 97
  • public access and, 166
• Introspective access, 174
• Introspective consciousness, 163
• Introspective data, 21, 27, 328
• Introspective evidence, 95, 155, 174, 328, 329
• Introspective point of view, 27
• Intuitions, 184, 185, 203, 279, 286, 303, 344
  • belief and, 293, 329
  • categories of, 161
  • Church’s Thesis and, 92
  • concepts and, 175, 184
  • ethical, 215
  • Kantian, 175
  • mentalism and, 60
  • morality and, 303, 308n, 317–318
  • pain and, 214, 215, 228, 231, 241, 243–245, 247–248
  • responsibility and, 254, 266, 270, 308n
  • second-order volitions and, 305
  • Skinner and, 60, 70, 85, 288
  • sub-personal theory and, 168
  • theory of consciousness and, 164
• Intuitive epistemic logic, 26, 30

• James, William, 174
• Judgment, 332
  • assenting and, 327
  • behavior and, 330
  • belief and, 51, 53–54, 326, 332
  • de Sousa and, 326, 327
  • Gunderson and, 40
  • perceptual, 183
  • “tip-of-the-tongue
• Julesz, B., 165
• Justice, 288, 289n, 302, 303, 346

• Kalish, Donald, 157
• Kant, Immanuel, 122, 141, 175
  • on epistemology, 121, 176
  • on ethics, 290
  • rationality and, 289–290
• Kant’s problem. See Frame problem
• Ketamine, 234
• Kivy, Peter, 98n
• Klein, Barbara, 121n
• Knowledge. See also specific topics
  • factual, and language, 51
  • innate, 102, 130, 150
  • non-inferential, 253, 254
• Koestler, Arthur, 96n, 98n
• Krantz, J. C., 230n
• Kripke, Saul, 246n

• Lackner, J. R., 173
• Lamaze method, 233–234, 236
• Language. See also Computer languages; Linguistics; Natural language; Semantics; Syntax
  • animals and, 295
  • artificial intelligence (AI) and, 89
  • belief and, xvi, 53, 295, 328, 329
  • brain writing and, 46, 51
  • capacity for, 18
  • and communication, 260
  • consciousness and, 306n
  • evolution of, 36
  • factual knowledge and, 51
  • Fodor and, 108–110
  • functional, xxviii
  • Harman and, 45
  • inner environment and, 87
  • intentional, xxx, 29, 89
  • intentional systems and, 14, 17, 18, 295
  • learnable, 46, 54 (see also Language learning)
  • Marx on, 306n
  • mentalistic, xxx
  • opinion and, 328, 329
  • Quine, logical connectives, and, 9n
  • representation and inner, 44–46, 51, 112–113 (see also Language of thought)
  • second-order intentions and, 295
  • sentences and, 328, 329
  • technical, 128
  • thinking and, 40
  • Turing machine and, xxviii–xxx, 277–278
• Language learning. See also Language, learnable
  • Fodor and, 102, 113
• Language of thought, 99–128
  • belief and, 112
  • concept learning and, 109
  • Fodor and, 109, 112
  • neo-cognitivism and, 107
• Language of Thought, The (Fodor), 99, 107. See also Fodor, Jerry
• Language understanding programs, 125–126, 211n
• Language use and consciousness, 163
• Lashley, K., 181
• Learnable representational systems, 46, 54
• Learning, 86, 90, 93–95, 196. See also Concept learning; Effect, Law of; Language learning
  • artificial intelligence (AI) and, 75, 90–95
  • capacity for, 84
  • defined, 84
  • Fodor on representation and, 113–114
  • “genuine” vs. “apparent
  • to “hand simulate” a Turing machine, 284–286
  • latent, 83
  • and mislearning and unlearning pain locations, 225n
  • philosophy and, xxv
  • as a process of self-design, 93
  • Skinner and, 84–87
• Learning problem, 87
• Learning-while-you-sleep, 151–154
• Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 63
• Lettvin, Jerome, 101
• Lewis, David, 367n2
• Libertarianism, xxxv, 319, 320
  • objections to, 308, 309
  • randomness, free action, and, 308, 309
  • Wiggins on, 308–310
• Libertarians
  • determinism and, 308, 309, 313–314, 319, 320
  • indeterminism and, 312–314, 316–317, 320
  • moral education and, 317
• Limbic system (“old low path”), 217–218, 219n, 238n
• Linguistics, xxxiv, 99–102. See also Language
• Lobotomy, 227, 240, 242, 274
• Locke, John, 181, 288, 336
• Logical coherence, 49
• Logical construct, 102, 196–198, 200–204
• Logical space, xxiv
• Logical state, xxviii, xxix, 28
• Logical truth, 9, 11–12, 308–309
• Lucid dreams, 150–151
• Lycan, W., xxxiii
• Lying, 299–300

• MacIntyre, Alastair C., 262–264, 269, 271, 272
• MacKay, D. M., 190, 257, 258, 261, 273, 274
• Malcolm, Norman, 252, 273, 323, 327
  • dreaming and, 141–143, 147–149, 151–153, 155–156, 159n, 160
  • on neural systems of representation, 102–103
• Malfunction, 4–6, 38, 75, 106, 185, 255, 262, 278, 280
• Manifest beliefs, 9, 44, 46–48
• Manifest image, 259, 272, 320
• Manipulation, 133, 266–268, 299
• Martians, 124, 252
• Martin, C. B., 157, 158
• Marx, Karl, 306n
• Masochists, 239, 247
• Mass term, 243
• Materialism, 81, 82, 104, 106, 167, 202n, 207, 211, 213
  • eliminative, xxxii, xxxiii
• Maxwell, J. C., 309
• McConnell, J. V., 103
• Meaning, 88
  • Grice’s theory of non-natural, 298–301
• Meaninglessness, 281, 309
• Mechanical aspect vs. personal aspect of a system, 257
• Mechanism, xxxiv–xxxv, 68, 273, 275, 278
  • antimechanism, 122, 275, 279, 281–284, 286, 307n
  • artificial intelligence (AI) and, 89, 90n, 91–92, 122
  • Church’s Thesis and, 92
  • finite, 263–264
  • reason and, 307n
  • and responsibility, 251–274
  • as a theory of mind, 275
  • Turing machine and, 275, 276, 281–284
• Mechanistic explanation (and prediction), 65, 68, 70–72, 81, 251, 252, 254, 264. See also Mechanism
  • intentional explanation and, 262, 264–265, 272–274
• Mechanistic physicalism, 294
• Mechanistic stance, 257–259, 261, 272
• Medullary paralysis, 229, 230
• Melden, A. I., 253, 268
• Melzack, Ronald, 217, 219n, 224, 232, 238n
• Melzack-Wall gate, 217, 220, 223, 224
• Melzack-Wall theory, 224n, 234, 362n8
• Memory, 28, 31, 121, 123, 154–155, 157–158. See also Amnesia; Cassette theory of dreams; Dreams
  • buffer, 170, 172n, 184
  • experience and, 141
  • normal entry into, 158
  • pain and, 209, 220, 228, 233, 242, 243, 245
  • short-term, 156–158, 170, 172n
  • “storehouse” model of, 157–158
• Memory-loading process, 144–146, 151, 156–157, 159, 173
• Memory location “M,” 170–175, 177, 178, 183–185
• Memory mechanisms, 143–144, 148, 149
• Memory trace, 157
• Mendelian genetics, 68
• Mentalese, 102, 115, 118
• Mental images, xxv, xxxi–xxxv. See also Images; Mental representations; specific topics
  • two approaches to, 189–205
• Mentalism, xxv, 80
  • behaviorism and, 61, 63, 80, 104–105
  • cognitive psychology and, 103, 105–106
  • dualism and, 62, 103
  • Fodor and, 103–107
  • intentionalism and, xxxiii
  • Quine and, 67
  • Ryle and, 104–105
  • Skinner and, 60–70, 76, 77, 86, 103, 354n1, 354n3, 355n21, 357n41
• Mentalistic concepts, 27
• Mentalistic explanations, 63
• Mentalistic terms, xxvii, xxix–xxxi, 60, 64–67, 70, 80, 86, 103, 105–106
• Mental representations, xxxiii. See also Mental images; Representational systems; specific topics
• Mind, theory of
  • functionalist, 167
  • mechanism as a, 275
  • philosophical, xxiii–xxx
• Mind–body problem, 32
• Minsky, Marvin L., 49–51, 137, 165
• Model features, intended, 125
• Modus ponens, 11
• Molière, 13, 63
• Monism, anomalous, xxiv, 30
• Moore, G. E., 141
• Moral commitment, 259
• Moral community, 7, 215, 258, 260
• Moral decisions, 317–318, 320. See also Decisions
• Moral education, 317, 319
• Morality. See also Ethics; Justice
  • intuitions and, 303, 308n, 317–318
• Morally responsible agents (moral agents), 7, 17, 60, 64, 70, 291, 308n, 312, 318, 319, 332. See also Responsible agents
• Moral norms, 303. See also Norms
• Moral pathology, 332
• Moral personhood, conditions of, 289–291, 293, 304, 306
  • conditions that exempt humans from, 287
• Moral persons, metaphysical persons becoming, 288–289
• Moral responsibility, 288, 314. See also Insanity; Responsibility
  • determinism (and indeterminism) and, 251
  • norms and, 303
  • Skinner and, 64, 70
  • verbal communication and, 290–291
• Moral stance, 258–261
• Morgan, Lloyd, Canon of Parsimony, 294, 356n36
• Morphine, 216n, 242, 246
  • administered before vs. after the onset of pain, 226
  • and amnesia, 228n, 233, 240
  • pain intensity and dosage of, 213, 227n
  • phenomenology and pharmacology, 226–227, 240
  • reactive disassociation effect, 226, 236
  • time-dependence of its analgesic effect, 233, 234
  • used in anesthesia, 228n, 229
• Morphine patients experiencing pain but not minding it, 226, 240, 247
• Morphine poisoning, 213, 240–241
• Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 96–98
• Müller-Lyer illusion, 15

• Nagel, Thomas, 32, 34, 151, 154n, 156, 163, 166, 290
• Natural kinds, xxxi, 106, 247
• Natural language, xxxv, 177
  • acquisition of, 121, 176
  • artificial intelligence (AI) and, 126, 127
  • Fodor and, 101, 102, 113, 118
  • input and output, 126
  • language of thought and, 101
  • representations and, 51, 53
• Natural language programs, 126, 211n
• Natural selection, xv, xxiii, 8, 9, 12, 81–87, 90, 95. See also Darwinism; Evolution; Selection
  • Law of Effect and, 81–83, 87, 95
• Neisser, Ulric “Dick,” 171, 360n7
• Neo-cognitivism, 101, 103, 107, 111, 116
• Neocortex, 218, 219f, 229, 232, 234
• Neurath, O., 273
• Neurobiology. See also specific organs
  • of perception, 225, 238n
  • of recognition, 27
  • and responsibility, 251, 252, 270, 271, 274
• Neurophysiology, xxiv, 45, 142–143. See also Electroencephalography
• Neurosurgery, 270, 271, 274
• New Critics, 200
• Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 306n
• Nitrous oxide, 226, 229–230, 232, 240
• Nociceptors, 217, 226, 231, 237
• Noise, 222
• Non-inferential knowledge, 253, 254
• Non-physical events, 32, 61, 66, 103, 191n, 204, 354n1
• Normative decision theory, 107–108
• Norms, 19–21, 23, 30, 299, 302, 303
• Novocain, 224, 225, 236
• Nozick, Robert, 160n
• Number crunching, 125

• Occam’s Razor, 294, 356n36
• Ontology, xxxii, 30, 41, 203
• “Operant Behavior” (Skinner), 354n11
• Operant conditioning, 73, 76, 84–88, 354n11. See also Behaviorism; Reinforcement; Skinner, B. F.
  • law of, 82 (see also Effect, Law of)
• Opiates. See also Morphine
  • lobotomy and, 227
• Opinion, 327, 329–332
  • vs. belief, 328, 329
  • de Sousa on, 329
• “Order which is there,” 31n, 297, 301, 303, 306
• Other minds, 188

• Pain, xxvii, xxix, xxxi–xxxiv, 32, 41, 86, 265–266
  • causes and effects of, 209, 213, 235–239, 241, 243, 244
  • central, 210n, 218n, 227n
  • concentrating attention on one’s, 224
  • consciousness and, 231, 233, 244, 245
  • as intentional object, 244
  • intuitions and, 214, 215, 228, 231, 241, 243–245, 247–248
  • ordinary concept of, 213, 240, 243–245, 248
  • recognition of, 233–235
  • theories of
• functionalist, 167
• perceptual, 245n
  • why you can’t make a computer that feels, 207–248
• Pain perception, 218, 244
• “Pain Perception” (Pitcher), 245n, 247n
• Pain threshold, 241, 242
• Paleocortex, 218
• Parallel processing, 171
• Para-mechanical hypotheses, 104, 184n
• Paranoia, 129
• Parfit, Derek, 367n2
• Parochial concepts, 215, 248
• Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich, 269
• Pears, D., 274
• Penfield, Wilder, 146n, 218n, 252
• Pentagon, The, 333
• Perception, 38, 52, 69, 165, 175, 176, 181, 244, 260, 261
  • defined, 9
  • events in the nervous system subserving, 110–111
  • fine-grained, 218, 226
  • Fodor and, 109–110
  • nature of, 245
  • neurobiology of, 225, 238n
• Perceptual analysis, 174, 177
  • Fodor and, 107
  • nature of, 184
• Perceptual analysis, pain and, 225–227, 233, 234, 237, 243, 245
• Perceptual analysis areas of cortex, 225
• Perceptual analysis levels, tier of, 170–172
• Perceptual analysis processes, 179, 233
• Perceptual environments, 179, 180
• Perceptual experience, 172–176, 183–185
• Perceptual judgments, 183
• Perceptual revision, 175
• Perceptual set, 173, 174, 223, 226
• Perceptual system, 266
• Peripheralism, 83, 84n, 86
• Perkel, D. H., 47n
• Perry, John, 367n2
• “Person.” See also Persons
  • Locke on the term, 288
  • as moral agent, 332
• Personal aspect vs. mechanical aspect of a system, 257
• Personal consciousness, access of, 164–166, 180, 185
• Personality, 342
• Personal level, 107, 112, 168n, 243, 258
• Personal location, 333–346
• Personal stance, 257–259, 290
• Personhood, 341. See also Moral personhood; specific topics
  • ability to change one’s mind as the essence of, 332
  • animals and, 290
  • metaphysical, 289
  • notion of, 341
• Persons, 341, 342. See also “Person”; specific topics
• Persuasion, 304, 305, 331, 332
• Phantom body hallucinations, 341
• Phantom limb, 225
• Phencycladine (PCP), 234
• Phenomenal figures, 362n8
• Phenomenal geometry, 362n8
• Phenomenal space, 182, 185, 201–203
• Phenomenal world/subjective world, 85n
• Phenomenography, 361n4
• Phenomenological approach, 199, 200, 203, 204
• Phenomenological consciousness, 163, 166
• Phenomenological data, 21–22
• Phenomenological effects, 210
• Phenomenological program, 199
• Phenomenological reduction, 201n
• Phenomenologists, 199–201, 203
• Phenomenology, 21, 163, 201n, 203, 210, 224, 318, 341
  • belief and, 35
  • pain and, 210n, 224
  • vs. phenomenography, 361n4
  • of systems, 35
• Phillips Griffiths, A., 19
• Philosophical theory of the mind, xxiii–xxx
• Physicalism, xxiii, xxvi, xxviii, xxxi, 30, 32, 103, 158, 294, 335, 340
  • token, 106
• Physicalists, 81, 158, 335, 341
• Physicalist theory of consciousness, 141
• Physical stance, 4–5, 23, 255–257, 259, 265n, 273, 274
• Physics, 106, 309–311
• Physiology, xxxii, 62, 64, 120, 153, 155, 248, 264. See also Neurophysiology
• Pigeons, 72–74, 76, 123, 198, 293, 356n37
• Pineal gland, 238
• Pitcher, George, 244n, 247n, 362n8
• Placebo, 236
• Plato, 166
• Play back mechanism, 150
• Poincaré, Henri, 97
• Point of view, 337–341
• Popper, Karl, 86, 88
• Possible worlds, 328–329
• Potential behavior control elements, adaptive, 88
• Potential behavior control systems, 87
• Precognition, 148
• Preconscious, 185n
• Preconscious intentions, 301
• Prediction, 9–10, 29. See also Explanation(s); Intentional prediction; Mechanistic explanation (and prediction)
  • assumptions and, 4–6, 255
  • barriers to, 273–274
  • Bayesian, 327–328, 330
  • beliefs, desires, and, 9–11, 294, 327–328, 330
  • by chess-playing computers, 5, 6, 23, 255–256
  • deception and, 296
  • design stance and, 4–6, 8, 12, 23, 255, 262, 265n
  • of dream recollections, 143, 147, 150
  • Fodor and, 115, 116
  • intentional explanation and, 7, 8, 12, 17, 21, 67–68, 265
  • intentional labels and, 29
  • intentional stance and, 6, 10, 25, 256–257, 297, 313
  • intentional systems and, 3–17, 257, 261, 273–274, 291–292, 297
  • physical stance and, 4–5, 255–256
  • rationality and, 5–6, 10, 12, 256, 257, 262
  • Skinner and, 14–16, 67–68, 70, 74–75, 357n41
  • weather, 208–209
  • Wiggins on, 310
• Premonition, 179
• Presentation, mode of, 209
• Presentiment, 179, 180
• Privacy, 20, 43, 61, 64
• Private events, 64
• Private states, 156n
• Privileged access, 32, 33, 38, 40, 246n
• Privileged position, 35, 53, 155–156, 231, 303, 326, 328
• Probability, subjective, 327–328
• Problem-solving, 79, 87n, 95, 172, 181
  • artificial intelligence (AI) and, 89, 90, 129, 133, 134n, 136 (see also Artificial intelligence)
  • attention and, 171
  • generate-and-test procedure and, 90, 92n, 93, 95 (see also Generate-and-test procedure)
  • images and, 136, 164, 172, 181–182, 190, 191
  • nature of, 79
  • Shepard phenomenon and, 183
  • Simon on, 79
• Productivity (generativity), 108, 114
• Program-receptive vs. program-resistant, 32–35, 41, 207
• Propositional attitude, 102, 114, 117, 326
• Propositional data structures, 55
• Propositional episodes, 179, 180, 183, 361n7
• Propositions, 10, 22, 26, 50, 51, 53, 136
  • cognitive psychology and, 55, 175, 328
  • vs. images as vehicles of information, 55, 175, 177, 178n, 184
  • mental acts as tokens expressing, 45n
  • Stalnaker on beliefs and, 328–329
• Psychoanalysis, 252, 334
• Psycholinguistics, 100, 102, 170
• Psychological reality, 102, 109, 110, 121, 122, 124, 125
• Psychosomatic disorders, 160, 254
• Public access, 165, 166
• Purpose, 69, 81–82, 280, 281
• Purposive explanations, 251–253
• Putnam, Hilary, xx, 30, 36, 106, 141n, 142n, 149n, 152n, 290
• Pylyshyn, Zenon, xx, 128

• Qualia, 110
• Quality of experience, 242
• Question-begging, 13, 63, 64, 81–83, 91–92, 95, 122
• Quine, W. V. O., 9n, 13, 324, 356n28
  • Chisholm and, 67, 356n30
  • intentional idioms and, 13, 67
  • intentionality and, 20
  • naturalism and, xii
  • on radical translation, 48
  • Skinner and, 13, 67, 68
  • on translation of intentional into non-intentional terms, 67, 68, 356n30

• “Random,” meanings and uses of the term, 309
• Random contribution, 94
• “Random” generation, 54, 165, 314, 317–320
• Randomizer, radium, 5, 310
• Randomness, 96, 165, 251, 252, 309, 312, 314
  • intelligence exploiting, 314
  • vs. uncaused, 308–310
• Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 142–144, 147, 150–153, 160
• Rational action, 329
  • theory of, 328
• Rational beings, persons as, 289
• Rationality, 9, 265, 267–268, 272, 315–317
  • animals and, 305n
  • assumption/presupposition of, 10–13, 16, 18, 21, 64, 65, 67, 68, 73–74, 80, 256, 257, 260–262, 265, 302, 356n36
  • belief and, 19–22, 267–271
  • brain surgery and, 270, 271, 274
  • communication and, 259–260, 271, 273, 299
  • computers and, 5–6, 8, 10, 256–260, 292, 302
  • demanding standards of, 21
  • design and, 256, 262, 268
  • design stance and, 12, 256, 262
  • game theory and, 16–17, 352n5
  • Grice and, 299, 300
  • impairment of a person’s, 270, 271, 273, 274
  • intentional stance and, 6, 20, 256–260, 292, 293
  • intentional systems and, 5–6, 8–13, 16–22, 291
  • intentional theory and, 16
  • Kant and, 289–290
  • MacIntyre and, 262–264
  • mechanistic stance and, 259, 261
  • perfect (vs. imperfect), 12, 21, 256, 263, 264
  • and prediction, 5–6, 10, 12, 256, 257, 262
  • psychology and, 64
  • Quine and, 67
  • Rawls and, 302
  • and responsibility, 265, 274
  • Skinner and, 64, 65, 67, 68, 73–74, 356n36
• Raw feels, 32
• Rawls, John, 288–290, 302–303
• Reactive disassociation, 226, 236
• Reality, psychological, 102, 109, 110, 121, 122, 124, 125
• Reason, 307n
  • capacity to listen to, 304
  • consciousness and, 306n
  • intentional systems and, 261
• Reason-giving, 304, 309
  • vs. cause-giving, 265–266
• Reasoning, 145, 265–266
  • beliefs and, 136–137
  • chains of, 299, 300
  • computers and, 66, 71, 292
  • practical, 270, 292
• Reciprocity
  • capacity for, 290
  • Grice and, 290, 298
  • intentional systems and, 293, 298
• Recognition, 32, 66, 211, 260, 287, 298–301, 303. See also Face-recognizers
  • artificial intelligence (AI) and, 71, 89, 128
  • as an intentional concept, 26
  • neural basis, 27
  • of pain, 233–235
• Reduction, xxviii–xxxi
  • of intentional to extensional, 67, 91, 101–103, 106
  • phenomenological, 201n
• Reductionism, xxx, xxxi, 101–103, 106
• Referred pain, 225
• Reinforcement, 73–76, 81, 84–88. See also Behaviorism
  • belief and, 69
  • Law of Effect and, 82, 83, 85
  • law of primary, 82
  • negative reinforcement is not punishment, 84n
  • Skinner on, 69, 73, 74, 84n, 85, 86, 354n6
• Reinforcers, 84, 354n6
  • types of, 84
• REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, 142–144, 147, 150–153, 160
• Representational systems, 55, 101, 108. See also Mental representations
• Repression, 149
• Responsibility, 96, 97, 318, 319. See also Insanity; Moral responsibility
  • for action(s), 303
  • for acts based on false information, 267
  • awareness and, 303
  • for being who we are, 321
  • brain surgery and, 252, 270, 271
  • free will and, 305, 306, 308, 312
  • intelligence and, 81
  • intentional and mechanistic stances and, 272
  • intentional systems and, 266–267
  • intuitions and, 254, 266, 270, 308n
  • machines and, 17
  • mechanism and, 251–274
• antagonism between, 266
• first step in reconciling, 252–253
  • neurobiology and, 251, 252, 270, 271, 274
  • of people who have been manipulated, 266–267
  • rationality and, 265, 274
  • reason and, 304
• Responsible agents. See also Insanity; Morally responsible agents
  • random action, libertarianism, and, 308–309
  • vision of the free choice of, 312
• Reticular formation, 217–218, 232–234, 238n
• Reticular system, 153, 167, 219n, 220
• Retrospection, 161, 164, 166, 228
• Rey, G., xx
• Rights, 288, 289
• Rorty, Amelie, xxi, 290, 331n, 367n2
• Rotation of image, 182–183
• Russell, Bertrand, 75, 141, 309, 314, 316, 319
• Ryle, Gilbert, xii, 32, 104, 129, 180
  • attack on intellectualist theorizing, 103, 104
  • behaviorism and, 101, 103–105
  • cognitive psychology and, 105–106
  • dualism and, 101, 104
  • Fodor and, 101, 103–105, 114, 116
  • on log-keeping, 184–185n
  • mentalism and, 104–105
  • personal level and, 168n
  • Skinner and, 103–105
  • on unstudied utterances, 180n
  • on vanity, 105

• Santayana, G., 198
• Sartre, Jean-Paul, 53, 199, 291
• Satisficing, 315
• Schacht, R., 201n
• Schizophrenia, 194
• Science, law of special, 106
• Sciences, reduced vs. unreduced, 106
• Scopalomine, 228n
• Scotophobin, 103
• Searle, J., 299
• Selection, 84, 86, 88, 94. See also Natural selection
  • intelligent, 314, 316, 318
  • principles of, 87, 90, 95
• Selective function, 328
• Self, 98, 133
  • conscious, 98
  • unconscious, 97–98
• Self-consciousness, 7, 34, 180n, 288, 294, 305. See also Lucid dreams
• Self-deception, 32, 36, 40, 54, 330–332
• Self-design, 93
• “Self-evident
• Self-intimation, 204
• Self-understanding, 111, 112, 133–135
• Sellars, Wilfrid, 45n, 180n, 259, 272–273, 280n, 290
• Semantic analysis, 173, 336
• Semantic intentions, 169, 175, 181, 185–186
• Semantic interpretations, 195, 277, 278, 286
• Semantic markerese, 170
• Semantic primitives, 117
• Semantics, 123
• Sensation, 141, 142, 181
• Sentences, 328, 329
  • Gödel sentences, 275, 281, 283, 284
• Sequential processes, 171
• Serial processing. See Sequential processes
• Set, perceptual, 173, 174, 223, 226
• Shakey the robot, 211
• Shepard, Roger, 182–183
• Simon, Herbert, 315n
  • on artificial vs. synthetic, 214n
  • on the design process, 88n, 93
  • on generate-and-test procedure, 90
  • on inner vs. outer environment, 85n
  • on problem-solving, 79, 90
  • on selection, 90
• Simple mechanistic explanation, 264. See also Mechanistic explanation (and prediction)
• Simulation of mind, 8. See also Chess-playing computers; Cognitive simulation; Computer simulation
• Skepticism, 122n
• Skinner, B. F., 13, 14, 76–77, 86, 95, 354n3, 354n6, 354–355nn11–12, 355n21, 356n36, 357n41
  • on autonomy, 64
  • behaviorism and, 59, 63
  • chess-playing computers and, 65, 71, 74–75
  • on cognitivistic horrors, 355n21
  • computers and, 71, 74, 75
  • desires and, 68, 70
  • dignity and, 64, 70, 73, 76, 77, 356n34
  • dualism and, 62, 103
  • explaining, explaining away, and, 71
  • Fodor and, 103, 105
  • and his critics, 59–60
  • homunculus and, 63–65
  • information and, 76–77
  • intelligence and, 65, 75
  • intentional explanation and, 13, 67–68, 70–72
  • intentional idioms and, 67–69
  • intentional systems and, 13–16
  • intuitions and, 60, 70, 85, 288
  • learning and, 84–87
  • mentalism and, 60–70, 76, 77, 86, 103, 354n1, 354n3, 355n21, 357n41
  • moral responsibility and, 64, 70
  • neo-Skinnerians, 86
  • on neural systems of representation, 102–103
  • on personhood, 287
  • on physics, 355n12
  • post-Skinnerian mutations, 90
  • prediction and, 14–16, 67–68, 70, 74–75, 357n41
  • principle of operant conditioning, 82 (see also Operant conditioning)
  • on privacy of the mental, 61
  • psychology and, 16, 67–69, 73, 77, 105
  • Quine and, 13, 67, 68
  • rationality and, 64, 65, 67, 68, 73–74, 356n36
  • reinforcement and, 69, 73, 74, 76, 84–86, 354n6
  • Ryle and, 103–105
  • writings
• “Behaviorism at Fifty,” 64–65, 72, 356n36
• “Operant Behavior,” 354n11
• Skinner box, 14, 15
• Skinnerian creatures, 84–87, 95
• Sleep, REM, 142–144, 147, 150–153, 160. See also Dreams
• Sleep learning, 151–154
• Smart, J. J. C., 110n
• Smith, George, 121n, 124n
• Social contract, 291
• Socrates, xxvii, 308n
• Sodium pentothal, 229
• Somnambulism, 171
• Sortal term, 213, 243
• Special sciences, 106
• Speech. See also Language
  • development of consciousness and, 306n
• Speech act, 135, 169–170, 174, 186
• Spinal reflexes, 220, 230–231, 237
• Stalnaker, Robert, 328, 329
• Stance, 3–8, 257, 290–292, 305. See also Design stance; Intentional stance; Moral stance; Physical stance
  • personal, 258–259, 290
• Stearns, T., 213
• Stimulus that fails to stimulate, 191
• Straumanis, Joan, 49
• Strawson, P. F., 257–259, 290, 362n8, 364n20
• Stream of consciousness, 40–41, 133, 157
• Structure
  • content as a function of, 116, 177–178, 184
  • deep and surface, 170
• Subconscious choices/decisions, 32
• Subconscious processes, 40, 150
• Subjective probability, 328
• Subliminal perception (subception), 160, 184
• Subliminal peripheral recollection-production theory, 156, 158–160
• Subliminal self, 98
• Sub-personal level, 168, 187
  • cognitivist theories and, 115, 168
  • Fodor and, 107, 112, 173
  • functionalist theories and, 167–168
  • personal level and, 205, 238
  • Ryle and, 180nw
• Sub-personal theory(ies), 167–168
  • of pain, 235–238, 243, 248
• Subroutines, 165, 166, 170, 235, 243, 263. See also Generate-and-test procedure
• Substantia gelatinosa, 217, 220, 224, 225, 232
• Supersonic Tunneling Underground Device (STUD), 333
• Superstitious behavior, 198
• Supply and demand, law of, 80
• Syntactic intention, 301n
• Syntax, 116, 123, 127, 278, 329
• Synthetic vs. artificial, 214
• System-designing, 122–123. See also Design

• Tachistoscope, 172, 180
• Talbott, William, 186
• Taylor, Charles, 352n4
• Teleological law, 81
• Thalamus, 218, 232, 238n
• Theory, xxiii. See also specific topics
• Thinking, two notions of, 40. See also specific topics
• Thorndike, Edward. L., 82
• Threshold of pain, 241, 242
• Token identity theory, xxviii
• Tolman, E. C., 20
• Top-down strategy, 120
  • artificial intelligence (AI) and, 122, 124, 358n3
  • cognitive psychology and, 122, 124, 358n3
• Topic-neutral report, 110n
• Transcendental experience, 201n
• Trial and error, 79, 85, 86, 90
• Trigg, Roger, 239n, 240n
• Tropism, 83–85, 92, 94, 263, 264, 297
• Trust, 260, 299
• Truth rule, 113
• Turing, A., 124n, 208
• Turing machine, xxviii–xxx, 28, 36, 91, 92n
  • computers and, 92n, 208, 276, 279, 282, 284, 285
  • design and, 276–282
  • language and, xxviii–xxx, 277–278
  • learning to “hand simulate” a, 284–286
  • mechanism and, 275, 276, 281–284
• Turing machine functionalism, xxiv, xxviii
• Twilight sleep, 228n
• Type and token, xxvi–xxviii. See also Identity theory
• Type intentionalism, xxxi–xxxiii

• Unconscious, 97, 150–151, 156–157, 160, 184, 192, 252, 312. See also Amnesia
• Unconscious attention, 171
• Unconscious intentions, 300–301
• Unconsciousness, drug-induced state of, 229, 231–233. See also Anesthesia
• Unconscious problem-solving processes, 181
• Understanding, 12, 21, 89, 124, 127, 133–134, 176, 246n, 281. See also Self-understanding
• Ungar, G., 103
• Unmasking intelligent behavior, 72, 73, 76
• Urea, 213, 214
• Utilitarianism, 259

• Valéry, Paul, 79, 90, 96, 98n, 314, 318
• Van de Vate, D., 290
• Verificationism, 142n, 152, 166, 188
• Virtus dormitiva, 13, 63–64, 74, 76
• Vitalism, 122, 216
• Volition, 308. See also Choice; Free will
  • second-order, 304–305
• Von Neumann, John, 124n

• Wall, Patrick David, 217, 219n, 238n. See also Melzack-Wall gate; Melzack-Wall theory
  • on pain, 219n, 224n, 232, 238n
• Wanton, 305
• Wasps, 71–73, 263, 264
• Watson, John B., 129
• Weather prediction and simulation, 208–209
• Webb, Judson, 275n
• Weizenbaum, Joseph, xxi, 124n, 127, 211n
• Wernicke’s aphasia, 127
• Wiesel, T. N., 143n
• Wiggins, David, 308–310, 320, 367n2
• Winograd, Terry, 125–127, 211n
• Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 155n, 168n, 228n, 241–242
• Wöhler, F., 213
• Woodruff, Peter, 351n1
• Wooldridge, D., 71–72, 263
• Writing as a dependent form of information storage, 50

• Yost, R. M., 157

• Zen Buddhism, 224, 234
• Zombie, 168, 231, 271, 273