Extended Image Credits
Fig. 1: Photograph courtesy of the National Archives, Records of the Office of the Secretary of the Interior (RG 48), Central Classified File 5–6, General, Competent Indians (Entry 749), contained in the Records of the Office of the Secretary of the Interior (Record Group 48), Box 1432, Archives 2, Stack 150, Row 10, Compartment 15, Shelf 6. This image has been previously published in Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians, vol. 2 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), plate 57, facing page 687.
Fig. 3: From Raymond J. DeMallie, introduction to Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 13, pt. 1: Plains, ed. Raymond J. DeMallie (Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2001), 7.
Fig. 8: Clarence H. Colby of Spokane, Washington, had ties to Rapid City, South Dakota, and the Black Hills through his housekeeper, Mrs. Martin (Agnes P.) Detwiler, who had relatives there. Mrs. Detwiler died in a flood in South Dakota while in her fifties, while Colby, a retired druggist, was in his late seventies. Detwiler was said to have pushed Colby out of the van in which they were trapped by the flood, but then succumbed to the waters after leaving the van. Colby’s father had started collecting Sioux items in South Dakota in 1887.
Fig. 11: Another image of this archery set has been previously published in Colin F. Taylor, Buckskin and Buffalo: The Artistry of the Plains Indians (London: Salamander Books, 1998), 124. See also Klann, Die Sammlung indianischer Ethnographica aus Nordamerika des Herzog Friedrich Paul Wilhelm von Württemberg (Wyk auf Föhr: Verlag für Amerikanistik, 1999), no. 121, 53.
Fig. 12: This illustration has been previously published in Clark Wissler, Material Culture of the Blackfoot Indians (New York: AMS Press, 1975), reprint of “Material Culture of the Blackfoot Indians,” Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 5 (1910): 155–58. The Blackfoot sinew-backed wooden bow in the Wissler image has considerable reflex and a pronounced setback in the grip area. It has only little deflex bend in the limbs, which taper evenly toward the tips. The handle is the widest point; there is no pronounced asymmetry.
Similar bows with the same construction features: (1) Siksika Museum, Old Sun Boarding School, Gleichen, Alberta, cat. no. 232, Lakota bow from the Buechel Collection at St. Francis Mission, South Dakota (Kay Koppedrayer, “Cultural Signatures,” Image 8); Father Buechel’s records indicate that he obtained the bow in April 1915 while he was working at the Holy Rosary Mission on the Pine Ridge Reservation. It came from Old Man Hušte, who in turn obtained it from his father-in-law, Red Hawk, who was born around 1829. (2) Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford, 1886.21.5, Charles A. Pope Collection, before 1865, “Dakota.” (3, 4, 5) Three bows at the Museum of Ethnology in Berlin, Germany: cat. no. 12621 IVB, Konrad Preuss Collection, before 1910–1920, “Sioux”; cat. no. 8475 IVB, Emil Wilhelm Lenders, before 1911, “Kiowa”; cat. no. 352d, archery set, Colorado Ute, H. Lueders, before 1873. (6) The Denver Public Library holds a late nineteenth-century studio photograph (coll. no. X-30717) of a Ute man, shown drawing such a bow backwards unstrung. The bow in this photograph, which may have been taken between 1888 and 1890, is very similar to the bow in Wissler’s drawing. See http://digital.denverlibrary.org (accessed November 14, 2012).
Fig. 13: For more images of this bow, see Carolyn Gilman and Mary Jane Schneider, The Way to Independence: Memories of a Hidatsa Indian Family, 1840–1920 (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1987), 76.
Fig. 15: From Otis Tufton Mason, North American Bows, Arrows, and Quivers [Mattituck NY: Amereon House, 1995]; reprint, Smithsonian Institution Report, 1893, plate 62, fig. 2.
Fig. 16: From Saxton T. Pope, Bows and Arrows (1923; reprint, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974), plate 3, fig. 12.
Fig. 18: For a similar but longer (166 cm) bow, collected from Eastern Cree at La Sarre, Quebec, now at the Canadian Museum of Civilization (cat. no. III-D-55a), see http://collections.civilization.ca. The image can be found by entering the catalog number into the search field.
Fig. 20: See Steve Allely and Jim Hamm, Encyclopedia of Native American Bows, Arrows, and Quivers, vol. 1: Northeast, Southeast and Midwest (New York: Lyons Press, 1999), 34.
Fig. 22: See James Isham, James Isham’s Observations on Hudsons Bay, 1743 and Notes and Observations on a Book Entitled a Voyage to Hudsons Bay in the Dobbs Galley, 1749, ed. E. E. Rich (London: Hudson’s Bay Record Society, 1949), 118. David Thompson also mentioned in regard to Subarctic Cree: “Of the birch their Bows, Axe helves and Spear handles are made.” Richard Glover, ed., David Thompson’s Narrative, 1784–1812 (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1962), 96.
Fig. 23: See also Samuel Hearne, A Journey from Prince of Wales’s Fort in Hudson Bay to the Northern Ocean: Undertaken by Order of the Hudson’s Bay Company for the Discovery of Copper Mines, a North West Passage, &c. in the Years 1769, 1770, 1771, & 1772 (London: Printed for A. Strahan and T. Cadell, 1795), 310, 311; http://www.canadiana.org/en/home. A larger reproduction of this drawing can be found in Samuel Hearne, A Journey from Prince of Wales’s Fort in Hudson’s Bay to the Northern Ocean (New York: Da Capo Press, 1968), plate 5.
Fig. 24: From Otis Tufton Mason, North American Bows, Arrows, and Quivers (Mattituck NY: Amerion House, 1995), plate 71 (originally published 1893 as a Smithsonian Report).
Fig. 25: From Steve Allely and Jim Hamm, Encyclopedia of Native American Bows, Arrows and Quivers, vol. 1: Northeast, Southeast and Midwest (New York: Lyons Press, 1999), 36–39.
Fig. 26: From Otis Tufton Mason, North American Bows, Arrows, and Quivers (Mattituck NY: Amereon House, 1995), plate 47, figs. 2, 3, 5 (originally published 1893 as a Smithsonian Report).
Fig. 30: For more images of these projectile points, see Susan Berry and Jack Brink, Aboriginal Cultures in Alberta: Five Hundred Generations (Edmonton: Provincial Museum of Alberta, 2004), 27.
Fig. 31: Measurements of small iron projectile point from Elk Point: 28.5 mm maximum length, 18.0 mm maximum width at shoulder, 7.0 mm stem length, 7.0 mm stem width, 2.0 mm thickness of body, 3.3 mm thickness of stem. This image has been previously published in Stuart J. Baldwin, The Elk Point Burial “At the Place of the Willows,” Alberta (Occasional Paper No. 11, Archaeological Survey of Alberta, January 1979), 34, 35 (illustration), 68, 69. This projectile point is almost identical to the triangular stemmed points from Fort George. See Robert S. Kidd, Fort George and the Early Fur Trade in Alberta (Provincial Museum and Archives Publication No. 2, Edmonton, 1970), 77.
Fig. 32: See also Terry P. Tottle, The History and Archaeology of Pine Fort (Manitoba Archaeological Society, Preliminary Report No. 7, 1981), 31, 94.
Fig. 34: This image has been previously published in W. J. Byrne, Archaeology in Alberta, 1977 (Occasional Paper No. 5, Archaeological Survey of Alberta, 1978), 115–17, 121 (fig. 64).
Fig. 35: This image has been previously published in Robert S. Kidd, Fort George and the Early Fur Trade in Alberta (Provincial Museum and Archives Publication No. 2, Edmonton, 1970), 84, fig. 61.
Fig. 39: See also Steve Allely and Jim Hamm, Encyclopedia of Native American Bows, Arrows, and Quivers, vol. 1: Northeast, Southeast, and Midwest (New York: Lyons Press, 1999), 44.
Fig. 43: This photograph has been previously published in William J. Mayer-Oakes, Archaeological Investigations in the Grand Rapids, Manitoba, Reservoir, 1961–1962 (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1970), 257, 275.
Fig. 50: This image has been previously published in J. C. H. King, First Peoples, First Contacts: Native People of North America (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 217. See also James W. Van Stone, Material Culture of the Davis Inlet and Barren Ground Naskapi: The William Duncan Strong Collection (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1985), vii, 5–14, 41, 49, 65, 66 (photo of Joe Rich, NCG no. 62084, Field Museum, Chicago), 67–69.
Fig. 51: This drawing has been previously published in James D. Keyser, “Rockart of the Ashland Ranger District, Custer National Forest,” Archaeology in Montana 46, no. 2 (2005): 1–52, 40.
Fig. 52: These images have been previously published in James D. Keyser, “A Lexicon for Historic Plains Indian Rock Art,” Plains Anthropologist 32 (1987): 43–72, 46, 47.
Fig. 53: This image has been previously published in James F. Brooks, Captives and Cousins: Slavery, Kinship and Community in the Southwest Borderlands (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 121, 122. For high-resolution digital versions of the Segesser paintings, see New Mexico History Museum, Santa Fe, http://www.nmhistorymuseum.org/hides/.
Fig. 54: Donor of Quapaw cape: Bibliothèque Municipale de Versailles. Previous collection: Mr de Sérent. Current collection: Musée de l’Homme (Amérique) © 2012. Musee du Quai Branly photograph by Patrick Gries/Scala, Florence. For more images of this robe, see Christian Feest, “First Nations—Royal Collections,” American Indian Art Magazine 32, no. 2 (Spring 2007): 44–55, 45.
Fig. 56: “Anonymous Arikara drawing of battle between two lines of warriors, ca. 1875,” National Anthropological Archives (NAA INV 08510630; NAA MS 154064B), National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.