Archival Sources
Archives of Manitoba, MG2, B4–6, Public Interest vs. Capenesseweet, August 1849, I, 23, 33.
Archives of Manitoba, Hudson’s Bay Company Archives (HBCA), Winnipeg
Albany Account Book, 1695, B3/d/5
Albany Post Journal, June 27, 1777, to June 27, 1779, F11, B.3/a/73, and 1784–85, B.3/a/84
Brandon House Post Journal, 1817–18, B.22/a/20
Buckingham House Account Books, B.239/d/87–121
Buckingham House Post Journal, 1792–99, B.24/a/1–6
Cocking, Matthew. “Matthew Cocking’s Inland Journal,” York Factory Post Journal Series, B.239/a/69, Reel 1M158, September 1772
Edmonton House Post Journal, 1795–1808, B.60/a/1–8
Fidler, Peter. “Journal at Red River Settlement with the account of the Population of the Free Canadians and the three Tribes of Indians in this Quarter with a Meteorological Journal and Astronomical Observations made at different places by Peter Fidler, to which is added the Astronomical Observations of Thomas and Charles Fidler 1815.” Selkirk Papers, MG2, A1, Vol. 69, M187
—. “Journal of a Journey over Land from Buckingham House to the Rocky Mountains in 1792 & 3 by Peter Fidler.” Reel 4M 103, E 3/2, fols. 2–39
—. “Journals of Exploration and Survey, 1789–1806, Number Three—July 25th 1792 to July 4th 1793. A Journal from York Fort Hudson’s Bay, to Cumberland Hudson’s, Manchester & Buckingham Houses—up the Saskatchewan River by Way of Lake Wennepeg in 1792 by Peter Fidler.” E.3/1
—. “Journals of Exploration and Survey, 1790–1809, June 25th, 1807.” E.3/3 (“Journal of a Journey by water in a Canoe from Cumberland House to the East End of the Athapescow Lake by Deers Lake, & Lake Wollaston and from the Entrance of Deers River down the Missin nip pee or Churchill River down to Churchill Factory, & from thence in a Boat to York Factory along the Coast. By Peter Fidler”)
—. Notebook, 1794–1813: “Contents of a Gun Chest of Curiosities, Directed to James Fidler July 4th 1813.” F17, D3, MG1
Fort Dauphin Post Journal, 1819–20, B.51/a/2
Gloucester House Post Journal, 1782–83, B.78/a/8, and 1784–85, B.78/a/12
House of Commons. Papers of Committee of House of Commons, 1749. Appendix to Report from the Committee Appointed to Inquire into the State and Condition of the Countries adjoining to Hudson’s Bay and of the Trade Carried on There, 1749. Published 1803, HBCA-FC-3207.5 G73
Hudson House Post Journal, B.87/a/8
Ile-a-la Crosse Post Journal, 1810–11, B.89/a/2
Manchester House Post Journal, 1786–1793, B.121/a/1–8
Minutes of the Hudson’s Bay Company, 1671 to 1674, A.1/1
Pink, William. “William Pink Inland Journal,” York Factory Post Journal Series), B.239/a/63, Reel 1M158, April 1770
York Factory Account Books, 1688–89, B.239/d/1; 1689–90, B.239/d/2; 1693–95, B.239/d/5; 1759–60, B.239/d/50; 1793–94, B.239/d/100; 1798–99, B.239/d/118; 1799–1800, B.239/d/123; 1800–1801, B.239/d/123
York Factory Post Journal, 1714, B.239/a/1
Glenbow Archives, Calgary
David C. Duval Fonds, M4376
George H. Gooderham Fonds, 1901–76, M4738
Lucien Mason Hanks and Jane Richardson Hanks Fonds, M8458
Augustus Jukes Family Fonds, M607
Joe Little Chief Fonds, M4394
Nitsitapiisini—Our Way of Life, exhibition leaflet. “Raw Eater’s Story Robe.” Glenbow Museum, Calgary, www.glenbow.org.
Claude E. Schaeffer Papers, M1100/8
Robert Nathaniel Wilson Papers, M4421, M4422. Edited and annotated by Philip H. Godsell. Calgary: Glenbow Foundation, 1958.
Paul Wolf Collar Fonds, M2359, M2844, RBT 14
Minnesota Historical Society (MHS), St. Paul
Wilson, Gilbert L. “Hidatsa-Mandan Report, 1911, American Museum of Natural History,” Vol. 10. Document No. M460 2/1.
Published Sources
Ahenakew, Edward. Voices of the Plains Cree. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1973. Reprint, Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina, 1995.
Allely, Steve. “Ishi’s Archery Tackle.” In Hamm, The Traditional Bowyer’s Bible, 4:269–90.
Allely, Steve, and Jim Hamm. Northeast, Southeast, and Midwest. Vol. 1 of Encyclopedia of Native American Bows, Arrows, and Quivers. New York: Lyons Press, 1999.
—. Plains and Southwest. Vol. 2 of Encyclopedia of Native American Bows, Arrows, and Quivers. Azle TX: Bois d’Arc Press, 2002.
Anderson, Henry R. “The Last Indian Battle.” In The Last Great (Inter-Tribal) Indian Battle, 37–44. Edited by James H. Carpenter. Lethbridge AB: Lethbridge Historical Society, 1997.
Annals of Wyoming. “High-Backed Wolf,” 27:1:14, and “Cheyenne Indians,” 28:2:183, http://wyshs.org. Accessed January 2013.
Attituq Quitsualik, Rachel. “War: Part Six,” Nunatsiaq News, http://www.nunatsiaq.com. Accessed February 11, 2000.
Baillargeon, Morgan. North American Aboriginal Hide Tanning: The Act of Transformation and Revival. Gatineau: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 2010.
Baker, Tim. “Bows from Boards.” In The Traditional Bowyer’s Bible, 2:19–50..
Baldwin, Doug. The Fur Trade in the Moose-Missinaibi River Valley, 1770–1917. Research Report 8. [Toronto]: Ministry of Culture and Recreation, Historical Planning and Research Branch, 1975.
Baldwin, John. Bows, Arrows and Quivers of the American Frontier. West Olive MI: Early American Artistry, 1999.
Baldwin, Stuart J. The Elk Point Burial “At the Place of the Willows,” Alberta. Occasional Paper No. 11. Archaeological Survey of Alberta, January 1979.
Balfour, Henry. “On the Structure and Affinities of the Composite Bow.” Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 19 (1890): 220–50.
Ball, Eve. Indeh, an Apache Odyssey. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988.
Bamforth, Douglas B. Ecology and Human Organization on the Great Plains. New York: Plenum Press, 1988.
—. “Historical Documents and Bison Ecology on the Great Plains.” Plains Anthropologist 32, no. 115 (February 1987): 1–16.
—. “Indigenous People, Indigenous Violence: Precontact Warfare on the North American Great Plains,” Man, n.s., 29, no. 1 (March 1994): 95–115.
Bamforth, Douglas B., and Nyree Finlay. “Introduction: Archaeological Approaches to Lithic Production Skill and Craft Learning.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 15, no. 1 (2008): 1–27.
Bancroft-Hunt, Norman. Warriors: Warfare and the Native American Indian. London: Salamander Books, 1995.
Barsh, Lawrence Russell, and Chantelle Marlor. “Driving Bison and Blackfoot Science.” Human Ecology 31, no. 4 (December 2003): 571–93.
Benndorf, Helga, and Arthur Speyer. Indianer Nordamerikas 1760–1860. Offenbach a.M.: Deutsches Ledermuseum Offenbach, 1968.
Benson, Foley C. “The Northern Athapaskan Bow: An Analysis of the Role and Importance of Trajectory Weapons in the Hunting Economy of the Kutchin.” Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, 1975.
Bergman, C. A., E. McEwen, and R. Miller. “Experimental Archery: Projectile Velocities and Comparison of Bow Performances.” Antiquity 62, no. 237 (1988): 658–70.
Berry, Susan, and Jack Brink. Aboriginal Cultures in Alberta: Five Hundred Generations. Edmonton: Provincial Museum of Alberta, 2004.
Bill, Joseph H. “Notes on Arrow Wounds.” American Journal of Medical Science 44 (1862): 11, 12, 365–87.
—. “Sabre and Bayonet Wounds; Arrow Wounds.” In The International Encyclopedia of Surgery, 2:101–18. Edited by John Ashhurst. New York: William Wood, 1882.
Binnema, Theodore. “Allegiances and Interests: Niitsitapi (Blackfoot) Trade, Diplomacy, and Warfare, 1806–1831.” Western Historical Quarterly 37, no. 3 (Autumn 2006): 327–49.
—. The Common and Contested Ground: A Human and Environmental History of the Northwestern Plains. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001.
Bird, Louis. Our Voices. Omushkego Oral History Project. Audio tapes and transcripts. http://www.ourvoices.ca. Centre for Rupert’s Land Studies, University of Winnipeg.
0014—“Guns and Bows.” Rec. April 2001, transcr. by Roland Bohr.
0051—“Fish Trapping and Caribou Hunting.” Rec. January 1989, transcr. by Justin Dyck.
0077—“Inuit Expedition, Skirmishes.” Rec. April 2003, transcr. by Roland Bohr.
0116—“Guns and Bows II.” Rec. April 2001, transcr. by Roland Bohr.
Bird, Louis, and Roland Bohr. “Arrows and Thundersticks: Technologies Old and New.” In Telling Our Stories: Omushkego Legends and Histories from Hudson Bay, 189–208. Edited by Jennifer S. H. Brown, Paul W. DePasquale, and Mark F. Ruml. Peterborough ON: Broadview Press, 2005.
Bishop, Charles, and Victor Lytwyn. “‘Barbarism and Ardour of War from the Tenderest Years’: Cree-Inuit Warfare in the Hudson Bay Region.” In Problems in Paradise, 30–57. Edited by Richard Chacon and Ruben Mendoza. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2007.
Blish, Helen H. “The Ceremony of the Sacred Bow of the Oglala Dakota.” American Anthropologist 36, no. 2 (April–June 1934): 180–87.
Blitz, John H. “Adoption of the Bow in Prehistoric North America.” North American Archaeologist 9 (1988): 123–45.
Bob, Geraldine, Gary Marcuse, Deanna Nyce, and Loma Williams. “Standing Alone.” First Nations: The Circle Unbroken. Vol. 1. Video recording. National Film Board of Canada, 1993.
Bodmer, Karl. Karl Bodmer’s America. Omaha: Joslyn Art Museum; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984.
Bohr, Roland. “Plains Indian Archery Gear of the Historic Period.” Unpublished seminar paper, University of North Dakota, Department of Anthropology, 1996.
Bordewich, Fergus M. Killing the White Man’s Indian: Reinventing Native Americans at the End of the Twentieth Century. New York: Doubleday, 1996.
Bourke, Paul, and David Whetham. “A Report of the Findings of the Defence Academy Warbow Trials.” Arms and Armour, Summer 2005, 2–27.
Bowe, Howard R., and Donalee M. Deck. A Legacy of Stone: Projectile Point and Hafted Knife Forms from Eastern Manitoba. Winnipeg: Anthropology Museum, University of Winnipeg, 1999.
Bowers, Alfred W. Hidatsa Social and Ceremonial Organization. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992 (1963).
—. Mandan Social and Ceremonial Organization. Moscow: University of Idaho Press, 1991. Originally published 1950.
Bradley, Mark. “Beckwourth’s Life with the Crow.” In James Pierson Beckwourth, 1798–1866, http://www.beckwourth.org/biography. Accessed June 26, 2013.
Brightman, Robert. Acaoohkiwina and Acimowina: Traditional Narratives of the Rock Cree Indians. Hull, Quebec: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1989.
—. Grateful Prey: Rock Cree Human-Animal Relationships. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
Brink, Jack W. Imagining Head-Smashed-In: Aboriginal Buffalo Hunting on the Northern Plains. Edmonton: AU Press, 2008.
Brink, Jack, and Bob Dawe. “Preliminary Report of the 1988 and 1989 Field Seasons at Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump.” In Archaeology in Alberta, 145–55. Archaeological Survey of Alberta—Occasional Paper No. 33, 1991.
Brooks, James F. Captives and Cousins: Slavery, Kinship, and Community in the Southwest Borderlands. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
Brown, Alison K., and Laura Peers. Pictures Bring Us Messages / Sinaakssiiksi aohtsimaahpihkookiyaawa: Photographs and Histories from the Kainai Nation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006.
Brown, Jennifer S. H. “Fields of Dreams: Revisiting A. I. Hallowell and the Berens River Ojibwa.” In New Perspectives on Native North America: Cultures, Histories, and Representations, 17–41. Edited by Sergei Kan and Pauline Turner Strong. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006.
Brown, Jennifer S. H., and Robert Brightman. “The Orders of the Dreamed”: George Nelson on Cree and Northern Ojibwa Religion and Myth, 1823. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1988.
Brownlee, Kevin, and E. Leigh Syms. Kayasochi Kikawenow: Our Mother from Long Ago, An Early Cree Woman and Her Personal Belongings from Nagami Bay, Southern Indian Lake. Winnipeg: Manitoba Museum, 1999.
Brues, Alice M., “The Spearman or the Archer—An Essay on Selection in Body Build.” American Anthropologist 61, no. 3 (June 1959): 457–69.
Brumley, John H., and Barry J. Dau. Historical Resource Investigations within the Forty Mile Coulee Reservoir. Manuscript Series No. 13. Edmonton: Archaeological Survey of Alberta, 1988.
Bryan, Liz. The Buffalo People: Prehistoric Archaeology on the Canadian Plains. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1991.
Burgesse, J. A. “Montagnais Cross-Bows.” Beaver Magazine, Outfit 274, vol. 23, no. 3, December 1943, 37–39.
Burpee, Lawrence J., ed. An Adventurer from Hudson Bay: Journal of Matthew Cocking from York Factory to the Blackfeet Country, 1772–1773. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, series 3, vol. 2, 1908.
—. Journal and Letters of Pierre Gaultier de Varennes de la Verendrye and His Sons. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1927.
—. The Journal of Anthony Henday, 1754–55: York Factory to the Blackfeet Country. Toronto: Canadiana House, 1973.
Byrne, W. J. Archaeology in Alberta, 1977. Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Occasional Paper No. 5, 1978.
Calloway, Colin G. “Snake Frontiers: The Eastern Shoshones in the Eighteenth Century.” Annals of Wyoming 63, no. 3 (1991): 82–92.
—. Our Hearts Fell to the Ground: Plains Indian Views of How the West Was Lost. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1996.
Careless, James M. S. Canada: A Story of Challenge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953.
Carlos, Ann M., and Frank D. Lewis, “Trade, Consumption, and the Native Economy: Lessons from York Factory, Hudson Bay.” Journal of Economic History 61, no. 4 (December 2001): 1037–64.
Carver, H. P., dir. The Silent Enemy: An Epic of the American Indian. Milestone Film and Video, New York, 1992. Restored version of the 1930 original.
Catlin, George. Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Conditions of the North American Indians. Vol. 1. New York: Dover Publications, 1973.
—. Letters and Notes on the North American Indians. Edited by Michael MacDonald Mooney. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1975.
—. North American Indians. Edited by Peter Matthiessen. New York: Penguin Books, 1989.
Chaplin, Joyce E. Subject Matter: Technology, the Body, and Science on the Anglo-American Frontier, 1500–1676. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.
Chappell, Edward. Narrative of a Voyage to Hudson’s Bay in His Majesty’s Ship Rosamond containing Some Account of the North-Eastern Coast of America and of the Tribes Inhabiting that Remote Region. London: R. Watts, 1817. Facsimile edition reprint, Toronto: Coles Publishing Company, 1970.
Chavez, Thomas E. “The Segesser Hide Paintings: History, Discovery, Art,” Great Plains Quarterly 10 (1990): 96–109, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu. Accessed January 2013.
Clark, William Philo. The Indian Sign Language. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982. Originally published 1882.
Coates, William. The Geography of Hudson’s Bay: Being the Remarks of Captain W. Coates, in Many Voyages to that Locality, Between the Years 1727 and 1751. Edited by John Barrow. London: Hakluyt Society, 1852.
Cocking, Matthew. An Adventurer from Hudson Bay: Journal of Matthew Cocking from York Factory to the Blackfeet Country, 1772–1773. Edited by Lawrence J. Burpee. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, series 3, vol. 2, 1908.
Comstock, Paul. “Ancient European Bows.” In Hamm, The Traditional Bowyer’s Bible, 2:81–112..
Cooper, John M. Notes on the Ethnology of the Otchipwe of Lake of the Woods and Rainy Lake. Washington DC: Catholic University of America, 1936.
—. Snares, Deadfalls, and Other Traps of the Northern Algonquians and Athapaskans. Washington DC: Catholic University of America, 1938.
Copway, George. The Traditional History and Characteristic Sketches of the Ojibway Nation. London: G. Gilpin, 1850. http://www.canadiana.org.
Cosner, Aaron J. “The ‘Stone Scraper’ and Arrow ‘Wrench.’” American Antiquity 21, no. 3 (January 1956): 300–301.
Cowdrey, Mike, and Ned and Jody Martin. American Indian Horse Masks. Nicasio CA: Hawk Hill Press, 2006.
Cowie, Isaac. The Company of Adventurers: A Narrative of Seven Years in the Service of the Hudson’s Bay Company during 1867–1874 on the Great Buffalo Plains, with Historical and Biographical Notes and Comments. Toronto: W. Briggs, 1913.
Cox, Ross. Adventures on the Columbia River, including the narrative of a residence of six years on the western side of the Rocky Mountains, among various tribes of Indians hitherto unknown: together with a journey across the American continent. London: H. Colburn, R. Bentley, 1831.
Crowshoe, Reg, and Sybille Manneschmidt. Akak’stiman: A Blackfoot Framework for Decision-Making and Mediation Processes. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2002.
Dahlberg, Frances, ed. Woman the Gatherer. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981.
Day, Gordon, “The Penobscot War Bow.” In Contributions to Canadian Ethnology, 1–15. Edited by David B. Carlisle. Paper No. 31, Mercury Series. Ottawa: National Museum of Man, 1975.
Deloria, Philip Joseph. Playing Indian. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1998.
DeMallie, Raymond J., ed. The Sixth Grandfather: Black Elk’s Teachings Given to John Neihardt. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985.
Dempsey, Hugh A. “Blackfoot.” In Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 13, pt. 1: Plains, 604–28. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2001.
Dempsey, L. James. Blackfoot War Art: Pictographs of the Reservation Period, 1880–2000. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007.
Denig, Edwin Thompson. Five Indian Tribes of the Upper Missouri: Sioux, Arickaras, Assiniboines, Crees, Crows. Edited by John C. Ewers. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961.
Densmore, Frances. Chippewa Customs. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1929.
—. Teton Sioux Music. New York: Da Capo Press, 1972. Originally published by U.S. Government Printing Office, 1918.
Denys, Nicolas. Description and Natural History of the Coasts of North America (Acadia). New York: Greenwood Press, 1968. Originally published 1908 by Champlain Society.
Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W. W. Norton, 1997.
Dixon, Joseph K. The Vanishing Race: The Last Great Indian Council. New York: Bonanza Books, 1913.
Dodge, Richard I. Our Wild Indians. Hartford CT: Archer House, 1960. Originally published 1882.
Driver, Harold E., and William C. Massey. “Comparative Studies of North American Indians.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N.S., 47, No. 2 (1957): 165–456.
Duke, Philip. Points in Time: Structure and Event in a Late Northern Plains Hunting Society. Niwot CO: University Press of Colorado, 1991.
Dusenberry, Verne. “Notes on the Material Culture of the Assiniboine Indians.” Ethnographical Museum of Sweden. Ethnos 25, nos. 1–2 (1960): 45–62.
Dzeniskevich, G. “Ecology and Chronology of Athapascan Settlement on the Southern Coast of Alaska.” In North American Indian Studies: European Contributions, 1:123–28. Edited By P. Hovens. Göttingen: Edition Herodot, 1981.
Elmer, Robert P. Target Archery. London: Hutchinson, 1952.
Ewers, John C. The Blackfeet: Raiders of the Northwestern Plains. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958.
—. “Bodily Proportions as Guides to Lineal Measurements Among the Blackfoot Indians.” American Anthropologist, n.s., 72, no. 3 (June 1970): 561–62.
—. The Horse in Blackfoot Indian Culture. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985. Originally published 1955.
—, ed. The Indians of Texas in 1830, by Jean Louis Berlandier. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1969.
Feest, Christian, “First Nations—Royal Collections.” American Indian Art Magazine 32, no. 2 (Spring 2007): 44–55.
Fehrenbach, T. R. The Comanches: Destruction of a People. New York: Knopf, 1974.
Fienup-Riordan, Ann, ed. Eskimo Essays: Yup’ik Lives and How We See Them. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990.
—. “Yup’ik Warfare and the Myth of the Peaceful Eskimo.” In Fienup-Riordan, Eskimo Essays, 146–66.
Fleming, Paula Richardson, and Judith Luskey. The North American Indians in Early Photographs. New York: Harper and Row, 1986.
Flenniken, Jeffrey J., and A. W. Raymond. “Morphological Projectile Point Typology: Replication, Experimentation and Technological Analysis.” American Antiquity 51 (1986): 603–14.
Fletcher, Alice, and Francis LaFlesche. The Omaha Tribe. Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, vol. 27. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1905–6.
Flores, Dan. “Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy: The Southern Plains from 1800 to 1850.” Journal of American History 78, no. 2 (September 1991): 465–85.
Fossett, Renée. In Order to Live Untroubled: Inuit of the Central Arctic, 1550–1940. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2001.
Foster, T. “Metal Projectile Points.” Saskatchewan Archaeology Newsletter 24 (1969): 6–11.
Fowler, Loretta. The Arapaho. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989.
Fox, William A. “Dragon Sideplates from York Factory: A New Twist to an Old Tail,” 1–11. Adams Heritage, Parks Canada, http://www.adamsheritage.com. Accessed August 2004.
Frison, George C. “The Role of Buffalo Procurement in Post-Altithermal Populations on the Northwestern Plains.” University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology Anthropological Papers 46 (1972): 11–20.
Gardener, James S. “General Environment.” In Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 6: Subarctic, 9–14. Edited by June Helm. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1981.
Gelo, Daniel J., and Lawrence T. Jones III. “Photographic Evidence for Southern Plains Armor.” Visual Anthropology Review 25, no. 1 (Spring 2009): 49–65.
Gillespie, Beryl C. “Major Fauna in the Traditional Economy.” In Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 6: Subarctic, 15–18. Edited by June Helm. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1981.
Gilman, Carolyn, and Mary Jane Schneider. The Way to Independence: Memories of a Hidatsa Indian Family, 1840–1920. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1987.
Ginzburg, Carlo. Myths, Emblems, Clues. London: Radius Books, 1990.
Given, Brian. “A Study of European Weapons Technology as a Locus of Native Trade Dependence Prior to the Iroquois Defeat of the Huron, 1648–52.” Master’s thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, 1978.
Gladstone, William. William Gladstone’s Diary. Pincher Creek AB: Rocky Mountain Echo, 1903.
Gleach, Frederic W. “Controlled Speculation and Constructed Myths: The Saga of Pocahontas and Captain John Smith.” In Reading Beyond Words: Contexts for Native History, 39–74. Edited by Jennifer S. H. Brown and Elizabeth Vibert. 2nd ed. Peterborough ON: Broadview Press, 2003.
Glover, Richard, ed. David Thompson’s Narrative, 1784–1812. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1962.
Goddard, Ives. “Synonymy [for Iroquois].” In Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15: Northeast, 319–21. Edited by William Sturtevant. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978:
Gough, Barry, ed. The Journal of Alexander Henry the Younger, 1799–1814. 2 vols. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1988, 1992.
Goulet, Keith. “The Cumberland Cree Nehinuw Concept of Land.” Paper presented at Indigenous Knowledge Systems: International Symposium, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, May 10–13, 2004.
Government of Canada. Sessional Papers of the Government of Canada, No. 28, Report of the Northwest Mounted Police 1906, Ottawa, vol. 11.
Graham, Andrew. Andrew Graham’s Observations on Hudson Bay, 1767–1791. Edited by Glyndwyr Williams. London: Hudson’s Bay Record Society, 1969.
Grinnell, George Bird. Blackfoot Lodge Tales: The Story of a Prairie People. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962.
—. The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Ways of Life. 2 vols. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1972. Originally published 1923 by Yale University Press.
—. “Childbirth among the Blackfeet.” American Anthropologist, o.s., 9, no. 8 (August 1896): 286–87.
—. The Fighting Cheyennes. New York: Scribner, 1915.
Hail, Barbara. Hau Kola! The Plains Indian Collection of the Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology. Bristol RI: Brown University, 1993.
Hall, Robert L. An Archaeology of the Soul: North American Indian Belief and Ritual. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
Hamilton, T. M. Colonial Frontier Guns. Chadron NE: Fur Press, 1980.
—. Native American Bows. Special Publications No. 5. Columbia: Missouri Archaeological Society, 1982.
Hamm, Jim. Bows and Arrows of the Native Americans. New York: Lyons and Burford, 1991.
—. “Lessons from Target Archery,” In Hamm, The Traditional Bowyer’s Bible, 4:255–68.
—. “Plains Indian Bows.” In Hamm, The Traditional Bowyer’s Bible, 3:115–42.
—, ed. The Traditional Bowyer’s Bible. Vols. 1–3. New York: Lyons and Burford, 1992–94.
—, ed. The Traditional Bowyer’s Bible. Vol. 4. Guildford CT: Lyons Press, 2008.
Hanna, Warren L. The Life and Times of James Willard Schultz (Apikuni). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986.
Hanson, Charles E. The Northwest Gun. Lincoln: Nebraska State Historical Society, 1955.
—. “Upper Missouri Arrow Points.” Museum of the Fur Trade Quarterly 8 (1972): 2–8.
Hanson, James A. Spirits in the Art. Kansas City: Lowell Press, 1994.
Harmon, Daniel Williams. A Journal of Voyages and Travels in the Interior of North America, between the 47th and 58th degree of north latitude, extending from Montreal nearly to the Pacific Ocean, a distance of about 5000 miles, including an account of the principal occurrences during a residence of nearly nineteen years in different parts of the country. To which are added a concise description of the face of the country, its inhabitants, their manners, customs, laws, etc. New York: Allerton Book Co., 1922.
Hartmann, Horst. Die Plains-und Praerieindianer Nordamerikas. Berlin: Museum für Völkerkunde, 1973.
Hassrick, Royal B. The Sioux: Life and Customs of a Warrior Society. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964.
Hearne, Samuel. A Journey from Prince of Wales’s Fort in Hudson’s Bay to the Northern Ocean. New York: Da Capo Press, 1968.
—. A Journey from Prince of Wales’s Fort in Hudson’s Bay to the Northern Ocean: Undertaken by Order of the Hudson’s Bay Company for the Discovery of Copper Mines, a North West Passage, &c. in the Years 1769, 1770, 1771, & 1772. London: Printed for A. Strahan and T. Cadell, 1795. http://www.canadiana.org.
Heath, E. G. The Grey Goose Wing. Reading, Berkshire: Osprey, 1971.
Heizer, Robert F. “How Accurate Were California Indians with the Bow and Arrow?” Masterkey 44, no. 3 (1970): 108–11.
Heizer, Robert F., and Theodora Kroeber. Ishi the Last Yahi: A Documentary History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
Henday, Anthony. “York Factory to the Blackfeet Country: The Journal of Anthony Henday, 1754–1755.” Edited by Lawrence J. Burpee. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 3rd ser., vol. 1, sec. 2 (1907): 307–61.
Henry, Alexander. The Journal of Alexander Henry the Younger, 1799–1814. Edited by Barry M. Gough. 2 vols. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1988.
Hoebel, E. Adamson. The Law of Primitive Man: A Study in Comparative Legal Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1961.
Hoffman, Walter James. “The Menomini Indians.” Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1896, pt. 2: 3–328.
Holm, Bill. “On Making Horn Bows.” In Native American Bows, 118–20. Edited by T. M. Hamilton. Columbia: Missouri Archaeological Society, 1982.
Holmberg, Daniel: “Arrow Heads and Spear Points: An Experimental Study of Projectile Points.” MA thesis, Simon Fraser University, Department of Archaeology, 1994.
Honigmann, John J. “West Main Cree.” In Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 6: Subarctic, 217–30. Edited by June Helm. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1981.
Hosie, R. C. Native Trees of Canada. Markham ON: Queen’s Printer, 1990.
Hotz, Gottfried. Indian Skin Paintings from the American Southwest—Two Representations of Border Conflicts between Mexico and the Missouri in the Early Eighteenth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970.
Houston, Stuart, Tim Ball, and Mary Houston. Eighteenth-Century Naturalists of Hudson Bay. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2003.
Hughes, Susan S. “Getting to the Point: Evolutionary Change in Prehistoric Weaponry.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 5, no. 4 (December 1998): 345–408.
Hungry Wolf, Beverly. The Ways of My Grandmothers. New York: Quill, 1982.
Hyde, George E. Red Cloud’s Folk: A History of the Oglala Sioux Indians. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976. Originally published 1937.
Isham, James. James Isham’s Observations on Hudsons Bay, 1743; and notes and observations on a book entitled A voyage to Hudsons Bay in the Dobbs Galley, 1749. Edited by E. E. Rich. London: Hudson’s Bay Record Society, 1949.
Jackson, John C. Jemmy Jock Bird, Marginal Man on the Blackfoot Frontier. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2003.
Jefferson, Robert. Fifty Years on the Saskatchewan. Vol. 1, no. 5. Battleford SK: Canadian North-West Society Publications, 1929.
Jones, David E. Native North American Armor, Shields, and Fortifications. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004.
Jones, Elizabeth. Gentlemen and Jesuits: Quests for Glory and Adventure in the Early Days of New France. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986.
Junkelmann, Marcus. Die Reiter Roms, Teil III: Zubehör, Reitweise, Bewaffnung. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 1992.
Kalaus, Paul R. “Schiessversuche mit historischen Feurwaffen des Landeszeughauses Graz an der Prüf und Versuchstelle für Waffen und Munitionen des Amtes für Wehrtechnik.” In Von Alten Handfeurwaffen: Entwicklung, Technik, Leistung 40–112. Veröffentlichungen des Landeszeughauses Graz 12, 1989.
Keesing, F. Cultural Anthropology: The Science of Custom. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962.
Keyser, James D. “A Lexicon for Historic Plains Indian Rock Art: Increasing Interpretive Potential.” Plains Anthropologist 32 (1987): 43–72.
—. “The Plains Indian War Complex and the Rock Art of Writing-on-Stone, Alberta, Canada.” Journal of Field Archaeology 6 (1979): 41–48.
—. “Rockart of the Ashland Ranger District, Custer National Forest.” Archaeology in Montana 46, no. 2 (2005): 1–52.
Kidd, Kenneth E. Blackfoot Ethnography. Manuscript Series No. 8. Archaeological Survey of Alberta, 1986. MA thesis, University of Toronto, 1937.
Kidd, Robert S. Fort George and the Early Fur Trade in Alberta. Provincial Museum and Archives Publication No. 2, Edmonton, 1970.
King, J. C. H. First Peoples, First Contacts: Native People of North America. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Kinietz, Vernon W. The Indians of the Western Great Lakes, 1615–1760. Ann Arbor Paperbacks. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1965.
Klann, Kilian. Die Sammlung indianischer Ethnographica aus Nordamerika des Herzog Friedrich Paul Wilhelm von Württemberg. Wyk auf Föhr, Germany: Verlag für Amerikanistik, 1999.
Kluckhohn, Clyde, W. W. Hill, and Lucy Wales Kluckhohn, Navaho Material Culture. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971.
Koppedrayer, Kay. “Cultural Signatures: Lakota Bows.” http://www.sfmission.org. Accessed July 2006.
Krackow Company. “Penobscot,” 11. http://www.krackow.com.
Krech, Shepard. The Subarctic Fur Trade: Native Social and Economic Adaptations. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1984.
—. The Ecological Indian: Myth and History. New York: W. W. Norton, 1999.
Lancaster, Richard. Piegan: A Look from Within at the Life, Times, and Legacy of an American Indian Tribe. Garden City NY: Doubleday, 1966.
Läng, Hans. Kulturgeschichte der Indianer Nordamerikas. Göttingen: Lamuv Verlag GmbH, 1989.
Laubin, Reginald, and Gladys Laubin. American Indian Archery. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980.
—. The Indian Tipi: Its History, Construction and Use. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1977.
Laudicina, Nelly. “Of Natives and Justice in the District of Assiniboia, 1844–1872.” In Papers of the Rupert’s Land Colloquium 2010, 251–59. Winnipeg: Centre for Rupert’s Land Studies, University of Winnipeg, 2010.
Lehmann, Herman. Nine Years Among the Indians (1870–1879). Austin TX: Van Boeckmann-Jones Co., 1927.
Leighton, Anna L. Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan. Canadian Ethnology Service Paper 101. Ottawa: National Museum of Man, Mercury Series, 1985.
Lewis, Meriwether, and William Clark. Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804–1806. Edited by R. G. Thwaites. 8 vols. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1904–5.
Lewis, Oscar. The Effects of White Contact upon Blackfoot Culture. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966.
—. “Manly-Hearted Women among the North-Piegan.” American Anthropologist 43, no. 2, pt. 1 (April–June 1941): 173–87.
Linderman, Frank Bird. Plenty Coups, Chief of the Crows. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962. Originally published 1930.
—. Pretty Shield, Medicine Woman of the Crows. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1972. Originally published 1932.
Lindstrom, Richard. “Not from the Land Side, but from the Flag Side: Native American Responses to the Wanamaker Expedition of 1913.” Journal of Social History 30, no. 1 (Autumn 1996): 209–27.
Lister, Kenneth R. “Provisioned at Fishing Stations: Fish and the Native Occupation of the Hudson Bay Lowland.” In Boreal Forest and Sub-Arctic Archaeology, 72–99. Edited by C. S. Reid. Occasional Publications No. 6. London ON: London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, 1988.
Lowie, Robert H. Indians of the Plains. Garden City NY: Natural History Press, 1963. Originally published 1954.
Lowrey, Nathan S. “An Ethnoarchaeological Inquiry into the Functional Relationship between Projectile Point and Armor Technologies of the Northwest Coast.” North American Archaeologist 20, no. 1 (1988): 47–73.
Lucas, Fred W. Appendiculae Historicae. London: Henry Stevens and Son, 1891.
Lytwyn, Victor Petro. “The Hudson Bay Lowland Cree in the Fur Trade to 1821: A Study in Historical Geography.” PhD thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, 1993.
—. Muskekowuck Athinuwick: Original People of the Great Swampy Land. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2002.
Mails, Thomas E. Plains Indians: Dog Soldiers, Bear Men, and Buffalo Women. New York: BBS Publishing Corporation, 1973.
Mallery, Garrick. Picture Writing of the American Indians. New York: Dover Publications, 1972. Originally published 1888–89.
Malone, Patrick M. The Skulking Way of War: Technology and Tactics among the New England Indians. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1991.
Mancke, Elizabeth. A Company of Businessmen: The Hudson’s Bay Company and Long Distance Trade, 1670–1730. Winnipeg: Rupert’s Land Research Centre, University of Winnipeg, 1988.
Mandelbaum, David G. The Plains Cree. New York: AMS Press, 1979. Originally published 1940.
Marquis, Thomas B. Wooden Leg: A Warrior Who Fought Custer. Minneapolis: Midwest Co., 1931.
Marshall, Joseph M. “Primitive Sioux Archery.” Traditional Bowhunter, August/September 1993, 23–30.
Martin, Tom. “United States Army Indian Scouts and Cavalry Troopers Guidons,” American Vexillum Magazine, 1–7, http://www.amaericanvexillum.com (accessed July 2005).
Mary Rose Trust. “Armament—Page 6 of 9—Longbows,” http://www.maryrose.org. Accessed February 22, 2011.
—. “The Discovery and Excavation of the Mary Rose,” 1–4, http://www.maryrose.org. Accessed February 22, 2011.
Mason, Otis Tufton. North American Bows, Arrows, and Quivers. Mattituck NY: Amereon House, 1995. Originally published as Smithsonian Report, 1893.
—. The Origins of Invention. London: Walter Scott Ltd., 1895.
Mason, Otis Tufton, W. H. Holmes, Thomas Wilson, Walter Hough, Weston Flint, W. J. Hoffman, and John G. Bourke. “Arrows and Arrow-Makers.” American Anthropologist 4, no. 1 (January 1891): 45–74.
Massey, Jay. The Bowyer’s Craft. Girdwood AK: Bear Paw Publications, 1987.
—. “Traditional Roots.” In The Traditional Bowyer’s Bible, 3:13–16.
—. “Tradition Begins with the Past.” In Hamm, The Traditional Bowyer’s Bible, 2:11–18.
Matthews, Maureen. “Thunderbirds.” Ideas. Transcript of CBC Radio Broadcast, May 15 and 16, 1995, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Toronto.
Maximilian, Prince of Wied. Travels in the Interior of North America, 1832–1834. Vols. 22–24 of Early Western Travels, 1748–1846. Edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites. Reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1966.
—. Reise in das Innere Nordamerika. 2 vols. Augsburg: Weltbild Verlag, 1995. Originally published 1839–41.
—. Reise in das Innere Nordamerika. Vignettenband. München: Verlag Lothar Borowsky, 1995.
Mayer-Oakes, William J. Archaeological Investigations in the Grand Rapids, Manitoba, Reservoir, 1961–1962. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1970.
McClintock, Walter. The Old North Trail: Life, Legends, and Religion of the Blackfeet Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992. Originally published 1910 by Macmillan.
McCormack, Patricia. “The Many Faces of Thanadelthur.” In Reading Beyond Words: Contexts for Native History, 329–64. Edited by Jennifer S. H. Brown and Elizabeth Vibert. Peterborough ON: Broadview Press, 2003.
McCracken, Harold, Waldo Wedel, Robert Edgar, John H. Moss, H. E. Wright Jr., Wilfred M. Husted, and William Mully, eds. The Mummy Cave Project in Northwestern Wyoming. Cody WY: Buffalo Bill Historical Center, 1978.
McGonagle, Roberta Lee. “Metal Projectile Points from the Deapolis Site, North Dakota.” Plains Anthropologist 18, no. 59 (1973): 218–27.
Mead, Margaret. “Warfare Is Only an Invention.” In War: Studies from Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology. Edited by Leon Bramson and George W. Goethals. New York: Basic Books, 1964.
—. “Alternatives to War.” In War: The Anthropology of Armed Conflict and Aggression. Edited by M. Fried, M. Harris, and R. Murphy. Garden City NY: Natural History Press, 1968.
Meijer Drees, Laurie, “‘Indians’ Bygone Past’: The Banff Indian Days, 1902–1945.” Past Imperfect 2 (1993): 7–28.
Meyer, David. “Comment on McCullough’s View of Protohistoric Cree and Blackfoot in Alberta and Saskatchewan.” Saskatchewan Archaeology 4 (1983): 45, 46.
—. “People Before Kelsey: An Overview of Cultural Developments.” In Three Hundred Prairie Years: Henry Kelsey’s “Inland Country of Good Report,” 54–73. Edited by Henry Epp. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, 1993.
Meyer, David, and Paul C. Thistle. “Saskatchewan River Rendezvous Centers and Trading Posts: Continuity in a Cree Social Geography.” Ethnohistory 42, no. 3 (Summer 1995): 403–44.
Meyer, Roy W. The Village Indians of the Upper Missouri: The Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1977.
Milloy, John S. The Plains Cree: Trade, Diplomacy, and War, 1790 to 1870. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1988.
Morantz, Toby. “Old Texts, Old Questions: Another Look at the Issue of Continuity and the Early Fur Trade Period.” Canadian Historical Review 73, no. 2 (1992): 166–68.
Moreau, William E., ed. The Writings of David Thompson: The Travels 1850 Version. Vol. 1. Montreal: McGill Queen’s University Press, 2009.
Morgan, Lewis Henry. Ancient Society or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr and Co., 1877.
Morse, Edward S. “Ancient and Modern Methods of Arrow Release.” Essex Institute Bulletin 17 (October–December 1885): 145–98.
Nabokov, Peter. Two Leggings: The Making of a Crow Warrior. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1967.
Nagler, Forrest. “The Bow and Arrow for Big Game.” Beaver Magazine, Outfit 268, vol. 17, no. 2, September 1937, 18–22.
Nevins, John Birkbeck. A Narrative of Two Voyages to Hudson Bay with Traditions of the North American Indians. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1847.
Nisbet, Jack. Sources of the River: Tracking David Thompson across Western North America. Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 1994.
Noble, William C., and John W. Pollock. “Archaeology of the Hawley Lake Area, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Ontario.” In Canadian Archaeological Association—Collected Papers, 79. Archaeological Research Report No. 6. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Culture and Recreation, Historical Sites Branch, 1975.
Nute, Grace Lee. “Minutes of the Hudson’s Bay Company, 1671–1674.” Beaver Magazine, Outfit 274, September 1943.
Nye, Wilbur Sturtevant. Plains Indian Raiders. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1968.
Odom, William. “Black Powder Ballistics,” 1–4. Bill’s World Buckskinner’s Notebook, http://www.televar.com. Accessed June 28, 2004.
—. “Black Powder in the Rain,” 1–3. Bill’s World Buckskinner’s Notebook, http://www.televar.com. Accessed June 28, 2004.
Oetelaar, Gerald A., “Moving Beyond the Technical Imperatives: The Role of Ceremonial Facilities in Communal Foraging.” Paper presented in a session entitled “Roles of Facilities and Technologies in Communal Foraging” convened at the Sixth World Archaeological Congress, Dublin, Ireland, June 29–July 4, 2008, http://www.nevada-archaeology.org (accessed June 16, 2011).
Oldmixon, John. “The History of Hudson’s-Bay” (1708). In Documents Relating to the Early History of Hudson Bay. Edited by J. B. Tyrrell. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1968.
Otterbein, Keith F. “Why the Iroquois Won: An Analysis of Iroquois Military Tactics.” In Feuding and Warfare: Selected Works of Keith F. Otterbein, 1–8. Edited by Keith F. Otterbein. Langhorne PA: Gordon and Breach, 1994.
Peck, Trevor Richard. Bison Ethology and Native Settlement Patterns during the Old Women’s Phase on the Northwestern Plains. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2004.
Penzer, N. M., ed. The World Encompassed and Analogous Contemporary Documents Concerning Sir Francis Drake’s Circumnavigation of the World. London: Argonaut Press, 1926.
Petitot, Emile. Traditions Indiennes du Canada Nord-Ouest. Paris, 1886. Newberry Library, Chicago. B858.67.
Pettipas, Leo. “Other Peoples’ Heritage”: A Cross-Cultural Approach to Museum Interpretation. Winnipeg: Association of Manitoba Museums, 1994.
Phillips, Ruth B. Patterns of Power: The Jasper Grant Collection and Great Lakes Indian Art of the Early Nineteenth Century. Kleinburg ON: McMichael Canadian Collection, 1984.
Piers, Sir Charles BT. “Firearms of the Hudson’s Bay Company.” In Beaver Magazine, Outfit 264, March 1934, 10–12, 62, 63.
Pilon, Jean-Luc. Washahoe Inninou Dahtsuounoaou: Ecological and Cultural Adaptation along the Severn River in the Hudson Bay Lowlands of Ontario. Conservation Archaeology Report, Northwestern Region, Report No. 10. Kenora: Ministry of Citizenship and Culture, 1987.
Pope, Saxton T. Bows and Arrows. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974. Originally published 1923.
Prins, Harald E. L. “Chief Big Thunder (1827–1906) The Life History of a Penobscot Trickster.” Maine History 37, no. 2 (1998): 140–58.
Prucha, Francis Paul. The Great Father—The United States Government and the American Indians. Vol. 2. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984.
Pyszczyk, Heinz W. “Historic Period Metal Projectile Points and Arrows, Alberta, Canada: A Theory for Aboriginal Arrow Design on the Great Plains.” Plains Anthropologist 44, no. 168 (1999): 163–87.
—. “The Use of Fur Trade Goods by the Plains Indians, Central and Southern Alberta, Canada.” Journal Canadien d’Archéologie 21 (1997): 45–84.
Raczka, Paul M. “Ohkiniksi: War Medicines of the Northwest Plains.” In The People of the Buffalo: The Plains Indians of North America—Military Art, Warfare and Change, 1:130–38. Edited by Colin F. Taylor and Hugh A. Dempsey. Wyk auf Föhr, Germany: Tatanka Press, 2003.
—. Winter Count: A History of the Blackfoot People. Brocket AB: Old Man River Cultural Centre, 1979.
Radisson, Pierre-Esprit. Voyages of Peter Esprit Radisson: Being an Account of His Travels and Experiences among the North American Indians from 1652 to 1684. Transcribed by Gideon D. Scull. Boston: Prince Society, 1885.
Ray, Arthur J. Indians in the Fur Trade: Their Role as Trappers, Hunters, and Middlemen in the Lands Southwest of Hudson Bay, 1660–1870. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998. Originally published 1974.
Record, Samuel J. The Mechanical Properties of Wood Including a Discussion of the Factors Affecting the Mechanical Properties, and Methods of Timber Testing. http://library.beau.org, EBook #12299. Accessed May 8, 2004.
Reeves, Brian O. K. “Communal Bison Hunters of the Northern Plains.” In Hunters of the Recent Past, 168–94. Edited by L. B. Davis and Brian O. K. Reeves. London: Unwin Hyman, 1990.
—. “Culture Change in the Northern Plains: 1000 BC–AD 1000.” Archaelogical Survey of Alberta, Occasional Paper No. 20. Edmonton: Alberta Culture Historical Resources Division, 1983.
—. Head-Smashed-In: 5500 Years of Bison Jumping in the Alberta Plains. Lincoln NE: J and L Reprint Company, 1990.
Reid, C. S. “The Dragon Sideplate: Its Origins, Variations, and Chronologies on Fur Trade Sites.” Ontario Archaeology, no. 30, 1978: 3–15.
Rich, Edwin Ernest, ed. The History of the Hudson’s Bay Company, 1670–1870. London: Hudson’s Bay Record Society, 1958–59.
—. Letters Outward, 1679–1694. vol. 11. Toronto: Champlain Society for the Hudson’s Bay Record Society, 1948.
—. Minutes of the Hudson’s Bay Company, 1671–1674. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1942.
Richardson, Sir John. Arctic Searching Expedition: A Journal of a Boat-Voyage through Rupert’s Land and the Arctic Sea, in Search of the Discovery Ships under Command of Sir John Franklin: With an Appendix on the Physical Geography of North America. Vol. 1. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1851. http://peel.library.ualberta.ca.
Roberts, Ned. The Muzzle-Loading Cap Lock Rifle. Manchester NH: Granite State Press, 1940.
Robson, Joseph. An Account of Six Years Residence in Hudson’s Bay, from 1733 to 1736 and 1744 to 1747. Toronto: Printed by J. Payne and J. Bouquet et al., 1752. Reprint, Toronto: S. R. Publishers Limited, 1965.
Rogers, Edward S. The Material Culture of the Mistassini. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada, 1967.
Rogers, Spencer L. “The Aboriginal Bow and Arrow of North America and Eastern Asia.” American Anthropologist, n.s., 42, no. 2, pt. 1 (April–June 1940): 255–69.
Rosebush, Waldo E. American Firearms and the Changing Frontier. Spokane WA: Eastern Washington State Historical Society, 1962.
Rudderbows Archery. http://www.rudderbows.com.
Russell, Carl P. Guns on the Early Frontiers. New York: Bonanza Books, 1957.
Russell, Dale R. The Eighteenth-Century Western Cree and Their Neighbours. Hull QC: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1991.
—. “The Puzzle of Henry Kelsey and His Journey to the West.” In Three Hundred Prairie Years: Henry Kelsey’s “Inland Country of Good Report,” 74–88. Edited by Henry Epp. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, 1993.
Russell, Osborne. Journal of a Trapper. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1965.
Schilz, Thomas F., and Donald E. Worcester. “The Spread of Firearms among the Indians on the Anglo-French Frontiers.” American Indian Quarterly 8, no. 2 (Spring 1984): 103–15.
—. “The Spread of Firearms among the Indian Tribes on the Northern Frontier of New Spain.” American Indian Quarterly 11, no. 1 (Winter 1987): 1–10.
Schoolcraft, Henry R. Information Respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States. Vol. 3. New York: Paladin Press, 1969. Originally published by Lippincott, Grambo, and Co., 1853.
Schulamt der Stadt Zürich, ed. Indianer Nordamerikas: Katalog zur Sammlung Hotz. Zürich: Schulamt der Stadt Zürich, 1975.
Schultz, James Willard. Blackfeet and Buffalo: Memories of Life among the Indians. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962.
—. Friends of My Life as an Indian. New York: Houghton and Mifflin, 1923.
—. “The Theft of the Sacred Otter Bow Case.” Boy’s Life, July, August, and September 1935.
Schulze-Thulin, Axel, ed. Indianer der Prärien und Plains: Reisen und Sammlungen des Herzogs Paul Wilhelm von Württemberg (1822–24) und des Prinzen Maximilian zu Wied (1833–34) im Linden Museum Stuttgart. Stuttgart: Linden Museum, 1987.
Secoy, Frank Raymond. Changing Military Patterns on the Great Plains (17th Century through Early 19th Century). Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1953.
Sharp, Henry S., “The Null Case: The Chipewyan.” In Woman the Gatherer, 221–44. Edited by Frances Dahlberg. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981.
Silsby, Scott. “Stone Points.” In Hamm, The Traditional Bowyer’s Bible, 3:275–326.
Skinner, Alanson B. Notes on the Eastern Cree and Northern Saulteaux. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1911.
Slobodin, Richard. “Eastern Kutchin Warfare,” Anthropologica 2 (1960) 76–94.
Smith, Brian J. “How Great an Influence Was the Gun in Historic Northern Plains Ethnic Movements? An Ethnohistorical Assessment.” In Cultures in Conflict: Current Archaeological Perspectives—Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, 253–61. Edited by Diana Claire Tkaczuk and Brian C. Vivian. Calgary: University of Calgary Archaeological Association, 1989.
Smith, Donald B. Long Lance: The True Story of an Imposter. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983.
Smith, H. Clay. “Caraya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch, Bitternut Hickory,” USDA Forest Service, http://www.na.fs.fed.us. Accessed February 22, 2011.
Smith, James G. E. “Chipewyan, Cree, and Inuit Relations West of Hudson Bay, 1714–1955.” Ethnohistory 28, no. 2 (Spring 1981): 133–56.
—. “The Western Woods Cree: Anthropological Myth and Historical Reality.” American Ethnologist 14, no. 3 (August 1987): 434–48.
Smyth, David. “Missed Opportunity: John Milloy’s The Plains Cree.” Prairie Forum, Fall 1992, no. 2, 337–54.
—. “The Niitsitapi Trade: Euroamericans and the Blackfoot-Speaking Peoples to the Mid-1830s.” PhD thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, 2001.
Speck, Frank G. Naskapi, the Savage Hunters of the Labrador Peninsula. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1935.
—. Penobscot Man. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1940.
Spiess, Arthur E. Reindeer and Caribou Hunters: An Archaeological Study. New York: Academic Press, 1979.
Steckel, Richard H., and Joseph M. Prince. “Tallest in the World: Native Americans of the Great Plains in the Nineteenth Century,” American Economic Review 91 (March 2001): 287–94.
Stefánsson, Vilhjalmur. The Friendly Arctic: The Story of Five Years in Polar Regions. New York: Macmillan, 1943. Originally published 1921.
—. My Life with the Eskimo. New York: Macmillan, 1913.
Stefánsson, Vilhjalmur, and A. M. McCaskill, eds. The Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher: In Search of a Passage to Cathay and India by the North-West, A.D. 1576–8. 2 vols. London: Argonaut Press, 1938.
Stockel, H. Henrietta. The Lightning Stick: Arrows, Wounds, and Indian Legends. Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press, 1995.
Stodiek, Ulrich, and Harm Paulsen. Mit dem Pfeil, dem Bogen . . . : Technik der steinzeitlichen Jagd. Oldenburg: Isensee Verlag, 1996.
Szabo, Joyce M. “The Question of Artistic License and Plains Representational Imagery.” American Indian Art Magazine, Autumn 1998: 80–90.
Taillon, Ron. “Hidatsa Archery.” Primitive Archer 3, no. 4 (1995): 26–32.
—. “Understanding Old Bows.” Primitive Archer 6, no. 2 (1998): 31–40.
Tanner, Adrian. Bringing Home Animals: Religious Ideology and the Mode of Production of the Mistassini Cree Hunters. London: C. Hurst and Company, 1979.
Taylor, Colin F. Buckskin and Buffalo. London: Salamander Books, 1998.
—. Native American Weapons. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001.
Thaler, Monika, ed. Die Welt der Indianer: Geschichte, Kunst, Kultur von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. München: Verlag Lothar Borowsky, 1994.
Theriault, Madeline Katt. Moose to Moccasins: The Story of Ka Kita Wa Pa No Kwe. Toronto: Natural Heritage/Natural History Inc., 1995.
Thompson, David. David Thompson’s Narrative, 1784–1812. Edited by Richard Glover. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1962.
—. The Writings of David Thompson: The Travels 1850 Version. Vol. 1. Edited by William E. Moreau. Montreal: McGill Queen’s University Press, 2009.
Thompson, Maurice. The Witchery of Archery: A Complete Manual of Archery. New York: Charles Scribner’s and Sons, 1878.
Thwaites, Reuben Gold, ed. Early Western Travels, 1748–1846. Vols. 22–23. Parts 1–3 of Maximilian, Prince of Wied’s, Travels in the Interior of North America, 1832–1834. New York: AMS Press, 1966.
Tottle, Terry P. The History and Archaeology of Pine Fort. Manitoba Archaeological Society, Preliminary Report No. 7, 1981.
—. John Long’s Journal. Vol. 2 of Early Western Travels. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1904.
Townsend, Joan B. “Firearms Against Native Arms: A Study in Comparative Efficiencies with an Alaskan Example.” Arctic Anthropology 20, no. 2 (1983): 1–32.
Trenholm, Virginia Cole. The Shoshonis: Sentinels of the Rockies. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964.
Truettner, William H. The Natural Man Observed: A Study of Catlin’s Indian Gallery. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979.
Turney-High, Harry Holbert. Ethnography of the Kutenai. New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1969. Originally published as American Anthropological Association Memoir No. 56, 1941.
Tyrrell, J. B., ed. David Thompson’s Narrative of His Explorations in Western America: 1784–1812. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1916.
—. Documents Relating to the Early History of Hudson Bay. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1968. Originally published 1931.
—. “Letters of La Potherie.” In Documents Relating to the Early History of Hudson Bay, 143–370. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1968.
Van Buren, G. E. Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Garden Grove CA: Arrowhead Publishing, 1974.
Van Stone, James W. Material Culture of the Blackfoot (Blood) Indians of Southern Alberta. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1992.
—. Material Culture of the Davis Inlet and Barren Ground Naskapi: The William Duncan Strong Collection. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1985.
Verbicky-Todd, Eleanor. Communal Buffalo Hunting among the Plains Indians: An Ethnographic and Historical Review. Occasional Paper No. 24. Edmonton: Archaeological Survey of Alberta, 1984.
Vermander, Joseph. “The Use of the Bow by Our Indians.” Manitoba Historical Society Transactions, ser. 3, no. 22 (1965–66 season), http://www.mhs.mb.ca.
Vestal, Stanley, ed. New Sources of Indian History, 1850–1891. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1934.
Vibert, Elizabeth. Traders’ Tales: Narratives of Cultural Encounters in the Columbia Plateau, 1807–1846. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997.
Vonderhey, William. Secrets of the Omaha Bow, Grantville PA: William Vonderhey, 1992.
Waldorf, D. C. The Art of Making Primitive Bows and Arrows. [Branson MO]: D. C. Waldorf, 1985.
Walking Elk, Phil. The Art of Making Indian Bows and Arrows. Norman OK: Wolf Vision Publishing, 1990.
Wallace, Ernest, and E. Adamson Hoebel. The Comanches: Lords of the South Plains. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976. Originally published 1952.
Wallentine, Doug. Making Arrows the Old Way. Liberty UT: Eagle’s View Publishing, 1987.
Warburton, Miranda, and Philip Duke. “Projectile Points as Cultural Symbols: Ethnography and Archaeology.” In Beyond Subsistence: Plains Archaeology and the Postprocessual Critique, 211–28. Edited by Philip Duke and Michael C. Wilson. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1995.
Wedel, Waldo R., and George C. Frison, “Environment and Subsistence.” In Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 13, pt. 1: Plains, 44–60. Edited by Raymond J. DeMallie. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2001.
Weitzner, Bella, ed. Notes on the Hidatsa Indians Based on Data Recorded by the Late Gilbert L. Wilson. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 56, pt. 2: 229–46. New York, 1979.
Weltfish, Gene. The Lost Universe: Pawnee Life and Culture. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1977. Originally published 1965.
White, Catherine M., ed. David Thompson’s Journals Relating to Montana and Adjacent Regions, 1808–1812. Missoula: Montana State University Press, 1950.
White, Richard. “The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,” Journal of American History 65 (1978): 319–43.
Willey, Patrick S. Prehistoric Warfare on the Great Plains: Skeletal Analysis of the Crow Creek Massacre Victims. New York: Garland Publishing, 1991.
Williams, Glyndwr, ed. Hudson’s Bay Miscellany, 1670–1850 (Winnipeg: Hudson’s Bay Record Society, 1975).
Wilson, Elijah Nicholas. Among the Shoshones. Medford OR: Pine Cone Publishers, 1971. Originally published in 1910 as The White Indian Boy.
Wilson, Gilbert Livingstone. The Horse and the Dog in Hidatsa Culture. Lincoln NE: J and L Reprint Company, 1978. Originally published by American Museum Press, 1924.
—. Hidatsa Eagle Trapping. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 30, pt. 4. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1928. Reprint, Lincoln NE: J and L Reprint Company, 1978.
Wilson, Joseph Andrew Park. “Material Culture Correlates of the Athapaskan Expansion: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach.” PhD thesis, University of Florida, 2011.
Wilson, Ruby E. Frank J. North, Pawnee Scout Commander and Pioneer. Chicago: Swallow Press, 1984.
Wilson, Thomas. “Arrow Wounds.” American Anthropologist 3 (1901): 513–31.
Wissler, Clark. Material Culture of the Blackfoot Indians. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 5, pt 1. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1910.
—. Material Culture of the Blackfoot Indians. New York: AMS Press, 1975. Reprint of 1910 original edition.
—. Societies and Dance Associations of the Blackfoot Indians. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1913.
Wood, W. Raymond, and Lee Irwin. “Mandan.” In Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 13, pt. 1: Plains, 349–64. Edited by Raymond DeMallie. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2001.
Woodland Archery, http://www.woodlandarchery.com.
Woodward, Arthur. “Trade Goods of 1748.” Beaver Magazine, Outfit 279, December 1948.
Württemberg, Paul Wilhelm, Duke of. Paul Wilhelm, Duke of Württemberg—Travels in North America, 1822–24. Edited by Savoie Lottinville. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1973.
—. Reise nach dem nördlichen Amerika in den Jahren 1822 bis 1824. München: Verlag Lothar Borowsky, 1979.