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0.     There are many fine illustrated histories of classic comic strips and cartoons. They include Brian Walker, The Comics: The Complete Collection (New York: Abrams ComicArts, 2011); Bill Blackbeard, The Smithsonian Collection of Newspaper Comics (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977); Jerry Robinson, The Comics: An Illustrated History of Comic Strip Art (Milwaukie, OR: Dark Horse Comics, revised edition 2011); and King of the Comics: One Hundred Years of King Features, ed. Dean Mullaney (San Diego: IDW Publishing, 2015). See also Maurice Horn, The World Encyclopedia of Comics (New York: Chelsea House, 1976); and Steve Duin and Mike Richardson, Comics Between the Panels (Milwaukie, OR: Dark Horse Comics, 1998). The magazines Hogan’s Alley and The Comics Journal are continual sources of sharp criticism and historical investigation. Nemo: The Classic Comics Library, a magazine published in the 1980s, is always worth revisiting.

0.     Don Markstein, “The Gumps,” Toonopedia, http://www.toonopedia.com/thegumps.htm. “Crash Kills Cartoonist Sidney Smith,” Chicago Tribune, October 21, 1935.

0.     Helen M. Staunton, “History Page Evolves from Hearst Memo” (originally published in 1947), Stripper’s Guide (blog), posted May 14, 2007.

0.     Maurice Horn, ed., 100 Years of American Newspaper Comics: An Illustrated Encyclopedia (New York: Gramercy, 1996), 55–56.

0.     Robert C. Harvey, “Raymond, Alex,” American National Biography Online, http://www.anb.org/articles/16/16-01350.html. See also Harvey, “Alex Raymond: Becoming a Cartoonist,” The Comics Journal, September 15, 2016, http://www.tcj.com/alex-raymond-becoming-a-cartoonist.

0.     Robert C. Harvey, Meanwhile…: A Biography of Milton Caniff, Creator of Terry and the Pirates (Seattle: Fantagraphics, 2007), 122–23.

0.     Bob Dunn, Knock Knock Who’s There? (Racine, WI: Whitman, 1936).

0.     “Syndicate Production Chief: Frank Chillino,” Cartoonist PROfiles, December 1990.

0.     Testimony Before the Senate Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delin- quency, April 21, 1954, https://archive.org/stream/juveniledelinque54unit/juveniledelinque54unit_djvu.txt.

0.   Bill Amend, FoxTrot comic strip, July 17, 2005.

0.   “The Press: Tain’t Funny,” Time, September 29, 1947.

0.   Cullen Murphy, “Ms. Buxley?” The Atlantic Monthly, December 1984.

0.   Interview with Bud Sagendorf, “Comics Join New Topics with Old Favorites,” Abilene Reporter-News, January 7, 1973.

0.   Jeet Heer, “A Cat-and-Mouse Game of Identity,” Toronto Star, December 11, 2005. Herriman is the subject of an acclaimed recent biography: Michael Tisserand, Krazy: George Herriman, a Life in Black and White (New York: Harper, 2016).

0.   The strip is reproduced on the blog Smurfswacker, “Comics and Censorship: You Can’t Say That!” September 13, 2013, http://smurfswacker.blogspot.com/2013/02/comics-and-censorship.html.

0.   An example of censorship by an Arab-language newspaper can be found in Mort Walker, Mort Walker’s Private Scrapbook: Celebrating a Life of Love and Laughter (Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel, 2000), 157. See also Cullen Murphy, “Ms. Buxley?”

0.   Martin Sheridan, Comics and Their Creators: Life Stories of American Cartoonists (Westport, CT: Hyperion, 1977), 21.

0.   Peter and Tanner Saxon, son and daughter-in-law of Charles Saxon, interview with the author, November 2016.

0.   “The Hirschfeld Century: An Interview with David Leopold,” New-York Historical Society, May 15, 2015, available at http://behindthescenes.nyhistory.org/the-hirschfeld-century.

0.   Brian Walker, interview with the author, August 2013.

0.   Martin Sheridan, Comics and Their Creators, 287.

0.   James Stevenson, The Life, Loves and Laughs of Frank Modell (Raleigh, NC: Lulu Press, 2013), 46; Michael Maslin, “James Stevenson’s Secret Job at The New Yorker,” Inkspill (blog), posted May 18, 2013.

0.   James Stevenson, interview with the author, December 2015.

0.   Ben Yagoda, About Town: The New Yorker and the World It Made (New York: Scribner, 2000), 63; R. C. Harvey, “Otto Soglow and the Little King: The Silent Runs Deep,” The Comics Journal, August 12, 2015.

0.   Brian Walker, “Creating Hägar,” in Dik Browne, The Best of Hägar the Horrible, ed. Brian Walker (New York: Henry Holt, 1985).

0.   Jud Hurd, Cartoon Success Secrets: A Tribute to 35 Years of CARTOONIST PROfiles (Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel, 2004), 122–23.

0.   Ibid., 127.

0.   Steve Duin and Mike Richardson, Comics: Between the Panels (Milwaukie, OR: Dark Horse Comics, 1998), 45.

0.   Susan Zalkind, “Grandfather of the Selfie,” The Baffler 29, 2015. Richard B. Woodward, “Norman Rockwell’s Neighborhood,” Smithsonian, December 2009.

0.   Stan Drake and Elliot Caplin, The Heart of Juliet Jones: Dailies, vol. 1, ed. Charles Pelto (River Forest, IL: Classic Comics Press, 2009), 16.

0.   The same point about Sterne has been made by the Belgian comics historian Thierry Smolderen, who refers to Sterne’s playful diagrams as “literary arabesques.” Thierry Smolderen, translated by Bart Beaty and Nick Nguyen, The Origins of Comics: From William Hogarth to Winsor McCay (Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2014), 48–50.