985. Cf. WinstonS. Churchill, The Second World War, 5:320.

986. Ibid., 351.

987. Cf. Jan Ciechanowski, op. cit., 332-35.

988. Cf. note 897. When General Anders, the admirable Polish leader who with his valiant men fought on the Italian front for the greater glory of the Western democracies, pointed out to Churchill that the mass migrations would be inhuman to the Germans as well, Churchill remarked cynically that 6 million Germans had already perished and some more would soon join them. Cf. Wladyslaw Anders, op. cit., 308.

989- Cf. Jan Ciechanowski, op. cit., 249-

990. Cf. William L. Neumann, “How American Policy Toward Japan Contributed to War in the Pacific,” in Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace , H. E. Barnes, ed., 306: "Hull was

Notes

hell-bent for War. The constant needling by Chiang Kai-shek had gotten under his skin and President Roosevelt felt pressured by his administrative assistant, Lauchlin Currie, also a warm admirer of Soviet Russia. At this point Owen Lattimore, American adviser to Chiang Kai-shek, sent a strongly worded cablegram against any modus vivendi or truce with Japan.” (This cable was received on November 26, 1941.) The next day Cordell Hull handed the Japanese diplomats, Kurusu and Nomura, the ultimatum that—in the words of Albert Jay Nock—would have been a deadly insult even to a state such as Luxembourg.

Also cf. Harold L. Ickes, “The Lowering Cloud, 1939-1941,” vol. II o( The Secret Diaries of Harold J. Ickes (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1954), 630: “For a long time I have believed that our best entrance into the war would be by way of Japan. . . And, of course, if we go to war against Japan, it will inevitably lead to a war against Germany.” Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson noted about the meeting of the War Cabinet in the White House on November 25, 1941: “The question was how we should maneuver them into the position of firing the first shot without allowing too much danger to ourselves.” Cf. Henry Regnery, Memoirs of a Dissident Publisher (New York: Harcourt,Brace, 1979), 80. To Robert Sherwood’s despair, as Roosevelt’s ghost writer he had to repeat again and again the patent lie that the President would never send young Americans overseas. Cf. his Roosevelt and Hopkins (New York: Harper, 1948), 874.

But the sequitur was added by Hitler who arbitrarily, for no cogent reason, declared war against the United States. There might otherwise have been two separate wars. In fact, the Germans hoped that Japan would attack the USSR. George N. Shuster, America’s civilian governor in Bavaria (he had a German background), visited Goring in his death cell and asked him why Hitler had declared war on the United States. “Obviously only as a gesture to anticipate America’s move,” was the answer. Shuster then explained that, unlike 1917, a majority in Congress would never have agreed to this. (With a Pacific war underway, the majority of Americans would have opposed an Atlantic venture.) Whereupon Goring threw up his hands in despair and exlaimed: "Mein Gott!"

991. This is the thesis in the well-reasoned article of Gar Alperovitz, “Why We Dropped the Bomb,” The Progressive , August 1965, 11-14. On p. 12, Alperovitz cites Admirals William D. Leahy and Ernest J. King, and Generals Henry A. Arnold, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and Curtis E. LeMay as convinced that the actual dropping of the bomb on an inhabited center was superfluous. Einstein himself was opposed to the Atomic Board in 1945 and declared: "We can only hope that we have not put dynamite into the hands of children.” He was a religious man, believed in God, and was profoundly afraid of the technological development. Cf. Antonina Vallentin, Das Drama Albert Einsteins (Stuttgart: Gunther Verlag, 1955), 259, 261, 149-50, 163, and Graf Harry Kessler, op.cit., 242. Yet Truman, while knowing that the A-bomb worked, wrote triumphantly to his wife from Berlin on July 16, 1945, that he had succeeded in persuading “Uncle Joe” to break his nonaggression pact with the Japanese and attack them on August 15. One’s mind boggles at such great statesmanship. Cf. Dear Bess: The Letters of Harry to Bess Truman , R. M. Ferrel, ed. (New York: Norton, 1983), 519.

Notes

469

992. Cf. Walter Lippmann, op. cit., 24.

993. There were tens of thousands of rapes in Vienna and surroundings. Females between the ages of three and ninety were victimized. The spread of venereal diseases became uncontrollable. Yet, according to the protesting Milovan Djilas, Stalin thought that raping in liberated Yugoslavia by the Red Army was “natural.”

994. If only the Elbe had been the demarcation line reaching to the Czech border. But it was only a boundary for thirty-three miles, afrer which the Soviet-controlled area extended west, coming within 180 miles of the Netherlands. John Gunther said of Roosevelt at Yalta, “his exhaustion was so complete that, on occasion, he could not answer simple questions and talked what was close to nonsense.” Cf. Noah Fabricant, M.D., Thirteen Famous Patients (Philadelphia: Chiltern, 1966), 36. As we know, Roosevelt never read books, he was quite illiterate, but Alger Hiss, who “assisted” him at Yalta, in all likelihood was an “intellectual” and a reader.

995. General Eisenhower, by refusing to advance on Berlin and, later, by evacuating Thuringia and parts of Saxony, not only did great disservice to his country, but also struck a mighty blow against the Free West. One argument holds that he only obeyed his Commander-in-Chief. (An analogous order was given to General MacArthur a few years later during the Korean War.) Did General Eisenhower have to obey the President? Then what about the German generals who were tried in Nuremberg for obeying Hitler? According to General Hobart R. Gay, Patton begged Eisenhower to take Berlin. The latter refused, asking, “Of what use is Berlin, anyhow?” Patton replied, “Eisenhower, history will answer this question for you.” Cf. Henry Regnery, op. cit., 247.

996. Robert Murphy told how the Czechs implored the Americans, when in sight of Prague, to advance even further. But Eisenhower, knowing that the commander of the Russian troops had demanded that the American army be halted, declared at a staff meeting, “Why should we endanger the life of a single American or Briton to capture areas we shall soon be handing over to the Russians?” (R. Murphy, op. cit., 3 12-13.) The matter, unfortunately, had been settled by the politicians at Yalta, with Alger Hiss advising the ailing President. According to one source, prior to Yalta, Roosevelt had assured an agent of Stalin that the USSR would control Central Europe. The so-called Zabrousky letter can only be found in Jose R. Doussinague’s Espaha tenia razon (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1950).

997. Robert Murphy relates how he brought up the subject of a formal definition of the Western Allies’ rights to their communication routes to Berlin. Whereupon Ambassador John Winant exlaimed vehemently that the Russians were “inclined to suspect our motives, and if we insisted on this technicality, we should intensify their distrust.” Thus this crucial matter could not be settled. Not much later. Ambassador Winant committed suicide. (Cf. R. Murphy, op. cit., 285-86.)

998. Cf. Winston S. Churchill (The Second World War , 5:359), insisted that the Allies envision the Eastern Neisse, not the Western Neisse, as a boundary line, saying this is still our position.” The evil might have been lessened (the left bank of the city of Breslau might have been retained by Germany), but rivers—as geographers know only too well—are not ideal boundaries. Rivers not only sometimes change their

Notes

course, they are means of communication and thus they unite: they do not divide. With the exception of a longer stretch of the Lower Danube between Bulgaria and Rumania, no river has ever separated language groups. (Thus the boundary between the German and the French idioms is the Vosges mountains, not the Rhine.)

999- It is a mistake to think this was some sort of punishment for the Germans who “had turned Nazi en bloc.” Consider East Prussia, whose center was German, Catholic, and (as the last free election proved) “anti-Nazi.” The highest Nazi percentages in the Weimer Republic were in Southern East Prussia, where the people are Lutheran by religion but Polish by language. Yet while the anti-Nazi Catholic Germans were expelled, the pro-Nazi Masurian Poles were allowed to stay in their ancestral homes. Historic justice is not just.

1000. It is difficult to verify whether cannibalism was actually practiced during these terrible months. Cf. also the authentic report: “Germania Deserta” in The Catholic World (New York), April 1947, 17-25. About this tragedy Bishop (later Cardinal) Muench of Fargo, N.D., papal coordinator of Catholic Affairs and later nuncio to Germany, wrote: “The one thing which is perhaps even a greater atrocity than the Allied looting and expulsion of 12 million people is the conspiracy of silence about it.” (Cf. The Catholic Action News, Fargo, N.D., November 1946.)

1001. The word “reasonable” is in quotation marks because politics is the belief in the possible, Christianity is the belief in the impossible.

1002. Cf. Friedrich Engels, Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigentums des Staates (Stuttgart: Dietz, 1894), 181. The idea that democracy is in an evolutionary and/or revolutionary way the matrix, the preparatory school, of tyranny was stated by Plato, Aristotle, and Polybius. In our time the fear of a natural metamorphosis has been expressed by a host of writers and concretely enumerated in my Ereiheit oder Gleichheit? To their number I would like to add Gustav Gundlach, “Vom Wesen der Demokratie,” Gregorianum , vol. 28 (1947), 572-73; Werner Kagi, op. cit., 119-20; Winfried Martini, Das Ende aller Sicherheit, 79-82; Thomas Gilby, O.P., Between Community and Society: A Philosophy and Theology of the State (London: Longmans, Green, 1953), 171ff; Angel Lopez-Amo, op. cit., 89, 152; Jurgen Rausch, In einer Stunde wie dieser (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 1955), 424; and in the last century two rather divergent thinkers and acute observers: Bismarck, Gedanken und Erinnerungen (Stuttgart: Cotta, 1898), 2:60; and Rosmini-Serbati, La societd e il suo fine (Milan: Edizioni di Uomo, 1945), 102.

1003- David J. Dallin wrote in Russia and Post-War Europe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1943) that the USSR wanted democratic orders outside its borders because “democracy provides special ways and opportunities for an unhampered building up of a Communist party—for its propaganda activity, its press, and its congresses. Not until there is formed a firm party framework will it be possible to proceed with the major task of the Communist program.” This is why Communists everywhere hope for a full and unhampered democracy and prefer a republican to an authoritarian or even a constitutional monarchy. In this respect, their desires only too often meet with popular trends and desires in America—if not in Britain. In 1946, not only the Communists but even influential Americans fostered the cause of republicanism in the Italian referendum; and in the Austrian State Treaty of 1955, the

Notes

471

insistence that Austria should have a republican form of government came not only from the Soviet delegation. Cf. also Walter Lippmann, op. cit., 56-57. Maritain is quite right in stating that the normal form of expression for democracy is the republic. Cf. J. Maritain, Christianisme et democratic (Paris: Paul Hartmann, 1947), 65.

1004. Cf. Dorothy Thompson, Listen Hans (New York: 1942), 117.

1005. See note 448. The policy to foster leftist administrations was evident all over American-occupied Germany. Thus Baron Franckenstein with a fine anti-Nazi record, who had been elected mayor of a Bavarian village, was immediately deposed by the horrified American Gauleiter who nominated (by nondemocratic fiat) a Social Democrat. But, yielding to the voxpopult, the poor man quickly abdicated, and the baron with the truly monstrous name emerged victorious.

1006. The interminable questionnaire can be found in Ernst von Salomon’s Der Fragebogen, published in a Ro-Ro-Ro pocket edition. The most important question, of course, could not be asked: “How did you vote?” This would have been considered “undemocratic.” But the funniest question—there were 131—was number 18, which asked whether the person or his wife had a titled grandparent. The author had obviously seen all the anti-Nazi films produced in America.

1007. It is little known that the British also came close to arresting Cardinal Count Galen, Bishop of Munster, probably the most outstanding anti-Nazi in the defeated country. The manly protest of a British officer, Major Rolf Elwes, prevented this enormous gaffe. Despite such setbacks, Labourite leftism had a field day in the British zone of occupied Germany.

1008. Former Judge Leibowitz, interested in the reasons for the low rate of juvenile delinquency in Italy, made a personal investigation in the Appenine Peninsula. He found that paternal authority was largely responsible for good juvenile behavior. Yet the charge that German paternal authority was largely responsible for Nazism was made by Bertram Schaffner in his Columbia University Press: Fatherland, a Study of Authoritarianism in the German Family (New York: 1948). Face it: certain American influences and habits are harmful to Europe. (The reverse is also possible.) A Russian proverb says, “What is healthy for the Russian is deadly for the German.” {Shto russkomu zdorovo , to nyemtsomu smert' .) Values, concepts, institutions cannot always be harmlessly exchanged between nations. Wilhelm von Schiitze was an early German critic of American influences on Europe. Cf. his Russland und Deutschland oder iiber den Sinn des Memoirs von Aachen (Leipzig: Gerhard Fleischer,

1819), 161-63.

1009- Mr. Robert Hutchins, after World War II, was asked in Frankfurt by American “reeducationists” to address German teachers and professors. He shocked the organizers by imploring the Germans to hold fast to their old, traditional ideals and not yield to their reeducators. (The classic high school-colleges, the Humanistische Gymnasien, were specifically picked out for strong criticism by the occupiers tor strengthening “class-consciousness.”)

By far the best book on the American effort to cast the German mind into a leftist pattern is C. von Schrenck-Notzing’s Die Charakterudsche (Stuttgart: Seewald,

Notes

1965). It describes brilliantly the work of American leftism, partly paralyzed at home by the late Truman and Eisenhower administrations, but highly active in the malleable German postwar world. The most amusing parts of the book deal with the psychological-ideological tests used by the reeducators. In 1945 and 1946, the American “reeducators” continued to insist that Communist journalists be included in the editorial boards of the newly licensed newspapers. It was some time before this regulation was aborted.

1010. Still, the best newspapers today in Germany and Austria, as well as in Switzerland and Italy, are in “right” hands— Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Die Presse, Neue Zurcher Zeitung and // Giornale. The Frankfurter and the Zurcher are the best newspapers in the world.

1011. I personally know the man who conceived the idea of the Nuremberg Trials. I am certain that the notion of mere revenge never entered his mind. He thought that a “precedent” should be set, a common law notion that would, of course, have no meaning in the non-English-speaking world, since most of Europe is wedded to the Roman principle of codified law and the nullum crimen sine lege concept. He stated to a mutual friend that he realized the gamble involved, but that the risk ought to be taken: he admitted that the thing could misfire. It did. C. von Schrenck-Notzing remarked that since the amnesty of 195 1 by McCloy, the “Nuremberg Law, just like the Potsdam Agreement, is a ‘Sleeping Beauty’ waiting for the day when a Red Prince will kiss it awake.” (Op. cit., 195).

1012. Cf. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War , 1:456-58.

1013- President Wilson was rather eager to have William II tried. On July 1, 1919, Pope Benedict XV wrote a letter to the President and added a clipping from the Osservatore Romano of June 2, 1919. The extract from the Vatican daily reproduced the views of a professor of Bologna University who spoke about the legality of bringing the German Emperor to trial. Point One of his observation: “that the accusers themselves should constitute the Tribunal of Justice is unprecedented in the history of criminal law.”

1014. The widow of one of the leading German chemical industrialists informed me that the judge told her at Nuremberg after her husband’s acquittal: “I can assure you, Madam, your husband is a most perfect gentleman.” The aged gentleman had spent four years in a very strict jail waiting for the verdict while his wife worked as a laundress. “We always knew it,” she replied to the judge. In the “little Nuremberg Trials,” one could see the popular (folkloric and unsystematic) Marxist mind at work. The big Nuremberg Trials were officially leveled against the “Nazi conspirators.” The Soviets forbade use of the term “National Socialists” and the Allies were opposed to “Fascists." They compromised on the term “Nazis.” Goebbels called his followers “Nazi-Sozis.”

1015. The male line of the Knapps died out. Bertha Krupp married a Herr von Bohlen und Halbach: the oldest son uses the name “Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach” while all other males are Herren von Bohlen und Halbach.

1016. Cf. Thilo Freiherr von Wilmowsky, Warum wurde Krupp verurteilt? (Stuttgart: Vorwerk, 1950). This book is very informative on the ideological background of the

Notes

473

process. The comparison between the attorney’s “anticapitalistic” writ in the Flick trial and Andzej Wyszynski’s tirades on pp. 37-38 is amusing. Wars—who dared doubt it?—were made by capitalists.

1017. Cf. Thilo von Wilmowsky, op. cit., 9.

1018. The supporters of this theory forget that in modern wars the sons and brothers of the “war-mongering” manufacturers are drafted into armies just like everybody else. Old Krupp von Bohlen (related to the American diplomat Charles E. Bohlen) had five sons. One, who had to stay behind to manage the firm, faced death from the skies and later a jail sentence in his father’s stead at Nuremberg; four were at the front, two of these were killed, one spent eleven years in Soviet prisons (three of them in solitary confinement). I knew both survivors. What is the use of further millions if you lose your sons and other relatives? The egregious nonsense of seeking purely (or predominantly) economic reasons for wars, particularly during this age of continuous wars, has been dealt with by Felix Somary, op. cit., 33-34; Morris Ginsberg, Reason and Unreason in Society (London: Longmans, Green, 1947), 184-83; Wilhelm Ropke, Internationale Ordnung (Erlenbach-Ziirich: Rentsch, 1945), 73ff.; 2nd ed., 1954, lOlfif. Here Ropke says: “The statement that imperialism is an unavoidable consequence of capitalism would only be convincing if empirical proof of two sorts were offered: (1) that imperialism without capitalism and (2) that capitalism without imperialism never existed. One only has to ask for these proofs to know that they can never be produced” (116). Sidney Fay in his op. cit. states that during his endless research into the origins of the “Great War," he discovered practically no economic motives for the conflagration.

1019. Since I knew Yamashita personally I wrote an article about him for a “liberar Catholic publication which purported to be eager to come to the aid of the innocently persecuted. The article was turned down.

1020. Cf. A. Frank Reel, The Case of General Yamashita (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949). The author ends his book with these words: “We have been unjust, hypocritical and vindictive. We have defeated our enemies on the battlefield, but we have let their spirit triumph in our hearts" (247).

1021. Mr. Bevin, who in this instance was one of the most important decision-makers, had a fine ultraleftist record (cf. note 857). He was not overly encumbered by knowledge and preliminary studies, as can be gleaned from Joseph Frayman’s sketch: “Careers of Bevin and Morrison Reveal Background Similarities,” New York Times , March 10, 195 1,5. The decline in the quality ol parliamentarians seems to be unavoidable. Cf. Rene Gillouin, op. cit., 142-43.

1022. Even Winston Churchill protested against the renewed enslavement ot the South Tyrol in a speech before the House of Commons. Cf. New York Times , June 6, 1946.

1023- Other Nazi hangovers were the anti-Habsburg stipulations in the Austrian State Treaty of 1955 — interesting in the light of the democratic principle of self-determination. Yet, as stated previously, the Western Powers gladly acceded to this brown-red demand. American antimonarchism has always been lively and popular. This attitude is highlighted by Dr. Benjamin Rush, op. cit., 264, 65. Yet Rush, who wanted to frighten naughty children with the specter of a king, saw the future in a rather different light. In a letter to John Adams (July 21, 1789), he admitted

Notes

that “a hundred years hence, absolute monarchy will probably be rendered necessary in our country by the corruption of our people. But why should we precipitate an event for which we are not yet prepared?” (522).

1024. Needless to say, the victims were predominantly women, adolescents, and small children of the lower classes, most of whom were Social Democrats who had boasted of their “proletarian status”; this did not protect them in the least. “You want to be proletarians, but you live like bourgeois!” they were told in surprise and indignation.

In the Napoleonic Wars, the Russian armies fought all over Europe. At that time, the majority of the soldiers were Christians and illiterate. In 1944, they were largely literate, but lacked a Christian upbringing. Fritz Reck-Malleczewen speaks about the Christian spirit of Russian soldiers in World War I in his Tagebuch eines Verzweifelten (Stuttgart: Henry Goverts, 1966), 80-81.

1025. They were buried by Austrian peasants.

1026. A description of the events near Lienz can be found in Nikolay Nikolayevitch Krasnov, The Hidden Russia (New York: Henry Holt, I960).

1027. Nikolai Tolstoy, “The Klagenfurt Conspiracy: War Crimes and Diplomatic Secrets,” in Encounter (May 1983), 24-37. The Yugoslav purgatory established after World War I was transformed into a Hell, moving from “democracy” via royal dictatorship to socialist and communist tyranny, again thanks to the progressive West. (Tito’s rise was aided by Churchill, but also, psychologically, by the merciless bombardment of Belgrade in April 1944—apparently to “chastize” General Nedic’s Quisling government.)

1028. When the British entered (Austrian) Carinthia from the South, Sir Harold Alexander issued a declaration to the local population which began, “We have come as conquerors, not as liberators." But “conqueror” ( Eroberer) in German implies lasting territorial conquest. To make matters worse, the soldiers and officers were forbidden to extend “common courtesy” to the inhabitants, i.e., to greet them, to say “thank you,” etc. A few weeks later it dawned upon the British that this was nonsense, that such treatment of Austrians was not at all in their best interest, that they should distinguish between Austrians, Nazis, and Germans. Everything was reversed. Austrians were told that all the Allies were their good friends and that they should not believe the lies told them by the Nazis about communism in Russia and Yugoslavia. Communism was just in the last stage of developing into a liberal democracy!

Thus the Austrians, who as neighbors of the Communist world knew a great deal about communism, finally woke up from the National Socialist hell to find themselves in an insane asylum—admittedly an improvement.

1029. Unlike Italy in 1922-1943, the diarchy in Greece did not work at all; in 1973, military dictators destroyed the Greek monarchy.

1030. France eventually lost most of its colonial possessions but gained a few square kilometers along the Italian frontier in the Alps.

1031. Cf. Louis Rougier, Les Accords Petain-Churchill, Histoire d'une mission (Montreal: Beauchemin, 1945). As expected, nobody from Britain’s Foreign Office dared

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475

testify at the Petain trial that, behind de Gaulle’s back, Britain had made secret agreements with the Marshal. The facsimile documents published by Louis Rougier, the go-between, were declared forgeries by the British; the General, a nonagenarian, was given a life sentence in 1946. But in the 1980s, the London Foreign Office admitted—“now it can be told”—the existence of the agreement, which had been largely adhered to by Petain.

1032. There were, of course, noncommunist and even rightist groups in the resistance. One of these, on the Right, was led by the ex-Maurassian Guillain de Benouville. Cf. his Le sacrifice du matin (Paris: Laffont, 1946), especially 65-69. Benouville became a close associate of de Gaulle in the late 1940s.

Nor were the members of the House of Bourbon spared by the Nazis in their leftist furor. Prince Xavier de Bourbon-Parma, brother of the Empress Zita, was nearly beaten to a pulp in the Struthof (Alsace) concentration camp. The notion that the Right collaborated while the Left resisted is simply not true. Laval, a Radical Socialist, for instance, was clearly a leftist. A terrifying picture of the bestialities committed by the left resistance comes from one of its “heroes,” all in the best tradition of the French Revolution. Cf. Dominique Ponchardier, Les Paves de I'Enfer (Paris: Gallimard, 1950). This charming lady describes how she cut the throat of a Monsieur Durand (22-23). “We really practiced slaughtering rather than assassinating,” she recalls. A zealous maquisard called Simon slaughtered an SS officer in front of his soldiers and then forced them to eat little cakes dipped in the victim’s blood. A very original Dominican, Pere Bruckberger, who fought in the resistance , described the misdeeds of his companions in a book, whereupon his Order sent him into exile in America. (The scandal was too great.) Bruckberger, incidentally, has recently published an excellent book Le capitalisme, mais c’est la vie in which he boldly declares that the New Testament is a manifesto of human inequality.

1033. Cf. Louis Rougier, La FranceJacobine (Paris and Brussels: Diffusion du Libre, 1947), 169-71, and Donald B. Robinson, “Blood Bath in France," The American Mercury, April 1946.

1034. Cf. Gilles Perrault, “Fallait-il sacrifier ces resistants?” Historia, June 1965, 765ff.

1035. Cf. Gallicus, “Terror in the Air,” Politics , New York, November 1945, vol. 2, no. 11.

1036. Cf. Thilo. v. Wilmowsky, op. cit., 182-83.

1037. Cf. WinstonS. Churchill, The Second World War, 1:482. Churchill gave the following instructions to Major General Macksey, selected on April 5, 1940, to command an expedition to Narvik: “It is clearly illegal to bombard a populated area in the hope of hitting a legitimate target which is known to be in the area but which cannot be precisely located and identified.” This injunction was later blithely overlooked.

1038. After prisoners of war were repeatedly killed in Germany by Allied raids. Brigadier General B. M. Bryan declared that these incidents were regrettable, but the pilots’ instructions are to disrupt transportation and strafe every German vehicle they can see on the road.” Cf. New York Times, April 8, 1945, AP dispatch.

1039- The destruction of Le Havre after the Germans had evacuated the city cost the lives

Notes

of 3,500 Frenchmen; it was described by Anne O’Hare MacCormick in the New York Times , October 9, 1944. De Gaulle was present at the mass burial. When he protested, he was informed that it had been thought that Germans were still in the area. De Gaulle almost hit the ceiling; it explains in part his ressentiment against the English-speaking world. (Some of Couve de Murville’s actions arc understandable given the treatment he received in North Africa by Messrs. Roosevelt and Mor-genthau, accompanied and advised by the Soviet spy Harry Dexter White. Cf. Robert Murphy, op. cit., 188-89.)

1040. The wanton destruction of a French village (in Alsace) was mentioned passim in an article in the New York Times.

The village had not seemed particularly enthusiastic about the American liberators. They were on the whole “unconcerned," but some boys were seen “spitting in the tracks of the Army trucks” and “there were those three, husky women strolling down arm in arm, singing and laughing and mocking everyone else.” When the Nazi counterpush came, the inhabitants kissed the German soldiers and removed the American and French flags. “Somehow a few soldiers got back and told the story to the colonel. The colonel suddenly remembered that there were a lot of enemy tanks in the village and told the artillery to pound it to rubble. And so they did.” Killing how many French citizens? Or only the three husky blondes? Cf. Ralph G. Martin, “What Kind of Peace? The Soldiers’ Viewpoint,” New York Times Magazine, March 11, 1945, 43-44.

1041. This frightening confusion was not restricted to the United States. I heard a famous French Catholic philosopher with leftist leanings speak about the “Fascist” Polish army in Italy.

1042. There were millions of “displaced persons”—an expression that marks a record in the realm of understatements, much like “relocation center” for concentration camp.

1043- Significantly, Jewish refugees were the least eager to return to the red paradise, and for a variety of reasons. When the Soviet regime broke down in Odessa and Kiev, history’s most terrible spontaneous slaughter of Jews took place. Many of the Jews in the Ukraine had, however, fled, not believing the Soviet tales of brown anti-Semitism. Tragically enough, quite a number of Jewish soldiers in the Red Army were even eager to surrender to the Germans. The pro-German sympathies of Russian Jews had always been quite marked.

1044. Cf. note 760. Also Henry Picker, op. cit., 390, 394-95, 447-49.

1045. An official Spanish publication on its Jews can be found in the series Temas Espaholes, no. 252, “Los Sefardies,” by Jesus Cantera Ortiz de Urbina (Madrid, 1958).

1046. Jews were not admitted into Sweden until the end of the eighteenth century (in Norway not until the end of the nineteenth century). Jews could become Swedish citizens in isolated cases only at the end of the nineteenth century. Jesuits were admitted to Norway twenty or so years ago. A great liberalization of the civic laws pertaining to non-Lutherans in Sweden took place in 1952. Cf. Peter Hornung, “Das schwedische Gesetz fiber Religionsfreiheit,” Stimmen der Zeit , vol. 150, no. 8 (May 1952), 122-33. Until 1952, even the Catholic Bishop of Sweden had to submit a certificate of good conduct from his Lutheran pastor in order to get a

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477

passport. Finland, on the other hand, has had diplomatic relations with the Vatican since 1939, although it has only three thousand Catholic citizens.

1047. The year 1924 symbolizes the expiation—with rearranged numbers—of the year of expulsion, 1492.

1048. Sephardic descent could easily be proved by the family name. Proof of an (unbroken) genealogical tree was never required by the Spanish authorities.

1049. Admittedly, the camp of Miranda de Ebro, where many of the Jewish (and non-Jewish) refugees were temporarily located, was anything but a swank resort. The food was miserable. But at that time many in Spain were actually starving. In 1920, there were roughly eight hundred Jews in Spain; today there are over twelve thousand.

1050. I wrote a long paper on the efforts of the “Fascist” Spanish Government to save Jewish lives during World War II. For about a half year I negotiated with a leading American-Jewish “liberal” (now very conservative) monthly to have it accepted. But exception was taken to this or the other statement. Wanting to get the facts across, I compromised on stylistic matters. The answer was nevertheless a “No." Spain was “fascist,” and that was that. Thus I had the essay published in France, “L’Espagne et lesjuifs,” Etudes (Paris, April 1956), vol. 289, no. 4, and in the Catholic World {Oct. 1956). Needless to say, I was thoroughly disgusted by the petty and, in a deeper sense, dishonest American “liberal” publication. This bit of truth was in the end communicated to the American public at large when in 1970 Rabbi Chaim Lipschitz divulged it to Newsweek magazine.

1051. The French Sephardic community, about three thousand families, thanked Franco in a letter (October 1941) for his effective aid. The Spanish government saw to it that these Sephardic Jews with their property were placed under the protection of the Spanish consulate. They were also exempt from wearing the Star of David.

1052. Which resembles a statement about another republic: “Hominum confustone et divina providentia regnatur Helvetia." Yet Switzerland no less than the United States exercised in the eighteenth century an immense political-social fascination on romantic minds—a fascination mobilized by Jean-Jacques Rousseau who became a spokesman for la libre Helvetie. Cf. Gonzague de Reynold, Im dbnocratie et la Suisse (Bern: Editions du Chandelier, 1929), 191-92.

1053. The trouble with Japan in the remote past was the weakness of its monarch, which resulted in an oligarchic military dictatorship {bakufu, literally, “rule of the tent") headed by the Shogun. The Restoration of 1868 meant the return of the Emperor to full power, after its abeyance for many centuries. In 1935 a new bakufu arose casting the Emperor in the role of a sacred cow, remote and ineffective, emasculating the parliament. Prince Mikasa, the late Emperor's youngest brother and a noted historian, gave me a vivid account of how the militarists deified the Terwo sand even warned people not to look at him directly for fear of being blinded. At the present time, the role of the Emperor is greatly weakened, the army is reduced to a minimum, and the country is in some danger if, in a grave economic crisis (certainly not evident today), extremist parties should arise. (Japanese who have lost their common sense and self-control can be terrifying.) Due to the nature of

Notes

American intervention, not only the balance of power in East Asia, but also the internal balance of Japan, which needs a sound imperial authority, have been lost. The warnings of Gaetano Mosca in his Cio che la storia potrebbe tnsegnare (Milan, 1958) 289-90, 308, have not been heeded. Still, the evolution (through constitutional reform) of a stronger imperial center is still possible.

1054. The words of St. Augustine—that the Church is paupera et imps , poor and helpless—are true at all times. Canossa? The end of that long story was that Gregory VII died in Salerno fleeing from the Emperor. The notion that the Church was powerful only when the sun of the state shone upon it totally misinterprets the “power” of Pius XII who, according to Pinchas E. Lapide’s excellent book, Rom und dieJuden (Freiburg i. Br: Herder, 1967), 188, saved between 700,000 and 900,000 Jews. But the Pope (wisely) did not protest publicly against the horrors of the extermination camps, about which, in any case, he had no exact knowledge. Such a protest would have exacted terrible payment from other members of his flock. The National Socialists had learned from Bismarck to spare the hierarchy while making the laymen and women pay for the courage of their leaders. When the Dutch Catholic bishops protested the deportation of the Jews, the brown monsters murdered Dutch Jews of the Catholic faith. Blessed Edith Stein, a Carmelite nun and philosopher who died in Auschwitz, was among them. A “bad record” in the public eye is preferable to the agony of innocents. (The public eye? Listen to Rivarol: “The public, the public? How many idiots does it take to form a public?”) In this connection, I am frequently reminded of a conversation in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Beautiful and the Damned (Garden City, N.Y.: Perma-Books, 195 1), 239:

Maury: I imagined you were broad-minded.

Paramore: I am.

Muriel: Me, too. I believe one religion’s as good as another and everything. Paramore: There’s some good in all religions.

Muriel: I’m a Catholic but, as I always say, I’m not working at it.

Paramore (with a tremendous burst of tolerance): The Catholic religion is a very—a very powerful religion.

Luckily (or unluckily) this is a widespread illusion—an illusion related to the belief that the Church is a purely dogmatic monolith. Writes a Lutheran theologian: “There is probably no other Church which has the capacity for harboring so many widely divergent theological points of view as the Roman Church. . . There is a fixed dogmatic limit, but within this limit there is room for divergent and often contradictory opinions.” Cf. F. E. Mayer, The Religious Bodies of America (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, n.d., 2nd ed.) 32, 38.

1055. The writer of this volume had been to Vietnam five times (twice during the Ngo Dinh Diem regime) and the last time in 1972. He emphatically rejects the story of the “suppression of the Buddhists.” The United Nations sent a commission to Vietnam after the violent death of the Ngo brothers: It reported that there was not a shred of evidence of persecution of the Buddhists, past or present. To much of the American public, it made little sense to place the main burden of the war effort on the shoulders of the “Buddhist” majority (instead of the Catholic minority). The

Notes

479

Buddhists—the anti-Christian Mahayana-Buddhists plus the far more spiritual Hinayana (Teravada) Buddhists—do not form a majority. The estimates are: 35 to 40 percent Mahayana and Hinayana-Buddhists, 12 to 18 percent Catholics, the rest Caodaists, Hao-Hoa supporters and, above all, Animists. Cf. also Piero Gheddo, Cattolici e Buddisti nel Vietnam (Florence: Vallecchi, 1968).

Mr. David Halberstam, an American journalist who “substantiated” the myth, was given the Pulitzer Prize for his achievement. He claimed that he had toppled Ngo Dinh Diem and, no doubt, he actually did. Thus the best leader South Vietnam ever had was doomed by the New York Times , which was religiously read in the White House. Henry Kissinger rightly called the fall and murder of Diem “a real folly, although the war correspondents were for it.” Cf. his The White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 231. General Samuel T. Williams called Ngo Dinh Diem “the most dedicated man 1 have ever known in Asia for two generations. It will set back religious freedom and Christianity in Vietnam.” Cf. U.S. News & World Report, November 9, 1964, 62-72.

1056. The weakness of the countries bordering on Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, is due precisely to their intense Buddhist character, which involves peacefulness, absent-mindedness, indifference, and lack of aggression. (Merchants and entrepreneurs in these delightful countries were almost exclusively Chinese, Viets, Indians, and Europeans.) A fierce minority led by a Marxist monster like Pol Pot can commit dreadful atrocities against such a soft population, just as the Aztecs did in Central Mexico among their subject tribes.

1057. Taiwan presently has a population of well over 21 million in an area 15 percent smaller than Switzerland, and with a somewhat similar distribution of high mountains and lowlands. (The highest mountains in Switzerland are over 15,000 feet, in Taiwan over 12,000 feet.) The Taiwanese have the third highest living standards in all of Asia, lower than those of Israel and Japan and about equal to those of Korea.

1058. Again, a warning note not to confuse the Provider State (the correct name for the Welfare State) with the Socialist State, although all Socialist States (including a National Socialist State like Hitler's Third Reich) have the added character of being Provider States—the Santa Claus parties having transformed it.

1059. Cf. Le Capitaine Charles De Gaulle, La discorde chez I'ennemi (Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1924).

1060. Cf. Economic Council Letter (New York), no. 271, September 15, 1951, 1. The author of the article had it directly from General MacArthur.

1061. Antoine de Rivarol, who died in 1801 in his Berlin exile, was a French Royalist, the son of an innkeeper, and bearer of one of the many fake French titles. He was unexcelled in his witty and profound remarks, many of a political or social nature. Ernst Jiinger has written a profound book about him.

1062. Witchcraft is by no means based purely on superstition. In the nineteenth century, at the time of our “enlightened” grandparents, black magic was relegated to the realm of fairy tales. Yet modern ethnologists and anthropologists of the first order accept it. Cf. for instance Hans Findeisen, Schamanentum (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1957), 13- 14. The cases of Navajo witchcraft which I have related or alluded to in

Notes

DieGottlosen (Salzburg: Berglandbuch, 1962) are also authentic. Compare also with Andre Dupeyrat, Savage Papua , E. and D. Demauny, trsl. (New York: Dutton, 1954), l45ff. At the same time, genuine superstition might live side-by-side with the truly supernatural. The partly ludicrous, partly tragic “Cargo-Cult” in New Guinea is a point in question. Cf. Joseph Holtker, SVD, “Der Cargo-Kult in Neuguineas lebt noch,” Neue Zeitshrift fur Missionswissenschaft , vol. 18, no. 3, 223-26. The same: “Die Mambu-Bewegung in Neuguineas. Zum Prophetentum in Melanesia,” Annali Lateranensi , vol. 5 (1941), 181-219-

1063. Cf. Andre Dupeyrat, op. cit., 217ff. and 246ff.

1064. For this very reason an honest man such as President Tubman of Liberia admitted that many of Liberia’s ills stem from the fact that his country never had “the benefits of colonialism” (Time, January 17, 1969, 28). Emperor Haile Selassie expressed a similar sentiment. Cf Michel Croce-Spinelli, Les Enfants de Poto-Poto (Paris: Grasset, 1967), 338.

1065. Cf Sigrid Undset, Selvportretter og l^andskapsbilleder (Oslo: H. Aschehoug, 1938), 195-96.

1066. Cf Jacob Burckhardt, Briefe an seinen Freund Friedrich von Preen 1864-1893 (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 1922), 248 (letter dated Baden, July 24, 1889).

1067. Big Apartheid stood for the territorial separation of whites and non-whites in South Africa. Its practicality could be questioned, but it is not so easy to attack on moral grounds. Little Apartheid , which regulated the “coexistence” between the various tribes, involving separate school buses, elevators, post office windows, etc., was different. It involved real discrimination and should be rejected. This, however, is a piece of historical reminiscence. In South Africa today, there are hardly more vestiges of apartheid than in the United States. To discover in which direction South Africa is moving, it ought to be visited regularly, at least every other year.

1068. As Senator, John F. Kennedy delivered a blistering speech in early 1957 against the continued French presence in Algeria. (One wonders what specific knowledge he had of the Algerian situation.) The result? An increase of anti-American feeling in France and no gratitude whatsoever from the “New Algeria,” which retained a strong anti-American foreign policy. To assure the survival of a French cultural influence (above all the French language), France continued to pay enormous subsidies to its ex-colonies, i.e., between 1 and 2 percent of its GNP Algeria, for instance, is wholly dependent upon France. If, in the case of serious economic crisis, France were to send home its Algerian workers, Algeria would quietly collapse.

1069. The Swiss diplomat and scholar Jacques Albert Cuttat, a man with great knowledge and affection for Asia, in his lecture, “Die geistige Bedeutung Asiens und des Abendlandes fur einander,” in Miinchner Universitatsreden (Munich: Max Hueber, 1961), 26-27, pointed out the danger of a misplaced guilt complex by the West. Having studied conditions in Southern Italy with the aid of the Cassa per il mezzogiorno and knowing Nigeria, I can sympathize with Naomi Mitchison who said that living standards in Eastern Nigeria (the ill-fated Biafra) were higher than in Southern Italy. Cf. her Other Peoples' Worlds: Impressions of Ghana and Nigeria (London: Seeker and Warburg, 1958), 94.

Notes

481

1070. Original text: “Estamos pobres porque un estado traidor entrega los bienes del pueblo argentino como un tributo colonial a su majestad britanica!” Hardly had Peron nationalized British-owned railroads than they went into a decline from which they have not recovered to this day.

1071. This remark might be extended to the United States. Although Americans of part-African ancestry are emphatically not Negroes, Peter F. Drucker is right when he says that “Black Harlem is one of the world’s wealthiest communities—fifth or so in per capita income of all communities outside of North America and Europe, and easily the richest of all Negro communities in the world.” Cf. his The Age of Discontinuity (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 123.

1072. But what happens if one person is very industrious and the other “takes it easy”? The ambitious man automatically creates an “undemocratic” situation. In Austria at present the law foresees the 38-40-hour week for the working class and a 5-week annual vacation. I work 73 hours a week. A statistic compiled in 1969 revealed that the self-employed in Austria work an average of 62-and-a-half hours a week. To level the inequality, the ambitious worker must be punished through progressive taxation, thus rendering intensive or extensive work materially unattractive.

1073- The Soviets, quite obviously, do not suffer the widespread modern evil of Western masochism. Cf. Helmut Schoeck, “Der Masochismus des Abendlands” in Europa — Besinnung und Hoffnung, A. Hunold, ed. (Erlenbach-Ziirich: Rentsch, 1957), 221-56. These brilliant pages require a supplementary reading of H. Fortmann's book on “cultures of shame” and “cultures of guilt.” (Cf. H. Fortmann, Schuldcultuuren en Schaamtecultuuren, Hertogenbosch, 1962). Ours obviously is a culture of guilt, and our “friends” and enemies know very well indeed how to exploit it.

1074. Embassies (representing the heads of states) and legations (representing merely the heads of governments); before World War I only world powers (including the Vatican and Turkey) had mutual representations with embassy rank. (Thus the United States had an embassy in Paris, but only a legation in Brussels or Monrovia.) During and after World War II the megalomania of newly created nations changed the order. There are very few legations left. It is delightful to see an embassy of Trinidad and Tobago in Addis Ababa, but then, too, enormous sums are squandered by the new small nations on their diplomatic service.

1075. Almost immediately after the Six-Day War in the Near East, Mrs. Indira Gandhi handed a check of 50 million U.S. Dollars to the Government of the United Arab Republic. It is surely surprising to see an emerging nation, plagued by bitter poverty and clamoring for aid, being so generous with its funds.

1076. This was also the opinion of two Central American speakers at a Conference on Constructive Alternatives (CCA) in Hillsdale College, Michigan.

1077. After a television debate on the Vietnam War, I remarked to the three other participants, college and university professors: “I am surprised to see that, although an alien, I was the only one here loyal to your country.” They were furious and one of them even refused to shake hands with me. “You are offended?" I asked him. “Indeed, I am.” This gave me great satisfaction because, as Napoleon said, truth alone offends—and I had told him just that.

Notes

1078. I refer to the novel, Die Gottlosen. (A Dutch translation was published in 1965.) Hemingway was careful, of course. In novels with European backgrounds, his heroes were always American.

1079. One of the most priceless books of this sort is Dmitri Sergeyevitch's Na golubom Dunaye (Odessa: Oblastnoye Izdatelstvo, 1955), a novel about postwar Vienna, concocted with the help of encyclopedias. It is even funnier than Hochhuth’s The Deputy , and ought to be published in English, perhaps funded by a foundation. Even those unacquainted with Austria would be exhilarated.

Americans might be more amused by the play Shakaly , written by an Estonian Communist, Jakobson, trsl. into Russian by L. Toom (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1953), as it speaks of the South in the United States. The villain is an American general, Me Kennedy by name, who is assisted by an evil college professor, whose wealth and power allow him to dominate a whole city. Phrases like “Now they go to the lynchings in their smart sports cars while their ancestors went with covered wagons” add flavor to the play. (As do the “Imperialist War Hymns” in praise of the A-bomb sung by the Salvation Army.) A Western reader could also derive the most devastating fun from Ivan Kurchavov’s Moskovskoye Vremya (Tallin: Estonskoye Gosudarstvennoye Izdatelstvo, 1956), which describes an Estonian ne’er-do-well being trained in the Vatican to disrupt labor organizations. He becomes a friend of the Pope, learns to use poison, pistols, and false signatures, studies the history of the Inquisition, and makes himself popular by shouting: “We have to burn them all on the stake—from the Communists to the Metropolit of Moscow” (293). Yet it is quite unsurprising, given the sources. The article “Jesuits" in the Bolshaya Sovyetskaya Entsiklopediya (Moscow, 1952), 27:341-42, is also a priceless piece; it could have appeared in any Nazi magazine.

1080. Cf. Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, Freedom at Midnight (London: Pan Books, 1975), 329sq. This bestial massacre was not ordered by a bloodthirsty tyrant, a totalitarian regime, or a fanatical government; it came about spontaneously —no propaganda, no conspiracy, no influence from above was involved. It was an extremely popular “happening.”

1081. It is significant that in nineteenth-century America a socialist author established a nationalist party. This neatly prefigures “horizontal” national socialism.

1082. One of the first authors to voice fears of a coming leftist tyranny was the Hungarian poet Imre Madach (1828-1864), who wrote the drama Az ember tragediaja (“The Tragedy of Man”), which pictured the existence of man from the Fall in Paradise to the establishment in the future of a terrifying socialist state. His classic play was translated into many languages and is frequently called “the Hungarian Faust.”

1083. Cf. Ephraim D. Adams, Power Ideals in American Society (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1913)-

1084. Cf. Ralph Henry Gabriel, The Course of American Democratic Thought (New York: Ronald Press, 1940), 382.

1085. Cf. Crane Brinton, Ideas and Men: The Story of Western Thought (New York: Prentice Hall, 1950), 549. Yet Brinton was also convinced that the triad of democracy, “fascism,” and socialism works effectively as a surrogate for religion (538).

Notes

483

1086. In India and large parts of Africa, the vast majority of voters is illiterate and thus the voting ballots are marked with symbols, especially animal symbols. Since knowledge is not a prerequisite for voting, why not lower the voting age to eight, when most children can read?

1087. In certain countries (Belgium, the Tyrol) the nonvoter has to pay a fine. The outcomes of elections seem “most impressive” and are hailed as signs of “political maturity.”

1088. Belief in the sacredness of the principle of majority rule (one of the two dogmas of democracy) is so strong that the expression “minority government” is one of the most pejorative in the language of the mass media. “A white minority government” has taken to sounding more devastating than “a totalitarian party dictatorship.”

1089. In the Athenian democracy, too, the inanity of elections was felt to the extent that the lot was also used.

1090. Cf. Plutarchus Vitae , Lindskog & Ziegler, ed. (Leipzig: Teubner, 1932), viii, 1-2 ( 10 ).

1091. The origin of this saying must be a distortion of Hesiod’s Works and Days (763), according to which “rumor always survives because he is a god.” Alcuin contradicted the vox populi, vox Dei formula, writing in his Capitulare admonitionis ad Carolum that it is best to ignore it because the mob’s mania for noise approaches insanity. Alexander Hamilton thought similarly when he said on June 18, 1787, at the Federal Convention: “The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God, and however generally this maxim has been quoted or believed, it is not true to fact. The people. . . seldom judge or determine right.”

1092. Cf. Hansard , November 10, 1947.

1093. Cf. notes 717 and 718.

1094. Cf. Raymond Aron, Le grand schisme (Paris: Gallimard-NRF, 1948), 28. By the 1860s, Austria already had a well-functioning parliament, the Reichsrath, which was averse to raising taxes. It held the purse strings and vetoed the money necessary to exchange the muzzle loaders of the Imperial army for breach loaders. The result was fatal: in the German-Prussian War of 1866, the firing capacity of the Prussian army was four times that of the Austrians and their German allies. Thus the Battle of Koniggratz was lost and Germany was eventually unified by Berlin instead of Vienna. Had the German League, headed by Austria, won, world history would have been totally different.

1095. For a variety of reasons a government can, of course, fail to propagandize the masses, and the enemy, with the aid of the mass media, can persuade the people and those in power to change course and terminate a war which might otherwise have been won. This was the case in the Vietnam War. In the late sixties I spoke at various universities on the war (duly warned by the “authorities" of possible violence to myself) and was greeted once with a standing ovation. Various students, veterans of the conflict, later shook my hand and told me that they at long last knew what it was they had been fighting for.

The worst crimes in Vietnam were perpetrated by the retreating Viet-Cong after their failure (little noted by the American and European Left) in the Tet offensive.

Notes

The sadistic cruelties are described vividly by Dan Oberdorfer in his 77/(New York: Da Capo, 1984).

1096. Is the United States a “peace-loving nation”? Yes, in a way; nevertheless, in the nineteenth century the U.S. fought no fewer than four foreign wars (Tripolitania, Britain, Mexico, Spain) and its own “War Between the States”—only one less than Prussia. (In the war against Britain, the United States was de facto allied with Napoleon, certainly no liberal, democratic, peace-loving sovereign.)

1097. Toward the end of World War I, a wave of protest in the democracies broke out against “secret diplomacy.” President Wilson took the lead. One could as well propose to play poker by laying all the cards on the table.

1098. The statesmen or, rather, the strong leaders of the postwar period were all born before World War I—men as different as de Gaulle, Adenauer, Franco, Salazar, Schuman, Tito, Stalin, Churchill, Mao (some undoubtedly monstrous). But in the apparent calm of a liberal democracy, outstanding people with a strong nature no longer seem to enter politics; and the totalitarian red bureaucracies became visibly sclerotic. The time for great men seems to belong to the past.

1099- The only exception is probably the successful Marshall Plan, which was opposed by various neoliberals. They argued that devastated Europe ought to get back on its feet without aid.

1100. In the leading old universities on the East coast, geography was at times an inconspicuous shadow of the geology department. In Continental high school-colleges (ages ten to eighteen or nineteen), students take geography twice a week and must own a geography atlas (the same pertains to history). Geography is much more than memorizing maps; it demands “geographic thinking.”

1101. This, to Jefferson’s mind, included Americans who were in diplomatic service in Europe. Cf. Francis J. Grund, Aristocracy in America (New York: Harper Torch Books, 1959), 128. The book was originally published in London in 1839.

1102. The German words Auslander and auslandisch , on the other hand, almost denote distinction.

1103. Wilson was won over to Italy’s incorporation of the German-speaking South Tyrol, a real wound in the body politic of Europe, by means of a fake map showing a mountain called “Vetta d’ltalia” on the very border of the Tyrol and Salzburg.

1104. See note 27.

1105. Cf. Georges Bernanos, Les enfants humilies (Paris: Gallimard, 1949), 199-200. Is this only the view of a Catholic monarchist? Sigmund Freud thought in a similar way when he wrote that the masses, hellbent on gratification and destruction, have to be kept down forcefully by soberly thinking superior people. Cf. his Gesammelte Werke(V ienna: Psychoanalytischer Verlag, 1934), 12: Freud has been totally misunderstood in America. The translation of his works into English, according to Bruno Bettelheim, is a scandal. (Needless to say, Freud never preached promiscuity and praised ascetic Christianity for having saved true Eros.) Freud spoke about the “soul” ( Seek ), not the “psyche,” and he had one besetting fear: that his cultural and educational theories should fall into the hands of psychiatric therapists. Cf. Bruno Bettelheim, “Freud and the Soul,” The New Yorker, March 1, 1982, 52-93.

Notes

485

1106. Cf. J. J. Rousseau, Du contrat social , book III, chap. 4.

1107. Cf. my Liberty or Equality? 110-116.

1108. Cf. Moses Yakovlevitch Ostrogorski, Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties (Macmillan: London, 1902), 632. The moral losers are the voters, too. Karl Mannheim observed that the voting masses now shoulder the moral responsibility that was formerly the concern of the “sophisticated (aristocratic) elites” and crowned rulers. The effects are definitely evil. See his “Rational and Irrational Elements in Contemporary Society,” L. T. Hobhouse Lectures (London: Oxford University Press, 1934), Lecture IV, 33.

1109. It was not Senator Goldwater whom I met in Spain. I told the defeated Senator that I could not understand his candidacy, for if I were suddenly to wake up and find myself President of the United States, it would take four strong male nurses to keep me from jumping out of the nearest window. He just smiled.

1110. Cf. (Lord) James Bryce, The American Commonwealth (New York: Macmillan, 1911), l:77sq.

1111. Abraham Lincoln? He did not prevent the worst war in history prior to 1914, i.e., the American Civil War of 1861-1865, which cost the lives of over half a million men.

1112. This view was also held by Raymond Aron, cf. Les guerres en chaine, 313.

1113- The French army, as a result of the “Original Sin of French Conservatism,” remained split for decades. The French Government in World War I refused to accept Foch as commander-in-chief of the Allied armies because his brother was a Jesuit and he had had a Catholic education. Thanks to Britain’s virtual ultimatum, the rabidly anticlerical Clemenceau finally yielded in 1918.

1114. The higher voting participation in the Swiss canton elections is not surprising. Local affairs are far better understood than more universal matters.

1115. It is significant that the Spanish language has no word for “compromise”; compromiso has the opposite meaning: it means “fixed engagement.” Equally significant, the English expression “fifty-filty” is now being used colloquially on the Continent, untranslated.

1116. Pope Boniface VIII in his Bull to the French Clergy (1296) and Luther’s Vorlesungen uber den Romerbrief 1515-1516 (Scholion for Romans 13, l).

1117. Dean Acheson was not too popular among conservatives, not only because he started out being left-of-center and a member of a Democratic Cabinet, but also because he sported a Homburg hat, grey mustache (at that time considered "aristocratic” and snobbish), dark jacket, striped trousers, and a Harvard accent. To make matters worse, his parents were born in Canada. He was not, of course, infallible.

1118. Cf. Otto v. Habsburg, “Gute USA-Aussenpolitik,” Zeitbiihne (July 1976), 13.

1119. The reason for the Twenty-Second Amendment was President Roosevelt’s fourth term, overturning the time-honored two-term limit. Fear arose that the citizenry would become accustomed to the near-permanent rule of one man, a psychological move in the direction of a monarchy.

1120. But if one’s own father, brother, husband, or son had been killed during some sort of

Notes

“experimental” warfare which had been broken off because it “displeased” the leftist media, the reaction might well have been a mixture of fury, despair, and rancor. Defeats do happen in history, and they are tragic and sometimes unavoidable, but a vain sacrifice due to a lack of aim, purpose, and determination, is quite another matter.

1121. I went to Vientiane flying criss-cross over the Ho-Chi-Minh Trail in order to investigate the situation. The discussions with the Laotian officials were hopeless, because Far Eastern logic works along lines quite different from ours.

1122. The Europeans, by and large, were fed by information from American news agencies (which in turn received it from newsmen who could not even speak French, the only means of contact with part of the local population). American officialdom showed real inertia in regard to telling Europeans the truth and informing them of their country’s aims. (Was this passivity accidental, or had treason become fashionable?) The anti-American and pro-Viet-Cong attitude even affected ecclesiastic circles. The German Catholic News Agency (KNA) openly sympathized with the red sadists, and the Vatican donated $1.5 million to the North Vietnamese for “humanitarain purposes.” An account of how this money was spent has never, to my knowledge, reached Rome.

1123. Cf. General William C. Westmoreland, A Soldier Reports (Garden City: Doubleday, 1976). Needless to say, the author never recommended use of the A-bomb; he was not another Harry S Truman. The war there could have been won in a much more conventional manner. Even before the betrayal of South Vietnam, intelligent American generals had protested Washington’s policies in the area. Vide Lieutenant General Samuel T. Williams: “Why U.S. is losing in Vietnam. An Inside Story,” LJ.S. News & World Report, November 9, 1964. General Williams was not alone in deploring the fall and assassination of the valiant Ngo Dinh Diem. Henry Kissinger, cf. his The White House (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 231, was well aware of the guilt in this matter incurred by American war reporters.

1124. Lies can of course also be told in print. There is a South-German-Austrian expression: “He lies like print” (or a printed text) ( Er liigt wie gedruckt). Northern Europeans and Americans are far more gullible than most when presented with printed information. This conceivably has something to do with bibliolatry. The tragic effects of the pro-Communist propaganda in the United States were watched with a sinking heart by the last South Vietnamese ambassador to Washington. Cf. Bui-Diem and David Charnoff, In the Jaws of History (New York: Harper & Row, 1987), 286-87.

1125. The singer Joan Baez found out relatively early that she had been tricked by the mass media into taking her antiwar stand, Jane Fonda did not concede her error until 1989- The “boat people” were great eye-openers. Unlike Americans, South or East Europeans, on opening the daily newspaper, say to themselves: “These, then, are the lies the newspapermen (government) want us to believe today.”

1126. Significantly, many Asian communities received their intellectual formation in that birthplace of modern democracy: not only Pol Pot, but also Ho-Chi-Minh and Dzhu-Enlai studied in Paris. Cf. F. Sitte, Die roten Khmer ( Graz: Styria, 1982), 47.

Notes

487

1127. Cf. Leslie Gelb, The Irony of Vietnam. The System Worked (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1978).

1128. Cf. Adelbert Weinstein, “Der heimliche Krieg der Sowjets,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, August 9, 1980, 4. Also remember that Richard Nixon as President of the United States gave South Vietnam a solemn guarantee of renewed American intervention should the Communists break the Paris Treaty. Cf. Nguyen Tien Hung and Jerrol L. Schecter, The Palace File (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), 812. Demo-cratica fdes! Yet no democratic body or politician can make promises for the future. Eternal change is democracy’s iron principle. Hence a constructive, historically oriented foreign policy is completely out of the question.

1129- Actually, large landholdings were never characteristic of the agrarian scene in Vietnam. When the American advisors came, they thought that communism in Vietnam was the result of “feudal conditions” and were thus surprised when they found no large estates. (The same pertained in China. In old China, farms of one hundred acres or more were extremely rare; in Taiwan today, the maximum acreage permitted is 7.5.)

1130. Cf. Marx-Engels, FIistoris r h-kritiche Gesamtausgabe (MEGA), (Berlin, 1932), 5:227.

1131. A well-documented book on the attack against Dr. Kurt Waldheim, the successful Austrian presidential candidate in 1986, would be well worth writing. It could serve as a first-class exhibit of the monumental ignorance of the mass media and of the organizations backing them, as well as of the helpless millions who blindly believe all they are offered. The campaign originated in Austrian Socialist circles, cf. Gunther Ofner, “Die Rolle der SPO in der Waldheim-Kampagne” in Khol, Faulhaber and Ofner, Die Kampagne Kurt Waldheim. Opfer oder Tater? (Munich: Herbig, 1987), 110-75. Americans, in this case, were the “fall guys.” Their propaganda, mixed with threats, greatly helped Waldheim to win the election. Unlike his opponent, he was, and is, no “father figure.”

1132. The Abbe Sieyes finally returned to Paris, where he died in peace; another regicide, Fouche, became a diplomat under Louis XVIII.

1133. Cf. Friedrich A. von Hayek, Lau >; Legislation and Liberty (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976), 2:54.

1134. In the East European languages, Weltanschauung was almost always literally translated. (In Russia it even has two versions.)

1135. Even in combinations like Ideologiekritik, ideiologielos or ideologieverdachtig (“suspected of having an ideological foundation”).

1136. Cf. F. A. von Hayek, “The Intellectuals and Socialism" in The Intellectuals , G. R. de Huszar, ed. (Glencoe: Free Press, I960), 386, and Law, Legislation and Liberty , 1:65.

1137. Cf. his article “Quest for a Tempered Utopia,” Wall Street Journal , November 14, 1986.

1138. Cf. Peter F. Drucker, The End of Economic Man (New York: John Day, 1939), 241-42.

1139- Cf. Eliseo Vivas, “On the Conservative Demonology,” Modern Age (Spring 1964),

Notes

1140. His useful chart has not yet been published. It is considered preposterous by Europeans to call Adam Smith a “conservative thinker.” As to my own evaluation of genuine and fake conservatism in the United States, cf. E. v. Kuehnelt-Leddihn, “An Alien Looks at American Conservatism,” the St. Croix Review, June 1990.

114 1. Cf. Odyssey of a Friend: Whittaker Chambers' Letters to William F. Buckley (Washington: Regnery Gateway, 1987), 230. Chambers was also convinced that capitalism and conservatism do not mix. This is a rather primitive mistake of European conservatives, with the shadow of a Third Way in the background.

1142. Cf. Cornelia I. Gerstenmaier, Der Stimme der Stummen (Stuttgart: Seewald, 1971), 65. These events are not surprising. In 1953, seventeen Russian Red Army officers refused to fire at rebellious workers in Berlin. They were executed and received a memorial for their courage in West Berlin.

1143. In the heart of the Ukraine is an area of “scheduled cities,” i.e., cities not accessible to visitors. In 1963, pitched battles between Ukrainians and Soviet units took place around Krivoy Rog; they were never reported. Armed resistance in the Western Ukraine continued right up to the late 1950s.

1144. Cf. Herzen’s letter to Jules Michelet, written in 1851, found in Sochineniya A. I. Gertsena (Geneva: Georg, 1878), 5:209- He said textually that Russia would never be “Protestant,” never juste-milieu. From ignorance, “Protestantism” has for the past two hundred years generally been viewed as a middle-of-the-road religion. Nobody in France admires un modere. (Hence, too, in Spain the popularity of the exaltados.)

1145. Even the right-wing military government of Brazil, after the overthrow of the Goulart regime in 1964, talked about A Revolu^do. One out of three parties in Latin America calls itself “revolutionary.”

1146. Cf. Salvador de Madariaga, Bolivar (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1958), 2:215. An equally desperate letter is found on p. 490.

1147. This brings to mind the story of a diplomat in Kinshasa who was attacked by three robbers. The athletic man knocked them out, and the next day the chief of police wanted to buy his shirt, convinced that it had empowered the diplomat with extraordinary strength. (Cf. Michel Croce-Spinelli, op. cit., 40.)

A free and healthy economy can flourish in a tolerant dictatorship and perish in a narrow-minded, restrictive democracy.

1148. Cf. Benjamin Hart, Poisoned Ivy (New York: Stein & Day, 1987), 15-18.

1149. Cf. Mihajlo Mihajlov, Underground Notes (New Rochelle: Caratzas Brothers, 1982), 79- This chapter is called "The Absurdity of Nonideology.” Whittaker Chambers, op. cit., 84, wrote about the need for an alternative. Freedom, he insisted, was not enough.

1150. Cf. Emile Boutmy, Essai d'une psychologie politique du peuple anglais du XIXe siecle (Paris: Armand Colin, 1901), 27. This recalls Hegel’s reaction to a student’s observation that the facts contradicted his theory. Hegel looked at the man severely over his spectacles and said: “All the worse for the facts.” Trotski’s outlook was quite similar. He confessed: “The feeling of the pre-eminence of the general over the particular, the law over the facts, the theory over the personal experience, originated

Notes

489

in me at an early age and was strengthened with the years.” Cf. his Moya zhizri (Berlin: Granit, 1930), 1:27. This is a far cry from the trial-and-error method.

1151. Cf. Holmes-Pollock, op. cit., 2:307, 309. Holmes added significantly that he preferred to read P. G. Wodehouse.

1152. There are “Gay Clubs" in state universities, subsidized by the authorities. Taxpayers’ money is thus being used to finance the spread of homosexuality, which can, up to a point, become fashionable. Cf. my essay, “Homosexuality: A Christian Point of View," The Human Life Review (Spring 1978). Benjamin Hart tells (op. cit., 166-67) how right-wingers tried in Dartmouth (as a provocation) to establish a college-subsidized “Dartmouth Bestiality Association,” but the authorities quite irrationally refused to legitimize the club as an “alternative lifestyle.” On Thomas Mann, democracy and homosexuality, cf. p. 198.

1153. It was published in National Review on October 16, 1980, and by the National Committee of Catholic Laymen (NYC) the following year as a public service. There are Spanish and German versions.

1154. The Mandarin System lasted in China for countless generations. It is still being practiced in the (Taiwanese) Republic of China. I had the opportunity to talk to Dr. Sun Fo, son of Sun Yatsen and director of the examination board; here, the sons of the Prime Minister and the small farmer have exactly the same chances. (College or university degrees are ignored.) On the Continent, civil servants are “finalized" only after a number of probationary years.

1155. Dr. Francis B. Crick, the British protagonist of abortion and Nobel Prize winner, proposed the mandatory extermination of those over eighty. The Lutheran Bishop ot Austria, Dr. O. Sakrausky, called Austria’s abortion law, issued by a Socialist government, the “Royal Road Back to Auschwitz.” In both cases—Jews or the unborn—the victims were considered “unwanted life.”

1156. The British monarch could theoretically refuse to sign a law, but such a feat has become unthinkable.

1157. In my Liberty or Equality? 150-64, I gave no fewer than thirty favorable reasons lor a hereditary monarchical government within the framework of a regimen mixtum. In that chapter, I cited Rivarol, who said that a monarch can be a Nero or a Marcus Aurelius, the people can collectively be a Nero, but they can never, ever, be a Marcus Aurelius.

1158. A Roman in the year 260 A.D. might have hotly denied that his country was a monarchy. The official inscriptions read: SENATUS POPULUSQUE ROMANUS. “Impera-tor” only meant “general." But when in 280 Diocletian donned a gold crown, demanded that the people kneel before him, and abolished the Senate, it finally became evident that the republic had gone the way of all flesh. Recently? No, three hundred years previously.

1159. The monarchy is at one and the same time a patriarchy and a matriarchy. In the popular mind, the royal couple figure as additional parents. Ruling queens and empresses have, moreover, always existed.

1160. Ludwig von Mises, former financial adviser to the Dollfuss regime and a pillar ot the Austrian School of Economics, was decidedly a monarchist. Most of the Italian

Notes

Liberals I have known were monarchists, as were the German National Liberals (including Stresemann). And so too was the neoliberal Wilhelm Ropke, who, in a memorandum to the Allies, proposed Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria for the German monarchy. Cf. also W. Ropke, Die deutsche Frage (Erlenbach-Ziirich: Rentsch, 1945), 227.

1161. In a letter to Gouverneur Morris, dated New York, February 29, 1802, cf. The Papers of Alexander Hamilton (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), 25:544. Hamilton was clearly a monarchist, as noted in his speech before the Federal Convention of June 18, 1787 (as reported by James Madison). A strict republicanism was rare among Americans of wide horizons even in those days. Cf. James Fenimore Cooper, “On the Advantages of a Monarchy” in his The American Democrat (New York: Knopf, Vintage Books, 1956), 56.

1162. Cf. Andre Shih, L'Occident ‘chretien vue par les Chinois vers la fin du 19e siecle 1870-1900 (Paris: Presses Universitaires, 1962), 226.

1163. Seneca: Epistola ad Lucilium, XXIX.

1164. Cf. Harold Nicolson’s Diaries 1930-1964 (London: Collins, 1980), 331 (March 4, 1949).

1165. Cf. his Some Fruits of Solitude, no. 337. William E. Simon has described cogently how politicians act in public to deceive voters. Cf. his A Time for Truth (New York: Reader’s Digest Press, 1978), 166.

1166. John Harrison in his The Reactionaries (New York: Schocken, 1967) laments the “fact” that the greatest literary figures of the century—Yeats, Wyndham Lewis, Pound, Eliot, and Lawrence—were “attracted by Italian and German Fascism” before World War II (and in Pound’s case during and after the war). There are two reasons for this overly stressed situation: revulsion against democracy, and the English difficulty in understanding Continental issues.

1167. Cf. Karl R. Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962), 1:160.

1168. Cf. Eduard von Hartmann, Zur Zeitgeschichte. Neue Tagesfragen. Gedanken uberStaat, Politik und Sozialismus (Leipzig: Kroner, n.d.), 14, 15. The burden of an obsolete form of government is felt in Latin America more than elsewhere. Thus the words of a former Uruguayan President, Juan Bordaberry, to the effect that “liberal democracy is irrevocably doomed,” merit special attention. Cf. La Busqueda (Montevideo), August 27, 1987. The problems of that country, “redemocratized” prior to the establishment of a military dictatorship in 1973, have returned, intact in their old tragic insolubility.

1169. Cf. William Graham Sumner, Challenge of Facts and Other Essays , A. G. Keller, ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1914), 286.

1170. Cf. my “Trojan Asses” in Chronicles, July 1986. The major theological reason for this confusion in the Catholic Church (and others) is that our “Christian Left,” instead of striving to refashion the world in the spirit of Christ, wants to “assimilate” it to the prevailing currents in a conformist and purely masochistic spirit. The Church is to be “democratized, ” hitched to the wagon of doomed ideologies. Bear in mind that

Notes

491

the Church is in, not of, the world. Scripture leaves no doubt as to who the Prince of the World is, and Luther was not far off when he called the world "the Devil’s Inn.”

1171. Uninformed people believe that Vatican II abolished the Mass in Latin, but Article 54 of the Decree on the Holy Liturgy says merely that the bishops have the right to permit the use of the vernacular; they must also, however, insure the use of the Latin, something rarely done in the United States. The “People’s Altar?” It is nowhere mentioned in the decrees.

1172. The Declaration de los Andes , denying the theological, political, and economic validity of the so-called Liberation Theology, can be found in El Mercurio (Santiago de Chile), July 23, 1985. The Swiss theologian Cardinal Hans Urs von Balthasar was even more explicit and called the theologies of both Hans Kiing and Leonardo Boff “strictly non-Christian”—not just “non-Catholic.” Cf. Die Welt, October 16, 1985. Indeed, many voices in the Catholic Church run counter to these leftist inroads. A book like Le capitalisme, mais c’est la vie (Paris: Plon, 1983), written by the independent Dominican thinker R. L. Bruckberger, will probably never appear in the United States, as so often happens with truly important Continental works. Therein lies a whole world, hidden from Americans!

1173. Torture, unfortunately, is a recurrent phenomenon in all Latin American countries. In Chile, General Pinochet tried to suppress it, but the police were “uncontrollable.” Torture was used so extensively by the police under Allende that the weekly, La Portada (Santiago, November 1970), published an ironic article proposing to systematize torture and advocating the presence of a priest for the 4th and 5th degrees.

1174. August von Kotzebue was the father of the Russo-German Pacific explorer Otto von Kotzebue, after whom a town in Alaska was named. The Wartburg Festival was initially organized to celebrate the third centenary of the Reformation, but Luther would have condemned it as a perversion of nearly everything he stood for. The misrepresentation of the Reformation was already in full swing.

1175. This is also the view of the well-known defender of the natural law, Johannes Messner. Cf. Das Naturrecht (Innsbruck: Tyrolia, 1950), 99. Cf. also my essay “Where do Ethics Come From?” in The Human Life Review, Summer 1986, 79-93. Professor Allan Bloom said correctly in his The Closing of the American Mind (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987), 194, that “reason cannot establish values, and the belief that it can is the stupidest and most pernicious illusion."

1176. Cf. Leszek Kolakowski, Religion (London: Fontana-Collins, 1982), 188. Ethically inclined nonbelievers are truly living off the whiff of an empty bottle.

1177. Cf. Rosemary Kingsland, A Saint Among Savages (London: Collins, 1980), 44. This book makes frightening reading and reveals the inanity of the proposition that these “children of Nature" are blissfully happy and should be left alone.

1178. Leftists always loyally obey this Muscovite veto and merely refer to “German Fascism”—the word can be pronounced with an eery, hissing sound. One looks in vain in the newest “dual” Encyclopaedia Britannica for "National Socialism or “National Socialists.” All that appears is “Nazi Party." I proposed that they write about the “Bolshies” rather than the “Communists.” Incidentally, this particular

Notes

encyclopedia delegated all the articles involving the Soviet Empire to “collaborators” from inside the Iron Curtain. Caveat emptor\

1179. Lies about the Germans during World War I—Belgian babies with their hands cut off, or a naked girl crucified near Suippes with unshaved German soldiers spitting on her martyred body (a famous etching by Louis Raemaekers)—were nevertheless believed.

1180. Japan protested via the Vatican against the President’s utterances, worthy of a cannibal chieftain on the Upper Ubangi, whereupon the President returned the object to the patriotic gentlemen for burial.

1181. General Eisenhower, too, opposed this ghastly deed. The opposition among scientists was considerable. Cf. Daniel F. Boorstin, The American Democratic Experience (New York: Random House, 1973), 588-89. The argument that the bomb was really humane because it shorted the war is worthless: Japan had twice—via the Vatican and Moscow—desperately tried to get humanly acceptable armistice conditions. All they received was the nefarious Unconditional Surrender formula.

1182. Cf. Henry Kyemba, State of Blood (London: Corgi Books, 1977), 108.

1183. Cf. Roland Huntford, The New Totalitarians (London: Allan Lane, 1971). Life in Sweden has become so dull that crime seems a welcome change. Between 1950 and 1966, crime in Sweden increased 25 percent (p.343).

1184. Cf. Albert Jay Nock, Memoirs of a Superfluous Man (Washington: Regnery Gateway, 1991), 256-57. “History is bunk” was not only Henry Ford’s opinion; it is subconsciously believed by many Americans. They think that their history and situation is so unique as to preclude their learning from other nations and other historic periods. Hence also the neglect of foreign languages.

1185. Cf. Auberon Waugh, Who Are the Violets Now? (London: Chapman & Hall, 1965), 244.

1186. In a Samizdat article of 1980, Joseph Dyad’kin mentions the figures 43-53 million victims attributable to Stalin’s regime alone, 20 million of them killed on the battlefield. (Stalin admitted to only 10 million dead during the Patriotic War, a war he had started with Hitler.) An article by William T. Corson and Robert T. Crowley, the Wall Street Journal (July 23, 1980), listed 10 million victims prior to Stalin’s rule; Robert Conquest speaks of 41,400,000 killed in the 1917-1953 period. Even larger numbers are mentioned by Ivan Kurganov, a professor of statistics, who claims about 110,700,000 murdered between 1917 and 1958. (Other estimates seem modest by comparison.) All these data do not include the hideous loss of human life in the satellite states, in Afghanistan, China, Southest Asia, and even in Latin America. If the horrors of National Socialism are added, the tally reaches the 200 million mark!

1187. The new Oxford Bible speaks about the “Evil One” and this is the correct translation from the Greek.

1188. Cf. Dmitri Merezhkovski, Tsarstvo Antikhrista (Munich: Dreimasken-Verlag, 1919), 251.

(Numbers in italics refer to the notes)

Aaron, House of, 96 Abel, Theodor, 163 Abels, Jules, 984 Abshagen, K. H., 873 Acheson, Dean, 316, 1117 Ackermann, Louise V., 183 Acland-Hood, William, 169 Acton, John E. Dalberg, Lord, 61,

171, 173, 175, 317, 346 Adam, 36, 53 Adamek, K. V., 424 Adams, E. D., 308, 1083 Adams, Henry, xiv, 306, 336, 117,

733

Adams, John, 52, 53ff, 55, 58, 61, 62, 187, 17, 104, 106, 108, 166, 137, 831, 1023

Adams, John Quincy, 104, 166 Adams, Samuel, 52, 82 Addison, Sir John, 832 Adelmann (Adelsmann), Bernhard & Konrad, 87

Adenauer, Konrad, 284, 1098 Adler, Friedrich, 740 Adler, Mortimer, 54, 41, 117 Adler, Victor, 146, 498 Adorno, Theodor W., xiii

Aegydius Romanus, 27 Aguirre, Jose Antonio, 783 Akbar the Great, 317 Alberdi, J. M., 649 Albrecht, Paul, 151 Alcibiades, 34 Alcuin, 1091

d’Alembert, Jean le Rond, 67, 80, 91 Alexander I, Emperor, 102, 317, 333, 83, 284

Alexander II, Emperor, 193, 740 Alexander III, Emperor, 60, 403 Alexander, Sir Harold, 1028 Alexandra, Empress, 404, 397, 612 Alfonso XIII, King, 233, 290, 734, 779

Alfonso de Bourbon, Prince, 738 Algermissen, Konrad, 71 Allen, Jay, 258

Allende Gossens, Salvador, 1173 Allthusser, Louis, 190 Alperovitz, Gar, 991 Alter, Victor, 276, 937 Alvarez del Vayo, Julio, 774 Amey, commander of the Colonnes Infernales, 84 Amiel, H. F., 272

493

Index

Anders, W., General, 955, 988 Anderson, Eugene N., 737 Andies, Hellmut, 790, 807, 821 Andrews, W. H., 15 Ansaldo, Juan Antonio, 755 Antikainen, R. F., General, 418 Antonov-Ovseyenko, Vladimir, 764 Aquinas (see Thomas Aquinas, St.) Aranguren, Jose Luis, 583 Arendt, Hannah, 142, 438, 590 Aristotle, 15, 33, 34, 40, 52, 74, 156, 174, 296, 294, 455, 515, 1002 Armand, Felix, 302 Arnaldo di Brescia, 73, 137 Arnim, Bettina von, 108 Arnold, Henry A., 281, 991 Aron, Raymond, 311, 659, 1094, 1112 Aron, Robert, 904 Arpinati, Leandro, 549 Asquith, Herbert H., 169 Attali, Jacques, 804 Attlee, Clement, 281, 291, 789 Auden, W. H., 241, 588 Augstein, Rudolf, 968 d’Auguillon, Due, 72 Augustine, Saint, 190, 296, 1054 Azana, Manuel, 237, 783

Baader, Franz von, 28, 588 Babbitt, Irving, xiv, 69, 70, 35, 211, 212, 213

Babeuf, Gracchus, 59, 77, 91, 135, 36

Bachofen, J. J., 174, 38, 121

Bacon, Roger, 89

Baczkowski, 951

Badoglio, Pietro, Marshal, 160

Baez, Joan, 1125

Bailey, Thomas A., 633, 671, 695 Bainville, Jacques, 248, 822 Bakunin, Mikhail A., 119, 123, 378 Baldwin, Stanley, 252, 254, 842 Ball, John, 36, 37, 73

Balmes, Jaime, 583

Balthasar, Hans Urs von, 1172

Barber, Daniel, 50, 97

Barea, Arturo, 760

Barere de Vienzac, Bertrand, 72, 84

Barlow, Francis J., 102

Barnes, Harry E., 615, 620

Baron, Hans, 276

Barras, Paul Vicomte de, 72

Barth, Karl, 4, 482

Barthelmy, Francois, 72

Barzini, Luigi, 875

Battaglia, Felice, 26

Battisti, Cesare, 138

Bauer, Bruno, 110, 111, 388

Bauer, Otto, 120, 240, 506

Bazard, Armand, 93, 94

Beard, Charles and Mary, 45, 115, 631

Beaujour, Felix de, 171

Beaumont, Gustave de, 608

Beauvais, Abbe de, 83, 84

Beck, Ludwig, General, 163, 253

Bedoyere, Michael de la, 187

Bell, Bernard Iddings, xiv, 265, 905

Bell, George A., Bishop, 966, 967

Bellamy, Edward, 307

Bellarmine, St. Robert, 99

Belloc, Hilaire, 28, 231, 590

Benedict, St., 86

Benedict XV, Pope, 133, 204, 292, 629, 1013

Benedikt, Heinrich, 672, 794 Benes, Eduard, xvi, 146, 243, 249, 250, 251, 795, 796, 823-826, 829, 832-836, 841 Bennett, James G., Jr., 305 Bennett, William, 728 Benouville, Guillain de, 1032 Bentham, Jeremy, 321, 281 Benz, Ernst, 251 Berdyaev, Nicholas, 35, 542 Berendt, Erich F., 476

495

Bergengruen, Werner, 978 Berggolts, Olga, 594 Berkenkopf, Galina, 417 Berlin, Ellin, 448

Bernanos, Georges, 59, 235, 314, 28, 35, 251, 292, 614, 766, 788, 1105 Bernard of Chartres, 26 Bernaschek, Richard, 241 Bernstein, Eduard, 120 Bernstorff, Albrecht, Count, 618 Bernstorff, J. H., Count, 202, 618 Berry, Mrs. Charles, 216 Bertoldi, Silvio, 445 Besa (Beze), Theodore de, 87 Best, Robert, 241, 242 Bethge, Eberhard, 967 Bettelheim, Bruno, 1105 Bevin, Ernest, 286, 1021 Billing, R., 462 Billington, Ray Allen, 50, 97 Binchy, Daniel A., 440 Bisiaux, Marcel, 380 Bismarck, Otto, Fiirst, 123, 125, 154, 176, 224, 315, 384, 498, 544,

1002, 1054

Blanc, Louis, 262, 263, 264

Bland, J. O. B., 214, 705

Blank, Alexander D., 403

Bloom, Alland, 1175

Bloom, Sol, 738

Bloy, Leon, 164

Bliiher, Hans, 593

Blum, Leon, 120, 278, 969

Blumenberg, Werner, 336, 382

Boarman, Patrick M., 558

Bocca, Giorgio, 445

Bochenski, Los, 951

Bodelschwingh, Friedrich von, 9

Boff, Leonardo, 332, 1172

Bogolovski, N., 308

Bohlen, Charles E., 1018

Bohlen und Halbach, Gustav von, 1015

Bohm, Franz, 181 Bom von Bawerk, Eugen, 546 Bohmer, Johann, Fr., 271 Boissy d’Anglas, Francois A. Comte de, 72

Bok, M. R, 407 Bolin, Louis, 233, 756 Bolivar, Simon, 47, 305, 324, 649, 1146

Bombacci, Nichola, 143, 549 Bonald, Louis Vicomte de, 178 Bonaparte, Prince Joseph, 334, 389 Bonaventure, St., 37, 27 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 155, 278, 967 Boniface VIII, 316, 1116 Bonnard, Abel, 60, 172 Bonnot de Condillac, Etienne, 94 Bonnot de Mably, (see Mably)

Bonsai, Stephen, 704 Boorstin, Daniel F., 1181 Boothby, Robert Lord, 256, 810, 862 Borchardt, Hermann, 3, 279, 4, 189 Bordaberry, Juan, 1168 Borgia, family, 676 Bormann, Martin, 161, 162, 523 Bossuet, Jacques, 307 Botelho de Magalhaes, Benjamin C., 282

Botticelli, Sandro, 43 Boudin, Paul, 177

Bourbon, dynasty, 58, 177, 313, 315,

102

Bourbotte, Pierre, 83 Bourne, Randolph, 746 Boutmy, Emile, 325, 164, 1150 Bouton, S. Miles, 634 Bradford, Mel E., 128 Bradford, William, 79 Bragan<;a, dynasty, 44, 547 Brailsford, H. N., 851 Braun, Eva, 151 Braun, Leopold A. A., 267

Index

Briefs, Goetz, 181, 7 Briennc, Etienne C. Lomenie de, 59 Briggs, Mitchell P., 661 Brinton, Crane, 81, 308, 256—259 ff, 1085

Brisbane, Arthur, 102, 305 Brissot de Warville, J. P, 94, 286 Broda, Andreas de, 426 Broderick, James, S. J., 99, 100 Brogan, Sir Denis W., 209, 144, 235, 645, 795

Broglie, de, family, 229 Broglie, Achille Due de, 536 Broglie, Leonce V., Due de, 72, 171 Bromfield, Louis, 448 Brook-Shephard, Gordon, 805 Broucek, Peter, 617 Browe, Gabriel, 99 Brown, John, 666 Brownson, H. J., 304, 602 Brownson, Orestes A., xiv, 198, 26, 304, 574, 751

Bruckberger, R. L., O. P., 1032, 1172 Bruncken, Ernst, 208, 646 Briining, Heinrich, 156, 157, 181, 465, 488

Bruno, Giordano, 307 Brussilov, Aleksey A., 421 Brutzkus, B. D., 337 Bryan, B. M., 1038 Bryce, James, Viscount, 314, 927, 1110

Buber-Neumann, Margarete, 420 Buchanan, James, 321-22, 1137 Buckle, George E., 715 Buckle, Henry Thomas, 144, 935 Buckley, William F., Jr., ix, xiv Buddha, 270 Bui-Diem, 1124 Bullitt, William, 246, 748 Biilow, H. B. von, 739 Burckhardt, Carl J., 151, 471, 659

Burckhardt, Jacob, 5, 171 — 175ff, 180, 299, 336, 8, 17, 1066 Burke, Edmund, xx, 46, 59, 70, 78, 171, 183, 325, 336, 94, 145, 247 Burns, E. M., 54, 112 Burschofsky, Ferdinand, 146 Butcher, Harry C., 964 Buxton, Lord Noel, 851 Byelinski, Vissarion, 102 Byerezhkov, Valentin, 868 Bynner, Witter, 17 Byrnes, James F., 980

Caballero, Largo, 772, 784 Cabanellas y Ferrer, Miguel, 234 Cabanes, A., 234 Cadogan, Alexander, 821 Caesar, Julius, 35 Cain, 314

Calas, Nicolas, 165, 166, 531 Calderon de la Barca, Pedro, 296 Calvin, Jean, 40, 41, 658, 69, 87,

171, 172m 209, 204, 276, 380,

653

Calvo Sotelo, Jose M., 233 Cameron, Elizabeth, 733 Camoin, General, 946 Campan, Jeanne L. H. de, 61, 157 Campanella, Tomaso, 73, 89, 90, 100, 280, 416

Campbell, Francis Stuart (Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn), 980 Campbell-Bannermann, Sir Henry, 19 Canaris, Wilhelm, 258, 873 Cantera Ortiz de Urbina, Jesus, 1046 Capek, Emil, 449 Cappon, Lester J., 729 Cardozo, Harold G., 775 Cargill, Oscar, 621 Carlton, David, 799 Carpenter, William S., 82 Carr, Edward Hallett, 378

497

Carrington, Edward, 134 Casaroli, Agostimo, Cardinal, 332 Casement, Sir Roger, 293, 28 Castelo Branco, Humberto, 333 Castro, Americo, 234 Castro, Fidel, 231

Catherine II, Empress, 130, 193, 273, 331

Caulaincourt, Marquis de, 614 Cavaignac, Eugene, 399 Cavour, Camillo Conte di, 171, 224, 315

Cecil, Algernon, 704 Cecil, Lord Hugh, 704 Cerutti, Vittoria, 803 Cervantes, Miguel de, 296 Chabot, Francois, 79 Chamberlain, Neville, 224, 252—257ff, 803, 843, 831

Chamberlin, William H., 270, 33,

399, 932

Chambers, Whittaker, 323, 117, 1141, 1149

Channing, William H., 102 Channon, Sir Henry, 832 Charles V, Emperor, 317 Charles I, Emperor & King, 201, 206, 213, 677, 839 Charles I, King, 43 Charles III, King of Spain, 52, 236 Charnoff, David, 1124 Chase, John L., 896 Chateaubriand, F. R., Vicomte de, 61, 167, 139

Chateauneuf, Abbe de, 73 Chekhov, Anton, 269, 391 Chernyshevski, Nikolay G., 102, 103, 308

Chessman, 741 Chesterton, G. K., 339, 380 Chevalier, J. J., 433 Chiang Kai-shek, 990

Chicherin, Georgiy, 417 Christ (see Jesus Christus)

Chubatyi, N. D., 931 Churchill, Randolph, 960 Churchill, Lord Randolph, 255, 838 Churchill, Sir Winston, 20, 96, 104, 125, 169, 219, 221, 255, 256, 261, 263-5, 273, 276-278, 280-282, 285, 289, 310, 32, 383, 488, 716-718, 842, 830, 836, 838-861, 864, 897, 899, 936, 946, 960, 967, 974, 983, 986, 988, 998, 1012, 1022, 1027, 1037, 1098 Ciano, Galeazzo, Conte, 257, 259 Ciechanowski, Jan, 262, 890, 892, 987 Cieszkowski, August, Count, 938 Ciller, A., 433, 433 Cingria, Charles-Albert, 380 Clark, Michael, 792 Clausewitz, Karl von, 232 Clemenceau, Georges, 133, 148, 201, 204-207, 219, 250, 679, 1113 Clement of Alexandria, 96 Clement of Rome, 96 Cleon, 817

Clermont-Tonncrre, Staamslas Due de, 72

Clootz, Anarchasis, Baron, 72 Cobden, Richard, 183 Coffinhal, Jean Baptiste, 76, 241 Cohn, David L., 391 Cole, G. D. H., 126 Collins, Larry, 1080 Col lot d’Herbois, J. M., 72, 84 Comas, Juan, 436 Compiegne, Guy de, O. S. B., 318 Comte, Auguste, 91, 97, 111, 118, 282

Condorcet, M. J. Caritat, Marquis de, 71, 72

Confucius (Konluzius), 30, 46 Conquest, Robert, 973

Index

Conrad, Joseph, 565, 938 Con rad-Marti us, Hedwig, 520 Considerant, Victor, 101—104 Constant de Rebecque, Benjamin, 31, 69, 175

Constantine II, King, 84 Coolidge, Calvin, 620 Cooper, Diana, 231 Cooper, Duff, 737, 803 Cooper, James Fenimore, xiv, 248,

1161

Copernicus (Kopernik), Nikolaus,

330

Coram, Robert ,313 Corday d’Armont, Charlotte, 72 Cormier, A .,45 Cornelissen, A. J. M., 69, 203 Cornelius, Carl A., 42, 76 Corson, William T., 1186 Cory, Donald W., 603 Cotton, John, 45

Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard, Count, 456

Coughlin, Charles E., 248

Courcy, John de, 832

Couve de Murville, Maurice, 1039

Cowles, Virginia, 935

Cram, Ralph Adams, xiv, 115

Crane, Philip M., 689

Crankshaw, Edward, 128, 388, 715

Creel, George, 980

Creighton, Mandell, 173

Cretineau-Joly, Jacques, 262, 263, 264

Crick, Francis B., 1155

Cripps, Sir Stafford, 377

Critias, 34

Croce, Benedetto, 20 Croce-Spinelli, Michel, 1147 Cromwell, Oliver, 43 Crowley, Robert T., 1186 Curran, Charles, 377 Currie, Lauchlin, 990

Curzon of Kedleston, George, Marquess, 237 Custine, Franqois de, 72 Cuttat, Jacques Albert, 1069 Czerwenka, Bernard, 140 Czynski, Jan, 296

D’Abernon, E. V. Viscount, 942, 945

Daim, Wilfried, 475

Daladier, Edouard, 271

Dallin, David J., 1003

Dana, Charles A., 102, 305

Daniel, Prophet, 39

Danneberg, Robert, 824

Dansette, Adrien, 441

Danton, Georges J., 79, 82, 83

Darnand, Joseph, 288

Darwin, Charles, 153

d’Astorg, Bertrand, 182

David, King, 95, 96, 120, 519

Davies, Joseph E., 227, 266, 736

Davila, Nicolas Gomez, 321

Davis, Isabella Herron, 211

Davis, John (Major), 287

Dawson, Christopher, 35

Deak, Francis, 838

Deane, Silas, 61

Dear, Marcel, 288

Debs, Eugene V., 212

Dell, Robert, 634

Delp, Alfred, S. J., 278

Demuth, Helene, 124

Denzinger, Heinrich, 553

Destutt de Tracy, Louis Comte, 320

Detmer, Heinrich, 75

de Vries, G. J., 734

Dewey, John, 190

Diderot, Denis, 73, 80, 91

Dieckhoff, Hans H., 246

Diels, Rudolf, 526

Diem, Ngo Dinh (see Ngo Dinh Diem) Dilcke, Sir Charles, 255

499

Dimitrov, Georgi, 261, 774 Diocletian, 1158

Disraeli, Benjamin, Lord Beaconsfield, 221, 560, 715, 935 Djilas, Milovan, 993 Dobrowsky, Josef, 424 Dodd, Martha, 227, 246, 812 Dodd, William E., 246, 247, 248,

735, 811, 813-816, 818, 821 Dodd, William E., Jr., 246 Dollfuss, Engelbert, 222, 239, 241, 242, 272, 484, 494, 740, 921 Donniges, Helene von, 123 Donoso Cortes, Juan, Marques de Valdegamas, 336 Doriot, Jacques, 288 Dostoyevski, Fedor M., 102, 111, 134, 269, 304, 378, 412, 413 Doubek, F. A., 938

Doumer, Paul, President, 740

/

Doumergue, Emile, 640 Doussinague, Jose R., 996 Dovzhenko, Alexander P, 594 Doyeweerd, Herman, 268 Drexler, Anton, 149, 498 Dreyfus, Alfred, 228, 739, 1113 Drtil (Dertil), Rudolf, 740 Drucker, Peter, 322, 806, 1071, 1138 Dubnow, S. M., 363 Dudintsev, V., 439 Dufraisse, A. Marc, 330 Diihren, Eugen (Iwan Bloch), 62, 180, 185

Dulles, Allan Welsh, 617, 850, 963, 966

Dulles, John Foster, 617 Duns Scotus, 37 Dupanloup, Felix A., 553 Dupeyrat, Andre, 1062, 1063 Dupont, (Du Pont) de Nemours, Pierre, 118

Dupre, Louis, 292, 360

Duranty, Walter, 369 Dyad’kin, Joseph, 1186 Dyer, R., General, 297 Dzhu-Enlai, 1126 Dzierzynski, Feliks E., 417, 419

Earle, George H., 277 Eastman, Max, ix, 673 Easum, Chester V., 85 Ecclesiastes, 23 Ecclesiasticus, 310 Eck, Marcel, 6

Eden, Anthony, Earl of Avon, 244,

245, 263, 280, 799, 803, 842, 926, 932, 961, 966, 980 Edward VIII, 798 Eggers-Lecour, Corrado E., 205 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 131, 397, 413, 767 Ehrlich, Henryk (Erlich), 267, 957 Einaudi, L., 183 Einstein, Albert, 991 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 959, 982,

991, 995, 1009, 1181 Eisenmann, Louis, 795 Eisner, Kurt, 120 Eliot, T. S., 1166 Elisabeth, Grandduchess, 597 Elizabeth, Empress and Queen, 193, 740

Elizabeth, St., cousin of Mary, 96

Elizabeth II, Queen, 84

Ellis, Havelock, 751

Ellul, Jacques, 500

Eluard, Paul, 181

Elwes, Rolf, 1007

Emmeric, St., Prince of Hungary, 7, 13 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 102 Endesfelder, Pastor, 484 Enfantin, Barthelemy, 93, 94 Engels, Friedrich, 96, 101, 108, 110, 112, 114, 118, 119, 123-125,

283, 290, 339, 340, 341, 343,

Index

Engels, Friedrich ( cont’d)

344, 330, 363, 382, 498, 1002, 1130

d’Enghien, Louis A., Due, 799 Englis, Karel, 147, 434 d’Epernay, Madame, 72 Epicurus, 108 Epimetheus, 255, 321 Erasmus, 87, 38 Erhard, Ludwig, 180, 80 Escholier, Marc, 339 Esser, Hermann, 498 Eucken, Walter, 180, 181 Eulenburg, Philipp, Prince, 384 Eve, 36

Everard, Mary Herron, 211 Evola, Giulio, 433, 436, 447, 472 Ewen, Doctor, 52

Fabricant, Noah, 994

Facta, Luigi, 141

Fairchild, Henry P, 258

Farel, Guillaume, 87

Farinacci, Robert, 349

Fasnacht, G. E., 161

Faulhaber, Michael von, Cardinal, 478

Faulkner, Harold, 11

Faure, Elie, 388

Fay, Sidney B., 613, 1018

Feiling, Keith, 803

Felice, G. de, 147

Felice, Renzo de, 1172

Fenelon, Francois Salignac, 630

Ferdinand, King of Aragon, 317

Fernsworth, Lawrence, 238

Ferrero, Guglielmo, 433, 347

Fest, Joachim C., 463

Feuerbach, Ludwig, 111, 118, 312

Fichte, Johann G., 7 1, 307

Filmer, Sir Robert, 99

Findeisen, Hans, 1062

Finer, Herman, 26

Fischer, Louis, 403, 419 Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 1034 Flake, Otto, 239 Fleiner, Fritz, 297 Florenski, Michael, 410 Foch, Ferdinand, General, 1113 Focke, Alfred, S. J., 309 Fonda, Jane, 1123 Ford, Franklin, 830 Ford, Henry, 231, 1184 Fortmann, H., 1073 Fouche, Joseph, 84, 799, 1132 Fourcroy, Antoine, 84 Fourier, Francois C., 85, 89, 97—101, 104, 109, 298, 299, 300, 301 Fradon, Dana, 334

France, Anatole, 74, 75, 206, 321-22 Franck, Sebastian, 87 Franckenstein, Baron, 1003 Franco y Bahamonde, Francisco, 28, 158, 185, 233, 236, 237, 238, 290, 291, 313, 339, 484, 737, 760, 777, 778, 787, 788, 873, 1098 Franco y Bahamonde, Ramon, 233 Frank, Hans, 463, 808 Frank, Jerome, 60 Frank, S. I., 399 Frank, Waldo, 258 Franke, Cofounder of National Socialism, 145 Franklin, Benjamin, 61, 68 Frantz, Constantin, 105, 314 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 214, 396 Franz Joseph, Emperor and King, 137, 177, 188, 193, 83, 277, 724 Fray man, Joseph, 1021 Fredborg, Arvid, 871 Frederick II, King, 47, 421 Frederick William III of Prussia, 108, 230

Freeman, H. J., 913 Freron, Elie, 80

501

Freud, Sigmund, 309, 673, 1103 Freyer, Hans, 383 Friedman, Milton, 190, 383 Frings, Joseph, Cardinal, 10, 968 Fritsch, Werner, Baron, 253, 848 Fritzsche, H., 923 Frobel, Friedrich, 68, 110 Fromm, Erich, 271, 482 Fuller, J. C. F. General, 265 Fuller, Margaret, 102, 203 Funke, Hermann, xviii

Gabriel, Archangel, 96 Gabriel, Ralph H., 308, 11, 363, 1084 Gaechter, Paul, S. J., 290 Gainou, Doctor, 82 Gairdner, James, 38 Galbraith, John K., 867 Galen, Bernhard von, Count, Cardinal, 42, 968, 1007 Galen, Nina, 448 Galera, Karl S., Baron, 434 “Gallicus,” 1033 Gambra, Rafael, 103, 781 Gandhi, Indira, 297, 1073 Gannon, Robert, S. J., 893 Garaudy, Roger, 293 Garcia Lorca, Federico, 234 Garcia Valdecasas, Alfonso, 236, 773, 778

Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 333

Garrick, J. C., 38

Garrison, W. E., 923

Gasman, Daniel, 320

Gasperi, Alcide de (Degasperi), 15 1

Gaulle, Charles de, xvii, 215, 288,

289, 293, 141, 694, 787, 946,

1031, 1039, 1098 Gaxotte, Pierre, 80, 142, 173, 197, 240, 243, 246, 233 Gay, Hobart R., 993 Gay, Peter, 380

Gazier, Augustin, 144

Gbenye, 77

Gedye, G. E. R., 808

Gelb, Leslie, 319, 1127

Gentz, Friedrich von, 793

Geoffroy, Julien Louis, 80

George III, King, 22, 38, 48, 51

George IV, King, 83

George VI, King, 315, 84

Gerlach, Ernst Ludwig von, 344, 648

Gero, Erno, 764

Gersdorff, Rudolph C., Baron, 870 Gerstein, Kurt, 278, 970 Gerstenmaier, Cornelia, 1142 Gerstner, Clara von, 729 Gewirth, Alan, 26 Gheddo, Piero, 1033 Gibbs, Sir Philip, 448 Giertych, J^drzej, 946 Gil Robles, Enrique, 21 Gil y Robles, Jose Maria, 233, 21 Gilbert, Martin, 960, 973 Gilbert, Nicholas L., 80 Gil by, Thomas, 1002 Gillouin, Rene, 399, 614 Gilson, Etienne, 42, 271 Ginsberg, Morris, 1019 Gioberti, Vincenzo, 290 Gladstone, William E., 171, 203, 624 Glaise von Horstenau, Edmund, 617 Glasenapp, Igor von, 393, 394 Globocnik, Odilo, 808 God,4,9, 10, 11,21,27,42,55,61, 71,85,87, 109, 125, 170, 172, 193, 213, 214, 226, 291,307,308,326, 330,332,333,335 ,270,316,478 Goebbels, (Paul) Josef, 120, 160, 259, 264, 277, 373, 439, 312, 313, 317, 874, 930, 1014 Goerdeler, Carl, 278 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 9, 307, 271

Index

Gold water, Barry, 191, 1109 Gontcharov, Ivan A., 403 Gooch, G. P., 482, 623, 702 Gorbachev (Gorbachov), Mikhail, 337, 339, 288

Gordon, Manya, 131, 390, 396 Gorer, Geoffrey, 184 Gorgulov, Assassin, 740 Gorham, Nathan, 47 Goring, Hermann, 247, 831, 888, 990 Gorki, Maxim, 411 Gorres, Ida F. Coudenhove, 60, 140, 243, 364, 623 Gottwald, Klement, 639 Goulart, Joao, 1143 Goya y Lucientes, Francisco de, 233, 306

Grabski, Stanislaw, 933, 942

Grant, Ulysses S., 896

Graziani, Rodolfo, 726

Greeley, Horace, 102

Green, Nathaniel, 48

Gregoire, Henri, 59, 72

Gregory VII, Pope, 1034

Grew, Joseph C., 282

Grey, Sir Edward, 197, 201, 203

Grillparzer, Franz, 310, 939

Grimm, Friedrich M., Baron, 72, 80

Grinell, Josiah, 666

Gringauz, Samuel, 368

Gripenberg, Georg A., 932

Grosclaude, Pierre, 233

Grund, Francis J., 225, 391, 731, 1101

Grunder, Robert F., 670

Guardini, Romano, 172

Guderian, Heinz, 321

Guerlac, Othon, 722

Guest, Edgar, 230, 607

Guilbeaux, Henri, 143

Guizot, Guillaume, 183

Gundlach, Gustav, S. J., 3, 1002

Gunther, John, 994

Gurian, Waldemar, 121, 374 Gustav V, King, 291

Haakon VII, King, 47 Haberler, Gottfried, 346 Habsburg dynasty, 150, 158, 209,

210, 212, 214, 221, 222-224ff, 241, 243, 246, 249, 307, 311— 313ff, 488, 494, 724, 798, 863 Haid, Walter, 145, 159 Haile Selassie, Emperor, 244, 245,

1064

Hajn, Alois, 140, 431 Halberstam, David, 1033 Haider, Franz, General, 163, 253 Hale, Nathan, 200 Hales, Alexander, 37 Halevy, Daniel, 107, 312, 333 Halifax, Edward, Lord, 245, 253, 266, 804, 837 Hallam, H., 339 Haller, C. L. von, 178, 648 Hamann, Johann G., xiii, 867 Hamilton, Alexander, 48, 54, 58, 61, 62, 158, 329, 89, 102, 116, 132, 134, 388, 831, 1091, 1161 Hammer, Armand, 110 Hammer, Rudolf, 261 Hammerstein, Hans von, 791 Hammett, Dashiell, 258 Hamsun, Knut, 133 Hanussen, ErikJ., 470 Hardenberg, Karl A., Freiherr von, 230 Harding, Warren G., 620 Harnack, Adolf von, 96, 69, 290 Harrigan, William N., 971 Harriman, Averell, 263 Harrison, John, 1166 Harsch, Joseph, 270, 870 Hart, Benjamin, 1148 Hartmann, Eduard von, 331, 1168 Hassan II, King, 301

503

Hassel, Ulrich von, 258, 872 Hatzfeld, Sophie, Countess, 123 Haugwitz, Christian A., Count, 614 Hayek, Friedrich August von, 12, 182, 226, 320, 321, 19, 26, 200, 377, 489, 546, 559, 1133, 1136 Hayes, Carlton J. H., 184, 189, 290, 561

Heatter, Gabriel, 270 Hebert, Jacques-Rene, 76 Hecht, Ben, 121, 375, 621 Hecker, Isaac, C. S. R, 102 Hedilla Larrey, Manuel, 237 Heer, Friedrich, 737 Hefele, Hermann, 35 Hegel, Georg W F., 79, 101, 108,

110, 204, 7, 341, 1150 Hegemann, Werner, 482 Heiden, Konrad, 149, 460, 524 Heiler, Friedrich, 71 Heimann, Eduard, 178, 179, 551 Heine, Heinrich, 108, 338, 608 Heine, Maurice, 62, 174 Heine, Th. Th., 479 Heitz, F., 258 Heilman, Lillian, 448, 910 Hemingway, Ernest, 759, 930 Henderson, Sir Nevile M., 821, 851 Hendrick, Burton J., 627 D’Henin, Princesse, 172 Henlein, Konrad, 153 Henningsen, C. F., 545 Henry Prince of Prussia, 47, 85 Heraclitus, 123

Herault de Sechelles, Marie J., 72 Herder, Gottfried von, 867 Herford, Charles H., 634 Hermens, Ferdinand A., 24, 641 Herriot, Edouard, 803 Herron, George D., 68, 208—2l6ff, 218, 246, 198, 619, 650, 653, 654, 655, 662, 668, 669, 670, 673, 674,

676, 678, 680, 682, 683, 684, 687-693/f, 697, 698, 699, 851

Herron, William, 211 Hertling, Georg, Freiherr von, 35 Hertz, Richard, 568 Herzen, Alexander, 102, 128, 324, 407, 1144

Herzl, Theodor, 120, 161, 86 Herzog, Wilhelm, 739 Hesiod, 34, 1091 Hess, Rudolf, 160 Himmelfarb, Gertrude, 281 Himmler, Heinrich, 247, 473, 886 Hindenburg, Paul von, 156, 253, 478 Hindus, Maurice, 230 Hintze, Paul von, Admiral, 676 Hirohito (“Showa”), Emperor, 1053 Hirschfeld, Magnus. 593 Hiss, Alger, 994, 996 Hitler, Adolf, xvi, 70, 109, 120, 136, 141, 144, 145, 149-I54ff, 157,

158, 159, 163, 166, 179, 187, 203, 215, 224, 231, 238, 239, 241, 242, 243, 245, 246, 248, 250-255, 257, 258, 259, 261, 264, 266, 270, 271, 273, 274, 277, 278, 279, 282, 285, 286, 290, 309, 330, 369, 420, 432, 463, 464, 465, 467, 470, 472, 478, 486, 487, 489, 490, 491, 494, 497, 498, 500, 507-511, 521, 522, 526, 748, 760, 787, 794, 799, 808, 817, 820, 843, 849, 868-872, 875, 886, 923, 935, 990, 1058 Ho-Chi-Minh, 1126 Hoare, Sir Samuel, Viscount

Templewood, 243, 244, 799. 802, 803, 845

Hobbes, Thomas, 69 Hobson, J. A., 126, 387 Hoch, Karel, 146 Hochhuth, Rolf, 971, 1079 Hofer, Walther, 521

Index

Hoffman, Ross J. S., 94 Hofler, Karl, 424 Hofmansthal, Hugo von, 659 Hofstadter, Richard, 225, 226, 730 Hohenberg, Sophie, Duchess of, 596 Hohenzollern dynasty, 47, 124, 221, 271, 311, 44, 488, 724 Hoi bach, Paul H., Baron, 72 Holl, Karl, 380

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 20, 66, 125, 187, 188, 192, 325, 31, 334, 566, 567, 569, 57/, 1131 Holmes, S. J., 189 Holstein-Gottorp dynasty, 44 Holtker, Joseph, 1062 Holy, Prokop, 39 Homer, 34

Hooker, Richard, xvii Hoover, Herbert, 230, 620 Horkheimer, Max, xiii, 17 Hornung, Peter, 1046 House, Edward M., Colonel, 204, 208, 628

Howe, Mark de Wolfe, 386 Howells, William D., 14 Hubermann, Leo, 258 Huddleston, Sisley, 795 Hiigel, Friedrich, Baron, 164, 328 Hughes, Charles E., 202 Hughes, Emrys, 896 Hughes, Philip, 290 Hugo, Victor, 243 Hugo of St. Victor, 27 Hull, Cordell, 246, 262, 263, 280, 809, 889, 980, 982, 990 Hiilsemann, Johann G., 170 Hume, David, xvii Hunter, Stanley A., 642 Huntford, Roland, 1183 Hus, Jan, 38, 39, 40, 138, 139, 140 Hutchins, Robert, 1009 Hutt, W. H., 13

Huxley, Aldous, 308

Ibarruri, Dolores, (“La Pasionaria”), 233

Ickes, Harold L., 990

Idi Amin Dada, 335

Ignatius of Antioch, 96

Inge, Dean, 482

Innitzer, Theodor, Cardinal, 494, 807

Ionesco, Eugene, 348

Ipatiev, Russian merchant, 404

Irenaeus, 96

Ireton, Henry, 43

Irlinger, Max, 472

Irving, David, 898

Isabel, Queen of Castile, 317

Isabel II, Queen of Spain, 347, 738

Isocrates, 35, 48

Jackson, Andrew, x, 50, 54, 194, 117

Jackson, Henry, 47

Jacob, 214

Jaeger, Werner, 7, 47

Jaffa, Henry, 126

Jahn, Friedrich L., 153

Jakobson, August, 1079

Jaksch, Wenzel, 839

James, Apostle, 41

James I, King, 609

James II, King, 247

James, William, 209, 272, 636

Jamieson, James, 322

Jan III Sobieski, King, 938

Jansen(ius), Cornelius, Bishop, 89

Jarcke, Carl Ernst, 23, 464

Jaspers, Karl, 968

Javier de Ayala, 52

Jay, John, 55

Jean Paul (Jean P. F. Richter), 125 Jean Vianney, St. (Cure d’Ars), 9, 84 Jefferson, Thomas, 48, 53—56fT, 58,

61, 62, 71, 194, 199, 225, 247, 313, 92, 99, 103, 109, 118, 119,

505

120, 122, 123, 124, 126, 128, 172, 221, 729, 1101

Jellinek, Georg, 61, 69, 164, 207, 208 Jenghiz-Khan, 317

Jesus Christus, 9, 24, 34, 37, 42, 95, 96, 165, 172, 173, 204, 226, 262, 270, 57, 319 Jetzinger, Franz, 463 Jevtic, Bosko, 797 Jewkes, John, 377 Joachim de Floris, 36, 73, 89 Jodi, Allred, General, 163 John, Apostle, 95, 96 John XXIII, (Roncalli), Pope, 39, 65 John XXIII, Counterpope, 65 Johnson, Lyndon B., 315, 620 Johnson, Samuel, 217, 226 Johst, Hanns, 62, 231 Jonah (Johnah), Prophet, xvii Jonas d’Orleans, 60 Joseph, St., 95, 96 Joseph II, Emperor, 22, 424 Jouvenel, Bertrand de, 221 Juarez, Benito, 137, 663 Juderias, Julian, 609 Jung, Rudolf, 147, 149, 434, 439 Jiinger, Ernst, 164, 279, 315, 329,

870, 934, 978, 1061 Jiinger, Friedrich Georg, 978 Jusserand, Jean J., 215 Justin (Martyr), 96

Kagi, Werner, 70, 214, 213, 216, 217 Kahr, August von, 153, 478 Kalb, Jean de, 50, 95 Kaltenbrunner, Gerd-Klaus, 320 Kamenev, Leo B., 120 Kampschulte, F. W., 276 Kannegiesser, Russian student, 419 Kant, Immanuel, 307, 867 Kaplan, Fanya, 419 Karagjorgjevic, dynasty, 47, 223

Karakosov, assassin, 740 Karolyi, Michael Count, 233 Katkov, George, 406 Kaufman, Theodore N., 258, 272, 930 Kaufmann, George, 258 Kautsky, Karl, 118 Kecskemeti, Paul, 44, 81 Keitel, Wilhelm, General, 163 Keller, Ludwig, 78 Kelsen, Hans, 189, 22, 33, 373 Kendall, Willmoore, 295 Kennan, George F., 206, 370, 637 Kennedy, John F., 292, 301, 620, 1068 Kerenski, Alexander, xx, 67, 73, 129, 133, 201, 202, 338, 403, 410 Kerillis, Henri de, 289 Kern, Fritz, 32, 647 Kerney, James, 683 Kerwin, Jerome G., 776 Kessler, Harry, Count, 933, 991 Ketteler, Wilhelm B. Bishop, 182, 438, 360

Kettenacker, Lothar, 967 Keyes, Roger, 873

Keynes, John Maynard, 205, 217, 621, 633, 701

Keyserling, Hermann, Count, 189,

263, 376, 891

Khaddafi (Quadhafi), Muamar, 317 Khaldun, Ibn, 643

Khrushchev (Khrushchov), Nikita, 12, 313, 12, 782

Kierkegaard, Sprcn, 38, 190, 262, 63, 730, 887

Kindermann, Gottlried-Karl, 306, 799 King, Ernest J., 991 King-Hall, Stephen, 257 Kingsland, Rosemary, 1177 Kinsky, Nora, Countess, 612 Kinsky, Z. R., 827 Kirk, Russell, xiv, 91, 121, 162 Kirkien, Leszek, 933

Index

Kirkpatrick, Sir Ivone, 85/

Kisch, Guido, 865

Kissinger, Henry, 1055

Kleist, Ewald von, 850

KlofaG Vaclav, 145

Klossowski, Pierre, 63

Knickerbocker, H. R., 526

Knirsch, Hans, 147, 148, 454

Koestler, Arthur, 580

Kogon, Eugen, 526

Kolakowski, Leszek, 334, 938, 1176

Kolarz, Walter, 914

Kollontay, Alexandra, 417

Koltshak, Alexander V., 726

Komorowski, Tadeusz, Count,

(“General Bor”), 276 Kordt, Erich, 804 Kordt, Theodor, 253, 254 Kornemann, Ernst, 219, 708 Korolkov, S. G., 287 Kosciuszko, Tadeusz, 50, 938 Kossuth, Lajos, 210 Kotzebue, August von, 333, 1174 Kraft, Wilhelm, 484 Krasnov, Nikolay N., 1026 Krebs, Hans, 454, 458 Kripp, Georg B., Baron, 558 Kristol, Irving, 320 Krofta, Kamil, 140, 431, 832 Kropotkin, Peter A., Prince, 123, 138, 423

Kruif, Paul de, 258 Krupp, Bertha, 1015 Krupp von Bohlen, Alfried, 286 Krutch, J. Wood, 580 Krygier, R., 866 Kubizek, August, 466 Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Erik M. von, ix, xiv, 27, 68, 133, 237, 364, 388, 430, 480, 538, 541, 552, 558, 577, 594, 686, 707, 744, 754, 923, 972, 1002, 1050, 1062, 1078, 1107,

1140, 1152, 1153, 1157, 1170,

1175

Kuhn, Helmut, 448

Kuhn, Loeb and Schiff, Bankers, 370

Kulski, W., 864

Kun (Khun), Bela, 120, 215

Kiing, Hans, 1172

Kunze, Berthold, 558

Kiinzli, Arnold, 348, 363

Kurchov, Ivan, 1079

Kurganov, Ivan, 1186

Kiirnberger, Ferdinand, 608

Kurusu, Saburo, 990

Kuusinen, Otto, 260

Kux, Ernst, 108, 337, 342, 345

Kvacala, J., 280

Kyemba, Henry, 1182

Lacordaire, Dominique, O. P, 173, 539 Lacroix, Jean, 60 Lactantius, 96

Lafayette, M. J. de Mortier, Marquis de, 50, 54, 58, 61, 62, 72, 74, 210, 154, 172

Lagardelle, Hubert, 141 LaGuardia, Fiorello, 289 Laine, Jean, 83 Lait, Jack, 984

Lamartine, Alphonse M. L. de, 61, 158 Lamballe, Princesse de, 75 Lameth, Alexandre de, 72, 74 Lameth, Charles de, 72, 74 Lammasch, Heinrich, 213, 214, 681 Lampson, Sir Miles, 267 Lane, Franklin, 641 Lane, Jane, 588 Lang, Hugo, O. S. B., 192 Langoth, Franz, 455 Lanjuinais, Jean-Denis, Comte de, 72 Lansdowne, Henry Ch. K., Lord, 201, 207, 214, 639 Lansing, Robert, 204, 679

507

Lanz von Liebenfels, Georg, 152 Lapide, Pinchas E., 1054 Lapierre, Dominique, 1080 Laqueur, Walter, 370 Largo Caballero, Francisco, 237 Lasierra, Raymond, 38 Laski, Harold, 125, 157, 386, 493, 565, 783

Lassalle, Ferdinand, 119, 123, 124, 363

Lattimore, Owen, 282, 990 Laun, Rodolphe, 472 Launay, Bernard de, governor of the Bastille, 64

Laval, Pierre, 243, 244, 288, 799, 802, 803, 1032 Lavoisier, Antoine L. de, 76 Lavrov, Peter, 103 Lawrence, D. H., 17, 1166 Lazarus, 340 Lazarus, Emma, 199 Leahy, William D., 991 Leber, Julius, 278 Le Bon, Gustave, 472 Lebon, Joseph, 76 Lebret, Joseph, O. R, 332 Lee, Stanislaw, 33 Leclerc dOze, Jean Th., 76 Ledeen, Michael, 445 Lederer, Emil, 846

Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre A., 101, 208 Lee, Henry, 128 Legaz y Lacambra, Luis, 35 Leger, Louis, 427 Leibholz, Gerhard, 472, 967 Leibowitz, Judge, 1008 Lely, Gilbert, 63, 66, 175, 176, 178, 179, 234

LeMay, Curtis E., 991

Lemberg, Eugene, 320

Lenau, Nikolaus, 608

Lenin, Nadezda (Krupskaya), 129, 403

Lenin (Ulyanov), Vladimir I., Ill, 126, 129, 132, 136, 151, 268, 274, 294, 308, 396, 403, 411, 417, 478, 500, 743, 782, 853, 143 Lennhoff, Eugen, 795 Leo XIII, Pope, 3 Leontyev, Konstantin, 336 Leopold II, Emperor, 595 Leopold I, King of the Belgians, 47, 83 Leopold III, King of the Belgians, 873, 960

Lerner, Max, 258

Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole, 130, 391, 401

Lerroux y Garda, Alejandro, 237

Leslie, Kenneth, 787

Lewis, Wyndham, 93, 136, 1166

Leyden, Jan van (Bokelszoon), 41, 42

Lidell-Hart, Basil, 265, 902, 964

Lieber, Francis, 48, 90

Ligne, Charles J., Prince de, 68

Lilburne, John, 43

Lincoln, Abraham, 128, 447, 729,

1111

Lindsay, A. D., 7

“Lindstrom, Herr” (see Ludendorff, Erich, General)

Lippman, Walter, 68, 200, 201, 639, 650, 677, 927, 992, 1003 Lipschitz, Chaim, 1050 Lloyd George, David, 125, 133, 148, 163, 169, 201, 204, 205, 207, 218, 219, 246, 250, 252, 255, 274, 281, 311, 621, 702, 707, 837, 843, 935 Lochner, Louis R, 524, 557, 832, 965 Locke, John, xvii, 97, 295 Londonderry, Charles Lord, 254 Lopez-Amo, Angel, 221, 1002 Lorenz, Willy, 425 Lortz, Josef, 583 Los, Polish sociologist, 951 Lossow, von, General, 152, 478 Lot, Ferdinand, 935, 946

Index

Lothian, Philip Kerr, Lord, 246, 814 Louis IX, King, 768 Louis XIV, King, 22, 78, 302 Louis XVI, King, 52, 59, 72, 78, 236, 319, 102, 771 Louis XVIII, 93, 1132 Louis Ferdinand, Prince, 557 Louis Philippe, King, 110, 112, 83 Loveday, Arthur, 785 Lowell, James R., 102 Lowith, Karl, 589

Lubac, Henri de, S. J., 105, 107, 313, 328

Ludendorff, Erich, General, 134, 152, 293, 478

Ludwig I, Emperor, 37

Lueger, Karl, 272

Lukacs, John, 500

Luke, St., 95

Lumumba, Patrice, 303

Lunacharski, Anatoli V., 417

Luther, Martin, 36, 37, 40, 41, 73,

77, 86, 87, 139, 154, 172, 190, 209, 225, 316, 27, 69, 71, 268, 270, 271, 274, 273, 380, 483, 483, 383, 633, 1116, 1170 Luxemburg, dynasty, 863 Luza, Radomir, 503 Lyashenko, Peter L., 393 Lyons, Eugene, 184, 186, 228, 396, 363, 909

Mably, Abbe de (Gabriel de Bonnot),

72, 94

MacArthur, Douglas, General, 293,

995, 1060

Macartney, H. A., 219, 220, 709, 710, 719

MacDonald, Ramsey, 216 Machado, Antonio, 120, 234, 371 Machiavelli, Nicolo, 90 Machlup, Fritz, 346

Macias Nguema, Fernando, 335 Mackenzie, Sir Compton, 388, 632, 906

MacLaughlin, Andrew C., 113 MacLean, Fitzroy, 273, 933 Madach, Imre, 1082 Madariaga, Salvador de, 34, 234, 86, 609, 731, 733, 774, 773, 779, 780, 783, 1146

Madeiros, Celestino, 228 Madelung, Aage, 308 Madison, James, 54, 55, 17, 99, 111, 112, 113, 123, 130, 913, 1161 Mafalda of Hesse, Princess, 904 Maglione, Luigi, Cardinal, 971 Maier, Hans, 100 Maier, Heinrich, 47 Maine, Sir Henry, 17 Maistre, Joseph de, 132, 178,225,

336, 388, 402, 436, 646 Malaparte, Curzio (Suckert), 349 Malesherbes, Chretien, Lamoignon de, 72, 79, 80, 253 Malraux, Andre, 339, 639 Mandelstam, Nadejda, 127 Mann, Golo, 157, 492 Mann, Thomas, 67, 157, 198, 283, 603

Mannheim, Karl, 1108

Manuel II, King, 758

Mao Tse-Tung (Mao-Zedong), 136,

162, 216, 335, 300, 1098 Maranon, Gregorio, 234, 779 Marceau-Desgraviers, 83 Marcel, Gabriel, 17 Marchenko, Anatoli R., 413, 916 Marcus Aurelius, 317, 1167 Marcuse, Herbert, xiii, 7 Maria da Gloria (Maria II) Queen, 347 Maria Theresa, Empress, 270, 271,

317 ,12

Marinetti, Tomaso, 12

509

Maritain, Jacques, 68, 238, 308, 332, 99, 199, 785, 1003 Marius, 35 Mark, Evangelist, 95 Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of, 313

Marmontel, Jean, Fr., 80 Marshall, George C., 292 Marshall, Ray, 15

Marsilius (Marsiglio) of Padua, 37, 40, 26, 56, 429

Martin, A. von, 71 Martin, Everett Dean, 35 Martin, Ralph G., 1040 Martini, Winfried, 35, 686, 753, 781, 1002

Marx, Edward, 381 Marx, Heinrich, 108, 336 Marx, Henriette (Pressburg), 108 Marx, Jenny, nee von Westphalen, 109,

346

Marx, Karl, 104, 107, 108-127ff,

284, 307, 319, 337, 339, 340, 343, 344, 347-350, 352, 353, 359, 363, 372, 379, 381, 382, 384, 498,

1130

Mary, the Virgin, 95, 96 Masaryk, Jan, 659, 837 Masaryk, Thomas G., 140, 146, 148, 209, 210, 251, 254, 274, 306, 307, 431, 452, 657, 658, 659, 660, 795, 837, 841

Maser, Werner, 463, 466 Massie, Robert K., 404, 405 Mastny, J., Czech Minister, 246 Mathiez, Albert, 59, 141, 142 Matthew, Apostle, 95 Matthews, Herbert L., 231, 238, 244, 801

Matthews, W. R., 851 Matthys, Jan, 41 Mauer, Otto, 280

Maurois, Andre, 245 Maurras, Charles, 29, 96, 225, 329, 45 Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, 137, 177, 55, 83, 663 May, Eduard, 572 May, Karl, 133 Mayakovski, Vladimir V., 417 Mayer, F. E., 1054 Maynard, Theodore, 304 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 307, 714 McCloy, John J., 1011 McCormick, Anne O’Hare, 270, 1039 McCoy, Charles N. R., 99 McHenry, James, 103 McLeod, Ian, 845 McSorley, Joseph, C. S. P, 915 Mease, James, 99 Medici, family, 328 Meinecke, F., 90 Meissinger, Karl August, 71 Melanchthon, 87 Mellon, family, 231 Melville, Herman, xiv, 18, 198, 26,

602

Mencken, H. L., xiv, 185 Mendelssohn, Peter de, 385, 856, 858 Menendez Pidal, Ramon, 234 Menger, Carl von, 546 Mengistu, Haile Mariam, 245 Merezhkovski (Myereshkovski), Dmitri, 135, 340, 414, 1188 Merkl, Adolf, 297 Messner, Johannes, 1175 Metternich, Clemens, Prince, 24, 29, 35, 60, 75, 203, 210, 149, 150,

284, 795

Metternich-Winneburg, Richard Fiirst, 50

Metzger, Paul, 155 Meyer, Frank S., 15 Michael Romanov, Tsar, 404 Michelet, Jules, 1144

Index

Michels, Robert(o), 16, 216, 21, 53, 700

Mickiewicz, Adam, 938

Migne, J. R, 13

Mihajlov, Mihajlo, 325, 1149

Mihajlovic, Draza, 273, 278, 279

Mikasa, Prince, 1053

Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw, 263, 281, 926

Mikoyan, Anastas I., 73

Mill, J. S., xvii, 1 7

Miller, A., Ambassador, 864

Miller, John C., 50, 87, 96

Mills, C. Wright, 622

Milosz, Czeslaw, 938

Minucius Felix, 96

Mirabeau, G. de Riqueti, Comte de,

72, 74

Mirgeler, Alfred, 278 Mises, Ludwig von, 162, 178, 180, 546, 550, 560

Mises, Margit von, 550, 1160 Mitchison, Nami, 1069 Mitscherlich, Alexander, 60 Moeller van den Bruck, Arthur, 560 Mohammed, 270 Mohler, J. A., 71 Mola Vidal, Emilio, 234 Molden, Otto, 980 Moley, Raymond, 248 Moliere, Jean B. P., 296 Molisch, Paul, 498 Molnar, Thomas, 605, 792 Molotov, Vyatcheslav, 257, 259, 263, 266, 280, 783, 879 Moltke, Helmut-James, Count, 278 Momigliano, Arnaldo, 48 Mommsen, Theodor, 336 Monelli, Paolo, 549 Monnerot, Jules, 459 Montalembert, Charles, Comte de, 171, 173, 175, 290, 536 Montanelli, Indro, 659, 778

Montesquieu, C. L. de Secondat, Baron de, 53, 68, 196

Montreuil, Marie M. (“Presidente”), 64 Montreuil, Renee P. de, Marquise de Sade, 63, 65

Monypenny, William F., 715, 935 Moog, Vianna, 606 Moore, Paul Elmer, xiv Mora, Gonzalo Fernandez de la, 10 Moran, Charles Me Moran, Lord, 864 Moras, French revolutionary, 79 Morelly (first name unknown), 90, 91, 94, 98, 36, 281, 416, 467, 530 Morgan, family, 231 Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 198, 263,

272, 737, 929, 1039 Morley, Felix, 570

Morris, Gouverneur, 48, 58, 102, 135, 137, 138, 1161 Morris, William, Jr., 90 Morrison of Lambeth, Herbert Lord, 1021

Morse, Arthur D., 261 Mortimer, Lee, 984 Morus (see St. Thomas More)

Mosca, Gaetano, 16, 21, 599, 744, 1053

Moses, 321, 26 Mosley, Leonard, 617 Mounier, Emmanuel, 330, 536 Mountbatten, family, 84 Muehlon, Wilhelm, 213 Muench, Aloys J., Cardinal, 1000 Mugabe, Robert, 332 Muggeridge, Malcolm, 936 Mulele, 77

Muller-Armack, Alfred, 44, 60, 68, 180, 80, 151, 523, 558 Munch, Hermann, 452 Miinsterberg, Hugo, 208, 644 Miinzer, Thomas, 41 Murat, Joachim, 389

511

Muret, Charlotte, 35 Murphy, Robert, 227, 889, 983, 996, 997, 1039

Murray, Rosalind (Mrs. Toynbee), 17 Mussolini, Arnaldo, 137, 229, 740 Mussolini, Benito, 25, 137-l45ff,

160, 178, 216, 228, 229, 231, 239, 24l-245ff, 249, 253, 271, 286, 288, 422, 423, 434, 436, 441, 443, 300, 349, 726, 738, 787, 799, 803, 873, 934

Mussolini, Edda (Ciano), 144 Mussolini, Vittorio, 144, 446 Musulin von Gomirje, Alexander, 396 Mutsuhito (“Meiji”), 317

Nabokov, Vladimir, 401, 407 Nadler, Josef, 168

Napoleon I, 62, 72, 73, 92, 175, 204, 248, 315, 320, 236, 614, 799 Napoleon III, 302, 336 Nass, L., 234 Nasser, Gamal ab del, 300 Nawroth, E. E., O. R, 338 Nedic, Milan, General, 1027 Neesse, Gottfried, 472, 314 Nef, John U., 242 Nelken, Margarita, 772 Nell-Breuning, Oswald von, S. J., 336 Nellesen, Bernd, 442 Nenni, Pietro, 143 Nero, 1137

Neubacher, Hermann, 159 Neuhausler, Johann, Bishop, 968 Neumann, Franz, 482 Neumann, Heinz, 420 Neumann, William L., 990 Neumeister, Heddy, 173, 338 Newman, Henry, Cardinal, 383, 389 Newton, second Baron, 206, 639 Ngo Brothers, 1033 Ngo Dinh Diem, 292, 1033

Nguen Tien Hung, 1128 Nicholas I, Emperor, 377, 740 Nicholas II, Emperor, 133, 201, 265, 404

Nicolson, Harold, 205, 330, 833, 837, 933, 942, 1164

Niebuhr, Reinhold, 198, 208, 336, 482, 603, 649, 770, 776 Niemoeller, Martin, 969 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 5, 141, 7, 9, 71, 439

Nigg, Walter, 70

Nin, Anais, 763

Nin, Andres, 234, 763

Nisselovitch, 396

Nitti, Francesco, 833

Nixon, Richard, 1128

Noailles, Louis M., Vicomte de, 72

Nock, Albert J., xiv, 56, 185, 113,

129, 990, 1184 Nolte, Ernst, 443 Nomad, Max, 369 Nomura, Kichisaburo, 990 Norman, Montague, 263 Novatian, 96 Novgorodzev, Paul, 390 N(y)echayev, Sergey, 378

Oakeshott, Michael, 160, 313 Oberdank, Wilhelm (Oberdan, Guglielmo), 721 Oberdorfer, Dan, 1093 Occam, William of, 37 Odets, Clifford, 258 Odinetz, D. M., 390 Odojewski, Wlodzimierz, 933 Ofner, Gunther, 1131 Ollivier, Albert, 330 Opitz, Edmund, xv Oranje-Nassau, dynasty, 47 Origen, 96

Orlando, Vittorio E., 205

Index

Orleans, Louis Philippe Joseph, Duke of, 72

Ortega Spottorno, Jose, 762 Ortega y Gasset, Jose, 234, 7, 35, 762, 779

Orwell, George, 18, 260, 308, 594, 763

Osousky, Stefan, 678, 823 Ossorio y Gallardo, Angel, 788 Oster, Hans, General, 258 Ostrogorski, Moses Yakovlevitch, 314, 1108

Otten, Karl, 482

Otto (von Habsburg), Archduke, 316, 960, 1118

Owen, Robert, 118, 122, 123 Oyarzun, Roman, 561

Paassen, Pierre van, 787 Pacioli di Borgo, Fra Luca, O. F. M., 172, 173

Paderewski, Ignacy Jan, 864, 938 Page, Mann, 48 Page, Walter Hines, 203, 729 Paine, Thomas, xvii, 62, 194, 231 Palacky, Frantisek, 140, 431 Palissot de Montenoy, Charles, 80 Palmerston, Henry John, Lord, 169 Pandora, 32 1

Pange, Jean, Comte de, 795 Pange, Pauline, Comtesse de, 229 Pantoflicek, Jaroslav, 712 Papen, Franz von, 156, 157, 202, 247, 248, 489, 526, 616, 797, 925 Papousek, Jaroslav, 795 Paramonow, Boris, 29 Pares, Sir Bernard, 389 Pareto, Vilfredo, 16, 21, 700 Parkinson, Northcote, 649 Parmiter, Geoffrey de C., 28 Pascal, Blaise, 124 Patch, General, 289

Pattee, Richard, 784

Patton, George, General, 282

Paul, Apostle, 96, 173, 519

Paul VI, Pope, 332

Pauley, E. W., 280

Pauper, Alexander, 356

Pavlov, Ivan R, 580

Payne, Robert, 403

Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer, 102

Pedro II, Emperor, 282

Peel, Sir Robert, 170

Peers, Allison, 780

Peguy, Charles, 1, 141, 17, 436

Pekar, Josef, 139, 64

Pellico, Silvio, 210

Pembaur, Walther, 4

Penck, Albrecht, 941

Pendergast, Tom, 280, 984

Penn, William, 45, 330

Pennypacker, Anne W, 923

Pennypacker, Samuel, 923

Percy of Newcastle, Eustace, Lord, 574

Pereyra, Burton J., 626

Perkins, Frances, 748

Perlzweig, Maurice L., 291

Peron, Juan Domingo, 500, 1070

Perrault, Gilles, 1034

Pertinax, 803

Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, 68 Petain, Henri Philippe, 289, 436, 787, 1031

Peter, Apostle, 26, 96, 43 Peter the Great, 224, 230 Peters, Walter H., 629 Peterson, Erik, 100 Petlyura, Symon, 274, 943 Petrashevski, Mikhail V., 134 Petre, Loraine, 86 Petrie, Sir Charles, 656 Petrovic-Njegos, dynasty, 47 Peyrefitte, Roger, 795, 823 Pfeifer, former monk, 4l

513

Pfitzner, Josef, 149,459 Philip Neri, St., 86 Philip II, King, 224 Philip Duke of Edinburgh, 84 Philip of Hesse, Prince, 904 Philips, Lionel, 108 Phillips, William, 855 Phokion, 35, 310 Picasso, Pablo, 234, 761 Picker, Henry, 152, 474, 527, 757, 760, 868, 869, 871, 875, 886, 1044

Pike, Frederick B., 753 Pilate, Pontius, 34

Pilsudski, Josef, 222, 247, 274, 938, 946

Pinochet, Augusto, 1173 Pipes, Richard, 399 Pirckheimer, Willibald, 87 Pitt, William, Jr., 1098 Pius IX, Pope, 179, 865 Pius X, Pope, 3 Pius XI, Pope, 229, 247, 553 Pius XII, Pope, 11, 291, 332, 3, 582, 590, 788, 971, 1054 Plato, 33, 34, 35, 40, 52, 67, 74, 156, 1002

Plehwe, K. von, 490 Plenn, Abel von, 923 Plumyene, Leon, 38 Plutarch, 310, 1090 Plyekhanov, Georiy W., 417 Poincare, Raymond, 706 Pol, Heinz, 787

Pol Pot, 318, 319, 324, 1056, 1126 Pollock, Sir Frederick, 325, 31, 534, 567, 571

Polybius, 35, 74, 49, 1002 Polycarp of Smyrna, 96 Ponchardier, Dominique, 1032 Pool, James and Suzanne, 525 Pope, Alexander, 329, 331

Popper, Sir Karl, 3.30, 1167 Posner, Oskar, 795 Possony, Stefan, 403, 419 Potulicki, M., 864 Pound, Ezra, 1166 Pozzi, Henri, 853, 854 Preen, Friedrich von, 8 Prevost-Paradol, Lucien A., 722 Preysing, Konrad Count, Cardinal, 968 Prieux de la Marne, 83 Primo de Rivera, Jose Antonio, 236, 290

Primo de Rivera, Miguel, 290, 442 Princip, Gavrilo, 193, 223 Procrustes, 7, 11

Prokesch von Osten, Anton, Count,

795

Prometheus, 321

Proudhon, Pierre J., 104, 105, 107, 110, 112, 119, 141, 311, 312, 315, 317-334ff

Pryce-Jones, David, 981 Pugatshov, Yemelyan I., 132 Pulaski, Kazimierz, 50, 938

Queipo de Llano, Gonzalo, 234 Quixote de la Mancha, Don, 291

Rabaut de Saint-Etienne, Jean Paul, 60

Racine, Jean, 296

Raczyriski, Edward, Count, 935

Radbruch, Gustave, 35

Raddatz, Fritz J., 348

Rade, Martin, 69

Radek, Karl B., 163

Radic, Stjepan, 222

Radzinski, Edward, 404

Radziwill, Anton, Prince, 612

Raemaeker, Louis, 1179

Reger, J. C., 99

Rahv, Philip, 57, 58

Rakosi, Matyas, 253

Index

Rand, Carrie (Mrs. Herron), 211, 668 Randa, Alexander von, 442 Randolph of Roanoke, Edmund, 54, 55 Rankovic, Alexander, 975 Rapp, Georg, 122 Rappard, William F., 22, 23 Rausch, Jurgen, 1002 Rauschning, Hermann, 158, 373, 494-497ff 499, 304 Rawicz, Slawomir, 938 Raynal, Abbe Guillaume, 72 Razumovsky, Andreas, Count, 974 Read, Sir Herbert, 159, 303, 306 Reck-Malleczewen, F., 448, 480, 978, 1024

Redier, Antoine, 340 Reed, Mrs. Fernando, 923 Reel, Frank A., 286, 1020 Regnery, Henry, 990 Reimann, Victor, 494, 497 Reiner, Ludwig, 336 Reis, Batalha, 704 Renan, Ernest, 84 Renner, Karl, 807 Renstedt, C. J., 403 Reuchlin, Johann, 87 Reventlow, E. Count, 163, 327 Reynold, Gonzague de, 363, 1032 Reynolds, Quentin, 267-270ff, 911-914, 918, 919

Ribbentrop, Joachim V., 257, 259,

266, 868, 876, 923 Ribot, Alexandre, 201, 206, 679 Ricardo, David, 118 Ricchioni, Vincenzo, 389 Richelieu, Armand J. du Plessis, Cardinal, 90

Riddell, George A., Lord, 933 Riddell, Nicholas, 231 Ridruego, Dionisio, 778 Riehl, Walter, 147, 149, 152, 498 Riezler, Sigmund, 26

Rintelen, Franz von, 616 Ripley, George, 102 Ritter, Gerhard, 830 Rivarol, Antoine de, 294, 336, 1034, 1061, 1137

Robbins, Caroline, 727 Roberto, Holden, 77 Roberts, Kenneth, 49 Robespierre, Maximilien de, 59, 62, 65, 71, 72, 77, 79, 81, 82, 84,

319, 141, 233, 330 Robinson, Donald B., 1033 Robinson, E. A., 169 Rocca, Massimo, 143, 434, 444, 349 Rochambeau, Jean B. Comte de, 50 Rodriguez Casado, Vicente, 71 Roemer, Lawrence, 26, 304, 374, 602 Rohm, Ernst, 160, 393 Rolland, Romain, 210 Romains, Jules, 144, 448 Rommel, Erwin, General, 163 Roos, Hans, 933, 942, 946 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 230, 262 Roosevelt, Elliot, 32, 833, 896 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, xvi, 20, 230, 231, 246, 247, 248, 254, 260, 262, 263, 271, 273, 276, 278, 280, 281, 282, 290, 291, 301, 319, 334, 337, 386, 620, 713, 747, 748, 749, 833, 896, 926, 939, 963, 990, 994, 996, 1039, 1119, 1180 Roosevelt, Theodore, 202, 396, 620 Ropke, Wilhelm, 158, 180, 181, 182, 189, 283, 35, 280, 334, 498, 334, 1018, 1160

Rosenberg, Alfred, 162, 373, 393, 773 Rosenberg, Arthur, 623 Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 229 Rosmini-Serbati, Antonio, Count, 17, 1002

Ross, Colin, 231 Rossi, Cesare, 349

515

Rostow, Walt W., 623 Rothfels, Hans, 557, 965 Rougemont, Denis de, 35 Rouget de Lisle, Claude J. de, 72 Rougier, Louis, 224, 226, 398, 1031, 1033

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, xvi, 46, 68-7Iff, 73, 93, 94, 100, 190, 209, 314, 218, 219, 220, 223, 472, 1032, 1106 Roux, Jacques, 76, 77 Royce, Josiah, 11 Royer, Claude, 79 Royer-Collard, P. R, 171, 325 Rozanov, V., 135, 413 Rozwadowski, Tadeusz (von), 946 Rudolf, Crown Prince, 177 Riidt-Collenberg, Hasso, Baron, 318 Ruge, Arnold, 108, 110, 347 Rugg, Harold, 448 Ruggiero, Guido de, 35 Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, 448

Rush, Benjamin, 61, 194, 118, 391, 393, 1023

Rushdoony, Rousasjohn, xv Russell, Bertrand, Lord, 233, 399 Russell, Francis, 740 Russell, James E., 189 Rusticucci, Luigi, 229, 740 Riistow, Alexander, General, 555 Riistow, Alexander, Jr., 171, 180, 181, 182, 71, 191, 271, 279, 333, 333, 336, 338

Riistow, Casar, 555 Riistow, Wilhelm F., 555 Rutykh, A., 399, 407

Sacco, Nicola, 228, 229, 740 Sade, Donatien A., Marquis de, 9, 46, 62-69ff, 72, 90, 133, 163, 165, 190, 193, 235, 314, 186, 187, 330

Sagnac, Philippe, 61, 163 Saguard, Francois M., 38 Saint-Aulaire, F. J., Comte de, 795 Sainte-Beuve, Charles A., 172, 646 Saint-Just, Louis A. L. de, 71, 72, 76, 330

Saint-Pierre, Jacques Henri de, 72 Saint-Simon, Henri, Comte de, 91, 92, 97, 98, 100, 102, 111, 283, 297 Saint-Simon, Louis R., Due de, 283 Sakharov, Konstantin W., 726 Sakrausky, O. Bishop, 1133 Salazar, Antonio Oliveira, 229, 1098 Salomon, Ernst von, 1006 San Martin, Jose, 47, 324 Sancho Panza, 291 Sanctis, Gino de, 441 Sand, Karl, 333 Sandburg, Carl, 199 Sanjurjo Sacanell, Jose, 233, 734 Santos y Molina, Bishop, 757 Sartori, Giovanni, 35 Sartre, Jean Paul, 25 Satan, 308 Sauson, Madame, 83 Saventhen, Eric de, 332 Savoy, dynasty, 177, 347 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, dynasty, 47, 177, 44, 347

Schacht, Hjalmar Greeley, 925 Schaffner, Bertram, 1008 Schama, Simon, 264 Schecter, Jerrold L., 1128 Schickele, Rene, 638 Schicklgruber, Maria A., 149, 463 Schieder, Theodor, 499 Schilling, Otto, 27 Schilling-Schletter, Alexander, 498 Schlegel, Friedrich, 74 Schleicher, Kurt von, General, 156, 489, 490

Schlossberg, Herbert, xv

Index

Schmid, Josef, 59 Schmidt, Guido, 797, 821 Schmidt, Paul, 843, 868, 877 Schmidt, Wilhelm, S. V. D., 980 Schmitt, Bernadotte, 6/5 Schmitt, Carl, 35 Schnabel, Franz, 7, 35, 72, 195 Schneider, Reinhold, 978 Schnitzler, Margarete von, 1014 Schoeberle, Frieda B. Herron, 211 Schoeck, Helmut, 10, 1073 Schoeps, Hans Joachim, 544 Schoffler, Herbert, 269 Schonemann, Friedrich, 62, 169 Schonerer, Georg von, 146, 147, 432 Schopenhauer, Johanna, 591 Schreiber, Helene, 775 Schrenck-Notzing, C., Baron, 1009, 1011

Schtiddekopf, Otto E., 526 Schulz, Karl, 152, 153 Schumacher, Kurt, 179, 284 Schuman, Robert, 1098 Schumann, Frederick L., 258, 270 Schurz, Carl, 110, 348 Schuschnigg, Kurt von, 242, 245, 248, 794, 795, 797, 821, 830 Schiitze, Wilhelm von, 1008 Schveitzer, Marcel N., 185 Schwartz, Solomon N., 368 Schwarzschild, Leopold, 489 Scott, Sir Walter, 170 Seashore, Dean of Iowa University, 189 Secher, Reynald, 264, 265 Seeck, Otto, 51 Seekt, Hans von, 946 Segur, Louis P., Comte de, 61, 155 Segur, Paul, 142, 771 Segura y Saenz, Pedro, Cardinal, 788 Seifert, Josef Leo, 54 Seignobos, Charles, 60, 152 Seilliere, Ernest, Baron, 209

Seipel, Ignaz, 150, 272, 740 Seldes, George, 258 Seligman, Daniel, 840 Sellars, R., 17 Sencourt, Robert, 262 Seneca, 330, 1163 Sennholz, Hans F., 357, 934 Serge, Victor, 143, 443 Sergey, Grandduke, 597 Sergeyevitch, Dmitri, 1079 Sergio, Lisa, 270, 921 Servetius, 335 Sexby, Edward, 60 Sforza, family, 249, 676 Sforza, Carlo, Conte, 828 Shapotshnikov, Soviet General, 421 Shaw, George Bernard, 142, 3/6 Sheean, Vincent, 258 Sherman, William T., General, 310 Sherwood, Robert E., 713, 990 Shih, Andre, 1162 Shuster, George N., 968, 990 Sicard, Augustin, 144 Siegfried, Andre, 60, 142, 146 Siemiradzki, Henryk, 938 Sienkiewicz, Henryk, 938 Sieyes, Emmanuel Joseph, Abbe, 72, 1132

Silberner, Edmund, 367 Silens, Constantin, 969 Silva, Pietro, 437 Silvestri, Carlo, 144 Simon, Frank H., 944 Simon, William E., 314, 1165 Simpson, Colin, 6/7 Simson, Eduard von, 867 Sinko, Erwin, 39/

Sitte, F., /126

Sixtus of Bourbon Parma, Prince, 679 Skinner, Burrhus D., 190, 580 Skorzeny, Otto, 141 Slavicek, Karel, 450

517

Slowacki, Julius, 938 Smith, Adam, 339 Smith, Howard K., 871 Smith, Ian, 335, 17 Sobinski, Stanislaw, 931 Socrates, 15, 34, 39, 40, 47, 47 Solms-Braunfels, Prince, 303 Solorzano, Juan d e, 32 Solovyov, (Solovev) Vladimir, 740 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 323, 334, 413, 916

Somary, Felix, 61, 163, 620, 770,

1018

Sonderburg-Gliicksburg-Augustenburg, dynasty, 84

Sonnenfels, Joseph, Baron, 27 1 Sorel, Georges, 138, 141 Southey, Robert, 170 Spaight, J. M., 265, 901 Sparks, Jared, 54, 137 Speer, Albert, 463, 301, 808 Speidel, Hans, General, 163 Spellman, Francis J., Cardinal,

893

Spender, Stephen, 241 Spengler, Oswald, 67, 94, 325, 188, 231

Sperry, Willard L.,98 Spitzy, Reinhard, 301 Stael, Germaine Baronne de, 61, 136, 229

Stael, Hortense de (Duchesse de Broglie), 229 Stahlin, Wilhelm, 7 Stalin (Dshugashvili), Josif W., 20, 70, 73, 133, 135, 136, 150, 151, 163, 187, 258, 259, 266, 268, 269, 271, 274, 276, 280, 281, 282, 287, 291, 292, 369, 420, 300, 322, 613, 736, 743, 747, 782, 783, 831, 839, 916, 933, 933, 960, 991, 996, 1098, 1186

Starhemberg, Ernst Rudiger, Prince,

799

Stauffenberg, Klaus Schenck von,

Count, 278, 871 Stawski, J., 23 Staynov, Petko, 33 Steed, Wickham, 146, 432 Steiger, Reinhard, 374 Stein, Edith, 1034 Stein, Franko, 146 Stein, Heinrich Freiherr vom, 230 Stephen, St., King of Hungary, 7, 13 Stepun, Fedor, 189, 408, 411, 373,

740

Stern, Judas M., 419

Stettinius, Edward R., 262, 263, 982

Steuben Friedrich W. (Baron) von, 50

Stevenson, Frances, 707

Stevenson, R. L., 195

Stimson, Henry L., 990

Stolper, Gustav, 162, 270, 324, 923

Stolypin, Pjotr A., 116, 128, 407

Stransky, Adolf, 703

Strasser, Leopold and Gregor, 160

Streeter, Harold W., 172

Streicher, Julius, 119, 149, 154, 462

Stresemann, Gustav, 154, 323

Stribrny, Jin, 145

Strode, Hudson, 610

Struve, Nikita, 914, 917

Stuart, dynasty, 247

Stuart, Maxwell, 258

Stiirgkh, Karl, Count, 740

Suarez, Fernandez Luis, 777

Suarez, Francisco, 99

Sukarno, Achmed, 291, 300

Sukhomlinov, W. A., 132

Summer, Franz, 362

Sumner, William Graham, xiv, 198,

331, 602, 1169 Sun F6, 1134 Sun Yatsen, 1134

Index

Swetchine, Sophie, 173 Swing, Raymond G., 270 Szekfii, Gyula, 846

Tabouis, Madame, 803 Tacitus, 35

Taft, William H., 202, 620 Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe, 57, 61,

162, 266

Talleyrand, Charles M., Prince de, 218, 315

Talmon, J. L., 22, 36 Tannenbaum, Frank, 392 Tansill, Charles C., 613 Tardieu, Andre R, 833 Tarkiainen, Tuttu, 47 Tarle, E., 130 Tartuffe, 314 Tatian, 96

Taubinger, Laszlo V., 828 Taylor, A. E., 47 Taylor, A. J. R, 613 Taylor, Henry J., 270 Taylor, John, 52, 54 Taylor, Kressman, 448 Teleki, Paul, Count, 976 Temperley, H. W V., 833, 933 Tertullian, 96 Thayer, H. Russell, 286 Thibon, Gustave, 28, 333 Thieme, Karl, 472 Thienen-Adlerflycht, Christoph, 340 Thiess, Frank, 33, 326, 846, 978 Thomas, Hugh, 767, 772, 773 Thomas, Norman, 211, 216 Thomas Aquinas, St., 10, 37, 87, 172, 27, 43, 313, 337, 799 Thomas Morus, St., 85, 90 Thomolas of Lyons, 80 Thompson, Dorothy, 266, 283, 1004 Thomson, British Air Force Secretary, 264

Thorndike, Edward L., 189

Thugut, Franz, Baron, 271 Thun, Leo, Count, 340 Thurber, James, 258 Tillich, Paul, 631 Timasheff, N. S., 389 Tisserant, Eugene, Cardinal, 971 Tito, (Jozip Broz), 273, 278, 279, 287, 300, 396, 1027, 1098 Titus, 317

Tocqueville, Alexis de, xx, 22, 28,

59, 61, 80, 91, 171, 173, 174,

180, 335, 336, 37, 142, 160, 339, 341, 343, 346 Tolstoy, Alexis, 417 Tolstoy, Lev N., 307 Tolstoy, Nikolay, 1027 Tomlinson, E. F. W., 121, 376 Toncic-Sorinj, Lujo von, 980 Topitsch, Ernst, 613 Torres Restrepo, Camilo, 231, 282,

292

Toth-Szabo, Paul, 428 Toynbee, Arnold J., 181, 831 Traz, Robert de, 841 Trifone, Romualdo, 389 Trotski, Lev (Leon), 120, 151,423,

782, 1130

Truman, Harry S., 280, 282, 291, 3 16, 620, 961, 984, 991, 1009, 1123 Trumbull, John, 51 Tryepov (Trepov), Fodor, 129 Tubman, William, 1064 Tuffin, Charles A., Marquis de la Rouerie, 50, 62, 93 Tuka, Vojtech, 222, 711 Tukhachevski, Mikhail N., 417, 421, 831

Tunstall, Cuthbert, Bishop, 38 Turner, Henry A., 323 Turnwald, Wilhelm, 439 Turreau, Louis-Marie, 75, 84, 236 Tusar, Vlastimil, 148 Twain, Mark, 56, 247

519

Tyler, Wat, 36, 37 Tyrs, Miroslav, 153 Tytler, Alexander Fraser, (Lord Woodehouselee), 339

Ulpian(-us), 11, 327

Unamuno, Miguel de, 232, 234, 752

Undset, Sigrid, 1065

Urban VIII, Pope, 90

Uritzki, Moses, 419

Utley, T. E., 225

Vagarshian, Vagarsh B., 594 Vallentin, Antonina, 991 Van Buren, Martin, 48, 88 Van de Pol, W H., 583 Vance, Ethel, 448 Vandenberg, Arthur H., 56, 130 Vansittart, Robert G., Lord, 248, 819 Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 228, 229, 740 Varlet, Jean, 76

Vauvenargues, Luc de Clapier, Marquis de, 305

Vavrecka, Hugo, 825 Vedel, Georges, 35, 227, 228 Vega Carpio, Lope de, 296 Vianney, St. John (Cure d’Ars), (see Jean Vianney, St.)

Victor Emmanuel III, King, 141, 160,

434, 904

Victoria, Queen, 83 Viereck, Peter, 249 Villard, Oswald G., 184, 907 Villat, Louis, 142 Villedeuil, M. de, 64 Vi 1 ley, Daniel, 183 Vilmar, A. F. C., 245 Vinogradskaya, Polina, 346 Vinson, Fred M., 188 Vivas, Eliseo, 322, 1139 Vogelsang, C., Baron, 182 Volgin, V. P, 91

Voltaire, 46, 60, 67, 68, 72, 73, 80, 108, 190, 193, 194, 316

Voroshilov, Kliment J., 783

Waldburg-Zeil, Erich, Prince, 955 Waldheim, Kurt, 1131 Waldo, Peter, 35 Wall, Bernard, 35 Wallace, Henry, 287 Wallas, Graham, 714 Wallisch, Koloman, 240 Walter, Gerard, 236, 237, 238, 249, 250, 252

Wandruszka, Adam von, 498 Warburg, Bankers, 370 Warburg, Max, 804 Washington, George, 52, 62, 158, 95, 103, 388 Watkin, E. I., 43 Waugh, Auberon, 336, 1185 Waugh, Evelyn, 244, 98 Weaver, Richard M., xiv, 299, 325, 647

Webb, Beatrice, (Lady Passfield), 94, 125

Webb, Sidney (Lord Passfield) 125 Weber, Alfred, 472 Weber, Max, 44, 181, 215, 80, 696 Wedemeyer, Albert C., 264, 897, 962 Weigand, Wilhelm, 95 Weil, Fritz, 829 Weil, Simone, 5, 766 Weinstein, Edwin A. W., 636, 1128 Welles, Sumner, 246, 247, 272, 273, 855, 928, 936

Wenceslas, St., King, 38, 138, 250 Werfel, Franz, 365, 533 Westermann, Franqois-Joseph, General, 82

Westmoreland, William C., General, 318, 1123

Westphalen, Jenny von, (see Marx, Jenny)

Weygand, Maxime, General, 289, 946 Weyl, Nathaniel, 366

520

Whalen, Doran, 304 Whecler-Bennett, John, 488, 833 White, Elizabeth Brett, 139 White, Harry Dexter, 1039 White, Leigh, 933 White, William A., 209 Whiteside, Andrew G., 434 Whitman, Walt, 198, 199, 604 Wickert, Erwin, 338 Wiechert, Ernst, 867, 978 Wiedemann, Fritz, 466, 888 W.-eser, Franz, 346 Wilde, Oscar, 29, 624 Wilde, Sir William, 29 William I, German Emperor, 123 William II, German Emperor, 125, 203, 311, 277, 384, 400, 479, 623, 739, 1013

William of Orange, Stadhouder, 52 Williams, Roger, 7 Williams, Samuel T., General, 1033 Wilmowski, Thilo, Baron, 1016, 1017, 1036

Wilson, Hugh, 214

Wilson, Woodrow, xvi, xx, 133,

148, 156, 192, 202-205ff, 207,

209, 210, 212, 214, 215, 216, 218, 247, 250, 254, 262, 286, 292, 313, 11,619, 620, 621, 622, 631, 636, 640, 634, 673, 673, 748, 1013, 1097, 1103 Winant, John, 997 Windisch-Graetz, Ludwig A., Prince, 808

Winnig, August, 498 Winstanley, Gerard, 737 Winthrop, John, 45 Wintzingerode, Ferdinand, Baron, 614 Wirsing, Giselher, 489 Wiskemann, Elizabeth, 799, 803 Witherspoon, John, 50 Witt, Cornelis de, 170

Wodehouse, P. G., 1131 Wohl, Louis de, 470 Wolf, Peter, 19 Wolfe, Bertram D., 294, 413 Wood, Grant, 43 Wood, James N., 117 Woodlock, Thomas F., 270, 378 Woodruff, Douglas, 842 Woodruff, Susan Homans, 923 Woodward, E. L, 643 Wright, Richard, 258 Wust, Peter, 21, 33 Wycliffe (Wiclif), John, 36, 37, 38, 40, 73, 89, 139, 447 Wyszynski, Andrey, 275, 764, 936, 1016

Wyszynski, Szczepan, Cardinal, 956 Wytwycky, Bohdan, 322

Xavier de Bourbon, Prince, 1032 Xenophon, 34

Yamashita, Tomoyuki (“Hobun”), 286,

1019, 1020

Yanushkyevitch, Nikolay W., 132 Yeats, William Butler, 330, 1166 Yezhov, Nikolay I., 764

Zacharias, 96 Zassulitch, Vera, 129 Zeeden, Ernst Walter, 271, 381 Zeller, Eberhard, 830 Zeller, Eduard, 267 Zhelyagin, V., 399, 407 Ziegler, Heinz O., 7, 35 Zimmermann, Alfred, 202 Zinovyev, Grigori, 120 Zinser, H., 38

Zita, Empress and Queen, 679, 1032 Zitelmann, Rainer, 327 Zizka of Trocnov, Jan, 39, 139, 424 Zook, George F., 284, 285 Zwingli, Huldreich, 71

leftismrevisitedOOkueh

leftismrevisitedOOkueh

(continued from front flap)

Foreign Policy, and the nature of Liberalism-including both the true liberalism of de Tocqueville, von Mises, Hayek, and Kuehnelt-Leddihn himself, and the false liberalism of the contemporary American Democratic Party.

Leftism Revisited is the work of an extraordinary scholar who has devoted his life to a thorough study of the world and its peoples. An Austrian, whose father was an x-ray and radium scientist who died as a result of his work, Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn has taught at Georgetown and Fordham, is the author of more than a dozen books, and has written articles for many journals, including The Spectator ; National Review, The Freeman, Commonweal, America, The Tablet, Modern Age, Thought, Confluence, The Catholic World, Tomorrow, and The Human Life Review.