`Index`

1776 (startup incubator), 29, 64–65, 72, 75–77, 184
2U (startup), 142

Academic culture
discipline and, 112, 114–116, 121, 132–138
Du Bois and, 112–116, 121–133, 136–138
hidden curriculum and, 121, 123–128, 131–132, 135, 138, 150
high-performance, 112–116, 121–133, 136–138
presence bleed and, 127–133
student computers and, 122–123
technology and, 121–133
Access doctrine
bootstrapping and, 15–16, 24, 30, 61, 85, 101, 143–145, 148, 150, 153, 160, 166–170, 173, 177, 180, 184–185, 189, 201n3
charter schools and, 112, 115–117, 120
Clinton and, 30–31, 38–39, 48, 53, 55, 57, 60, 144, 150, 174
competing institutional cultures and, 165–170
digital divide and, 1–2, 6–13, 16, 24, 30–31, 36, 38–39, 43, 48, 57, 60, 90, 116, 144–145, 170
Du Bois and, 116
free Wi-Fi and, 2, 186
future of, 52–58
ideal workers and, 181–186
labor market and, 11, 13, 16, 18, 23, 32–33, 38, 43, 96, 144, 170, 177, 201n3
libraries and, 25, 84–85, 89–90, 95–97, 101, 189
MLK and, 16, 116
new economy and, 24, 30–33, 36–39, 43–49, 53, 55, 57, 173–174
Obama and, 11
pivots and, 60–61, 66, 75
political economy and, 5, 14, 22, 38, 49, 60, 144–145, 170, 174
poverty and, 5, 7, 11–16, 24, 30–32, 38, 43, 46, 49, 53, 55, 57, 60–61, 75, 85, 90, 120, 143–144, 160, 166, 169, 174, 180
predatory inclusion and, 169
problem of, 173–177
research methodology on, 26–28
technology policy and, 31–38
Washington, DC, and, 7, 18–26, 30, 32, 53, 57, 75, 95, 150, 184–185
Acer Chromebooks, 122
Activists
bootstrapping and, 147
Cameron, 173, 188
charter schools and, 117
education and, 117, 199n8
homeless and, 3, 147, 173, 197n1
King and, 82
new economy and, 34, 38, 49
ACT scores, 134
Acumen Solutions, 112, 199n1
Adams Place Day Center, 172
Adobe Creative Suite, 93, 95
Advanced Placement (AP) courses, 112–114, 127, 134–135, 163
Advisory Neighborhood Commissions (ANCs), 88, 197n4
Agenda for Action (NII), 49
Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 35, 37, 44
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), 154–155
American Library Association, 87
Android, 134
AOL, 64
AP for All, 163
Apple, 27, 41, 145
Armstrong, Richard, 159
AT&T, 50–51, 53
Atari Democrats
bootstrapping and, 145, 151, 183
neoliberalism and, 24, 30, 37, 40–43, 52, 145, 151, 183
new economy and, 30, 37, 40–42, 52
Austerity, 5, 13–14, 81, 95, 147, 165, 183
Automation, 31, 33, 95

Baltimore Inner Harbor, 22
Bankruptcy, 22, 181
Bekelman, Alan, 33
Belgium, 53
Bell, Terrel, 42
Bike and Roll, 103
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 95, 118, 143, 147, 154, 157–158, 162–164
Blackboard, 77, 79
Black Lives Matter movement, 127, 185
Black people
access doctrine and, 1–2, 193n2
bootstrapping and, 142–143, 147, 150, 152–156, 168, 201nn2,3, 202n5
charter schools and, 112–113, 117–119, 125, 127, 138, 199n7, 200n13
crime and, 76, 171, 183, 191
entrepreneurs and, 103, 117, 143, 150
gentrification and, 18, 76, 172, 185
Harris campaign and, 4
libraries and, 185
middle class and, 1, 20–21, 33, 76–77, 82, 93, 119
new economy and, 31–36, 46–47, 53
police and, 22, 103, 171
poverty and, 31–33, 53, 142–143, 175, 183
professionals and, 18–19, 87, 89, 93, 119, 125, 138, 143, 150, 183, 185
unemployment and, 6, 20, 29, 32–33
wage increases and, 20
Washington, DC, neighborhoods and, 18–20
welfare and, 32, 35–36, 185, 193n4
women and, 17, 21, 142–143, 147, 153
Bloomberg, Michael, 64
Booms, economic, 19, 34, 64–65, 76, 81, 193n4, 194n6
Bootcamps, 64, 66, 72, 75
Bootstrapping
access doctrine and, 15–16, 24, 30, 61, 85, 101, 143–145, 148, 150, 153, 160, 166–170, 173, 177, 180, 184–185, 189, 201n3
activists and, 147
Atari Democrats and, 145, 151, 183
Black people and, 142–143, 147, 150, 152–156, 168, 201nn2,3, 202n5
budgets and, 162, 164
capitalism and, 16, 167, 170, 177, 184
carceral state and, 165, 169–170
charter schools and, 24–26, 112, 115, 119–120, 126, 137, 139–142, 145–148, 152, 155, 158, 160, 164–168, 175, 184, 194n10
CityBridge Foundation and, 141, 143–144, 148, 153–154, 156–157, 200n12, 201n1
Clinton and, 144, 150–151, 167, 203n1
competition and, 165–170, 174
computers and, 141, 155, 159–161, 164
crime and, 203n1
digital divide and, 16, 24, 30, 58, 90, 144–145, 164, 170
education and, 141–142, 147–153, 156–169, 201nn1–3, 202n6, 203n8
entrepreneurs and, 141, 143, 145, 149–150, 154, 157–161, 163, 201n1
failure of, 177–178
gentrification and, 159
Gore and, 150–151
homeless and, 146–147, 159–160
human capital and, 143, 150, 153, 157, 159–160, 165, 170, 191, 201n1
InCrowd and, 24–25, 61, 79, 115, 145–146, 165, 184, 194n10
inequality and, 162, 169
institutional culture of, 15–16
internet and, 161, 164, 175
labor market and, 144, 150, 159, 165, 177
Latinx and, 147, 156, 168
libraries and, 15–16, 24–26, 30, 79, 85, 89–90, 95, 97–108, 115, 120, 126, 144–155, 158–169, 184, 189, 194n10
meritocracy and, 148–153, 181, 202n6, 203n7
middle class and, 149
migrants and, 149
mission ambiguity and, 160–165
mobility and, 25, 158, 169, 175
neoliberalism and, 21, 24, 144, 154–155, 160, 165, 169, 173, 177, 184, 191, 201nn2,3
NewSchools Venture Fund and, 141, 147, 153, 157–158, 201n1
Obama and, 142–143
pathways of, 148
philanthropies and, 141, 145, 157–158, 162–165, 201n1
pivots and, 61, 79
police and, 191
poverty and, 15–16, 24, 30, 61, 85, 142–148, 153, 160–161, 165–166, 169, 175, 194, 201n1
predatory inclusion and, 169
professionals and, 143–145, 148–166, 169, 203n7
punishment and, 165
recession and, 164, 167, 179, 183
recruitment and, 156
reform and, 141, 146, 148, 151, 154, 156–158
regulation and, 145, 165
resisting, 100–105
revenue and, 15, 145, 164–165, 169
segregation and, 160, 162, 168, 203n1
skills and, 13, 15, 18, 24, 30, 61, 85, 106–107, 115, 141–144, 148–152, 159, 161, 166, 168, 170, 175, 177, 202n6
social reproduction and, 144, 146, 166–169, 173, 177, 180
software and, 164–165, 174, 176, 182, 184, 202n6
startups and, 15, 24–25, 58, 61, 115, 142–149, 153–154, 159–162, 165–166, 169, 175–176, 180, 184, 194nn9,10, 203n9
state disinvestment and, 18
taxes and, 145, 151, 162, 168
Teach for America (TFA) and, 155–158, 168, 188
technological professionalization and, 153–160
urban development and, 21–22
violence and, 159, 167–168, 170
welfare and, 144, 159, 165, 167, 169–170, 176, 201n3, 203n1
White people and, 146, 149–153, 156–157, 161, 169
women and, 142–143, 147, 153, 202n5
Bowser, Muriel, 78–79, 141
Brazil, 54
Bridging organizations, 63, 75, 144, 147, 153–154, 161, 166, 175, 195n2
“Bridging the Digital Divide in the District of Columbia” symposium, 29
Broad Academy, 157–158
Broadband, 4, 14, 29, 52–53, 133, 195nn4,5
Budgets, 1
austerity, 5, 13–14, 81, 95, 147, 165, 183
bootstrapping and, 162, 164
libraries and, 14, 81, 95–96, 162, 164
new economy and, 35–40
philanthropies and, 14, 164
recession and, 19, 37, 164
schools and, 14, 95, 113, 162, 187, 191
Washington, DC, and, 19, 81
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 9, 151, 195n3
Burfield, Evan, 64
Bush, George W., 4, 8, 35–36, 39, 41, 56
Business-to-business (B2B) companies, 59, 74–75
Business-to-consumer (B2C) companies, 59

Cable, 32, 51
Canada, 88–89, 95
Capitalism
bootstrapping and, 16, 167, 170, 177, 184
Carnegie and, 182
charter schools and, 182
competition and, 178
entrepreneurs and, 17, 22–23, 57, 62, 78, 117, 143, 157, 159, 182, 200n12, 201n1
ideal workers and, 181–186
inequality and, 5, 10, 13–14, 27–28, 31, 43, 47–48, 54–55, 125, 162, 169, 191, 193n2
Keynesianism and, 23, 31–32, 36, 39, 41, 44, 50, 55, 193
libraries and, 180, 197n1
new economy and, 40, 42, 195n3
pivots and, 60, 76
Rockefeller and, 182
social divisions and, 5–6, 17, 178, 183–184, 188
social reproduction and, 16–17, 177–182, 184, 195n3
startups and, 17, 30, 62, 78, 143, 146, 159, 175, 180–181, 184, 188
violence and, 17
Capital One Arena, 22
Cappelli, Peter H., 10
Caputo-Pearl, Alex, 187
Carceral state
bootstrapping and, 165, 169–170
expansion of, 31, 60–61, 165
labor market and, 34
new economy and, 31–32, 34, 37–40, 48, 57
political economy and, 183
poor neighborhoods and, 31, 183, 203n1
prisons and, 34, 37–40, 48, 179, 183, 191, 203n1
welfare and, 60, 169–170, 198n10, 203n1
Cardoso, Fernando, 54
Carnegie, Andrew, 147, 163–164, 182, 198n8
Census Bureau, 45, 199n8
Center for Education Reform, 117
Certification, 1–2, 7, 12, 151
Challenge Cup, 77
Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, 154, 158
Charter schools
academic culture and, 112–116, 121–133, 136–138
access doctrine and, 112, 115–117, 120
activists and, 117
as beacon of hope, 116–121
Black people and, 112–113, 117–119, 125, 127, 138, 199n7, 200n13
bootstrapping and, 24–26, 112, 115, 119–120, 126, 137–142, 145–148, 152, 155, 158, 160, 164–168, 175, 184, 194n10
capitalism and, 182
Clinton and, 120
competition and, 117, 165–170
computers and, 122–127, 133
DC-CAS test and, 114, 140
DC Public Charter School Board (DCPCSB) and, 112, 116–117, 147
digital divide and, 116, 188
discipline and, 112, 114–116, 121, 132–138
Du Bois and, 111 (see also W. E. B. Du Bois Public Charter High School)
entrepreneurs and, 25, 117, 200n12
experiments of, 111, 114–121, 132, 138–140, 201n14
gentrification and, 16, 115, 129, 137
Gore and, 120
hidden curriculum and, 121, 123–128, 131–132, 135, 138, 150
homeless and, 115, 131
Houston, 127–128
human capital and, 112, 116–117, 120, 135, 140, 175
inequality and, 125
internet and, 126, 129
labor market and, 115, 201n3
Latinx people and, 112–113, 117, 119, 125, 138, 185
meritocracy and, 149–153
middle class and, 119
mission ambiguity and, 160–165
mobility and, 119
neoliberalism and, 117, 139, 186–187, 200n9
New Orleans, 142, 200nn9,13
philanthropies and, 112, 118
police and, 115
poverty and, 118, 120
presence bleed and, 127–133
professionals and, 119–120, 124–126, 128, 131, 134–139
recession and, 118, 129
Reconceptualizing Early Childhood Education (RECE) and, 116, 130, 135, 140
reform and, 117–118, 120
regulation and, 118, 125, 139–140
research methodology on, 26–28
skills and, 115–116, 120, 131
software and, 112, 122, 200n11
startups and, 25, 115, 119, 139
STEM subjects and, 117, 119
teacher demographics and, 202n5
technological professionalization and, 153–160
violence and, 115–116, 128, 178
Waiting for “Superman” and, 118
welfare and, 117
White people and, 112–113, 118, 124–125, 138, 140
women and, 18
Chasen, Michael, 77
Chavous, Kevin, 117
Chicago Teachers Union (CTU), 187
Childcare, 36, 178, 186
Children
Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and, 35
bootstrapping and, 201n1
charter schools and, 116–118, 128 (see also Charter schools)
elite, 77
future and, 4
labor market and, 17
libraries and, 82, 186, 198n5
new economy and, 174
poverty and, 16, 35, 37, 118, 201n1
status and, 184
Children’s Internet Protection Act, 198n5
China, 187
Chocolate City, 20, 76, 118
CityBridge Foundation, 141–144, 148, 153–157, 200n12, 201n1
Clinton, Bill
access doctrine and, 30–31, 38–39, 48, 53, 55, 57, 60, 144, 150, 174
bootstrapping and, 144, 150–151, 167, 203n1
charter schools and, 120
Democratic Leadership Council (DLC) and, 36
digital divide and, 24, 30–31, 36, 38–39, 45, 48–49, 56, 60, 144
Economic Report of the President and, 43
education and, 24, 39, 42–43, 45, 174, 203n1
Falling through the Net report and, 45
Gore and, 4, 11, 29, 36, 38–46, 49–50, 53, 60, 84, 120, 150–151
human capital and, 43, 45
Keynesianism and, 36, 39, 50, 55
labor market and, 34, 39, 41, 43, 144, 195n3, 203n1
libraries and, 87
National Education Summit and, 42
neoliberalism and, 24, 36, 51, 54, 56, 87, 144, 174, 203n1
new economy and, 30–31, 34, 36–45, 48–57, 174, 195n3
NTIA and, 45–46
pivots and, 60, 77
prison and, 39–40, 203n1
private schooling of, 77
skills training and, 24
State of the Union and, 55, 174
taxes and, 4, 151
technology and, 4, 30, 87
unions and, 151
welfare and, 34, 37, 42, 55, 60, 87, 174, 203n1
Code for DC, 155
Coding, 4–5, 9, 11–12, 40, 68, 75, 155, 179, 188
Cold War, 39–40, 45
College of Information Studies, 94, 155
Communism, 38–40
Competition
bootstrapping and, 165, 174
capitalism and, 178
charter schools and, 117, 165–170
digital divide and, 32, 52, 57, 174–175
entrepreneurs and, 179
hypercompetition and, 9
libraries and, 89, 165–170, 198n8
new economy and, 32, 40, 46–57, 174–175
pivots and, 64, 77
Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA), 8
Computers
bootstrapping and, 141, 155, 159–161, 164
charter schools and, 122–127, 133
coding and, 4–5, 9, 11–12, 40, 68, 75, 155, 179, 188
Digital Commons and, 12, 82–86, 89–109, 146, 159–160, 171–173, 176, 198n6, 203n8
Dream Lab and, 82–83, 89, 93, 95, 101–103, 106, 108–109, 111, 147, 150, 161, 171, 189
education and, 25, 111, 114–115, 119–130, 133–135, 138, 181
Fab Lab and, 83–84, 89, 102, 108–109
impact of, 1–5, 11–12
libraries and, 12, 25–26, 81–109, 146, 159–160, 171–173, 176, 185, 189–190, 198nn6,7, 203n8
new economy and, 30–33, 40, 45–46, 48
as professional tools, 14
skills and, 11 (see also Skills)
startups and, 65, 73
treatment of in schools, 122
women and, 196n3
Computer science, 4, 11, 30, 155, 196n3
Computer Science Education Week, 4
Congressional Research Service, 50
Connect.DC, 1, 7, 29–30, 53
Conservatism, 3, 36, 42, 183
Cooper, Ginnie, 96, 189
Council on Competitiveness, 41
Crawford, Susan, 51
Creative Economy Strategy, 76
Crime
Black people and, 76, 171, 183, 191
bootstrapping and, 203n1
Clinton on, 174
drugs and, 57, 86, 99, 102, 126, 183
Gray on, 76
moral panic over, 193n4
new economy and, 37, 39, 174
police and, 191 (see also Police)
rates of, 193n4, 203n1
social issues behind, 191
stolen computers and, 122
Violent Crime and Law Enforcement Act and, 37, 39
war on, 183
Washington, DC, and, 76, 191
Crystal City, 65
Current Population Survey, 8, 45

DC-CAS test, 114, 140
DC Public Charter School Board (DCPCSB), 112, 116–117, 147
DC Public Library (DCPL) system, 197n3
branch roles of, 88
computer virus of, 81
downsizing, 81
education and, 81–83, 94
as essential, 185
financial services and, 188
Gates Foundation and, 143
human capital and, 177
labor market and, 81
mission ambiguity and, 162
MLK, 82 (see also Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library—Central Library)
police and, 2, 82, 91, 98, 102, 104, 189
poor condition of, 82
reorganization of, 86, 88
research in, 4–5
Reyes-Gavilan and, 29–30, 86, 88, 94, 96, 150, 189, 197n4, 198n11
Stovall and, 188–189
Task Force on the Future of the DC Public Library System and, 82
DC Public Schools (DCPS) system, 116, 134, 139, 200n12, 201n1
DC Tech (promotional network), 77, 83, 161–162, 181
DC tech (sector), 64–65, 68, 70, 72, 75–79, 83, 161–162, 181, 184
Degrees, 6, 9, 86, 94, 149, 151–156, 169, 197n2, 198n7, 201n3
Dell computers, 84, 105, 122
Democracy, 36, 40, 49
Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), 36, 150–151
Democratic Socialists of America, 184
Democrats, 197n7
bootstrapping and, 145, 150–151, 183–184
education and, 117
neoliberalism and, 24, 30, 37, 40–43, 52, 145, 151, 183
new economy and, 30, 36–37, 40–43, 52
Keynesianism and, 36
pivots and, 61, 78
Democrats for Education Reform, 117
Department of Commerce, 33, 41, 45, 49, 56
Department of Education, 147
Department of Labor, 8, 196n6
Deregulation, 31, 34, 38, 41, 48, 51–52, 56, 165
Digital Commons, 12
Digital DC, 76–77, 181
Digital divide
access doctrine and, 1–2, 6–13, 16, 24, 30–31, 36, 38–39, 43, 48, 57, 60, 90, 116, 144–145, 170
bootstrapping and, 16, 24, 30, 58, 90, 144–145, 164, 170
“Bridging the Digital Divide in the District of Columbia” and, 29
charter schools and, 116, 188
Clinton and, 24, 30–31, 36, 38–39, 45, 48–49, 56, 60, 144
coding and, 4–5, 9, 11–12, 40, 68, 75, 155, 179, 188
competition and, 32, 52, 57, 174–175
discovery of, 36–37
future of access and, 52–58
gaps in, 6–13
gender and, 32
haves/have-nots and, 11, 29, 48, 50, 61, 84
libraries and, 84, 90, 188
market solutions of, 48–52
as measurement program, 42–48
migrants and, 23
as national economic crisis, 38–42
new economy and, 29–32, 36, 38–52, 56–58, 180
pivots and, 25, 60, 63, 79, 84
poverty and, 11–13, 24, 30–32, 38–39, 43, 47–48, 90, 144, 174–175
predatory inclusion and, 169
professionals and, 12, 90, 174, 188
“right” side of, 25, 58, 60, 84, 175
skills and, 1, 6–13, 15, 24–25, 30–31, 38, 43, 47, 52, 60, 90, 116, 144, 170, 174–176
Digital inclusion, 29–30, 38, 144
Diplomas, 20, 87, 113
Disabilities, 14, 32, 34, 115, 199n7, 203n1
Disruption Corp, 65
Dole, Bob, 40
Domsy, Caleb, 95
Dot-com boom, 62, 65
Douglas Development Corp., 77
Downtown DC Business Improvement District, 84
Drabinski, Emily, 187–188
Dropouts, 152, 179, 202n6, 203n8
Drugs, 57, 86, 99, 102, 126, 183
Du Bois. See W. E. B. Du Bois Public Charter High School

Education
activists and, 117, 199n8
ACT scores and, 134
adult, 39, 186, 188
AP courses and, 112–114, 127, 134–135, 163
bootstrapping and, 141–142, 147–153, 156–169, 201nn1–3, 202n6, 203n8
bootstrapping and, 15–16 (see also Bootstrapping)
Broad Academy and, 157–158
certification and, 1–2, 7, 12, 151
charter schools and, 116 (see also Charter schools)
CityBridge Foundation and, 141, 143–144, 148, 153–154, 156–157, 200n12, 201n1
Clinton and, 24, 39, 42–43, 45, 174, 203n1
coding and, 4–5, 9, 11–12, 40, 68, 75, 155, 179, 188
competing institutional cultures and, 165–170
computers and, 25, 111, 114–115, 119–130, 133–135, 138, 181
costs of higher, 31
DC-CAS test and, 114, 140
DC Public Library (DCPL) system and, 81–83, 94
degrees and, 6, 9, 86, 94–96, 149, 151–156, 169, 197n2, 198n7, 201n3
Democrats for Education Reform and, 117
diplomas and, 20, 87, 113
discipline and, 112, 114–116, 121, 132–138
dropouts and, 152, 179, 202n6, 203n8
Du Bois and, 25 (see also W. E. B. Du Bois Public Charter High School)
entrepreneurs and, 62, 117, 141, 143, 154, 157–159, 163, 179–182, 201n1
expansion of, 20
funding and, 14, 16, 34, 51, 53–54, 113, 116–117, 139–141, 143, 146–147, 149, 153, 156–164, 179, 199n8, 200n12, 201n1
Gates on, 162–163
GED, 2, 107
Google for Education and, 154, 158
gospel of, 143–144, 153, 201n3
GPAs and, 111, 113–114, 119, 138
Grow with Google and, 158
H-1B visas and, 9
homework and, 27, 113, 125–129, 195n5, 199n1
job training and, 2, 8, 11, 32, 35, 66, 76, 161, 177, 196n6
libraries and, 11–12, 94
mass firings of teachers and, 118–119
master of library science (MLS) degree and, 94–96, 155, 198n7
meritocracy and, 149–153
mission ambiguity and, 160–165
mobility and, 15, 32, 119, 158, 162, 169, 175
National Education Summit and, 42
Nation at Risk report and, 42
neoliberalism and, 117, 165, 169, 174–175, 186, 201n2, 203n1
new economy and, 31–32, 37, 39, 42–46, 54
NewSchools Venture Fund and, 141, 147, 153, 157–158, 201n1
Obama and, 3–4, 9, 117–118, 142
Pell Grants and, 37, 48
phones and, 4, 27, 113–115, 120–130, 133–138, 142, 161, 167
pivots and, 62, 69
presence bleed and, 127–133
prison, 37
professionals and, 7, 27, 41–42, 62, 100, 125, 128, 139, 145, 148, 150, 153, 156, 158–159, 162, 164, 175, 182–183, 186–187
public, 117, 159, 163, 199n1, 203n1
public rights and, 17
recession and, 14
reform and, 117–118, 120, 141, 154–158, 175, 186, 200n13, 201nn1,2, 203n1
role modeling and, 66, 121, 123
SAT scores and, 42, 114, 134, 140
skills and, 15 (see also Skills)
social reproduction and, 16–18, 21, 26, 34, 144, 146, 169, 179, 181, 186–187, 190, 203n1
special, 116
standardized testing and, 42–43, 111, 117, 122, 127, 134, 140, 153, 199n8, 203n1
STEM, 4, 9, 15, 77, 83, 117, 119, 165, 176
taxpayer revolts and, 14
teacher demographics and, 202n5
Teach for America (TFA) and, 155–158, 168, 188
Work Hard Grades and, 136–137
Education Innovation Summit, 141, 143, 145, 153, 156, 162, 164, 180
Ehrenreich, Barbara, 182
Ehrenreich, John, 182
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 39
E. L. Haynes Public Charter High School, 141
Eli and Edythe Broad Education Foundation, 157–158
Elites, 41, 75, 77, 128, 202n6, 203n1
English, 40, 116, 188, 199n6
Entrepreneurial urbanism, 22–23, 57, 179
Entrepreneurs
Black, 103, 117, 143, 150
bootstrapping and, 141, 143, 145, 149–150, 154, 157–161, 163, 201n1
Broad Academy and, 157–158
capital and, 17, 22–23, 57, 62, 78, 117, 143, 157, 159, 182, 200n12, 201n1
charter schools and, 25, 117, 200n12
competition and, 179
digital professionals and, 182
education and, 62, 117, 141, 143, 154, 157–159, 163, 179–182, 201n1
gentrification and, 22
Harvey on, 23
ideal, 179–180
internet and, 25, 58, 62, 179
as leaders, 176
libraries and, 25, 81–83, 87, 89, 93, 96–97, 101–103, 106–107
new economy and, 31, 57–58
pivots and, 59, 61–68, 70, 71, 76–79, 196n5
recruitment and, 22, 64–65
as roaming autodidact and, 179–180
social reproduction and, 180
startups and, 16–17, 25, 58, 61–62, 65, 68, 76, 78, 143, 149, 154, 159, 176, 179
urban centers and, 23–24
White, 22–23, 25, 64, 149–150, 157, 179
Eubanks, Virginia, 12–13

Fab Lab, 83–84, 89, 102, 108–109
Facebook, 2, 70, 102, 158, 196n3
Falling through the Net report, 45, 47, 50
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 50–53, 56, 195n4
Feedback, 27, 68, 74, 132
Feminism, 16, 199n2, 203n10
Fenty, Adrian, 163
Financial Control Board, 81
Financial crisis of 2008, 6, 14, 18–21, 29, 56, 84, 95, 183
Food stamps, 92, 97, 203n1
Ford, Henry, 180
Ford Foundation, 158
Fort, The, 65
Fraser, Nancy, 187
Free trade, 36, 51
Free Wi-Fi, 2, 186
Friends of the Library, 82, 103, 107, 173, 186, 189, 198n11
Funding
education and, 14, 16, 34, 51, 53–54, 113, 116–117, 139–141, 143, 146–147, 149, 153, 156–164, 179, 199n8, 200n12, 201n1
libraries and, 14, 34, 51, 53–54, 81–83, 90, 94–95, 146–147, 149, 153, 161, 164–165, 179, 198nn5,8
per-pupil, 140, 199n8, 200n12
philanthropies and, 156 (see also Philanthropies)
Race to the Top and, 147
seed money and, 60

Gallery Place, 22
Gates, Bill, 95, 118, 143, 147, 154, 157–158, 162–164, 202n6
GED, 2, 107
Gender
digital divide and, 32
libraries and, 87
professional class and, 150
skills and, 8, 32
wage gaps and, 6, 8, 35, 69
General Assembly, 64
Gentrification
Black people and, 18, 76, 172, 185
bootstrapping and, 159
charter schools and, 16, 115, 129, 137
conflict over, 159, 186
countergentrification research and, 185
entrepreneurs and, 22
libraries and, 81, 108, 172
new economy and, 57
pivots and, 63, 76, 78
postrecession, 129
startups and, 63, 76, 78, 181
violence and, 181
Washington, DC, and, 18, 63, 76, 78, 81, 108, 172, 181, 197n4
White people and, 22, 63, 76, 181
George, Sajan, 142–143, 154
Gephardt, Richard, 150
Germany, 39, 41
Gilmore, Ruth Wilson, 34
Google, 12, 86, 95, 111, 113, 122, 154, 158, 200n11
Gore, Al
bootstrapping and, 150–151
charter schools and, 120
Clinton and, 4, 11, 29, 36, 38–46, 49–50, 53, 60, 84, 120, 150–151
human capital and, 43
libraries and, 84
new economy and, 29, 36–46, 49–50, 53
pivots and, 60
Governance, 22–23, 25, 44, 112, 144, 158, 183, 197n4, 200n12
Gramsci, A., 38, 180
Grand Central Partnership, 22
Gray, Vincent, 64, 76, 119, 163, 181
Great Society, 33–35
Green Book, 54
Greenspan, Alan, 10
Grow with Google, 158
Gruber, Frank, 65
Gusman, Patrick, 30

H-1B visas, 9
Hackathons, 65, 96
Hammond, Allen, IV, 45
Hard Hat Riot, 205n4
Harris, Donna, 64
Harris, Kamala, 4
Harvey, David, 22–23, 179
Health care
disabilities and, 14, 32, 34, 115, 203n1
home, 9
new economy and, 31, 33, 195n3
public rights and, 17
Hearth, 63, 69, 194n9, 195n1
Hegemony, 39, 124, 180–181, 184, 204n3
Henderson, Kaya, 119, 156, 158, 163, 201n1
Hewlett-Packard, 41
Hidden curriculum, 121, 123–128, 131–132, 135, 138, 150
High Performance Computing Act, 39, 41, 45
Hipsters, 95–96, 101, 106, 150, 154
Homeless
activists and, 3, 147, 173, 197n1
bootstrapping and, 146–147, 159–160
charter schools and, 115, 131
increase of, 6
labor market and, 12, 16
libraries and, 12, 14, 23, 25–28, 82–91, 97, 99, 103–104, 107–109, 159–160, 172–176, 183–190, 198n11, 203n8
rights and, 159
safe public spaces for, 25
shelters and, 2, 27, 83, 89–92, 102, 104, 134, 172
status and, 197n1
technology and, 3–4, 26
urban development and, 197n1
use of term, 197n1
Home rule, 19, 21
Homework, 27, 113, 125–129, 195n5, 199n1
How to Win Friends and Influence People (Carnegie), 65
Human capital
bootstrapping and, 143, 150, 153, 157, 159–160, 165, 170, 191, 201n1
charter schools and, 112, 116–117, 120, 135, 140, 175
Clinton and, 43, 45
concept of, 44
DC Public Library (DCPL) system and, 177
libraries and, 30, 177
new economy and, 30–32, 36, 38–39, 43–46, 48, 54–57
pivots and, 60, 62, 76, 78
theory for, 44
welfare and, 44, 55, 60, 117, 159, 170
Hurricane Katrina, 142

Ideal worker, 35, 181–186
InCrowd, 16, 27, 96
beta context of, 73–74, 106
bootstrapping and, 24–25, 59–61, 79, 115, 145–146, 165, 184, 194n10
business model of, 59, 61–62, 74–75, 121, 129, 139, 179, 182, 184, 194n10
cultural production of, 107
emotional labor and, 69–72
equity and, 65–66
ideal workers and, 182, 184
pivots and, 59–62, 65–79, 84, 145–146, 165, 195n1
as pseudonym, 194n9, 195n1
rent and, 59, 65
runway and, 62
Salesforce and, 16, 73–74, 112, 130
social reproduction and, 179, 182, 184
teams of, 67, 69–75
technology and, 6, 75, 115, 130, 182
Industrial Revolution, 117, 142
Inequality
bootstrapping and, 162, 169
capitalism and, 5, 10, 13–14, 27–28, 31, 43, 47–48, 54–55, 125, 162, 169, 191, 193n2
charter schools and, 125
digital divide and, 31 (see also Digital divide)
new economy and, 31, 43, 47–48, 54–55
poverty and, 31 (see also Poverty)
taxes and, 10, 162
Inflation, 31, 37
Information Age, 31, 41, 46, 155, 198n7
Instagram, 70
Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS), 95, 108
Institutional ethnography, 26–27
Insurance, 11, 32–34, 87, 92, 187, 190
Internet
access doctrine and, 2 (see also Access doctrine)
average speed of connecting to, 52–53
bootstrapping and, 161, 164, 175
broadband, 4, 14, 29, 52–53, 133, 195nn4,5
charter schools and, 126, 129
Children’s Internet Protection Act and, 198n5
entrepreneurs and, 25, 58, 62, 179
High Performance Computing Act and, 39, 41, 45
impact of, 1–7, 12, 15, 21, 25, 191, 193n2
libraries and, 53–54, 82, 87, 91–92, 98
modems and, 31, 43, 45–46
new economy and, 29–32, 39–55, 58
NSFNET and, 39
pivots and, 61–63
skills and, 15 (see also Skills)
universal service and, 49–51, 54
usage data on, 193n2
“Internet, The: Your Future Depends on It” (poster series), 1–5, 21, 161, 181, 191
iPhones, 27, 89, 134
iSchool, 95, 101, 148, 155, 158, 162, 198n7
iStrategyLabs, 77

Jackson, Jesse, 42
Jackson, Scoop, 150
Japan, 39, 41, 52
JavaScript, 9
Job training, 2, 8, 11, 32–35, 66, 76, 161, 177, 196n6
Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA), 8, 35
Johnson, Lyndon B., 35

Katz, Lawrence F., 187
Keynesianism
Clinton and, 36, 39, 50, 55
Democrats and, 36
golden age and, 193n3
labor market and, 32
new economy and, 31–32, 36, 39, 41, 44, 50, 55
taxes and, 23
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 82–83, 106, 142
Kinney, Bo, 54

Labor market
access doctrine and, 11, 13, 16, 18, 23, 32–33, 38, 43, 96, 144, 170, 177, 201n3
AFSCME and, 154–155
automation and, 31, 33, 95
bifurcated, 23
bootstrapping and, 144, 150, 159, 165, 177
Bureau of Labor Statistics and, 9, 151, 195n3
capitalism and, 17 (see also Capitalism)
carceral state and, 34
changing skills needed in, 10–11, 13, 176, 179 (see also Skills)
charter schools and, 115, 201n3
children and, 17
Clinton and, 34, 39, 41, 43, 144, 195n3, 203n1
Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) and, 8
crime rate and, 203n1
DC Public Library (DCPL) and, 81
deficit-reduction measures and, 21
disabilities and, 14, 32, 34, 115, 203n1
emotional labor and, 69–72
financial crisis of 2008 and, 21
gendered wage gaps and, 6, 8, 35, 69
gentrification and, 185 (see also Gentrification)
H-1B visas and, 9
homeless and, 12, 16
hypercompetition and, 9
ideal worker and, 35, 181–186
job training and, 2, 8, 11, 32–35, 66, 76, 161, 177, 196n6
Keynesianism and, 32
Latinx people and, 20, 22
libraries and, 93
manufacturing and, 8, 40–41
mass firings of teachers and, 118–119
meritocracy and, 149–153, 181, 202n6, 203n7
middle class and, 1, 20–21
migrants and, 6, 10, 20, 181
neoliberalism and, 17
new economy and, 31, 34–36, 38, 42–44
Obama and, 9, 11
outsourcing and, 9, 31, 67
payroll taxes and, 44
pensions and, 17, 32, 96, 112, 116
pink-collar workers and, 87
pivots and, 62
police and, 179
prison and, 34, 39, 179, 183, 203n1
productivity and, 6, 35, 44–45, 55, 60, 104, 125, 131, 152, 163
professionals and, 10 (see also Professionals)
punishment and, 175, 178
reform and, 5, 16, 32
retirement and, 82, 179
segregation of, 15–19
social reproduction and, 16–18, 21–23, 26
Social Security and, 44, 87
stratification of, 18
strikes and, 186–188, 190
underemployed and, 51, 173
unemployment and, 6, 11, 14, 20, 29, 32–34, 92, 173, 203n1
unions and, 14, 33, 41, 96, 118–119, 142, 145, 151, 154–155, 158, 183, 185, 187–188, 190
venture labor and, 62
violence and, 178, 180
wages and, 6–10, 16–17, 20–21, 29, 31, 43–44, 67, 121, 174, 176, 178, 180, 187, 195n3, 201n3, 203n1
women and, 17–18, 21, 176, 178, 187
workfare and, 35, 56, 179
Lafer, G., 8
Latinx
bootstrapping and, 147, 156, 168
charter schools and, 112–113, 117, 119, 125, 138, 185
labor market and, 20, 22
libraries and, 87, 101
new economy and, 47
Lean production, 60
Lean Startup (Ries), 60, 65
Libraries
access doctrine and, 25, 84–85, 89–90, 95–97, 101, 189
AFSCME and, 154–155
American Library Association and, 87
Black people and, 81–83, 87, 89, 93, 96, 101, 103, 106–107, 185
bootstrapping and, 15–16, 24–26, 30, 79, 85, 89–90, 95, 97–108, 115, 120, 126, 144–155, 158–169, 184, 189, 194n10
budgets and, 14, 81, 95–96, 162, 164
Canadian, 88–89, 95
capitalism and, 180, 197n1
Carnegie and, 147, 163–164, 198n8
children and, 82, 186, 198n5
Clinton and, 87
College of Information Services and, 94, 155
competition and, 89, 165–170, 198n8
computers and, 12, 25–26, 81–109, 146, 159–160, 171–173, 176, 185, 189–190, 198nn6,7, 203n8
DC Public Library (DCPL) system and, 4, 81–83, 86, 88, 94, 143, 177, 185, 188–189, 197nn2,3, 198n11
demographics on, 202n5
digital divide and, 84, 90, 188
drugs and, 86, 99, 102
education and, 11–12, 81–83, 94
entrepreneurs and, 25, 97, 102–103
as essential, 185
financial services and, 188
free internet and, 53
Friends of the Library and, 82, 103, 107, 173, 186, 189, 198n11
funding and, 14, 34, 51, 53–54, 81–83, 90, 94–95, 146–147, 149, 153, 161, 164–165, 179, 198nn5,8
gender and, 87
gentrification and, 81, 108, 172
Gore and, 84
hipster contingent and, 95–96, 101, 106, 150, 154
homeless and, 12, 14, 23–28, 82–91, 97, 99, 103–104, 107–109, 159–160, 172–176, 183–190, 198n11, 203n8
human capital and, 30, 177
importance of, 29–30
Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) and, 95, 108
internet and, 53–54, 82, 87, 91–92, 98
labor market and, 93
Latinx people and, 87, 101
master of library science (MLS) degree and, 94–96, 155, 198n7
meritocracy and, 149–153, 181, 202n6, 203n7
middle class and, 86–87
migrants and, 87
mission ambiguity and, 160–165
MLK (see also Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library—Central Library)
neoliberalism and, 87, 97, 100, 198n10
philanthropies and, 94
phones and, 86, 89, 91, 99, 101, 103–104, 172
police and, 2, 28, 82, 88, 91–92, 98–104, 171–173, 189, 197n2
poor condition of, 82
pornography and, 86, 92, 97–98, 100–101, 104, 134, 159, 161, 167, 172
poverty and, 85, 90, 186
professionals and, 5, 12, 25, 27, 61, 85–108, 144, 148, 150–160, 164, 166, 169, 175, 181–188, 198n9
public service mission of, 89
recession and, 14, 95
reform and, 82, 100, 106
regulation and, 85–87, 91, 94
research methodology on, 26–28, 197n2
revenue and, 95
segregation and, 102, 109, 168
skills and, 3–6, 11–15, 18, 25, 30, 35, 44–45, 54–55, 60–61, 83–90, 93–96, 104–107, 115, 125, 148–152, 159, 163, 166, 177–181, 185
sleeping in, 2, 84, 99, 104–106, 159, 164, 167, 171–172, 176, 180, 185, 188
software and, 92, 103, 107
startups and, 25, 84–85, 88, 93, 95–96, 102, 109
strikes and, 186–187
taxes and, 88, 95, 178
technological professionalization and, 153–160
transformation of, 85–90
unemployment and, 14
welfare and, 87–90, 95, 185
White people and, 14, 81–82, 86–87, 89, 93, 96–97, 102, 107, 186–188, 198n6
women and, 18, 83, 87, 93
Lieberman, Joseph, 150
Living standards, 43, 201n3
Lobbying, 64, 82, 117, 153
Los Angeles Times, 162–163

Mandate for Change (Center for Education Reform), 117
Manufacturing, 8, 40–41
Mapbox, 93, 102
Martinez + Johnson, 86, 108, 197n3
Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library—Central Library (MLK)
access doctrine and, 16, 116
Advisory Neighborhood Commission and, 88
bootstrapping and, 16, 24–26, 30, 79, 85, 90, 100, 104–105, 108, 115, 120, 126, 145, 148, 167–168, 184, 189, 194n10
competing institutional cultures and, 167–169
Cooper and, 96
Creative Lab and, 108
Digital Commons of, 12, 82–86, 89–109, 146, 159–160, 171–173, 176, 198n6, 203n8
Dream Lab of, 82–83, 89, 93, 95, 101–103, 106, 108–109, 111, 147, 150, 161, 171, 189
Espresso Book Machine and, 95, 107
Fab Lab of, 83–84, 89, 102, 108–109
free internet and, 53
hipster contingent and, 95–96, 101, 106, 150, 154
ideal workers and, 182–185
mission ambiguity and, 161–162
police and, 2, 82, 91, 98, 102, 104, 189
professionalizing, 90–96
renovation of, 171–173, 186, 188–190
research methodology on, 27, 197n2
as space of solidarity, 190–191
transformation of, 85–90, 106
“Your Story Has a Home Here” and, 189–190
Marxism, 16, 203n10, 204n3
Matchbook Learning, 142
Mather Studios, 102–103
Mecanoo Architecten, 86, 108, 197n3
Mercedes divide, 56
Meritocracy, 148–153, 181, 202n6, 203n7
Microsoft, 1–2, 42, 93, 162
Middle class
Black, 1, 20–21, 33, 76–77, 82, 93, 119
bootstrapping and, 149
charter schools and, 119
labor market and, 1, 20–21
libraries and, 86–87
mobility and, 20
pivots and, 76
as powerful idea, 182
social justice and, 188
White, 19–20, 23, 76–77, 82, 86–87, 131, 149, 188
Middle West Side Data Processing School, 33
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 96
Migrants, 3
bootstrapping and, 149
creative class and, 9–10
digital divide and, 23
H-1B visas and, 9
labor market and, 6, 10, 20, 181
libraries and, 87
new economy and, 29, 33, 37
White, 20, 87, 181
MLK. See Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library—Central Library
Mobility
bootstrapping and, 25, 158, 169, 175
charter schools and, 119
economic, 6–7, 10–11
education and, 15, 32, 119, 158, 162, 169, 175
new economy and, 32, 47
professionals and, 21–22
skills and, 6–7, 10–11, 15, 96, 161
social, 15, 25, 32, 47, 96, 119, 152, 158, 161–162, 169, 175
Modems, 31, 43, 45–46
Morrisett, Lloyd, 45
Moser, Michele, 162

National Education Summit, 42
National Information Infrastructure (NII), 38–41, 48–50
National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), 29, 31, 45–51
Nation at Risk report, 42
Native Americans, 31
Neff, Gina, 62, 73
Neoliberalism
Atari Democrats and, 24, 30, 37, 40–43, 52, 145, 151, 183
bootstrapping and, 21, 24, 144, 154–155, 160, 165, 169, 173, 177, 184, 191, 201nn2,3
charter schools and, 117, 139, 186–187, 200n9
Clinton and, 24, 36, 51, 54, 56, 87, 144, 174, 203n1
education and, 117, 165, 169, 174–175, 186, 201n2, 203n1
labor market and, 17
laissez-faire of, 42
libraries and, 87, 97, 100, 198n10
new economy and, 24, 31–38, 44, 48–49, 51, 54, 56–57, 173–174
poverty and, 174–175
reform and, 117, 175, 186, 200n9, 201n2, 203n1
social reproduction and, 22, 34, 173–174, 177, 184, 186–187, 203n1
technology policy and, 31–38
urban development and, 21–22, 34, 57, 175, 177, 184, 191, 194n6
welfare and, 44, 87, 117, 169, 174, 198n10, 203n1
Neumann, Adam, 77
New Deal, 35–36
New economy
access doctrine and, 24, 30–33, 36–39, 43–49, 53, 55, 57, 173–174
activists and, 34, 38, 49
Atari Democrats and, 30, 37, 40–42, 52
Black people and, 31–36, 46–47, 53
budgets and, 35–40
capitalism and, 40, 42, 195n3
carceral state and, 31–32, 34, 37–40, 48, 57
children and, 174
Clinton and, 30–31, 34, 36–45, 48–57, 174, 195n3
competition and, 32, 40, 46–57, 174–175
computers and, 30–33, 40, 45–46, 48
crime and, 37, 39, 174
digital divide and, 29–32, 36, 38–52, 56–58, 180
education and, 31–32, 37, 39, 42–46, 54
entrepreneurs and, 31, 57–58
future of access and, 52–58
gentrification and, 57
Gore and, 29, 36–46, 49–50, 53
health care and, 31, 33
human capital and, 30–32, 36, 38–39, 43–46, 48, 54–57
inequality and, 31, 43, 47–48, 54–55
internet and, 29–32, 39–55, 58
labor market and, 31, 34–36, 38, 42–44
Latinx people and, 47
migrants and, 29, 33, 37
mobility and, 32, 47
national economic crisis and, 38–42
neoliberalism and, 24, 31–38, 44, 48–49, 51, 54, 56–57, 173–174
Obama and, 11
philanthropies and, 47
phones and, 30, 45, 48–51
pivots and, 37–38
police and, 37, 48
political economy and, 34, 37, 183
poverty and, 24, 30–39, 42–49, 53–57, 183
prison and, 34, 37–40, 48
professionals and, 30, 38, 41–42, 195n3
punishment and, 31, 34, 35–37, 44, 49, 52, 55–57
recession and, 29, 36–38, 41, 54–56
recruitment and, 41, 48
reform and, 32–33, 51, 55
regulation and, 31, 34, 38, 40–41, 48–53, 56, 195n2
revenue and, 54
skills and, 30–39, 42–47, 51–57
social reproduction and, 34–35, 57
software and, 40, 195n3
startups and, 29–30, 58
taxes and, 44, 49, 51, 54, 57
urban development and, 194nn6,7
violence and, 37, 39
wages and, 29, 31, 43–44
welfare and, 30, 32, 34–37, 42, 44, 55
White people and, 30–31, 34, 36, 42, 46
women and, 35
New Schools Venture Fund, 141, 147, 153, 157–158, 201n1
New Teacher Project, 119
New York Times, 33
Next Generation Internet Initiative, 49
Next Gen Schools, 143
Niles, Jenny, 141
Nixon, Richard, 34–35
NoMa Business Improvement District, 108
NSFNET, 39

Obama, Barack, 87
access doctrine and, 11
bootstrapping and, 142–143
education and, 4, 9, 117–118, 142
labor market and, 9, 11
new economy and, 11
private schooling of, 77
Startup America and, 64
STEM subjects and, 9
TechHire and, 9
technology and, 4, 11
Ocasio, W., 203n10
Office of the Chief Technology Officer (OCTO), 29–30, 57, 133
Open-source software, 164
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, 52
Outsourcing, 9, 31, 67

PARCC test, 114, 127, 140, 199n6
Pell Grants, 37, 48
Pensions, 17, 32, 96, 112, 116
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (PRWOA), 37
Pew Research Center, 53–54
Philanthropies, 195n2, 199n6, 200n10
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 95, 118, 143
bootstrapping and, 141, 145, 156–158, 162–165, 201n1
Broad Academy and, 157–158
budgets and, 14, 164
Carnegie and, 147, 163–164, 182, 198n8
Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, 154, 158
CityBridge Foundation, 141, 143–144, 148, 153–154, 156–157, 200n12, 201n1
Du Bois and, 16, 26, 112, 118, 200n12
Ford Foundation, 158
libraries and, 94
new economy and, 47
NewSchools Venture Fund, 141, 147, 153, 157–158, 201n1
Rockefeller and, 182
venture, 158
Walton Family Foundation, 147, 157
Phones
Android, 134
discipline and, 133–138
as distractions, 14, 113–115, 120–130, 133–138
education and, 4, 27, 113–115, 120–130, 133–138, 142, 161, 167
impact of, 12
iPhones, 27, 89, 134
libraries and, 86, 89, 91, 99, 101, 103–104, 172
new economy and, 30, 45, 48–51
professionals and, 14, 27, 89, 120, 134–137
startups and, 68, 70–72
Pivots
access doctrine and, 60–61, 66, 75
beta context of, 73–74
Black people and, 59, 70, 76–79
bootcamps and, 64, 66, 72, 75
bootstrapping and, 61, 79
capitalism and, 60, 76
Clinton and, 60, 77
competition and, 64, 77
customer segment, 61
daily, 72–75
digital divide and, 25, 60, 63, 79, 84
education and, 62, 69
emotional labor and, 69–72
entrepreneurs and, 61–68, 71, 76, 78, 196n5
founders and, 62–66, 75
gentrification and, 63, 76, 78
Gore and, 60
human capital and, 60, 62, 76, 78
InCrowd and, 59–62, 65–79, 84, 145–146, 165, 195n1
internet and, 61–63
labor market and, 62
middle class and, 76
new economy and, 37–38
phones and, 68, 70–72
poverty and, 60–61, 75, 79, 195n2
professionals and, 61–63, 67
recruitment and, 59, 64–65
revenue and, 76–77, 79, 195n1
runway and, 62
segregation and, 67
skills and, 25–26, 59–61, 64, 66, 76, 78, 96, 115, 196n3
software and, 59–62, 64, 67–69, 73–74, 76
startups and, 15, 25–26, 59–79, 84, 115, 144–145, 160, 165, 173–176, 194nn9,10, 195n1, 196nn3,4
taxes and, 62, 76–79
venture labor and, 62
violence and, 63
welfare and, 60
White people and, 61, 63, 70, 75–79
women and, 67–72, 196n3
Pokémon, 101–104
Police
Advisory Neighborhood Commission and, 88
Black people and, 22, 103, 171
bootstrapping and, 191
charter schools and, 115
crime and, 193n4 (see also Crime)
labor market and, 179
libraries and, 2, 82, 88, 91–92, 98–104, 171–173, 189, 197n2
new economy and, 37, 48
violence and, 16, 28, 37, 115, 188
Political economy
access doctrine and, 5, 14, 22, 38, 49, 60, 144–145, 170, 174
carceral state and, 183
feminist Marxist, 203n10
new economy and, 34, 37, 183
urban development and, 23
Pornography, 86, 92, 97–101, 104, 134, 159, 161, 167, 172
Poverty
access doctrine and, 5, 7, 11–16, 24, 30–32, 38, 43, 46, 49, 53, 55, 57, 60–61, 75, 85, 90, 120, 143–144, 160, 166, 169, 174, 180
Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and, 35
Black people and, 31–33, 53, 142–143, 175, 183
bootstrapping and, 15–16, 24, 30, 61, 85, 142–148, 153, 160–161, 165–166, 169, 175, 194, 201n1
carceral state and, 31, 183, 203n1
charter schools and, 118, 120
children and, 16, 35, 37, 118, 201n1
digital divide and, 11–13, 24, 30–32, 38–39, 43, 47–48, 90, 144, 174–175
federal line for, 8
food stamps and, 92, 97, 203n1
ghettos and, 32
homeless and, 3 (see also Homeless)
libraries and, 85, 90, 186
neoliberalism and, 174–175
new economy and, 24, 30–39, 42–49, 53–57, 183
pivots and, 60–61, 75, 79, 195n2
reform and, 32–33, 55, 85, 118, 175
shelters and, 2, 27, 83, 89–92, 102, 104, 134, 172
skills and, 5, 7, 11–13, 15, 24, 30–36, 38, 43–44, 55, 57, 60–61, 85, 90, 144, 148, 166, 168, 174–175, 180
technology and, 5, 7, 12–13, 15, 24, 29–38, 42–44, 47–49, 53–55, 57, 61, 120, 143–147, 160–161, 165–166, 169, 173–174, 180, 191, 194n5
War on Poverty and, 44
Powell, Michael, 56
Predatory inclusion, 169
Prejudice, 152
Presence bleed, 127–133
Prison
carceral state and, 34, 37–40, 48, 179, 183, 191, 203n1
Clinton and, 39–40, 203n1
crime waves and, 191
labor market and, 34, 39, 179, 183, 203n1
new economy and, 34, 37–40, 48
Pell Grants and, 37
Productivity, 6, 35, 44–45, 55, 60, 104, 125, 131, 152, 163, 193n3
Professionals
Black, 18–19, 87, 89, 93, 119, 125, 138, 143, 150, 183, 185
bootstrapping and, 143–145, 148–166, 169, 203n7
certifications and, 1–2, 7, 12, 151
charter schools and, 119–120, 124–126, 128, 131, 134–139
class composition of, 150
degrees and, 6, 9, 86, 94, 149, 151–156, 169, 197n2, 198n7, 201n3
digital divide and, 12, 90, 174, 188
education and, 7, 27, 41–42, 62, 100, 125, 128, 139, 145, 148, 150, 153, 156, 158–159, 162, 164, 175, 182–183, 186–187
hegemony and, 204n3
helping, 5, 12, 27, 85, 87, 100, 143–144, 149–150, 158–159, 166, 182, 184–190
ideal workers and, 35, 181–186
libraries and, 5, 12, 25, 27, 61, 85–108, 144, 148, 150–155, 158–160, 164, 166, 169, 175, 181–188, 198n9
master of library science (MLS) degree and, 94–96, 155, 198n7
mobile, 21–22
networks and, 26, 156, 158, 162, 175
new economy and, 30, 38, 41–42, 195n3
PhDs and, 152, 155
phones and, 14, 27, 89, 120, 134–137
pivots and, 61–63, 67
skills and, 7 (see also Skills)
Teach for America (TFA) and, 155–158, 168, 188
technological professionalization and, 153–160
wages and, 10, 21, 174
Washington, DC, and, 7, 18–21, 63, 87, 90, 94, 100, 102, 104, 119, 154–156, 181, 184, 186, 188
White, 17–22, 25, 27, 30, 42, 61, 63, 89, 97, 102, 107, 124–125, 131, 138, 149–153, 161, 169, 175, 181, 183, 188, 198n9, 203n7
Public goods, 44–45, 167
Public-private partnerships, 9, 30–31, 38, 42, 64, 116, 140, 142, 167
Punishment
bootstrapping and, 165
labor market and, 175, 178
new economy and, 31, 34–37, 44, 49, 52, 55–57
police and, 191 (see also Police)
welfare and, 35–37, 36, 174
Python, 9, 93

Qualified High Technology Company, 79

Race to the Top grants, 147
Racism
in education, 137
institutional, 152
international, 193n3
reconceptualism and, 199n2
technology and, 14
welfare queen and, 36
Rainbow Coalition, 42
RAND Corporation, 32
Ray, Victor, 202n4
Reagan, Ronald, 8, 35–36, 39, 41–42, 51
Recession
bootstrapping and, 164, 167, 179, 183
budgets and, 19, 37, 164
charter schools and, 118, 129
education and, 14
federal government and, 19
financial crisis of 2008 and, 6, 14, 18–21, 29, 56, 84, 95, 183
libraries and, 14, 95
new economy and, 29, 36–38, 41, 54–56
postrecession growth and, 20, 129, 164, 179
taxes and, 19, 54, 95, 179
White migration and, 20
Reconceptualizing Early Childhood Education (RECE), 116, 130, 135, 140
Recovery Act, 53
Recruitment, 88
bootstrapping and, 156
Clinton and, 41, 48
elites and, 41
entrepreneurs and, 22, 64–65
new economy and, 41, 48
pivots and, 59, 64–65
skills and, 10, 59
Reform
bootstrapping and, 141, 146, 148, 151, 154, 156–158
charter schools and, 117–118, 120
CityBridge Foundation and, 141, 143–144, 148, 153–154, 156–157, 200n12, 201n1
Democrats for Education Reform and, 117
education and, 117–118, 120, 141, 154–158, 175, 186, 200n13, 201nn1,2, 203n1
job training and, 32–33
labor market and, 32
libraries and, 82, 100, 106
neoliberal, 117, 175, 186, 200n9, 201n2, 203n1
new economy and, 32–33, 51, 55
NewSchools Venture Fund and, 141, 147, 153, 157–158, 201n1
poverty and, 32–33, 55, 85, 118, 175
Regulation
bootstrapping and, 145, 165
charter schools and, 118, 125, 139–140
deregulation and, 31, 34, 38, 41, 48, 51–52, 56, 165
libraries and, 85–87, 91, 94
new economy and, 31, 34, 38, 40–41, 48–53, 56, 195n2
Republicans, 36, 41
Retirement, 82, 179
Revenue
bootstrapping and, 15, 145, 164–165, 169
libraries and, 95
new economy and, 54
pivots and, 76–77, 79, 195n1
taxes and, 10, 19, 21, 76–77, 79, 95, 145, 194n6
Washington, DC, and, 1, 19, 21, 77, 79, 95, 194n6, 200n12
Reyes-Gavilan, Richard
Advisory Neighborhood Commissions (ANCs) and, 197n4
Cooper and, 189
DC Public Library (DCPL) system and, 29–30, 86, 88, 94, 96, 150, 189, 197n4, 198n11
Friends of the Library and, 198n11
meritocratic model and, 150
mission ambiguity and, 162
Rhee, Michelle, 118–119, 142, 156, 158, 163, 199n6, 200n10, 201n1
Ries, Eric, 60–61
Rivera, Marialena D., 157
Rockefeller, John D., 182
Role modeling, 66, 121, 123
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 35, 39
Route 128, 41, 151
Rubinstein, Ross, 162
Runway, 62

Salesforce, 16, 73–74, 112, 130
Samouha, Aylon, 142–143, 154
SAT scores, 42, 114, 134, 140
Sawyer, Steve, 155
SchoolForce
academic culture and, 112–116, 121, 124, 128, 130–133, 136–138
Acumen Solutions and, 112, 199n1
discipline and, 112, 114–115, 121, 132–134, 136–137
Du Bois and, 16, 111–116, 121, 124, 128, 130–138, 185, 190–191
experimentation of, 114–116
increased surveillance by, 114
Work Hard Grades and, 136–137
Scientific American journal, 39–40
Scientific-Technical Employment Program (STEP), 33
Scott, George A., 116
Scott, Janelle, T, 157–158, 201n2
Scott, W. Richard, 145
Sculley, John, 41
Segregation
bootstrapping and, 160, 162, 168, 203n1
crime and, 203n1
labor market and, 17–19, 115
libraries and, 102, 109, 168
pivots and, 67
residential, 162
Sesame Street Workshop, 45
Shelters, 2, 27, 83, 89–92, 102, 104, 134, 172
Shelton, Jim, 142–143, 154, 164
Sidwell Friends, 77
Silicon Valley, 45, 142, 151, 202n6
Skill-biased technological change (SBTC), 7–8
Skills
bootstrapping and, 13, 15, 18, 24, 30, 61, 85, 106–107, 115, 141–144, 148–152, 159, 161, 166, 168, 170, 175, 177, 202n6
charter schools and, 115–116, 120, 131
coding, 4–5, 9, 11–12, 40, 68, 75, 155, 179, 188
conceptual issues and, 7–9, 204n2
critical thinking, 8–9
digital divide and, 1, 6–13, 15, 24–25, 30–31, 38, 43, 47, 52, 60, 90, 116, 144, 170, 174–176
gaps in, 7–11, 15, 42, 66, 116, 175–176
gender and, 8, 32
H-1B visas and, 9
ideal worker and, 35, 181–186
individual, 1, 7, 10, 180
job training and, 2, 8, 11, 32, 35, 66, 76, 161, 177, 196n6
libraries and, 3–6, 11–15, 18, 25, 30, 35, 44–45, 54–55, 60–61, 83–90, 93–96, 104–107, 115, 125, 131, 148–152, 159, 163, 166, 177–181, 185
mobility and, 6–7, 10–11, 15, 96, 161
new economy and, 30–39, 42–47, 51–57
occupational data on effects of, 176–177
pivots and, 25–26, 59–61, 64, 66, 76, 78, 96, 115, 196n3
poverty and, 5, 7, 11–13, 15, 24, 30–38, 43–44, 55, 57, 60–61, 85, 90, 144, 148, 166, 168, 174–175, 180
productivity and, 6, 35, 44–45, 55, 60, 104, 125, 131, 152, 163
recruitment and, 10, 59
shortages in, 7, 11
standardized testing and, 42–43, 111, 117, 122, 127, 134, 140, 153, 199n8, 203n1
startups and, 16, 59–61, 78, 93, 115, 143–144, 148, 166, 175, 181, 196n3
STEM, 9, 15, 83, 176
technology and, 1–9, 13–18, 24, 26, 30–31, 43–44, 47, 55, 57, 61, 66, 83–86, 89, 95, 115, 131, 141, 143, 149, 159, 166, 176–177, 180, 202n6
training and, 1, 5–18, 24, 26, 33–39, 42–43, 54, 64, 66, 78, 85–86, 89, 95, 149–151, 175–179
unemployment and, 11, 33, 78
wages and, 7–10, 43, 174, 176
Skills-to-job pipeline, 150, 152
Sloan, Van, 33
Social justice, 175, 188
Social media, 70, 89, 107, 135, 137, 141
Social reproduction
bootstrapping and, 144, 146, 166–169, 173, 177, 180
capitalism and, 16–17, 177–182, 184, 195n3
education and, 16–18, 21, 26, 34, 144, 146, 169, 179, 181, 186–187, 190, 203n1
InCrowd and, 179, 182, 184
intraclass antagonism and, 185
labor market and, 16–18, 21–23, 26
Marxist feminists and, 16
neoliberalism and, 22, 34, 173–174, 177, 184, 186–187, 203n1
new economy and, 34–35, 57
new mode for, 178–181
problem of access and, 173–174
Social Security, 44, 87
Software
bootstrapping and, 164–165, 174, 176, 182, 184, 202n6
charter schools and, 112, 122, 200n11
coding and, 4–5, 9, 11–12, 40, 68, 75, 155, 179, 188
libraries and, 92, 103, 107
new economy and, 40, 195n3
startups and, 59–62, 64, 67–69, 73–74, 76, 196n3
South Korea, 52
Soviet Union, 38–40, 49
Stagflation, 33, 35
Standardized tests, 42–43, 111, 117, 122, 127, 134, 140, 153, 199n8, 203n1
Startup America, 64
Startup Middle School, 30
Startup Mixology: Tech Cocktail’s Guide to Building, Growing, & Celebrating Startup Success (Gruber), 65
Startups
2U, 142
beta context of, 73–74
bootcamps and, 64, 66, 72, 75
bootstrapping and, 15, 24–25, 58, 61, 115, 142–149, 153–154, 159–162, 165–166, 169, 175–176, 180, 184, 194nn9,10, 203n9
capital and, 17, 30, 62, 78, 143, 146, 159, 175, 180–181, 184, 188
charter schools and, 25, 115, 119, 139
computers and, 65, 73
cultural labor and, 196n3
data management platforms and, 16
DC Tech (promotional network), 77, 83, 161–162, 181
DC tech (sector), 64–65, 68, 70, 72, 75–79, 83, 161–162, 181, 184
Du Bois and, 16, 24–25, 115, 119, 139, 145, 148–149, 175, 184, 188, 194nn9,10
emotional labor and, 69–72
entrepreneurs and, 16–17, 25, 58, 61–62, 65, 68, 76, 78, 143, 149, 154, 159, 176, 179
equity and, 64–66
gentrification and, 63, 76, 78, 181
hackathons and, 65, 96
InCrowd, 16 (see also InCrowd)
libraries and, 14–15, 25, 84–85, 88, 93, 95–96, 102, 109
new economy and, 29–30, 58
organizational culture and, 66–67
phones and, 68, 70–72
pivots and, 15, 25–26, 59–79, 84, 115, 144–145, 160, 165, 173–176, 194nn9,10, 195n1, 196nn3,4
rent and, 59, 65
research methodology on, 26–28
runway and, 62
skills and, 16, 59–61, 78, 93, 115, 143–144, 148, 166, 175, 181, 196n3
software and, 59–62, 64, 67–69, 73–74, 76, 196n3
venture labor and, 62
Startup Weekend EDU, 143
State of the Union, 55, 174
Status, 23, 47–48, 69, 123, 153, 184, 197n1
STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math), 4, 9, 15, 77, 83, 117, 119, 165, 176
Stevenson, Siobhan A., 88–89, 95
Stovall, Pamela, 188–189
Straubhaar, Joseph, 54
Strikes, 186–188, 190
Subsidies, 32, 45, 51, 70, 79, 89, 191
Suburbs, 2, 20–23, 31, 41, 46, 101, 118, 151
Switzerland, 53

Task Force on the Future of the DC Public Library System, 82
Taxes
bootstrapping and, 145, 151, 162, 168
Clinton and, 4, 151
credits and, 78
inequality and, 10, 162
Keynesianism and, 23
libraries and, 88, 95, 178
new economy and, 44, 49, 51, 54, 57
payroll, 44
pivots and, 62, 76–79
recession and, 19, 54, 95, 179
reduction of, 76
revenue and, 10, 19, 21, 76–77, 79, 95, 145, 194n6
revolts and, 14
Washington, DC, and, 19, 21, 44, 77–79, 88, 95, 194n6
Tax increment financing (TIF), 194n6
Teach for America (TFA), 128, 155–158, 168, 188
Tech Cocktail, 64, 65
TechHire, 9
Technology
academic culture and, 121–133
access doctrine and, 18 (see also Access doctrine)
Atari Democrats and, 24, 30, 37, 40–43, 52, 145, 151, 183
broadband, 4, 14, 29, 52–53, 133, 195nn4,5
Clinton and, 4, 30, 87
computers and, 1 (see also Computers)
DC’s digital district and, 18–24
digital divide and, 176 (see also Digital divide)
as distraction, 113–115, 120–138
dot-com boom and, 62, 65
homeless and, 3–4, 26
InCrowd and, 6, 75, 115, 130, 182
internet and, 29–32, 39–55, 58 (see also Internet)
modems and, 31, 43, 45–46
Obama and, 4, 11
Office of the Chief Technology Officer (OCTO) and, 29–30, 57, 133
phones and, 4 (see also Phones)
poverty and, 5, 7, 12–13, 15, 24, 29–38, 42–44, 47–49, 53–55, 57, 61, 120, 143–147, 160–161, 165–166, 169, 173–174, 180, 191, 194n5
presence bleed and, 127–133
skills and, 1–9, 13–18, 24, 26, 30–31, 43–44, 47, 55, 57, 61, 66, 83–86, 89, 95, 115, 131, 141, 143, 149, 159, 166, 176–177, 180, 202n6
STEM and, 4, 9, 15, 77, 83, 117, 119, 165, 176
Technology for America’s Economic Growth, 40
TED Talks, 88, 180
Telecommunications Act, 50–52
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), 37
Thornton, Patricia H., 203n10
TrackMaven, 77
Trujillo, Tina, 157
Trump, Donald, 195n4
Trump, Ivanka, 4
Twitter, 71, 125

Underemployed, 51, 173
Unemployment, 6, 8, 11, 14, 20, 29, 32–34, 92, 203n1
United Teachers of Los Angeles, 187
Universal service, 49–51, 54
Urban development
housing and, 197n1
neoliberalism and, 21–22, 34, 57, 175, 177, 184, 191, 194n6
new economy and, 194nn6,7
political economy and, 23
USAJobs, 4

Venture labor, 62
Video games, 4, 41, 70, 107, 111, 125–126, 130–132, 152, 171
Vietnam War, 205n4
Violence
bootstrapping and, 159, 167–168, 170
capitalism and, 17
charter schools and, 115–116, 128, 178
crime and, 183 (see also Crime)
gentrification and, 181
labor market and, 178, 180
new economy and, 37, 39
pivots and, 63
police and, 16, 28, 37, 115, 188
Violent Crime and Law Enforcement Act, 37, 39

Wacquant, Loïc, 34, 37, 203n1
Wages
Ford and, 180
gaps in, 20–21
labor market and, 6–10, 16–17, 20–21, 29, 31, 43–44, 67, 121, 174, 176, 178, 180, 187, 195n3, 201n3, 203n1
new economy and, 29, 31, 43–44
“Plan, The” and, 21
professionals and, 10, 21, 174
skills and, 7–10, 43, 174, 176
Washington, DC, and, 20
Waiting for “Superman” (documentary), 118
Waivers, 35
Walton Family Foundation, 147, 157
War on Poverty, 44
Washington, DC
access doctrine and, 7, 18–26, 30, 32, 53, 57, 75, 95, 150, 184–185
“Bridging the Digital Divide in the District of Columbia” and, 29
budget of, 19, 81
Chamber of Commerce and, 29, 78, 180
crime and, 76, 191
DC Public Charter School Board (DCPCSB) and, 112, 116–117, 147
DC Public Library (DCPL) system and, 4, 81–83, 86, 88, 94, 143, 177, 185, 188–189, 197nn2,3, 198n11
DC Public Schools (DCPS) system and, 116, 134, 139, 200n12, 201n1
Department of Human Services (DHS) and, 172
Digital DC and, 76–77, 181
eight wards of, 19
gentrification and, 18, 63, 76, 78, 81, 108, 172, 181, 197n4
Gray and, 64, 76, 119, 163, 181
home rule and, 19, 21
job growth in, 20
job training reputation of, 196n6
Office of the Chief Technology Officer (OCTO) and, 29–30, 57, 133
“Plan, The,” and, 21
professionals and, 7, 18–21, 63, 87, 90, 94, 100, 102, 104, 119, 154–156, 181, 184, 186, 188
revenue and, 1, 19, 21, 77, 79, 95, 194n6, 200n12
suburbs and, 2, 20–23, 31, 41, 46, 101, 118, 151
taxes and, 19, 21, 44, 77–79, 88, 95, 194n6
teacher demographics and, 202n5
wages and, 20
Williams and, 20, 81–82, 118
Washington Post, 29, 81, 150, 152, 185
Washington Teachers Union, 118
W. E. B. Du Bois Public Charter High School (Du Bois)
academic culture and, 112–116, 121–133, 136–138
access doctrine and, 116
AP for All and, 163
beta operations of, 106
bootstrapping and, 24–26, 112, 115, 120, 126, 137, 139, 145–146, 148, 158, 167–168, 175, 184, 194n10
Carroll and, 111, 113–114, 122, 125–126, 130, 136, 168, 193n1
competing institutional cultures and, 167–169
DC-CAS test and, 114, 140
DC Public Charter School Board (DCPCSB) and, 112, 116–117, 147
discipline and, 16, 112, 114–116, 121, 132–138
experiments of, 111, 114–121, 132, 138–140, 201n14
hidden curriculum and, 121, 123–128, 131–132, 135, 138, 150
homework and, 113, 125–129
ideal workers and, 182–184
lost computers of, 122
mission ambiguity and, 161, 163
philanthropies and, 16, 26, 200n12
presence bleed and, 127–133
as pseudonym, 25
Reconceptualizing Early Childhood Education (RECE) and, 116, 130, 135, 140
reform and, 120
research methodology on, 27–28
SchoolForce and, 16, 111–116, 121, 124, 128, 130–138, 185, 190–191
as space of solidarity, 190–191
startups and, 16, 24–25, 115, 119, 139, 145, 148–149, 175, 184, 188, 194n10
STEM subjects and, 117, 119
teaching team of, 111–112
TFA and, 156, 158
Think Tank of, 111, 113, 123, 125–127, 130, 135, 137–138
as turnaround school, 138–140
Video Game Design and, 130–132
Work Hard Grades and, 136–137
Welfare
Black people and, 32, 35–36, 185, 193n4
bootstrapping and, 144, 159, 165, 167, 169–170, 176, 201n3, 203n1
carceral state and, 60, 169–170, 198n10, 203n1
charter schools and, 117
Clinton and, 34, 37, 42, 55, 60, 87, 174, 203n1
ending, 34–35
food stamps and, 92, 97, 203n1
human capital and, 44, 55, 60, 117, 159, 170
JTPA and, 8
Keynesian, 23
libraries and, 87–90, 95, 185
neoliberalism and, 44, 87, 117, 169, 174, 198n10, 203n1
new economy and, 30, 32, 34–37, 42, 44, 55
pivots and, 60
postwar economic boom and, 193n4
punishment and, 35–37, 174
waivers and, 35
War on Poverty and, 44
workfare and, 35, 56, 179
Welfare queens, 36
WeWork, 64, 77–78, 196n5
“What’s Wrong with American High Schools” (Gates), 162–163
White flight, 19, 23
White House, 4, 36, 64, 118, 152
White people
bootstrapping and, 146, 149–153, 156–157, 161, 169
charter schools and, 112–113, 118, 124–125, 138, 140
digital district of, 18–24
entrepreneurs and, 22–23, 25, 64, 149–150, 157, 179
gentrification and, 22, 63, 76, 181
labor market and, 19–22
libraries and, 14, 81–82, 86–87, 89, 93, 96–97, 102, 107, 186–188, 198n6
middle class, 19–20, 23, 76–77, 82, 86–87, 131, 149, 188
migrants and, 6, 20, 87, 181
new economy and, 30–31, 34, 36, 42, 46
pivots and, 61, 63, 70, 75–79
professionals and, 17, 19, 21–22, 25, 27, 30, 42, 61, 63, 89, 97, 102, 107, 124–125, 131, 138, 149–153, 161, 169, 175, 181, 183, 188, 198n9, 203n7
wage increases and, 20
women, 17, 187
Wiggins, Andrea, 155
Williams, Anthony, 20, 81–82, 118
Willis-Graham Act, 50
Wilson, Darren, 127
Wingo, Henry, 29–30
Women
Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and, 35
Black, 17, 21, 142–143, 147, 153
bootstrapping and, 142–143, 147, 153, 202n5
charter schools and, 18
computers and, 196n3
cultural labor and, 196n3
emotional labor and, 69–72
feminism and, 16, 199n2, 203n10
gender-based wages and, 8
labor market and, 17, 21, 176, 178, 187
libraries and, 18, 83, 87, 93
new economy and, 35
pivots and, 67–72, 196n3
White, 17, 187
Workfare, 35, 56, 179
Workforce Investment Act (WIA), 8
Work Hard Grades, 136–137
World Treaty Organization (WTO), 49

Young, John, 41
Youth Opportunity Campaign, 33
YouTube, 103, 107, 109, 125, 173

Zipper, David, 64
Zuckerberg, Mark, 196n3, 202n6