- Adamson, Morgan. 2009. “The Human Capital Strategy.” Ephemera 9 (4): 271–284.
- AFSCME (American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees). 1968. “Librarian Members of AFSCME Local 1675, Contra Costa & Solano County, California, Picket in August, 1968.” Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University. http://reuther.wayne.edu/node/2079.
- Agosto, D. E. 2008. “Alternative Funding for Public Libraries: Trends, Sources, and the Heated Arguments That Surround It.” In Influence of Funding on Advances in Librarianship, edited by Danuta A. Nitecki and Eileen E. Abels, 115–140. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
- Akee, Randall, Maggie R. Jones, and Sonya R. Porter. 2019. “Race Matters: Income Shares, Income Inequality, and Income Mobility for All US Races.” Demography 56 (3): 999–1021.
- Allard, Scott W. 2007. “The Changing Face of Welfare during the Bush Administration.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 37 (3): 304–332.
- Anderson, Ben, and Adam Holden. 2008. “Affective Urbanism and the Event of Hope.” Space and Culture 11 (2): 142–159.
- Anyon, Jean. 1980. “Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work.” Journal of Education 162 (1): 67–92.
- Archibald, Robert B., and David H. Feldman. 2006. “State Higher Education Spending and the Tax Revolt.” Journal of Higher Education 77 (4): 618–644. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2006.11772309.
- Asaro, Peter M. 2000. “Transforming Society by Transforming Technology: The Science and Politics of Participatory Design.” Accounting, Management and Information Technologies 10 (4): 257–290.
- Attewell, Paul. 1990. “What Is Skill?” Work and Occupations 17 (4): 422–448.
- Audretsch, Bruce. 1998. “Agglomeration and the Location of Innovative Activity.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 14 (2): 18–29.
- Autor, David H., and David Dorn. 2013. “The Growth of Low-Skill Service Jobs and the Polarization of the US Labor Market.” American Economic Review 103 (5): 1553–1597.
- Autor, David H., Lawrence F. Katz, and Alan B. Krueger. 1998. “Computing Inequality: Have Computers Changed the Labor Market?” Quarterly Journal of Economics 113 (4): 1169–1213.
- Baily, Martin Neil, and Nicholas Montalbano. 2016. “Why Is US Productivity Growth So Slow? Possible Explanations and Policy Responses.” Brookings Institution, Hutchins Center Working Paper 22. http://www.nomurafoundation.or.jp/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20161116_M_Baily-N_Montalbano.pdf.
- Bakker, Isabella. 2007. “Social Reproduction and the Constitution of a Gendered Political Economy.” New Political Economy 12 (4): 541–556.
- Beck, Eevi E. 2002. “P for Political: Participation Is Not Enough.” Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems 14 (1): 77–92.
- Benanav, Aaron. 2014. “A Global History of Unemployment.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles.
- Berger, Dan. 2013. “Social Movements and Mass Incarceration: What Is to Be Done?” Souls 15 (1–2): 3–18.
- Berghel, Hal. 2014. “STEM, Revisited.” Computer 47 (3): 70–73.
- Bertot, John Carlo, Abigail McDermott, Ruth Lincoln, Brian Real, and Kaitlin Peterson. 2012. 2011–2012 Public Library Funding and Technology Access Survey: Survey Findings and Results. College Park, MD: Information Policy & Access Center, University of Maryland College Park. http://www.ala.org/tools/research/plftas/2011_2012.
- Besharov, Marya L., and Wendy K. Smith. 2014. “Multiple Institutional Logics in Organizations: Explaining Their Varied Nature and Implications.” Academy of Management Review 39 (3): 364–381.
- Bezanson, Kate. 2006. Gender, the State, and Social Reproduction: Household Insecurity in Neo-liberal Times. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Bhattacharya, Tithi. 2020. “Liberating Women from ‘Political Economy’: Margaret Bentson’s Marxism and a Social-Reproduction Approach to Gender Oppression.” Monthly Review, January 1, 2020. https://monthlyreview.org/2020/01/01/liberating-women-from-political-economy/?v=7516fd43adaa.
- Biddle, RiShawn. 2009. “The BlackBerry Kid: Michelle Rhee’s Showdown with the DC Teachers Union.” CRC Labor Watch, January 2009. https://capitalresearch.org/app/uploads/2013/07/LW0109.pdf.
- Bivens, Josh, Elise Gould, Lawrence R. Mishel, and Heidi Shierholz. 2014. “Raising America’s Pay: Why It’s Our Central Economic Policy Challenge.” Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/publication/raising-americas-pay/.
- Blanchard, Dana. 2018. “Lessons from the Teachers’ Strike Wave.” International Socialist Review, no. 110. https://isreview.org/issue/110/lessons-teachers-strike-wave.
- Bloom, Howard S., Larry L. Orr, Stephen H. Bell, George Cave, Fred Doolittle, Winston Lin, and Johannes M. Bos. 1997. “The Benefits and Costs of JTPA Title II-A Programs: Key Findings from the National Job Training Partnership Act Study.” Journal of Human Resources 32 (3): 549–576.
- Bloomberg News. 2007. “Greenspan: Let More Skilled Immigrants In.” Boston Globe, March 14. http://archive.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2007/03/14/greenspan_let_more_skilled_immigrants_in/.
- BLS (US Bureau of Labor Statistics). 2015a. “STEM Crisis or STEM Surplus? Yes and Yes.” Monthly Labor Review, May 2015. http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2015/article/stem-crisis-or-stem-surplus-yes-and-yes.htm.
- BLS (US Bureau of Labor Statistics). 2015b. “Occupations with the Most Job Growth.” Employment Projections, December 8, 2015. https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupations-most-job-growth.htm.
- BLS (US Bureau of Labor Statistics). 2016. Employment Experience of Youths: Results from a Longitudinal Survey News Release. Washington, DC: United States Department of Labor, April 8. http://www.bls.gov/news.release/nlsyth.htm.
- Bonhomme, Edna. 2016. “Behind the Lockout: An Interview with Emily Drabinski.” Jacobin, September 15, 2016. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/09/behind-the-lockout/.
- Boltanski, Luc, and Laurent Thévenot. 2006. On Justification: Economies of Worth. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Boothe, Charlie. 2018. Potential Teacher Strike Looms over West Virginia. Bluefield Daily Telegraph, January 29, 2018. https://www.bdtonline.com/news/potential-teacher-strike-looms-over-west-virginia/article_32f4a9f4-04a1-11e8-99f2-7f31dc816267.html.
- Bowser, Muriel, and Jeffrey S. DeWitt. 2018. Review of Economic Development Tax Expenditures. Office of Revenue Analysis. Washington, DC: Government of the District of Columbia. https://cfo.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/ocfo/publication/attachments/2017%20Economic%20Development%20Tax%20Expenditures%20121918.pdf.
- Bowser, Muriel, Jeffrey S. De Witt, and Fitzroy Lee. 2015. “DC’s Population Grew for the 9th Straight Year in 2014, but Growth Was the Slowest in 6 Years.” DC Office of Revenue Analysis Briefing Document 2015-1. http://cfo.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/ocfo/publication/attachments/2015-01_DC%20Population_0.pdf.
- Brock, André, Jr. 2020. Distributed Blackness: African American Cybercultures. New York: NYU Press.
- Brodkin, Jon. 2018. “FCC Republican Claims Municipal Broadband Is Threat to First Amendment.” Ars Technica (blog), October 30, 2018. https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/10/fcc-republican-claims-municipal-broadband-is-threat-to-first-amendment/.
- Brown, L. David. 1991. “Bridging Organizations and Sustainable Development.” Human Relations 44 (8): 807–831.
- Bush, George W. 2004. “President Unveils Tech Initiatives for Energy, Health Care, Internet: Remarks by the President at American Association of Community Colleges Convention.” Office of the Press Secretary, April 26, 2004. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/04/text/20040426-6.html.
- Calarco, Jessica McCrory. 2018. Negotiating Opportunities: How the Middle Class Secures Advantages in School. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Callon, Michel. 1984. “Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of St. Brieuc Bay.” Sociological Review 32 (1): 196–233.
- Camp, Jordan T. 2016. Incarcerating the Crisis: Freedom Struggles and the Rise of the Neoliberal State. Oakland: University of California Press.
- Cappelli, Peter H. 1999. “Career Jobs Are Dead.” California Management Review 42 (1): 146–167.
- Cappelli, Peter H. 2015. “Skill Gaps, Skill Shortages, and Skill Mismatches: Evidence and Arguments for the United States.” ILR Review 68 (2): 251–290.
- Cate, Fred H. 1994. “The National Information Infrastructure: Policymaking and Policymakers.” Stanford Law and Policy Review 6 (1): 43–60.
- Carragee, Kevin M., and Wim Roefs. 2004. “The Neglect of Power in Recent Framing Research.” Journal of Communication 54 (2): 214–233.
- Castaneda, Ruben. 2020. “What’s The Plan?” Washington City Paper, March 5, 2020. https://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/news/article/21120072/whats-the-plan.
- Chandler, Michael Alison. 2015a. “DC Charter Schools Serve Fewer At-Risk Students Than Nearby Neighborhood Schools.” Washington Post, October 8, 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/education/wp/2015/10/08/d-c-charter-schools-serve-fewer-at-risk-students-than-nearby-neighborhood-schools/.
- Chandler, Michael Alison. 2015b. “College Readiness Scores Range Widely at DC High Schools.” Washington Post, October 28, 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/education/wp/2015/10/28/college-readiness-scores-range-widely-at-d-c-high-schools/.
- Chandler, Michael Alison. 2015c. “Some DC Charter Schools Get Millions in Donations; Others, Almost Nothing.” Washington Post, August 26, 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/some-charter-schools-get-millions-in-donations-others-almost-nothing/2015/08/22/b1fdaef0-4804-11e5-8e7d-9c033e6745d8_story.html?hpid=z4.
- Chaplan, Margaret A. 1976. “Appendix A: Chronology of Job Actions, 1966–1975.” In Employee Organization and Collective Bargaining in Libraries, edited by Margaret A. Chaplan. Library Trends 25 (2): 517–524.
- Charette, Robert N. 2013. “The STEM Crisis Is a Myth.” IEEE Spectrum 50 (9): 44–59.
- Chavous, Kevin. 2009. “Charter Schools. ICn Mandate for Change, edited by Samuel C. Carter, 19–25. Washington, DC: Center for Education Reform.
- Clinton, William J. 1993. “Address before a Joint Session of Congress on Administration Goals.” American Presidency Project, February 17, 1993. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-before-joint-session-congress-administration-goals.
- Clinton, William J. 2000a. “Address before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union.” American Presidency Project, January 27, 2000. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-before-joint-session-the-congress-the-state-the-union-7.
- Clinton, William J. 2000b. “Remarks by the President on Digital Opportunities for Americans with Disabilities.” Office of the Press Secretary, September 21, 2000. http://www.icdri.org/DD/clintonddspeech.htm.
- Clinton, William J., and the Council of Economic Advisors. 1994. Economic Report of the President Transmitted to the Congress, Together with the Annual Report of the Council of Economic Advisers. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
- Clinton, William J., and Al Gore Jr. 1993. “Technology for America’s Economic Growth: A New Direction for Building Economic Strength.” Office of the Press Secretary, February 22, 1993.
- Clinton, William J., and Al Gore Jr. 1995. “A Framework for Global Electronic Commerce.” Office of the Press Secretary, July 1, 1997.
- Clinton, William J., and Al Gore Jr. 1996a. “Background on the Clinton-Gore Administration’s Next-Generation Internet Initiative.” Office of the Press Secretary, October 10, 1996.
- Clinton, William J., and Al Gore Jr. 1996b. “Remarks by the President and Vice President to the People of Knoxville.” Office of the Press Secretary, October 10, 1996.
- Cobble, D. S. 1991. “Organizing the Postindustrial Work Force: Lessons from the History of Waitress Unionism.” ILR Review 44 (3): 419–436.
- Cottom, Tressie McMillan. 2016. “Black Cyberfeminism: Ways Forward for Intersectionality and Digital Sociology.” In Digital Sociologies, edited by Jessie Daniels, Karen Gregory, and Tressie McMillan Cottom, 211–232. Bristol, UK: Polity Press.
- Cottom, Tressie McMillan. 2017. Lower Ed: The Troubling Rise of For-Profit Colleges in the New Economy. New York: New Press.
- Craig, Tim, and Bill Turque. 2010. “Michelle Rhee Resigns; Gray Huddles with Her Successor.” Washington Post, October 13, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/12/AR2010101205658.html.
- Crawford, Susan. 2013. Captive Audience: The Telecom Industry and Monopoly Power in the New Gilded Age. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- CREDO (Center for Research on Education Outcomes). 2009. Multiple Choice: Charter School Performance in 16 States. Stanford University, Stanford, CA. https://credo.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj6481/f/multiple_choice_credo.pdf.
- Dalla Costa, Mariarosa, and Selma James. 1975. The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community. Bristol: Falling Wall Press.
- Dani, Lokesh. 2013. “The Lower-Wage Recovery in the Higher-Wage Economy of the Washington, DC Metropolitan Area.” George Mason University Center for Regional Analysis, Working Paper No. 2013-07.
- Darity, William. 1983. “The Managerial Class and Surplus Opulation.” Society 21 (1): 54–62.
- DCPCSB (DC Public Charter School Board). 2020. “Historical Enrollment Analysis.” OpenData DC PCSB, July 15, 2020. https://dcpcsb.egnyte.com/dl/0BR9yldipC/.
- Dean, Jodi. 2008. “Enjoying Neoliberalism.” Cultural Politics 4 (1): 47–72.
- Department of Commerce. 1993. The National Information Infrastructure: Agenda for Action. Washington, DC: Information Infrastructure Task Force. http://www.ibiblio.org/nii/toc.html.
- DeVault, Marjorie L. 2006. “Introduction: What Is Institutional Ethnography?” Social Problems 53 (3): 294–298.
- DiMaggio, Paul. 1991. “Constructing an Organizational Field as a Professional Project: The Case of U.S. Art Museums.” In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, 267–292. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- DiMaggio, Paul, Ezster Hargittai, Coral Celeste, and Steven Shafer. 2004. “Digital Inequality: From Unequal Access to Differentiated Use.” In Social Inequality, edited by Katheryn Neckerman, 355–400. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
- DiMaggio, Paul, and Walter W. Powell. 1983. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.” American Sociological Review 48 (2): 147–160.
- DMPED (Deputy Mayor for Planning & Economic Development). 2016. “Economic Intelligence Dashboard: Employment and Labor, March 2016.” http://open.dc.gov/economic-intelligence/employment-labor.html.
- Drucker, Peter F. 1999. “Knowledge-Worker Productivity: The Biggest Challenge.” California Management Review 41 (2): 79–94.
- Duménil, Gérard, and Dominique Lévy. 2015. “Neoliberal Managerial Capitalism: Another Reading of the Piketty, Saez, and Zucman Data.” International Journal of Political Economy 44 (2): 71–89.
- Duster, Troy. 1995. “The New Crisis of Legitimacy in Controls, Prisons, and Legal Structures.” American Sociologist 26 (1): 20–29.
- Edelman, Peter. 2013. So Rich, So Poor: Why It’s So Hard to End Poverty in America. New York: New Press.
- Ehrenreich, Barbara, and John Ehrenreich. 1977. “The Professional-Managerial Class.” Radical America, March-April, 7–31.
- Ehrenreich, Barbara, and John Ehrenreich. 2013. Death of a Yuppie Dream: The Rise and Fall of the Professional-Managerial Class. New York: Rosa Luxemburg Siftung. http://www.rosalux-nyc.org/wp-content/files_mf/ehrenreich_death_of_a_yuppie_dream90.pdf.
- Enjeti, Saagar. 2019. “Ride Is Likely over for Kamala Harris.” The Hill, October 9, 2019. https://thehill.com/hilltv/rising/465008-saagar-enjeti-ride-is-likely-over-for-kamala-harris.
- Epstein, Dmitry, Erick Nisbet, and Tarleton Gillespie. 2011. “Who’s Responsible for the Digital Divide? Public Perceptions and Policy Implications.” Information Society, 27 (2): 92–104.
- Escobar, Arturo. 2011. Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Eubanks, Virginia. 2006. “Technologies of Citizenship: Surveillance and Political Learning in the Welfare System.” In Surveillance and Security: Technology and Power in Everyday Life, edited by Torin Monahan, 89–108. New York: Routledge.
- Eubanks, Virginia. 2007. “Trapped in the Digital Divide: The Distributive Paradigm in Community Informatics.” Journal of Community Informatics 3 (2). http://ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/293.
- Eubanks, Virginia. 2011. Digital Dead End: Fighting for Social Justice in the Information Age. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Evans, William N., Robert M. Schwab, and Kathryn L. Wagner. 2019. “The Great Recession and Public Education.” Education Finance and Policy 14 (2): 298–326.
- Farrell, Graham, Nick Tilley, and Andromachi Tseloni. 2014. “Why the Crime Drop?” Crime and Justice 43 (1): 421–490.
- FCC (Federal Communications Commission). 1997. “Report & Order in the Matter of Federal-State Joint Board on Universal Service.” CC docket no. 96-45.
- FCC (Federal Communications Commission). 2016. Broadband Progress Report. Washington, DC: Federal Communications Commission.
- Federici, Silvia. 2004 Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body, and Primitive Accumulation. Brooklyn: Autonomedia.
- Ferguson, James. 1994. The Anti-politics Machine: “Development,” Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Ferguson, Thomas. 1995. Golden Rule: The Investment Theory of Party Competition and the Logic of Money-Driven Political Systems. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Fernandez, Manny. 2004. “Seeking to Turn a Page on Disrepair: After Languishing for Years, the District’s Libraries Are Getting New Attention.” Washington Post, April 8, 2004, sec. DE 10.
- Florida, Richard. 2004. The Rise of the Creative Class. New York: Basic Books.
- Forman Jr., James. 2017. Locking Up Our Own: Crime and Punishment in Black America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
- Fortunati, Leopoldina. 1995. The Arcane of Reproduction: Housework Prostitution, Labor and Capital. Brooklyn: Autonomedia.
- Fox, Melodie, and Hope Olson. 2013. “Essentialism and Care in a Female-Intensive Profession.” In Feminist and Queer Information Studies Reader, edited by Patrick Keilty and Rebecca Dean, 48–61. Sacramento: Litwin Books.
- Fraser, Nancy. 1993. “Clintonism, Welfare, and the Antisocial Wage: The Emergence of a Neoliberal Political Imaginary.” Rethinking Marxism 6 (1): 9–23.
- Fraser, Nancy. 2016. “Contradictions of Capital and Care.” New Left Review 100 (99): 117.
- Fraser, Nancy, and Linda Gordon. 1994. “A Genealogy of Dependency: Tracing a Keyword of the US Welfare State.” Signs 19 (2): 309–336.
- Friedland, Roger, and Robert R. Alford. 1991. “Bringing Society Back in: Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions.” In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, 232–263. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Gates, Bill. 2005. “What’s Wrong with American High Schools.” Los Angeles Times, March 1, 2005. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-mar-01-oe-gates1-story.html.
- Garrison, Dee. 1979. Apostles of Culture: The Public Librarian and American Society, 1876–1920. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
- Geismer, Lily. 2014. Don’t Blame Us: Suburban Liberals and the Transformation of the Democratic Party. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Geismer, Lily. 2019. “Let Them Eat Tech.” Dissent 66 (4): 48–57.
- Giachetti, Steven. 2015. “Is CEO Pay the Major Cause of Income Inequality in the District? Increasingly the Corporate Ladder You’re on Matters More than Where You Are on the Ladder.” District, Measured (blog), District of Columbia Office of Revenue Analysis, June 23, 2015. http://districtmeasured.com/2015/06/23/ceo-pay-is-not-the-only-factor-that-accounts-for-income-inequality-in-dc-increasingly-the-corporate-ladder-youre-on-matters-more-than-where-you-are-on-the-corporate-ladder/.
- Gillum, Jack, and Marisol Bello. 2011. “When Standardized Test Scores Soared in DC, Were the Gains Real?” USA Today, March 30, 2011. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/education/2011-03-28-1Aschooltesting28_CV_N.htm.
- Gilmore, Ruth Wilson. 1999. “Globalization and US Prison Growth: From Military Keynesianism to Post-Keynesian Militarism.” Race & Class 40 (2/3): 171–188.
- Gilmore, Ruth Wilson. 2007. Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California. Oakland: University of California Press.
- Gilmore, Ruth Wilson, and Craig Gilmore. 2008. “Restating the Obvious.” In Indefensible Space: The Architecture of the National Insecurity State, edited by Michael Sorkin, 141–62. New York: Routledge.
- Giroux, Henry, and Anthony N. Penna. 1979. “Social Education in the Classroom: The Dynamics of the Hidden Curriculum.” Theory & Research in Social Education 7 (1): 21–42.
- Glaeser, Andreas. 2005. “An Ontology for the Ethnographic Analysis of Social Processes: Extending the Extended-Case Method.” Social Analysis 49 (3): 16–45.
- Gleason, Philip, Melissa Clark, Christina Clark Tutle, Emily Dwoyer, and Marshal Silverberg. 2010. The Evaluation of Charter School Impacts: Final Report (NCEE 2010-4029). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education.
- Golan, Joanne W. 2015. “The Paradox of Success at a No-Excuses School.” Sociology of Education 88 (2): 103–119.
- Goldhader, Dan D., Dominic J. Brewer, and Deborah J. Anderson. 1999. “A Three-Way Error Components Analysis of Educational Productivity.” Education Economics 7 (3): 199–208.
- Goldin, Claudia, and Lawrence Katz. 2008. The Race between Technology and Education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Gonzales, Amy. 2016. “The Contemporary US Digital Divide: From Initial Access to Technology Maintenance.” Information, Communication & Society 19 (2): 234–248.
- Gordon, Robert J. 2017. The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The US Standard of Living since the Civil War. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Gore, Al, Jr. 1991. “Infrastructure for the Global Village.” Scientific American 265 (3): 150–153.
- Gore, Al, Jr. 1994a. “No More Information Haves and Have-Nots.” Billboard 106 (43): 6.
- Gore, Al, Jr. 1994b. “Remarks (as Delivered) by Vice President Al Gore via Satellite to the International Telecommunication Union Plenipotentiary Conference.” Office of the Vice President, September 22, 1994. https://clintonwhitehouse6.archives.gov/1994/09/1994-09-22-vp-al-gore-via-satellite-to-itu-conference-kyoto.html.
- Gore, Al, Jr. 1994c. “Remarks Delivered at UCLA Television Academy.” January 11. http://www.ibiblio.org/icky/speech2.html.
- Gore, Al, Jr. 1997. “Remarks by Vice President Al Gore at the Microsoft CEO Summit.” Office of the Vice President, May 8. https://clintonwhitehouse2.archives.gov/WH/EOP/OVP/speeches/microsof.html.
- Gowan, Teresa. 2009. “New Hobos or Neo-romantic Fantasy? Urban Ethnography beyond the Neoliberal Disconnect.” Qualitative Sociology 32 (3): 231–257.
- Gowan, Teresa. 2010. Hobos, Hustlers, and Backsliders: Homeless in San Francisco. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Graham, Mark. 2008. “Warped Geographies of Development: The Internet and Theories of Economic Development.” Geography Compass 2 (3): 771–789.
- Gramsci, Antonio. 2000. The Antonio Gramsci Reader: Selected Writings 1916–1935. Edited by David Forgacs. New York: New York University Press.
- Gray, M. L., and S. Suri. 2019. Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
- Green, Elizabeth. 2016. “Beyond the Viral Video: Inside Educators’ Emotional Debate about ‘No Excuses’ Discipline.” Chalkbeat New York (blog), March 8, 2016. http://ny.chalkbeat.org/2016/03/08/beyond-the-viral-video-inside-educators-emotional-debate-about-no-excuses-discipline/#.Vuss0xg7Tyn.
- Gregg, Melissa. 2013. Work’s Intimacy. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- Griffin, Ramon. 2014. “Colonizing the Black Natives: Reflections from a Former NOLA Charter School Dean of Students.” Cloaking Inequity (blog), March 24, 2014. http://cloakinginequity.com/2014/03/24/colonizing-the-black-natives-reflections-from-a-former-nola-charter-school-dean-of-students/.
- Gruber, Frank. 2014. Startup Mixology: Tech Cocktail’s Guide to Building, Growing, and Celebrating Startup Success. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- Gunkel, David J. 2003. “Second Thoughts: Toward a Critique of the Digital Divide.” New Media & Society 5 (4): 499–522.
- Gunn, Richard. 1987. “Notes on ‘Class.’” Common Sense 2:15–26.
- Hacker, Jacob S. 2019. The Great Risk Shift: The New Economic Insecurity and the Decline of the American Dream. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Hall, Stuart, Chas Critcher, Tony Jefferson, John Clarke, and Brian Roberts. 2013. Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Hamilton, Darrick, William Darity Jr., Anne E. Price, Vishnu Sridharan, and Rebecca Tippett. 2015. Umbrellas Don’t Make It Rain: Why Studying and Working Hard Isn’t Enough for Black Americans. New York: New School.
- Hammond, Allen S., IV. 1997. “The Telecommunications Act of 1996: Codifying the Digital Divide.” Federal Communications Law Journal 50 (1): 179–214.
- Hancock, Ange-Marie. 2004. The Politics of Disgust: The Public Identity of the Welfare Queen. New York: NYU Press.
- Hannerz, Ulf. 2003. “Being There … and There … and There! Reflections on Multi-site Ethnography.” Ethnography 4 (2): 201–216.
- Haraway, Donna J. 1997. Modest_Witness@ Second_Millennium. FemaleMan©_Meets_OncoMouse™. New York: Routledge.
- Hardt, Michael. 2005. “Immaterial Labor and Artistic Production.” Rethinking Marxism 17 (2): 175–177.
- Hargittai, Eszter, and Amanda Hinnant. 2008. “Digital Inequality Differences in Young Adults’ Use of the Internet.” Communication Research 35 (5): 602–621.
- Harris, Donna. 2016. “Hope for the Future: Why I’m Stepping Down from 1776.” Startup Grind (blog), Medium, November 23, 2016. https://medium.com/startup-grind/hope-for-the-future-why-im-stepping-down-from-1776-709f95d2f0cb.
- Harvey, Charles, Mairi Maclean, Jillian Gordon, and Eleanor Shaw. 2011. “Andrew Carnegie and the Foundations of Contemporary Entrepreneurial Philanthropy.” Business History 53 (3): 425–450.
- Harvey, David. 1989. “From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism.” Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 71 (1): 3–17.
- Hasselle, Della. 2018. “After McDonough 35 Vote, New Orleans Will Be 1st in US without Traditionally Run Public Schools.” New Orleans Times-Picayune, December 20, 2018.
- Henwood, Doug. 2019. “There Are So Many Things that We Can Learn from This Strike: An Interview with Alex Caputo-Pearl and Jane McAlevey.” Jacobin, February 8, 2019.
- Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 2012 The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Second edition. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- HUD (US Department of Housing and Urban Development). 2014. “2007–2014 Point in Time Counts by Continuum of Care.” Homelessness Data Exchange. https://www.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/2007-2014-PIT-Counts-by-CoC.xlsx.
- Hyra, Derek, and Sabihya Prince, eds. 2016. Capital Dilemma: Growth and Inequality in Washington, DC. New York: Routledge.
- Ifill, Gwen. 1992. “Clinton’s Standard Speech: A Call for Responsibility.” New York Times, April 26, 1992.
- IMLS (Institute of Museums and Library Services). 2017. State Library and Administrative Agencies Survey: Fiscal Year 2016. Washington, DC: Institute of Museum and Library Services.
- Irani, Lilly. 2019. Chasing Innovation: Making Entrepreneurial Citizens in Modern India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Isaac, Mike, and Katie Benner. 2015. “LivingSocial Offers a Cautionary Tale to Today’s Unicorns.” New York Times, November 20, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/22/technology/livingsocial-once-a-unicorn-is-losing-its-magic.html?_r=0&referer=http://techmeme.com/m/.
- Jackson, Esther Cooper. 1940. “The Negro Woman Domestic Worker in Relation to Trade Unionism.” Master’s thesis, Oberlin College. https://www.viewpointmag.com/2015/10/31/the-negro-woman-domestic-worker-in-relation-to-trade-unionism-1940/.
- James, Nicky. 1989. “Emotional Labour: Skill and Work in the Social Regulation of Feelings.” Sociological Review 37 (1): 15–42.
- Jansa, Joshua M. 2020. “Chasing Disparity: Economic Development Incentives and Income Inequality in US States.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532440019900259.
- Jayakar, Krishna, and Eun-A Park. 2012. “Funding Public Computing Centers: Balancing Broadband Availability and Expected Demand.” Government Information Quarterly 29 (1): 50–59.
- Katz, Cindi. 1998. “Excavating the Hidden City of Social Reproduction: A Commentary.” City & Society 10 (1): 37–46.
- Katz, Cindi. 2001. “Vagabond Capitalism and the Necessity of Social Reproduction.” Antipode 33 (4): 709–728.
- Katznelson, Ira. 2013. Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
- Kennicott, Philip. 2020. “America’s Libraries Are Essential Now—and This Beautifully Renovated One in Washington Gives Us Hope.” Washington Post, July 15, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/americas-libraries-are-essential-now--and-this-beautifully-renovated-one-in-washington-gives-us-hope/2020/07/15/d7b0bbc6-c5ed-11ea-b037-f9711f89ee46_story.html.
- Kernochan, Rose. 2016. “Fundraising in American Public Libraries: An Overview.” Serials Librarian 71 (2): 132–137.
- Kessler, Shirley A., and Beth B. Swadener, eds. 1992. Reconceptualizing the Early Childhood Curriculum: Beginning the Dialogue. New York: Teachers College Press.
- Khazan, Olga. 2015. “The Sexism of Startup Land.” Atlantic, March 12, 2015. http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/03/the-sexism-of-startup-land/387184/.
- Khimm, Suzy. 2014. “In DC, Inequality Hits Home.” MSNBC, January 27, 2014. http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/dc-inequality-hits-home.
- Kim, Jae-Young. 1998. “Universal Service and Internet Commercialization: Chasing Two Rabbits at the Same Time.” Telecommunications Policy 22 (4–5): 281–288.
- Kinney, Bo. 2010. “The Internet, Public Libraries, and the Digital Divide.” Public Library Quarterly 29 (2): 104–161.
- Klein, Naomi. 2007. The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. New York: Macmillan.
- Koebler, J. 2015. “The 21 Laws States Use to Crush Broadband Competition.” Motherboard, January 11, 2015. https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/qkvn4x/the-21-laws-states-use-to-crush-broadband-competition.
- Kolodny, Lora. 2014. “Education Investors, Startups Hopeful Following Solid IPO by 2U.” Wall Street Journal, April 3, 2014. http://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2014/04/03/education-investors-startups-hopeful-following-solid-ipo-by-2u/.
- Krueger, Alan B. 1993. “How Computers Have Changed the Wage Structure: Evidence From Microdata, 1984–1989.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(1): 33–60.
- Kuhnhenn, Jim. 2015. “Obama Calls for Effort to Boost High-Tech Training, Hiring.” Associated Press, March 10, 2015. https://apnews.com/f124001ef99248a2b971419bd99736f1.
- Labaton, Stephen. 2001. “New FCC Chief Would Curb Agency Reach.” New York Times, February 7, 2001. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/07/business/new-fcc-chief-would-curb-agency-reach.html.
- Lack, Brian. 2009. “No Excuses: A Critique of the Knowledge Is Power Program (KIPP) within Charter Schools in the USA.” Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies 7 (2): 126–153.
- Lacy, Karyn R. 2007. Blue-Chip Black: Race, Class, and Status in the New Black Middle Class. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Lafer, G. 2002. The Job Training Charade. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Lasar, Matthew. 2011. “There’s a Mercedes Divide: Former FCC Chief Now Top Cable Lobbyist.” Ars Technica, March 16, 2011. http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/03/what-did-he-mean-by-that-mercedes-divide-fcc-chief-now-top-cable-lobbyist/.
- Lashaw, A. 2008. “Experiencing Imminent Justice: The Presence of Hope in a Movement for Equitable Schooling.” Space and Culture 11 (2): 109–124.
- Lassiter, Luke E. 2005. The Chicago Guide to Collaborative Ethnography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Lazere, Ed, and Marco Guzman. 2015. “Left Behind: DC’s Economic Recovery Not Reaching All Residents.” DC Fiscal Policy Institute, January 29, 2015. https://www.dcfpi.org/all/left-behind-dcs-economic-recovery-is-not-reaching-all-residents-2/.
- Leman, Nicholas. 2013. “How Michelle Rhee Misled Education Reform.” New Republic, May 20, 2013. https://newrepublic.com/article/113096/how-michelle-rhee-misled-education-reform.
- Light, Jennifer S. 2001. “Rethinking the Digital Divide.” Harvard Educational Review 71 (4): 709–734.
- Lipman, Pauline. 2015. “Capitalizing on Crisis: Venture Philanthropy’s Colonial Project to Remake Urban Education.” Critical Studies in Education 56 (2): 241–258.
- Liu, Yujia, and David B. Grusky. 2013. “The Payoff to Skill in the Third Industrial Revolution.” American Journal of Sociology 118 (5): 1330–1374.
- Loftus, Joseph A. 1967. “Commerce Agency Trains Youths on Computers.” New York Times, August 13, 1967.
- Lopez, Steven Henry. 2010. “Workers, Managers, and Customers: Triangles of Power in Work Communities.” Work and Occupations 37 (3): 251–271.
- Losen, Daniel J., Michael A. Keith, Cheri L. Hodson, and Tia E. Martinez. 2016. Charter Schools, Civil Rights and School Discipline: A Comprehensive Review. Los Angeles: The Center for Civil Rights Remedies at the Civil Rights Project, University of California, Los Angeles.
- Losse, Kate. 2012. The Boy Kings: A Journey into the Heart of the Social Network. New York: Simon and Schuster.
- Luyt, Brendan. 2001. “Regulating Readers: The Social Origins of the Readers’ Advisor in the United States.” Library Quarterly 71 (4): 443–466.
- Marcus, George. 1995. “Ethnography in/of the World System: The Emergence of Multi-sited Ethnography.” Annual Review of Anthropology 24:95–117.
- Marx, Karl. 1990. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. Vol. 1. London: Penguin.
- Martell, Nevin. 2016. “Meet the Man Who Is Turning DC Libraries into a National Model.” Washington Post, April 3, 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/meet-the-man-who-is-turning-dcs-library-system-into-a-national-model/2016/03/30/5d06eda0-db50-11e5-891a-4ed04f4213e8_story.html.
- Marwick, Alice E. 2013. Status Update: Celebrity, Publicity, and Branding in the Social Media Age. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- McCartney, Robert. 2015. “Why DC Has a Uniquely Bad Record on Helping the Unemployed Get Jobs.” Washington Post, December 12, 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/why-dc-has-a-uniquely-bad-record-on-helping-the-unemployed-get-jobs/2015/12/12/751d05ae-99d4-11e5-94f0-9eeaff906ef3_story.html.
- McCartin, Joseph A. 2006. “Bringing the State’s Workers In: Time to Rectify an Imbalanced US Labor Historiography.” Labor History 47 (1): 73–94.
- Mecanoo Architecten and Martinez + Johnson. 2014. MLK Modernization Final Designs. DC Public Library. https://www.slideshare.net/DCPublicLibrary/the-mlk-final-designs.
- Medici, Andy. 2019. “Blackboard Is Leaving DC for Reston.” Washington Business Journal, January 2, 2019. https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2019/01/02/this-education-technology-giant-is-leaving-d-c-for.html.
- Miltner, Katharine M. 2019. “Anyone Can Code? The Coding Fetish and the Politics of Sociotechnical Belonging.” PhD diss., University of Southern California.
- Mohandesi, Salar, and Emma Teitelman. 2017. “Without Reserves.” In Social Reproduction Theory: Remapping Class, Recentering Oppression, edited by Tithy Bhatttacharya, 37–67. London: Pluto Press.
- Moser, Michele, and Ross Rubenstein. 2002. “The Equality of Public School District Funding in the United States: A National Status Report.” Public Administration Review 62 (1): 63–72.
- Murphy, Carlyle. 2004. “As Aged Building Breaks Down, Readership Is Up: Volunteers, Staff’s Can-Do Spirit Help Ward 1 Library Meet New Challenges.” Washington Post, September 30, 2004, sec. DE 08.
- Nadasen, Premilla. 2002. “Expanding the Boundaries of the Women’s Movement: Black Feminism and the Struggle for Welfare Rights.” Feminist Studies 28 (2): 271–301.
- Nakamura, Lisa. 2000. “Where Do You Want to Go Today? Cybernetic Tourism, the Internet, and Transnationality.” In Race in Cyberspace, edited by Beth Kolko, Lisa Nakamura, and Gilbert Rodman, 15–26. New York: Routledge.
- National Commission on Excellence in Education. 1983. A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. http://www2.ed.gov/pubs/NatAtRisk/index.html.
- Neff, Gina. 2012. Venture Labor: Work and the Burden of Risk in Innovative Industries. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Neff, Gina, and David Stark. 2004. “Permanently Beta.” In Society Online: The Internet in Context, edited by Philip N. Howard and Steve Jones, 173–188. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
- NSF (National Science Foundation). 2013. “Science and Engineering Degrees: 1966–2010.” NSF 13-327. http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf13327/content.cfm?pub_id=4266&id=2.
- NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Administration). 1995. Falling through the Net: A Survey of “Have Nots” in Rural and Urban America. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce. http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fallingthru.html.
- NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Administration). 1998. Falling through the Net II: New Data on the Digital Divide. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce. http://www.ntia.doc.gov/report/1998/falling-through-net-ii-new-data-digital-divide.
- NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Administration). 1999. Falling through the Net III: Defining the Digital Divide. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce. http://www.ntia.doc.gov/legacy/ntiahome/fttn99/FTTN.pdf.
- NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Administration). 2000. Falling through the Net IV: Toward Digital Inclusion. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce. http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/fttn00.pdf.
- Nixon, Richard. 1969. “Address to the Nation on Domestic Programs.” Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents no. 5, 1103–1112.
- Obama, Barack H. 2013. “President Obama Asks America to Learn Computer Science.” Code.org, YouTube, December 3, 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6XvmhE1J9PY.
- Obama, Barack H. 2016. “Remarks by the President at the White House Science Fair.” Office of the Press Secretary, April 13, 2016. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/04/13/remarks-president-white-house-science-fair.
- O’Callaghan, Cian. 2010. “Let’s Audit Bohemia: A Review of Richard Florida’s ‘Creative Class’ Thesis and Its Impact on Urban Policy.” Geography Compass 4 (11): 1606–1617.
- ODMPED (Office of the Deputy Mayor for Planning and Economic Development). 2014. Creative Economy Strategy for the District of Columbia. Washington, DC: Office of the Deputy Mayor for Planning and Economic Development. https://dmped.dc.gov/publication/creative-economy-strategy-full-report.
- OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2019. “Broadband Portal.” http://www.oecd.org/sti/broadband/broadband-statistics/.
- Office of the Chief Financial Officer. 2004. “District Government Achieves Balanced Budget and Clean Audit Opinion for FY 2003.” Press release, District of Columbia, Office of the Chief Financial Officer, January 30, 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20090508094540/http://app.cfo.dc.gov/CFORUI/news/release.asp?id=96&mon=200401.
- Office of Revenue Analysis. 2017. District of Columbia Economic and Revenue Trends: November 2017. Washington, DC: District of Columbia Office of Revenue Analysis. https://cfo.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/ocfo/publication/attachments/DC%20Economic%20and%20Revenue%20Trend%20Report%20_November%202017.pdf.
- Olson, Gary M., and Jonathan Grudin. 2009. “The Information School Phenomenon.” Interactions 16 (2): 15–19.
- Osborne, David. 2015. A Tale of Two Systems: Education Reform in Washington, DC. Washington, DC: Progressive Policy Institute.
- OSSE (Office of the State Superintendent of Education). 2013. Reducing Out-of-School Suspensions and Expulsions in District of Columbia Public and Public Charter Schools. Washington, DC: OSSE. http://osse.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/osse/publication/attachments/OSSE_REPORT_DISCIPLINARY_G_PAGES.pdf.
- OSSE (Office of the State Superintendent of Education). 2019. District of Columbia Teacher Workforce Report. Washington, DC: District of Columbia, OSSE. https://osse.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/osse/publication/attachments/DC%20Educator%20Workforce%20Report%2010.2019.pdf.
- Parrenas, Rhacel Salazar. 2012. “The Reproductive Labor of Migrant Workers.” Global Networks 12 (2): 269–275.
- Peck, Jamie. 2001. Workfare States. New York: Guilford Publications.
- Peck, Jamie. 2005. “Struggling with the Creative Class.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 29 (4): 740–770.
- Peck, Jamie. 2007. “The Creativity Fix.” Eurozine, June 28, 2007. https://www.eurozine.com/the-creativity-fix/.
- Peck, Jamie. 2012. “Austerity Urbanism: American Cities under Extreme Economy.” City 16 (6): 626–655.
- Perrin, Andrew, and Maeve Duggan. 2015. “Americans’ Internet Access: 2000–2015.” Pew Research Center, June 26, 2015. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2015/06/26/americans-internet-access-2000-2015/.
- Pew Research Center. 2014. “Public Libraries and Technology: From ‘Houses of Knowledge’ to ‘Houses of Access.’” Internet and Tech (blog), Pew Research Center, July 9, 2014. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2014/07/09/public-libraries-and-technology-from-houses-of-knowledge-to-houses-of-access/.
- Piven, Frances Fox. 1998. “Welfare and Work.” Social Justice 25 (1): 67–81.
- Piven, Frances Fox, and Richard Cloward. 2012. Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare. New York: Vintage.
- Platt, Eric, and Andrew Edgecliffe-Johnson. 2020. “WeWork: How the Ultimate Unicorn Lost Its Billions.” Financial Times, February 20, 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/7938752a-52a7-11ea-90ad-25e377c0ee1f.
- Press, Alex. 2019. “On the Origins of the Professional-Managerial Class: An Interview with Barbara Ehrenreich.” Dissent, October 22, 2019. https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/on-the-origins-of-the-professional-managerial-class-an-interview-with-barbara-ehrenreich.
- Ray, Victor. 2019. “A Theory of Racialized Organizations.” American Sociological Review 84 (1): 26–53.
- Reese, Ellen, and Garnett Newcombe. 2003. “Income Rights, Mothers’ Rights, or Workers’ Rights? Collective Action Frames, Organizational Ideologies, and the American Welfare Rights Movement.” Social Problems 50 (2): 294–318.
- Reid, Ian. 2017. “The 2017 Public Library Data Service Report: Characteristics and Trends.” Public Libraries Online, December 4, 2017. http://publiclibrariesonline.org/2017/12/the-2017-public-library-data-service-report-characteristics-and-trends/.
- Rein, Lisa. 2014. “As Federal Government Evolves, Its Clerical Workers Edge toward Extinction.” Washington Post, January 14, 2014. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/as-federal-government-evolves-its-clerical-workers-edge-toward-extinction/2014/01/14/ded78036-5eae-11e3-be07-006c776266ed_story.html.
- Reveley, James, and Simon Ville. 2010. “Enhancing Industry Association Theory: A Comparative Business History Contribution.” Journal of Management Studies 47 (5): 837–858.
- Ries, Eric. 2011. The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. New York City: Crown Business.
- Rios, Victor M. 2015. Review of On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City by Alice Goffman. American Journal of Sociology 121 (1): 306–308.
- Rivers, Wes. 2015. “Going, Going, Gone: DC’s Vanishing Affordable Housing.” DC Fiscal Policy Institute, March 12, 2015. https://www.dcfpi.org/all/going-going-gone-dcs-vanishing-affordable-housing-2/.
- Robinson, Laura, Shelia R. Cotten, Hiroshi Ono, Anabel Quan-Haase, Gustavo Mesch, Wenhong Chen, Jeremy Schulz, Timothy M. Hale, and Michael J. Stern. 2015. “Digital Inequalities and Why They Matter.” Information, Communication & Society 18 (5): 569–582.
- Rogers, Everett M. 2010. Diffusion of Innovations. New York: Simon and Schuster.
- Romm, Tony. 2017. “President Donald Trump and His Daughter Ivanka Are Unveiling a New Federal Computer Science Initiative with Major Tech Backers.” Vox, September 25, 2017. https://www.vox.com/2017/9/25/16276904/president-donald-trump-ivanka-tech-stem-computer-science-coding-education-amazon-google.
- Ross, Andrew. 2004. No-Collar: The Humane Workplace and Its Hidden Costs. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
- Roth, Erin, and Will Perkins. 2019. DC Schools Shortchange At-Risk Students. Washington, DC: Office of the District of Columbia Auditor.
- Ryan, Camille L., and Kurt Bauman. 2016. Educational Attainment in the United States: 2015. Open-file report P20-578. Washington, DC: United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2016/demo/p20-578.pdf.
- Sassen, Saskia. 2001. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Schaffner, Brian F., and Patrick J. Sellers, eds. 2009. Winning with Words: The Origins and Impact of Political Framing. New York: Routledge.
- Schatteman, Alicia, and Ben Bingle. 2015. “Philanthropy Supporting Government: An Analysis of Local Library Funding.” Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs 1 (2): 74–86.
- Schwartz, John. 2002. “Report Disputes Bush Approach to Bridging ‘Digital Divide.’” New York Times, July 11, 2002. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/11/us/report-disputes-bush-approach-to-bridging-digital-divide.html.
- Schwartzman, Paul, and Chris L. Jenkins. 2010. “How DC Mayor Fenty Lost the Black Vote—and His Job.” Washington Post, September 18, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/18/AR2010091804286.html.
- Scott, George A. 2012. Charter Schools: Additional Federal Action Needed to Help Protect Access for Students with Disabilities. Report to Congressional Requesters GAO-12-543. United States Government Accountability Office.
- Scott, Janelle T. 2009. “The Politics of Venture Philanthropy in Charter School Policy and Advocacy.” Educational Policy 23 (1): 106–136.
- Scott, Janelle T. 2013. “A Rosa Parks moment? School choice and the marketization of civil rights.” Critical Studies in Education 54 (1): 5–18.
- Scott, Janelle T., Tina Trujillo, and Marialena D. Rivera. 2016. “Reframing Teach for America: A Conceptual Framework for the Next Generation of Scholarship.” Education Policy Analysis Archives 24 (12). http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.24.2419.
- Scott, W. Richard. 1991. “Unpacking Institutional Arguments.” In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, 164–182. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Seamster, Louise, and Raphaël Charron-Chénier. 2017. “Predatory Inclusion and Education Debt: Rethinking the Racial Wealth Gap.” Social Currents 4 (3): 199–207.
- Seaver, Nicholas. 2015. “Computing Taste: The Making of Algorithmic Music Recommendation.” PhD diss., University of California, Irvine.
- Shaefer, Luke, and Kathryn Edin. 2013. “Rising Extreme Poverty in the United States and the Response of Federal Means-Tested Transfer Programs.” Social Service Review 87 (2): 250–268.
- Shaefer, Luke, Kathryn Edin, and Elizabeth Talbert. 2015. “Understanding the Dynamics of $2-a-Day Poverty in the United States.” RSF: The Russel Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 1 (1): 120–138.
- Shedd, Carla. 2015. Unequal City: Race, Schools, and Perceptions of Injustice. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
- Sheir, Rebecca. 2015. “DC Public Library Expands Outreach to Homeless Patrons.” WAMU 88.5, Metro Connection, February 20, 2015. http://wamu.org/programs/metro_connection/15/02/20/dc_public_library_expands_outreach_to_homeless_patrons.
- Sherwood, Tom, and Harry S. Jaffe. 2014. Dream City: Race, Power, and the Decline of Washington, DC. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Silver, Beverly J. 2003. Forces of Labor: Workers’ Movements and Globalization since 1870. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
- Simon, Stephanie. 2013. “Class Struggle: How Charter Schools Get Students They Want. Reuters, February 15, 2012. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-charters-admissions/special-report-class-struggle-how-charter-schools-get-students-they-want-idUSBRE91E0HF20130215.
- Sims, Calvin. 1992. “Silicon Valley Takes a Partisan Leap of Faith.” New York Times, October 29, 1992. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/29/business/silicon-valley-takes-a-partisan-leap-of-faith.html.
- Sims, Christo. 2017. Disruptive Fixation: School Reform and the Pitfalls of Techno-Idealism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Sirin, Selcuk R. 2005. “Socioeconomic Status and Academic Achievement: A Meta-analytic Review of Research.” Review of Educational Research 75 (3): 417–453.
- Smith, Andrew. 2015. Searching for Work in the Digital Era. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2015/11/19/searching-for-work-in-the-digital-era/.
- Smith, Dorothy E. 2005. Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People. Lanham: AltaMira Press.
- Smith, Neil. 2002. “New Globalism, New Urbanism: Gentrification as Global Urban Strategy.” Antipode 34 (3): 427–450.
- Smith, Neil. 2005. The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. New York: Routledge.
- Smith, William D. 1968. “Companies Aid Computer School.” New York Times, July 12, 1968, 39.
- Smothers, Ronald. 1981. “CETA Cutbacks Leaving Thousands Unemployed.” New York Times, April 11, 1981, 1.
- Sojoyner, Damien M. 2013. “Black Radicals Make for Bad Citizens: Undoing the Myth of the School to Prison Pipeline.” Berkeley Review of Education 4 (2). http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/B84110021.
- Spence, Lester K. 2015. Knocking the Hustle: Against the Neoliberal Turn in Black Politics. New York: Punctum Books.
- Stehlin, John. 2016. “The Post-industrial ‘Shop Floor’: Emerging Forms of Gentrification in San Francisco’s Innovation Economy.” Antipode 48 (2): 474–493.
- Steinberg, Ronnie J. 1990. “Social Construction of Skill: Gender, Power, and Comparable Worth.” Work and Occupations 17 (4): 449–482.
- Stevenson, Siobhan A. 2009. “Digital Divide: A Discursive Move Away from the Real Inequities.” Information Society 25 (1): 1–22.
- Stevenson, Siobhan. 2010. “The Political Economy of Andrew Carnegie’s Library philanthropy, with a Reflection on Its Relevance to the Philanthropic Work of Bill Gates.” Library & Information History 26 (4): 237–257.
- Stevenson, Siobhan A. 2011. “New Labor in Libraries: The Post-Fordist Public Library.” Journal of Documentation 67 (5): 773–790.
- Stevenson, Siobhan A., and Caleb Domsy. 2016. “Redeploying Public Librarians to the Front-Lines: Prioritizing Digital Inclusion.” Library Review 65 (6–7): 370–385.
- Straubhaar, Joseph, Jeremiah Spence, Karen Gustoffsen, Maria Rios, Fabio Ferreira, and Vanessa Higgins. 2008. “Comparative Analysis of Information Society Discourse and Public Policy Responses in the United States and Brazil.” Logos 28 (15): 84–104.
- Sturtevant, Lisa. 2014. “The New District of Columbia: What Population Growth and Demographic Change Mean for the City.” Journal of Urban Affairs 36 (2): 276–299.
- Sugrue, Thomas J. 2014. The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- TallBear, Kim. 2014. “Standing with and Speaking as Faith: A Feminist-Indigenous Approach to Inquiry.” Journal of Research Practice 10 (2): article N17. http://jrp.icaap.org/index.php/jrp/article/view/405/371.
- Tavernise, Sabrina. 2011. “A Population Changes, Uneasily.” New York Times, July 17, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/18/us/18dc.html.
- Taylor, Frank V. 2016. 2016 Startup Census Report: Greater Washington, DC Region. Washington, DC: Fosterly. http://fosterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/2016-Fosterly-Census-Report-digital-x-small.pdf.
- Teresa, Benjamin F., and Ryan M. Good. 2018. “Speculative Charter School Growth in the Case of UNO Charter School Network in Chicago.” Urban Affairs Review 54 (6): 1107–1133.
- Thompson, Edward P. 1991. The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Penguin Books.
- Thornton, Patricia H., and William Ocasio. 1999. “Institutional Logics and the Historical Contingency of Power in Organizations: Executive Succession in the Higher Education Publishing Industry, 1958–1990.” American Journal of Sociology 105 (3): 801–843.
- Thornton, Patricia H., and William Ocasio. 2008. “Institutional Logics.” In The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, edited by Royston Greenwood, Christine Oliver, Kerstin Sahlin, and Roy Suddaby, 99–128. London: Sage Publications.
- Tienken, Christopher H., Anthony Colella, Christian Angelillo, Meredith Fox, Kevin R. McCahill, and Adam Wolfe. 2017. “Predicting Middle Level State Standardized Test Results Using Family and Community Demographic Data.” RMLE Online 40 (1): 1–13.
- Tinbergen, Jan. 1974. “Substitution of Graduate by Other Labor.” Kyklos 27: 217–226.
- Tissot, Sylvie. 2015. Good Neighbors: Gentrifying Diversity in Boston’s South End. New York: Verso Books.
- Tochterman, Brian. 2012. “Theorizing Neoliberal Urban Development: A Genealogy from Richard Florida to Jane Jacobs.” Radical History Review 112 (Winter 2012): 65–87.
- Toppo, Greg. 2013. “Memo Warns of Rampant Cheating in DC Public Schools.” USA Today, April 11, 2013. http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/04/11/memo-washington-dc-schools-cheating/2074473/.
- Tracey, Paul, Nelson Phillips, and Owen Jarvis. 2011. “Bridging Institutional Entrepreneurship and the Creation of New Organizational Forms: A Multilevel Model.” Organization Science 22 (1): 60–80.
- Trisi, Danilo, and Matt Saenz. 2020. Deep Poverty among Children Rose in TANF’s First Decade, then Fell as Other Programs Strengthened: Stronger Income Support Policies Needed to Make Further Progress. Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. https://www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-inequality/deep-poverty-among-children-rose-in-tanfs-first-decade-then-fell-as.
- Turque, Bill. 2010. “Foundations Reserve Right to Pull Funding if DC Schools Chief Rhee Leaves.” Washington Post, April 28, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/27/AR2010042702791.html.
- Turque, Bill, and Jon Cohen. 2010. “DC Schools Chancellor Rhee’s Approval Rating in Deep Slide.” Washington Post, February 1, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/31/AR2010013102757.html.
- Uetricht, Micah. 2014. Strike for America: Chicago Teachers against Austerity. New York: Verso Books.
- US Census Bureau. 2019. Revised Fiscal Year 2017 Annual Survey of School System Finances. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau.
- Vaisey, Stephen. 2006. “Education and Its Discontents: Overqualification in America, 1972–2002.” Social Forces 85 (2): 835–864.
- van Dijk, Jan A. G. M. 2005. The Deepening Divide: Inequality in the Information Society. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
- Vasquez, Julian Heilig, Muhammad Khalifa, and Linda C. Tillman. 2014. “High-Stake Reforms and Urban Education.” In Handbook of Urban Education, edited by H. Richard Miller and Kofi Lomotey, 523–538. New York: Routledge.
- Viseu, Ana, Andrew Clement, Jane Aspinall, and Tracy L. M. Kennedy. 2006. “The Interplay of Public and Private Spaces in Internet Access.” Information, Community & Society 9 (5): 633–656.
- Vogel, Lise. 2013. Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory. Boston: Brill.
- Wacquant, Loïc. 1999. “Urban Marginality in the Coming Millennium.” Urban Studies 36 (10): 1639–1647.
- Wacquant, Loïc. 2009. Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity. Durham: Duke University Press.
- Wacquant, Loïc. 2012. “Three Steps to a Historical Anthropology of Actually Existing Neoliberalism.” Social Anthropology 20 (1): 66–79.
- Warschauer, Mark. 2002. “Reconceptualizing the Digital Divide.” First Monday 7 (1). http://firstmonday.org/article/view/967/888/.
- Warschauer, Mark. 2004. Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Watkins, S. Craig. 2018. The Digital Edge: How Black and Latino Youth Navigate Digital Inequality. New York: NYU Press.
- Wayne, Leslie. 1982. “Designing a New Economics for the ‘Atari Democrats.’” New York Times, September 26, 1982, F6.
- Weber, Lauren. 2016. “Dropouts Need Not Apply: Silicon Valley Asks Mostly for Developers with Degrees.” Wall Street Journal, March 30, 2016. http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2016/03/30/dropouts-need-not-apply-silicon-valley-asks-mostly-for-developers-with-degrees/.
- Weber, Rachel. 2002. “Extracting Value from the City: Neoliberalism and Urban Redevelopment.” Antipode 34 (3): 519–540.
- Wiegand, Wayne. 1986. The Politics of an Emerging Profession: The American Library Association 1876–1917. Westport: Greenwood.
- Wiggins, Andrea, and Steve Sawyer. 2012. “Intellectual Diversity and the Faculty Composition of iSchools.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 63 (1): 8–21.
- Wilhelm, Anthony G. 2003. “Leveraging Sunken Investments in Communications Infrastructure: A Policy Perspective from the United States.” Information Society 19 (4): 279–286.
- Williams, Anthony A. 2005. “Draft Technical Report of the Mayor’s Task Force on the Future of the District of Columbia Public Library System.” November 2005.
- Williams, Brett. 1988. Upscaling Downtown: Stalled Gentrification in Washington. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Williams, Raymond. 1973. “Base and Superstructure in Marxist Cultural Theory.” New Left Review 82 (November/December): 3–16.
- Williamson, Ben. 2016. “Political Computational Thinking: Policy Networks, Digital Governance and ‘Learning to Code.’” Critical Policy Studies 10 (1): 39–58.
- Willis, Paul E. 1981. Learning to Labor: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Willse, Craig. 2015. The Value of Homelessness: Managing Surplus Life in the United States. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Wilson, Valerie. 2015. “Recovery of Hispanic Unemployment Rate Expands to Four More States in Third Quarter of 2015.” Economic Policy Institute, November 3, 2015. https://www.epi.org/publication/recovery-of-hispanic-unemployment-rate-expands-to-four-more-states-in-third-quarter-of-2015/.
- Winant, Gabriel. 2019. “Professional-Managerial Chasm: A Sociological Designation Turned into an Epithet and Hurled like a Missile.” N+1 Magazine, October 10, 2019. https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/professional-managerial-chasm/.
- Windham, Lane. 2017. Knocking on Labor’s Door: Union Organizing in the 1970s and the Roots of a New Economic Divide. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
- Winner, Langdon. 1980. “Do Artifacts Have Politics?” Daedalus 109 (1): 121–136.
- Wolch, Jennifer. 2007. “Green Urban Worlds.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 97 (2): 373–384.
- Zillien, Nicole, and Eszter Hargittai. 2009. “Digital Distinction: Status-Specific Types of Internet Usage.” Social Science Quarterly 90 (2): 274–291.
- Zuckerman, Adam, Frank V. Taylor, Harry Alford III, Pam Rothenberg, Ryan Touhill, and Theo Slagle. 2017. 2017 Startup Census Report: Greater Washington, DC Region. Washington, DC: Fosterly. http://fosterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/2017-Fosterly-Census-Report-Small.pdf.