Adams, Hannah, 26–27, 30, 56, 62
advisory function of history, 111–112
Adwan, Sami, 107
African Americans: and historical memory, 6
reparations for slavery, 111, 153n30
Against Apion (Josephus), 56, 57
Agnon, S. Y., 70
Akiba, Rabbi, 58
Allison, Graham, 112
American history, rewriting, 6, 24
Annales school, 51
Antiochus IV Epiphanes, 67
Anṭisemiṭism un pogromen in Uḳraine, 1917–1918, 80
Applied History Project, Harvard University, 112
Aquarianism, 12
Arafat, Yasir, 107
Armenian-Turkish conflict, 106
ArtScroll imprint, 35
Ashkenazic Jewry: Crusader violence against, 57–58, 66
martyrdom ideal for, 58–59
assimilation, 68–69
Assmann, Aleida, 17
Assmann, Jan, 17
Association for Jewish Studies, 125–126n45
Auerbach, Rachel, 85
Avineri, Shlomo, 63
Baer, Yitzhak (Fritz): Galut, 14–15, 42, 70
as Hispanist, 43
nationalism of, 42–43
banality of evil, 91
Barbie, Klaus, 92
Barkan, Elazar, 153n28
Bar-On, Dan, 107
Eichmann trial testimony of, 86–92
on “historical midrash,” 134n2
on methodology, 155n2
on political activism of Jewish scholars, 39
Barth, Jakob, 33
Barthes, Roland, 115–116
Baskin, Judith, 49
Basnage, Jacques, 25–26, 30, 56, 62
Beard, Charles, 156n10
Becker, Carl, 156n10
Beer, Peter, 29–30
Begin, Menachem, 103
Ben-Gurion, David, 44, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 103
Berliner, Abraham, 33
Bernfeld, Shimon, 66–68
Bérubé, Michael, 3
Bialik, Chaim Nachman, 70, 79, 88
biblical prophets, as consolers, 55
Black Earth (Snyder), 100
Bloch, Marc, 1–2, 4, 15, 20, 113
blood libel, 137n19
Bloxham, Donald, 84
Blumenberg, Hans, 138n28
Book of Tears, 66–68
Borges, Jorge Luis, 9
Boyarin, Daniel, 37
brain research, 148–149n7
Braudel, Fernand, 17
Brenner, Michael, 34, 37, 122n17
Broszat, Martin, 86
Brot, Rivka, 145
Browning, Christopher, 94
Brown v. Board of Education, 82
Buber, Martin, 70
Buchheim, Hans, 86
Buruma, Ian, 93
Butler, Judith, 109
Butterfield, Herbert, 22
Caligula, emperor, 56
Chauncey, George, 82
Chazan, Robert, 124n28
Chmielnicki mass murders, 59
Christianity: forcible conversion to, 59
and liberation historiography, 26–28
Chronicle of Higher Education, 3
Coates, Ta-Nehisi, 153n30
Cohen, Hermann, 81
Cohen, Martin, 59
collective memory, 5
decay of, 8–9
and modern Jewish historians, 65
reverential, 36–37
in social network, 54–55
in traditional religion, 10–11
in Zakhor, 17, 102. See also memory, historical
collective remembrance, 136n11
Collingwood, R. G., 18, 78, 117–118, 156n13
commissions of inquiry, 85, 144n18
consolation, Jewish: biblical sources of, 55
and history of hope, 51–53
and Jewish survival, 63–70
of Josephus, 56
lachrymose theory of, 61–62
and martyrdom ideal, 58–59
modes of writing, 52
preexisting patterns of memory in, 54–55, 58–59
submission to God’s power in, 55–56
Usque’s Consolation, 59–61
Consolation for the Tribulations of Israel (Usque), 59, 61
Consolation of Israel (Buber and Rosensweig), 70
Consolation of Philosophy (Boethius), 135n3
Contemporary Relevance of History (Baron), 115
conversions, forcible, 59
Cott, Nancy, 82
Court Jew (Stern), 73
court testimony, historians’, 79
Barbie trial, 92
German historians in war criminal cases, 85–86
Lipstadt libel trial, 94–96, 97–98
Nuremberg trials, 84–85
Papon trial, 92–93
in Petliura assassination trial, 83–84
Rousso’s objection to, 92–93, 96–97, 153n28
in United States, 83
Croce, Benedetto, 117
Crusades, chronicles of, 57–58, 64, 66, 67, 137n19
cycles of history concept, 62–64, 73
da Costa, Uriel, 29–30
Damasio, Antonio, 149n7
Dangerous Games: The Uses and Abuses of History (MacMillan), 7
Denying the Holocaust (Lipstadt), 94, 97–98
Derenbourg, Joseph, 31
DiGioia, John J., 111
Dinur, Ben Zion, 42, 43–44, 45
“Discourse of History” (Barthes), 115–116
on Crusader violence, 66
death of, 80
on Jewish survival, 68–70
in secular nationalist movement, 39–41
Du Pisani, Jacobus, 153n28
Eban, Abba, 103
Eichmann in Jerusalem (Arendt), 91
Einstein, Albert, 88
Eliav, Benjamin, 86
Eliezer bar Nathan, 58
emancipation of the Jews, 39, 65
Emmanuel, Isaac, 71
Engel, David, 61
England, Richard, 104–105
Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC) v. Sears, 82–83, 144n20
ethical function of history, 110–111
Evans, Richard, Lipstadt libel trial testimony of, 94, 95–96, 97, 99, 101
exceptionalism, and Jewish survival, 63–70
Exodus and Revolution (Walzer), 23
Exodus story, 23
expert witness, 82–83
Faust, Drew Gilpin, 153n30
Ferguson, Niall, 112
fictional/historical narratives, 118
“Folktales of Justice” (Cover), 77
forgetting trauma-induced memories, 102–104
Franklin, John Hope, 6, 82, 120–121n10
Franz Rosenzweig Lectures, Yale University, 13
Freud, Sigmund, 13–14
Freud’s Moses (Yerushalmi), 15, 124
Friedlander, Saul, 16, 17, 76, 103, 125n40
Friedman, Philip, 85
Friedman, Thomas, 151–152n21
Friedrich Wilhelm III, king of Prussia, 38
From Slavery to Freedom (Franklin), 6
Funes the Memorious (fictional character in Borges), 9
Funkenstein, Amos, 11
Furet, François, 17
Fussell, Paul, 53
Gaddis, John Lewis, 132n43
Garbarini, Alexandra, 80
Gay, Peter, 15
Geiger, Abraham, 30–32
Gender and Assimilation in Modern Jewish History (Hyman), 49
Gentile, Giovanni, 76
Georgetown University, 111
German historians: in Jewish studies, 19, 34
war criminal trial testimony of, 85–86
German Jewish studies: German language, 34, 38
and Jewish religious reform, 32–33
relevance of, 139n33
Wissenschaft des Judentums, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 37, 40, 41, 65–66
Yiddish-based, 45–46
Germany, Holocaust memory in, 103–104
“Ghetto and Emancipation” (Baron), 61
Ginzburg, Carlo, 76–77, 78, 100, 101, 117
God: anger at, 57
submission to, 55–56
godless Jews, 13–14
Golani, Motti, 106
Good Friday Agreement (1998), 104
Graetz, Heinrich, 33, 34, 36, 40, 66, 69, 70, 131n35
Gray, Charles, 95
Great War and Modern Memory (Fussell), 53
Griffet, Henri, 76
Grossberg, Michael, 82
Guide for the Perplexed of the Time (Krochmal), 63–65
guiding spirit concept, 63–64
Haram al-Sharif (Temple Mount), 44
Harvard Law Review, 77
Harvard Magazine, 3
Harvard University, 3, 111–112, 153n30
Ha-Shiloah (journal), 41
Haunting Past (Rousso), 97
Hausner, Gideon, 86, 87, 88, 91
He-‘atid (journal), 68
Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 14, 41, 45
Hegel, G. W. F., 63
Herder, J. G., 63
Herodotus, 16
Heschel, Susannah, 30
Hildesheimer, Esriel, 33
Hirsch, S. R., 36
Historian’s Craft (Bloch), 1–2, 113
historical consciousness, 11
Historikerstreit, 19
historiography: as change agent, 24
and “crisis in humanities,” 2–4
cyclical concept in, 62–64, 73
distorting/falsifying, 6–8, 21
functions of, 101–102
and memory (see memory, historical)
methodological aspects of, 18, 115–118, 155n2
modes of writing, 8
nonpartisan spirit in, 29
and presentism, 22–23
as reconciliation tool, 104–110, 153n28
short-term, 120n8
utility of, 1–2, 3–4, 20–21, 75–76, 101–102, 110–114, 119n1
women’s, 24, 46–49, 82–83, 120n9. See also Jewish historiography
liberation, historiographical
witnessing, historical
History and Memory (journal), 11, 125n42
History Manifesto (Guldi and Armitage), 120n8
History of the Jews from the Destruction of Jerusalem to the Present Time (Adams), 26
Hitler, Adolf, 68
Hochschle für die Wissenschaft des Judentums, Berlin, 31
Hoffmann, David Zvi, 33
Holocaust: Barbie trial, 92
death of Dubnow, 80
denial of, 6, 92, 94–96, 97–98
Eichmann trial, 86–92
historical witnessing of, 75, 85
lesson from study of, 100
memory of, 79, 92, 96, 99, 102–104, 149n10
Nuremberg trials, 84–85
Papon trial, 92–93
survivors’ witnessing of, 75–76, 79, 85
Warsaw Ghetto documentation, 71–73, 81
honor courts, Jewish, 85
How Jewish Is Jewish History? (Rosman), 115
Hughes, Aaron, 151n20
Human (Uman) massacre, 59
humanities, crisis in, 2–4
Hyman, Paula, 48–49
Idea of History (Collingwood), 117
identity formation, 5–6
In Defense of History (Evans), 95
Institute for Historical Justice and Reconciliation (IHJR), 105–107, 150–151n17
Institute of Jewish Affairs, 84
Irving, David, and Lipstadt libel trial, 94, 95, 96
Israel: Diaspora link to, 43
Eichmann trial in, 86–92
Holocaust memory in, 103, 149n10
and Palestinian rights, 44, 133n60. See also Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Israel Among the Nations (Baer), 42
Israel in the Diaspora (Dinur), 43
Israeli-Palestinian conflict: historians’ divisions over, 113
and historical reconciliation, 106–107, 109
and Holocaust memory, 103
Oslo peace process, 107
and Palestinian self-determination, 108–109
proposed solutions to, 109–110, 151–152n21, 152n23
Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 110
Jackson, Robert H., 84
Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf, 86
James, C. L. R., 7
Jawitz, Zeev, 33–35, 36, 41, 66, 140n38
Jeremiah, prophet, 55
Jerusalem historians, 14, 41–44
“Jewish Historian in the Age of Aquarius” (Yerushalmi), 12
Jewish historiography, 5
Aryan influence on, 34
and collective memory, 8–10, 65
and cycles in history, 62–63
on exile/Diaspora, 14–15
and Freud’s Psychological Jew, 13–14
German Jewish historians, 65–69
guiding spirit concept in, 63–64
and identity politics, 151n20
Jerusalem historians, 14, 41–44
lachrymose theory of, 61–62, 67–68, 86
massacres and persecutions in, 57–58, 66–68
New Historians, 154n36
non-Jewish historians, 18–19, 33, 126nn45,46
for Orthodox audience, 33–37
periodization of, 31–32
in postwar Germany, 19, 126n46
purposes of, 19–20
Schocken Bücherei series, 70
and secular bias, 33–34
validation of, 28
Warsaw Ghetto, 71–73
of Wissenschaft des Judentums, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 37, 40, 41, 42, 45, 65–66
women’s history, 46–49
in Yiddish, 45–46. See also consolation, Jewish
liberation, historiographical
witnessing, historical
Jewish War (Josephus), 56
Jewish Women in Historical Perspective (Baskin, ed.), 49
Job, 55
Josephus, Flavius, 25, 55–56, 57
Judge and the Historian (Ginzburg), 77, 101
Judt, Tony, 109
Julius, Anthony, 94
“Just One Witness” (Ginzburg), 76, 77
Karaism, 30
Kassow, Samuel D., 71
Kermish, Yosef, 85
Kessler-Harris, Alice, 82–83, 144n20
Kim, Kwang-Su, 153n28
Kishinev pogroms (1903), 79
kosher meat boycott, 48
Krausnick, Helmut, 86
Krochmal, Nachman, 63–65
Kurzweil, Baruch, 121n13
LaCapra, Dominick, 17
lachrymose theory of Jewish history, 61–62, 67, 86
Lagarde, Paul de, 81
Lamed-Vov Tsadikim (36 Righteous Ones), 88
Landmann, Michael, 126n46
Langer, Lawrence, 17
Latvia, Nazi massacre of Jews in, 80
legal witnessing, 76–78. See also court testimony, historians’
Lepage Center for History in the Public Interest, 154n35
Leschnitzer, Adolf, 126n46
Lestshinsky, Jacob, 46
Levi, Primo, 76
liberation, historiographical: catalysts for, 23–24, 37
Christian, 25–28
and Exodus story, 23
and Jerusalem historians, 41–46
and Jewish revitalization, 30–33
in Jewish studies, 27–29
and political emancipation, 37–39
from rabbinic authority, 23, 29–30
from secular bias, 33–37
and secular nationalism, 39–41
from Wissenschaft des Judentums, 41, 42
and women’s history, 46–49
Lieux de mémoire (Nora), 10
Life of Jesus (Strauss), 31
Lipstadt, Deborah, libel trial of, 94–96, 97–98, 99, 101
Living with History/Making Social Change (Lerner), 24
Longerich, Peter, 94
Löwith, Karl, 62
Luskin Center for History and Policy, 154n36
Lying About Hitler (Evans), 95–96
Lyotard, Jean-François, 85
MacMillan, Margaret, 7
Mahler, Raphael, 46
Manna, Adel, 106
Marcus, Ivan, 58
Marranos, 14
Marshall, Thurgood, 82
martyrdom ideal, 58–59
massacres and persecution, 57–58, 64, 66–68
May, Ernest, 111–112
McGrattan, Cillian, 105
Meaning in History (Löwith), 62
memory, historical: in American history, 6
and Aquarianism, 12
boundaries of, 5, 16–17, 20, 74, 97
excess of, 102–104
of Holocaust, 79, 92, 96, 99, 102–104, 149n10
and identity formation, 5–6
and Jewish survival, 13–14
and justice, 113–114
in modern age, 15–16
of persecution, 67–68
preexisting patterns of, 53–54, 58–59
reciprocal relationship in, 9–10
and reenactment process, 18
repository of consolation, 53
traditional vs. secular modes of, 10–11. See also collective memory
Memory of Judgment (Douglas), 91, 97
Mendelssohn, Moses, 36
Mesorah Publishing Company, 35
messianism, 51
middle voice, 125n41
midrash of history, 51–52, 134n2
Mintz, Alan, 53
Molchadsky, Nadav, 144
Molho, Michael, 71
Moses, 16
Moses and Monotheism (Freud), 13–14
Naar, Devin E., 71
Names of the Jews (Zunz), 38
narration, historical/fictional, 116
Nasi (Mendes), Doña Gracia, 60
nationalism, 6
secular Jewish, 39–41
Nehama, Joseph, 71
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 103
Neusner, Jacob, 151n20
Neustadt, Richard, 111–112
New Historians (Israeli), 154n36
New York Times, on Eichmann trial, 90
Nguyen, Viet Thanh, 107–108, 153n29
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 7–8, 104
“Nomos and Narrative” (Cover), 77
Northern Ireland, reconciliation in, 104–105
Nuremberg trials, 84–85
One State, Two States (Morris), 110
On Rabbinic Literature (Zunz), 27–28
“On the Advantage and Disadvantage [or Use and Abuse] of History for Life” (Nietzsche), 7–8
Organization of American Historians, 4
Oslo peace process, 107
Oyneg Shabbes project, 71, 72, 81
Ozouf, Mona, 17
Palestine: as axis of Jewish history, 43
Jerusalem historians in, 41–46. See also Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Palestinian Arabs, rights of, 44, 133n60
Papon (Maurice) trial, 92–93
Paxton, Robert O., 93
People’s History of the United States (Zinn), 24
Petliura, Symon, 83
physician of memory, historian as, 12, 15, 102
Pinsker, Leon, 39
pogroms: Kishinev (1903), 79
Ukraine (1919), 59, 67, 69, 79–80, 83
Poliakov, Léon, 92
political emancipation, 37–39
predictive role of historians, 112–113
presentism, 22–23
“priest of culture,” historian as, 11
PRIME (Peace Research Institute in the Middle East), 107
Probing the Limits of Representation (Friedlander), 76, 117
Psychological Jew, of Freud, 14
rabbinism, liberation from, 29–30
Rabin, Yitzhak, 107
Rakovsky, Puah, 49
Rawidowicz, Simon, 138n19
Raz-Krakotzkin, Amnon, 129n23
realism, historical, 116, 155n6
Reawakening (Levi), 76
reconciliation, historical, 104–111
re-enactment, theory of (Collingwood), 18, 117–118
religious witnessing, 75
Reluctant Witnesses (Stein), 103
Renan, Ernest, 54
restorative justice, 111, 153n30
revenge, 140n45
Ringelblum, Emanuel, 46, 71–72, 81
Rivlin, Reuven, 109
Robinson, Jacob, 84, 85, 88, 90, 91
Rosen, Pinchas, 86–87
Rosenberg, Rosalind, 82–83, 144n20
Rosenstock-Huessy, Eugen, 12, 75
Rosenzweig, Franz, 70
Roskies, David, 53
Rossi, Azariah de’, 60
Rousso, Henri, 92–93, 96–97, 153n28
Said, Edward, 109
Salfeld, Siegmund, 66
Salonica (Greece), Jewish community in, 71
Santayana, George, 25
Schiper, Ignacy, 46
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 22
Schocken, Salmann, 70
Schocken Bücherei series, 15, 70
Scholem, Gershom, 42, 70, 121n13
Schorsch, Ismar, 65
Schulte, Christoph, 126n46
Schwarzbard, Sholem, 83
Sears, Roebuck & Company, 82–83, 144n20
secular bias, liberation from, 33–37
secular nationalism, 39–41
Segev, Tom, 103
Servatius, Robert, 89
Shalom, Brit, 110
Shazar, Zalman, 86
Shekhinah, 64
Shtif, Nokhem, 45
Siebert, Johann, 80
Sieg, Ulrich, 81
Simon, Richard, 30
single-state solution, 109–110
Sivan, Emmanuel, 136n11
skepticism, historical, 76–77
slavery, reparations for, 111, 153n30
social justice, use of history in, 24
Sofri, Adriano, 77
Solomon bar Shimson, 57
Spanish Jewish history, 14–15, 43, 124n35
Spengler, Oswald, 62
spiritual resistance, 72
Stangneth, Bettina, 91
Stein, Arlene, 103
STEM disciplines, 75
Stern, Selma, 73
Strauss, David Friedrich, 31
student enrollments, decline in humanities, 2–3
submission to God’s power, 55–56
Talmud, 81
Taubes, Jacob, 126n46
Täubler, Eugen, 73
Tcherikower, Elias, 46, 69, 79–80, 81, 83–84, 92
Teter, Magda, 82
Thinking in Time (Neustadt and May), 111–112
Thompson, E. P., 7
three-state solution, 110
Thucydides, 74
Toews, John E., 155n7
Torrès, Henry, 83
Toynbee, Arnold, 62
Treitschke, Heinrich von, 139–140n35
Triumph of Survival (Wein), 35–36
Trunk, Isabel, 85
Tupper, Frederick, 52
two-state solution, 109, 110, 151–152n21, 152n23
Ukraine pogroms, 59, 67, 69, 79–80, 83
universities: and crisis in humanities, 2–4
and restorative justice, 111
University of California, Los Angeles, History Department, 2–3
Usque, Samuel, 59–61
utility of history, 1–2, 3–4, 20–21, 75–76, 101–102, 110–114, 119n1
van Pelt, Robert Jan, 94
vengeance, 140n45
Verga, Solomon ibn, 60
Vergangenheitsbewältigung, 19
Vichy France (Paxton), 93
Vichy regime, 92–93
Vico, Giambattista, 63
Wachtel, Nathan, 53
Walzer, Michael, 23
Warsaw Ghetto, documentation of life in, 71–73, 81
Weimar Republic, 67
Whig Interpretation of History (Butterfield), 22
White, Hayden, 76, 116–117, 125n41
White House Council of Historians, 112
Who Will Write Our History? (Kassow), 71
Wieviorka, Annette, 79
Winter, Jay, 136n11
Wissenschaft des Judentums, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 37, 40, 41, 42, 45, 65–66
witnessing, historical: commissions of inquiry, 85, 144n18
by Holocaust survivors, 75, 85
vs. legal witnessing, 76–78
religious, 75
standards of proof in, 76, 77, 100
textual, 79–81. See also court testimony, historians’
women’s history, 24, 46–49, 82–83, 120n9
World Jewish Congress, 84
writing, as consolation, 135n3
Wyschograd, Edith, 110–111
Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim, 9, 75
on Aquarianism, 12
on Baer’s Galut, 14–15
on Freud, 13–14
and history of hope, 51–52, 134n2
“A Jewish Historian in the Age of Aquarius,” 12
legacy of, 5
memory as focus of, 10–11, 102, 113
models of historian, 15–16
and Spanish Jewish history, 14–15, 124n35. See also Zakhor
Yiddish-based scholarship, 45–46
YIVO, 45
Young, James, 17
Yuval, Yisrael, 137n19
Zakhor (Yerushalmi), 65, 99, 148n1
Baer’s influence on, 15
collective memory in, 17
historical memory in, 5, 8–9, 11, 16, 102
impact of, 122n21
Zertal, Idith, 103
Zim, Rivkah, 135n3
Zinn, Howard, 24
Zionism, and historiographical liberation, 41–46
Zuckermann, Moshe, 103
Zunz, Leopold, 40, 63, 66, 131n35
and Jewish studies, 27–28, 40, 65
political activism of, 37–39