INTRODUCTION
1. “To Serve Man,” teleplay by Rod Serling, based on a short story by Damon Knight, The Twilight Zone, aired March 2, 1962.
2. “Minimum Viable Product,” by John Altschuler, Dave Krinsky, and Mike Judge, Silicon Valley, season 1, episode 1, aired April 6, 2014.
3. “Proof of Concept,” by Clay Tarver, Silicon Valley, season 1, episode 7, aired May 18, 2014.
4. Google Privacy and Terms, “Welcome to the Google Privacy Policy,” last modified August 29, 2016: http://www.google.com/policies/privacy.
5. Originally called Internet.org, the project’s home page is: https://info.internet.org/en/story/free-basics-from-internet-org.
6. Video, May 4, 2015, available at Mark Zuckerberg’s Facebook page: https://vimeo.com/126762664.
7. Adi Narayan, “Andreessen Regrets India Tweets; Zuckerberg Laments Comments,” Bloomberg.com, February 10, 2016.
8. Susan Moller Okin, Justice, Gender and the Family, New York: Basic Books, 1989, p. 75.
9. Reid Hoffman and Ben Casnocha, The Start-up of You: Adapt to the Future, Invest in Yourself, and Transform Your Career,” New York: Crown Business, 2012, pp. 159–161.
10. Ibid., pp. 8–9.
11. Tim Berners-Lee with Mark Fischetti, Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web, New York: Harper, 2000.
12. David Streitfeld and Malia Wollan, “Tech Rides Are Focus of Hostility in Bay Area,” The New York Times, February 1, 2014, p. B1.
13. “Inside the Extravagant Wedding of Sean Parker and Alexandra Lenas,” Vanity Fair, August 1, 2013.
14. Peter Fimrite, “Vinod Khosla Wants $30 Million for Martins Beach Access,” The San Francisco Chronicle, February 23, 2016.
15. Katherine Bindley, “David Sacks, Yammer CEO, Hosts Extravagant Birthday Party,” The Huffington Post, June 19, 2012.
16. Steven Bertoni, “Instagram’s Kevin Systrom: The Stanford Billionaire Machine Strikes Again,” Forbes, August 20, 2012.
17. Rich McCormick, “Ghostbusters Star Leslie Jones Calls for Stronger Twitter Guidelines after Racist Abuse,” The Verge, July 19, 2016.
18. Peter Thiel, “Address to Republican National Convention,” Cleveland, OH, July 21, 2016, C-Span: https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4612796/peter-thiel-addresses-republican-national-convention-proud-gay.
19. David Streitfeld, “Peter Thiel to Donate $1.25 Million in Support of Donald Trump,” The New York Times, October 15, 2016.
20. Elon Musk, post to Twitter, Jul 31, 2012, @elonmusk.
21. Erik Wemple, “Peter Thiel’s Media Critique: Reporters Take Trump’s Statements ‘Literally’ but Not ‘Seriously,’” The Washington Post, October 31, 2016.
22. See Dylan Matthews, “Jeff Bezos Is Buying the Washington Post. Here’s What You Need to Know About the Sale,” Wonkblog, The Washington Post, August 6, 2013; David A. Graham, “The Politics of New Washington Post Owner Jeff Bezos,” The Atlantic, August 5, 2013.
23. See Steven Levy, Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, Penguin Books, New York, 2001 (original 1984).
24. Richard W. Lyman, Stanford in Turmoil: Campus Unrest, 1966–1972, Stanford, CA.: Stanford University Press, 2009, p. 5.
25. Barbie Fields, “Frederick Terman—A Living Bay Area Legend,” The Stanford Daily, October 7, 1977, p. 1.
26. Carolyn E. Tajnai, “From the Valley of Heart’s Delight to the Silicon Valley: A Study of Stanford University’s Role in the Transformation,” Stanford University, Department of Computer Science, 1996: http://forum.stanford.edu/carolyn/valley_of_hearts.
27. See C. Stewart Gillmor, Fred Terman at Stanford: Building a Discipline, a University and Silicon Valley, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004.
28. David Orenstein, “Computer Science@40: Faculty, Alumni Celebrate Life-Changing Advances,” Stanford News, April 5, 2006.
29. Telephone interview with Richard Weyhrauch, May 23, 2016.
30. See Steven Levy, In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives, New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011.
31. Ken Auletta, “Get Rich U.,” The New Yorker, April 30, 2012.
32. Tonya Garcia, “Amazon Will Account for More Than Half of 2015 E-Commerce Growth, Says Macquarie,” MarketWatch, December 22, 2015.
33. Max Chafkin, “What Makes Uber Run,” Fast Company, September, 8, 2015.
34. Ginia Bellafante, “Airbnb’s Promise: Every Man and Woman a Hotelier,” The New York Times, December 17, 2014.
35. Statistics from Facebook’s Newsroom: http://newsroom.fb.com/company-info.
36. Stanford University, “James Breyer/Mark Zuckerberg Interview, Oct. 26, 2005, Stanford University” (2005), Zuckerberg Transcripts.
37. Computer History Museum, “The Facebook Effect (interview with Mark Zuckerberg and David Kirkpatrick)” (2010), Zuckerberg Transcripts.
38. Douglas Bowman, “Goodbye, Google,” March 20, 2009, at Stop-design: stopdesign.com/archive/2009/03/20/goodbye-google.html.
39. Alex Hern, “Why Google Has 200m Reasons to Put Engineers over Designers,” The Guardian, February 5, 2014.
40. Marc Andreessen, Tweet, December 12, 2014 (since deleted). On September 24, 2016, Andreessen, whose handle on Twitter is @pmarca, announced that he was “taking a Twitter break!” and deleted more than 100,000 posts to Twitter, leaving that one tweet. The quotes from his Twitter account that appear here were copied by the author during research. Intriguingly, some 72,000 of his Tweets, starting in 2015, have been reposted by a Twitter account called “I retweet pmarca.”
41. Sarah Lacy, Once You’re Lucky, Twice You’re Good, New York: Gotham Books, 2008, pp. 126–127.
42. Ben Horowitz, The Hard Thing About Hard Things, New York: Harper Collins, 2014.
43. Lessley Anderson, “Elon Musk: A Machine Tasked with Getting Rid of Spam Could End Humanity,” Vanity Fair, October 8, 2014.
44. James Douglas, “Star Lords,” The Awl, December 15, 2015.
45. To be precise, Google’s tech workforce is 18 percent women and Facebook’s is 17 percent women, while women hold 24 percent of Google’s leadership positions and 27 percent of senior leadership positions at Facebook. Amazon doesn’t break down its tech workforce numbers, but the percentage of women in management positions was in the same area, 25 percent. The percentages of African Americans and Hispanics within Google’s and Facebook’s tech workforce were identical: 1 percent African American, 3 percent Hispanic. Uber recently released its first diversity numbers—tech workers were 15.4 percent women, 1 percent African American, and 2.1 percent Hispanic.
See Google Diversity Web site, accessed February 20, 2017: https://www.google.com/diversity/; Maxine Williams, “Facebook Diversity Update: Positive Hiring Trends Show Progress,” July 14, 2016 Facebook Newsroom: https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2016/07/facebook-diversity-update-positive-hiring-trends-show-progress/; “Our Workforce Demographics,” Diversity at Amazon, data as of July 2016: https://www.amazon.com/b?node=10080092011; Uber Diversity, data as of March 2017, https://www.uber.com/diversity/.
46. Robert Pogue Harrison, “The Children of Silicon Valley,” The New York Review of Books blog, July 17, 2014.
47. Marc Andreessen, “Why Software Is Eating the World,” The Wall Street Journal, August 20, 2011.
1. JOHN MCCARTHY
1. Joseph Weizenbaum, Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation, New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1976, pp. 226–227.
2. Weizenbaum, Computer Power and Human Reason, p. 227.
3. “Speaking Minds: Interviews with Twenty Eminent Cognitive Scientists,” edited by Peter Baumgartner and Sabine Payr, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995, p. 253.
4. Ibid., p. 116.
5. John McCarthy, “An Unreasonable Book,” appearing in Benjamin Kuipers, John McCarthy, and Joseph Weizenbaum, comments on Computer Power and Human Reason, in ACM Sigart Newsletter (Association for Computing Machinery, Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence) no. 58, June 1976, p. 8: http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/reviews/weizenbaum.html.
6. Cheryl Zollars, “Scientists Discuss Role of Technology in Society,” The Stanford Daily, May 19, 1978, p. 1.
7. John Markoff, interview with John McCarthy, July 19, 2002, personal copy.
8. There is no book-length biography of John McCarthy, and when asked later in life if he would write a memoir, he said he wouldn’t because he was “not prepared to be honest” and address “what I could have accomplished if I hadn’t been lazy.” However, he has given many retrospective interviews and written prolifically about his life. His extensive personal Web site, with links to papers, talks, essays, popular science articles, favorite sayings, and so on, is www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/, with Stanford running its own site: http://jmc.stanford.edu/index.html.
A number of works describe McCarthy’s life, including: Philip J. Hilts, Scientific Temperaments: Three Lives in Contemporary Science, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982; John Markoff, Machines of Loving Grace: The Quest for Common Ground Between Humans and Robots, New York: HarperCollins, 2015, particularly chapter 4, “The Rise, Fall and Resurrection of A.I.”; Nils J. Nilsson, John McCarthy, 1927–2011: A Biographical Memoir, Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 2012, pp. 1–17; Patrick J. Hayes and Leora Morgenstern, “On John McCarthy’s 80th Birthday, in Honor of His Contributions,” AI Magazine, Winter 2007, pp. 93–102.
The oral histories are Nils Nilsson and John McCarthy, interview, September 12, 2007, Computer History Museum: http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102658149; and William Aspray and John McCarthy, interview, March 2, 1989, Palo Alto, CA, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: purl.umn.edu/107476.
9. Markoff and McCarthy interview.
10. Kathryn Cullen-DuPont, Encyclopedia of Women’s History of America, Second Edition, New York: Facts on File Inc., 2000, p. 184.
11. Susan McCarthy, “What Your Dentist Doesn’t Want You to Know,” part of Celebration of John McCarthy’s Accomplishments, Stanford University, March 25, 2012: http://www.saildart.org/jmc2012.html.
12. M. Ilin, “100,000 Whys: A Trip Around the Room,” translated by Beatrice Kinkead, Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1933, p. 9.
13. Markoff and McCarthy interview.
14. John McCarthy, “What Is Artificial Intelligence?,” November 12, 2007, John McCarthy Web site: http://jmc.stanford.edu/artificial-intelligence/index.html.
15. Paul N. Edwards, The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, p. 159.
16. “Hixon Symposium on Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior,” California Institute of Technology, Pacific State Hospital, Pomona, CA, September 20, 1948, accessed at Linus Pauling Day by Day Web Site, Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections: http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/calendar/1948/09/20-xl.html.
17. Nilsson and McCarthy interview.
18. Markoff and McCarthy interview; Sylvia Nasar, A Beautiful Mind: The Life of Mathematical Genius and Nobel Laureate John Nash, New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001, p. 146.
19. Markoff and McCarthy interview.
20. See John McCarthy, “What Was Attractive About Marxism?,” May 10, 2005: http://jmc.stanford.edu/commentary/progress/marxism2.html; and John McCarthy, “Marxism,” August 27, 2008: http://jmc.stanford.edu/commentary/progress/marxism.html.
21. Nilsson, John McCarthy, p. 4.
22. Nilsson and McCarthy interview.
23. J. McCarthy, M. L. Minsky, N. Rochester, C. E. Shannon, “A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence,” August 31, 1955, reprinted in AI Magazine, vol. 27, no. 4 (2006), pp. 12–14.
24. Aspray and McCarthy interview.
25. Margaret Hamilton, interview with author, October 2, 2015.
26. John McCarthy, “The Well-Designed Child,” 1996: http://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/child.html.
27. John McCarthy, “Information,” Scientific American, September 1966, pp. 65–72.
28. John McCarthy, “The Little Thoughts of Thinking Machines,” Psychology Today, December 1983, pp. 46–49.
29. John McCarthy, “Artificial Intelligence and Creativity,” Century 21 lecture, January 30, 1968, audio file in KZSU Collection, Stanford Archive of Recorded Sound, Stanford University Libraries.
30. John McCarthy, “An Example for Natural Language Understanding and the AI Problems It Raises,” 1976: http://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/mrhug.html.
31. Nilsson, John McCarthy, p. 11.
32. Steven Levy, Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, New York: Penguin Books, 2001 (original 1984), p. 24.
33. Louis Fein, oral history interview conducted by Pamela McCorduck, May 9, 1979, Charles Babbage Institute, retrieved from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy: http://hdl.handle.net/11299/107284.
34. This paper was later published in an academic journal: Louis Fein, “The Role of the University in Computers, Data Processing, and Related Fields,” Communications of the ACM, vol. 2, no. 9, September 1959, pp. 7–14.
35. Ibid., p. 13.
36. Quora, “How did Mark Zuckerberg become a programming prodigy,” https://www.quora.com/How-did-Mark-Zuckerberg-become-a-programming-prodigy?redirected_qid=2886003.
37. Paul Graham, “Some Heroes,” April 2006: http://paulgraham.com/heroes.html.
38. Levy, Hackers, pp. 26–27.
39. Tung-Hui Hu, A Prehistory of the Cloud, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2015, p. 46.
40. Edwards, The Closed World, pp. 257–258.
41. Ibid., pp. 55–56.
42. Ibid.; see chapter 2, “The Hacker Ethic,” pp. 39–49; quote appears on p. 67.
43. Ibid., p. 83.
44. Hamilton, author interview.
45. Levy, Hackers, pp. 40–49.
46. George E. Forsythe, “What to Do till the Computer Scientist Comes,” Technical Report No. CS 77, Computer Science Department, School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, September 22, 1967, p. 4.
47. Ibid.
48. McCarthy and Markoff interview, 2002.
49. Ibid.
50. Steven G. Ungar, “AI Goal: A ‘Thinking’ Machine,” The Stanford Daily, January 26, 1971, p. 1.
51. John Markoff, “Optimism as Artificial Intelligence Pioneers Reunite,” The New York Times, December 8, 2009, p. D4.
52. Bard Darrach, “Meet Shaky, the First Electronic Person,” Life, November 20, 1970, p. 64.
53. Ungar, “AI Goal.”
54. Classified advertisement, The Stanford Daily, May 25, 1971, p. 4.
55. Bruce Guenther Baumgart, “Saildart Prolegomenon 2016”: www.saildart.org/book/0.pdf.
56. Stewart Brand, “Spacewar: Fanatic Life and Symbolic Death Among the Computer Bums,” Rolling Stone, December 7, 1972.
57. Ungar, “AI Goal,” p. 1.
58. John McCarthy, “The Home Information Terminal,” appearing in “Man and Computer,” Proceedings of the International Conference, Bordeaux, 1970, pp. 48–57 (Karger, Basel 1972).
59. John McCarthy, “The Home Information Terminal—a 1970 View,” June 1, 2000: http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/hoter2.pdf.
60. McCarthy and Markoff interview.
61. McCarthy, “The Home Information Terminal,” p. 7.
62. McCarthy and Markoff interview.
63. Jim Wascher, “SRM Protest: Council Meeting Halted,” The Stanford Daily, April 3, 1972.
64. Cheryl Zollars, “Scientists Discuss Role of Technology in Society,” The Stanford Daily, May 19, 1978, p. 1.
65. John McCarthy, “Prophets—Especially Prophets of Doom,” October 17, 1995: http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/prophets.html.
66. Lee Dembart, “Experts Argue Whether Computers Could Reason, and if They Should,” The New York Times, May 8, 1977, p. A1.
67. John Markoff, “Joseph Weizenbaum, Famed Programmer, Is Dead at 85,” The New York Times, March 13, 2008, p. A22.
68. Diana ben-Aaron, “Weizenbaum Examines Computers and Society,” The Tech, vol. 105, no. 16, April 9, 1985, p. 2: http://tech.mit.edu/V105/N16/weisen.16n.html; Howard Rheingold, Tools for Thought: The History and Future of Mind-Expanding Technology, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2000, pp. 163–164.
69. Ben-Aaron, “Weizenbaum Examines Computers and Society.”
70. Weizenbaum, Computer Power and Human Reason, p. 115.
71. The identity of the “patient” in this conversation is hard to pin down. In his academic paper on Eliza, Weizenbaum describes the conversation as “typical.” See Joseph Weizenbaum, “ELIZA—A Computer Program for the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man and Machine,” Communications of the ACM, vol. 9, no. 1 (January 1966): 36–35. In Computer Power and Human Reason, however, he describes the computer’s interlocutor as a “young woman.” (Based on the dialogue, that appears to be the “part” being played.) In a New York Times account, which includes the same sample conversation, Weizenbaum is identified as typing in the statements himself: “In one test of Eliza’s instructions, the following typewritten conversation took place between Mr. Weizenbaum, the patient (P.) and an IBM 7094 computer (C.) in the role of the doctor, with the latter ‘unaware’ of what the specific questions would be.” John Noble Wilford, “Computer Is Being Taught to Understand English,” The New York Times, June 15, 1968, p. 58.
72. Wilford, “Computer Is Being Taught to Understand English.”
73. Joseph Weizenbaum, comments on Computer Power and Human Reason, in ACM Sigart Newsletter, p. 13.
74. “Speaking Minds: Interviews with Twenty Eminent Cognitive Scientists,” edited by Peter Baumgartner and Sabine Payr, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995, p. 260.
75. Ibid., pp. 257–258.
76. Plug and Pray, directed by Jens Schanze, Mascha Films, 2010.
77. Joseph Weizenbaum and Reid Hoffman, “Virtual Worlds—Fiction or Reality?” Davos Open Forum 2008, January 26, 2008: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E198IynGbg0.
78. Jason Bloomstein, “Racial Slurs Cause University to Shut down Bulletin Board,” The Stanford Daily, January 30, 1989, p. 1. A summary of the controversy from McCarthy’s perspective can be found on his Web site: “The Rec.Humor.Funny Censorship at Stanford University,” May 12, 1996: http://jmc.stanford.edu/general/rhf.html. The digital archive at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab preserved the emails within the Computer Science Department: http://www.saildart.org/FUNNY.89[BB,DOC].
79. See Daniel T. Rodgers, The Age of Fracture, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011, p. 210.
80. David Sacks and Peter Thiel, The Diversity Myth: “Multiculturalism” and the Politics of Intolerance at Stanford,” Oakland, CA: The Independent Institute, 1995, p. xxi.
81. McCarthy, “The Rec.Humor.Funny Censorship at Stanford University.”
82. John McCarthy email to su-etc@SAIL.Stanford.EDU and faculty@SCORE.Stanford.EDU, January 29, 1989.
83. John McCarthy <JMC@SAIL.Stanford.EDU>, email to su-etc@Sail.Stanford.edu, February 7, 1989: http://www.saildart.org/FUNNY.89[BB,DOC].
84. William Brown, Jr. <wab@sumex-aim.stanford.edu>, email to suetc@sumex-aim.stanford.edu, February 14, 1989: http://www.saildart.org/FUNNY.89[BB,DOC].
85. Ibid.
86. Mark Crispin <mrc@sumex-aim.stanford.edu>, email to William Brown Jr, February 15, 1989: http://www.saildart.org/FUNNY.89[BB,DOC].
87. Andy Freeman <andy@gang-of-four.stanford.edu>, email to su-etc@score.stanford.edu, February 15, 1989.
88. William Brown, Jr. <wab@sumex-aim.stanford.edu>, email to Andy Freeman, February 15, 1989.
89. W. Augustus Brown Jr., telephone interview with author, February 13, 2017.
90. John McCarthy <JMC@SAIL.Stanford.EDU>, email to J.JBRENNER@MACBETH.STANFORD.EDU, February 8, 1989: http://www.saildart.org/FUNNY.89[BB,DOC].
91. Oren Patashnik <op@polya.stanford.edu> email to su-etc@SAIL.Stanford.EDU and faculty@SCORE.Stanford.EDU et al., March 1, 1989.
92. John McCarthy, “Computer Science 40th Anniversary: A Symposium & Celebration Arrillaga Alumni Center,” March 21, 2006: https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/department-computer-science/id385659431?mt=10.
93. McCarthy, “Computer Science 40th Anniversary.”
2. FREDERICK TERMAN
1. Frederick Terman, letter to Paul Davis, December 1943, in Stuart W. Leslie, The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford, New York: Columbia University Press, 1993, p. 44.
2. Rebecca S. Lowen, Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997, p. 15.
3. Ibid., p. 148.
4. C. Stewart Gillmor, Fred Terman at Stanford: Building a Discipline, a University, and Silicon Valley, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004, p. 491.
5. Carolyn E. Tajnai, “From the Valley of Heart’s Delight to the Silicon Valley: A Study of Stanford University’s Role in the Transformation,” Stanford University, Department of Computer Science, 1996: http://forum.stanford.edu/carolyn/valley_of_hearts.
6. Ibid, p. 8.
7. Lowen, Creating the Cold War University, p. 173.
8. Gillmor, Fred Terman at Stanford, p. 379.
9. Lowen, Creating the Cold War University, p. 159.
10. Gillmor, Fred Terman at Stanford, p. 419.
11. Richard W. Lyman, Stanford in Turmoil: Campus Unrest, 1966–1972, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009, p. 6.
12. Orrin Leslie Elliott, Stanford University: The First Twenty Five Years, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1937, pp. 16–17: https://archive.org/details/stanfroduniversi009361mbp.
13. Ibid., p. 12.
14. Elliott, Stanford University, pp. 15–16.
15. Stanford Facts 2016, “The Campus Plan,” http://facts.stanford.edu/about/lands.
16. Gillmor, Fred Terman at Stanford, p. 17.
17. Stanford University, “The Founding Grant with Amendments, Legislation, and Court Decrees,” 1987, p. 24.
18. Elliott, Stanford University, p. 39.
19. Ibid., pp. 21–22.
20. Richard Hofstadter and Walter P. Metzger, The Development of Academic Freedom in the United States, New York: Columbia University Press, 1955, p. 413.
21. Ibid., p. 414.
22. Elliott, Stanford University, pp. 50–51.
23. Stanford University, “Birth of a University”: https://www.stanford.edu/about/history/.
24. W. B. Carnochan, “The Case of Julius Goebel: Stanford, 1905,” The American Scholar, vol. 72, no. 3 (Summer 2003): p. 95.
25. Margo Davis and Roxanne Nilan, The Stanford Album: A Photographic History, 1885–1945, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989, p. 47.
26. Elliott, Stanford University, p. 270.
27. Ibid., p. 272.
28. Hofstadter and Metzger, The Development of Academic Freedom in the United States, p. 436.
29. Elliott, Stanford University, “The 500 Limit,” pp. 132–136.
30. Stanford University, Founding Grant. The cap at five hundred women was first reached in 1903 and continued until 1933, when it was revised to a 40 percent quota, which reflected the ratio in 1899, when Mrs. Stanford made her change to the founding grant. In 1973, Stanford petitioned a court to have the grant amended to remove any limits on the number of women attending the university.
31. Elliott, Stanford University, p. 132.
32. Ibid., p. 135.
33. Elliott, Stanford University, p. 160.
34. Susan Wolfe, “Who Killed Jane Stanford?” Stanford Alumni magazine, September/October 2003: https://alumni.stanford.edu/get/page/magazine/article/?article_id=36459.
35. Carnochan, “The Case of Julius Goebel,” p. 108.
36. Wolfe, “Who Killed Jane Stanford?”
37. Peter Hegarty, Gentlemen’s Disagreement: Alfred Kinsey, Lewis Terman, and the Sexual Politics of Smart Men, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013, p. 3.
38. See John D. Wasserman, “A History of Intelligence Assessment: The Unfinished Tapestry,” in Contemporary Intellectual Assessment, Third Edition, edited by Dawn P. Flanagan and Patti L. Harrison, New York: The Guilford Press, 2012.
39. Ibid., “Lewis Terman: Trails to Psychology,” pp. 297–331.
40. B. R. Hergenhahn and Tracy Henley, An Introduction to the History of Psychology, Seventh Edition, Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, 2013, p. 304. The full title of Terman’s dissertation: “Genius and Stupidity: A Study of the Intellectual Processes of Seven ‘Bright’ and Seven ‘Stupid’ Boys.”
41. Wasserman, “A History of Intelligence Assessment,” p. 17.
42. Henry L. Minton, Lewis M. Terman: Pioneer in Psychological Testing, New York: New York University Press, 1988.
43. Ibid., p. 20.
44. Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon, The Development of Intelligence in Children, Baltimore: Wilkins & Wilkins Company, 1916, pp. 42–43.
45. L. M. Terman, “Were We Born That Way?” World’s Work, October 1922, vol. 44, no. 6, p. 659.
46. Edwin G. Boring, “Lewis Madison Terman (1877–1956),” Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1959, p. 429.
47. Daniel Goleman, “75 Years Later, Study Still Tracking Geniuses,” The New York Times, March 7, 1995, p. C1.
48. Mitchell Leslie, “The Vexing Legacy of Lewis Terman,” Stanford Magazine, July/August 2000: https://alumni.stanford.edu/get/page/magazine/article/?article_id=40678.
49. See Adam Cohen, Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American Eugenics, and the Sterilization of Carrie Buck, New York: Penguin, 2016.
50. Walter Lippmann, “The Abuse of the Tests,” The New Republic, November 15, 1922, p. 297.
51. Lewis M. Terman, “The Great Conspiracy, or the Impulse Imperious of Intelligence Testers, Psychoanalyzed and Exposed by Mr. Lippmann,” The New Republic, December 27, 1922, p. 119.
52. Mitchell Leslie, “The Vexing Legacy of Lewis Terman.”
53. Boring, “Lewis Madison Terman,” p. 440.
54. See Gillmor, Fred Terman at Stanford, chapter 1, “California Boy,” pp. 11–69.
55. Stuart W. Leslie, The Cold War and American Science, p. 49.
56. Gillmor, Fred Terman at Stanford, p. 90.
57. Stuart W. Leslie, The Cold War and American Science, p. 53
58. Gillmor, Fred Terman at Stanford, p. 251
59. Lowen, Creating the Cold War University, pp. 130–131.
60. Lyman, Stanford in Turmoil, p. 9.
61. Lowen, Creating the Cold War University, p. 135.
62. Quoted in Lowen, Creating the Cold War University, p. 137.
63. Gillmor, Fred Terman at Stanford, p. 341.
64. Gillmor, Fred Terman at Stanford, p. 333.
65. Lowen, Creating the Cold War University, pp. 14, 104.
66. Lyman, Stanford in Turmoil, p. 8.
67. Nils Nilsson and John McCarthy interview, September 12, 2007, Computer History Museum: http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102658149.
68. Allison Tracy and Edward Albert Feigenbaum interview, Stanford Historical Society Oral History Program, 2012, p. 20.
69. Stanford News, “Neuroscience Pioneer Marc Tessier-Lavigne Named Stanford’s Next President,” February 4, 2016: http://news.stanford.edu/features/2016/president-named/.
70. Stanford University, “OTL and the Inventor: Roles in Technology Transfer,” retrieved October 22, 2016: http://otl.stanford.edu/inventors/resources/inventors_otlandinvent.html.
71. Lisa M. Krieger, “Stanford Earns $336 Million off Google Stock,” The San Jose Mercury News, December 1, 2005, p. A1.
72. Stanford News, “Jen-Hsun Huang Pledges $30 Million for Innovative Engineering Center at Stanford,” September 10, 2008: http://news.stanford.edu/pr/2008/pr-building-092408.html.
73. See Stanford University, “Fact Sheet: Sustainable Demolition—Frederick E. Terman Engineering Center”: http://sustainable.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/documents/FactSheet_SustainableDemolition.pdf.
74. Kathleen J. Sullivan, “Excavator Tears down Walls, Ceilings and Floors of Terman Engineering Center,” Stanford News, October 18, 2011.
3. BILL GATES
1. David K. Allison, “Transcript of a Video History Interview with Mr. William ‘Bill’ Gates,” National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution: http://americanhistory.si.edu/comphist/gates.htm. “A major milestone for us was when we were walking through Harvard Square, one time, and saw this Popular Electronics magazine. And it was kind of in a way, good news and bad news. Here was someone making a computer around this chip in exactly the way that Paul had talked to me, and we’d thought about what kind of software could be done for it, and it was happening without us.”
2. Walter Isaacson, “Dawn of a Revolution,” The Harvard Gazette, September 20, 2013.
3. Stephen Manes and Paul Andrews, Gates: How Microsoft’s Mogul Reinvented an Industry—and Made Himself the Richest Man in America, New York: Touchstone, 1994.
4. James Wallace and Jim Erickson, Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire, New York: Harper Collins, 1993, pp. 46–47.
5. Allison and Gates interview.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., p. 33.
8. Isaacson, “Dawn of a Revolution.”
9. See Steven Levy, Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, Penguin Books, New York, 2001 (original 1984), pp. 224–243.
10. Allison and Gates interview.
11. Manes and Andrews, Gates, p. 26.
12. Daniel Golden and John Yemma, “Harvard Amasses a Colossal Endowment,” The Boston Globe, May 31, 1988, p. A1.
13. Allison and Gates interview.
14. Scott Malone, “Dropout Bill Gates Returns to Harvard for Degree,” Reuters, June 7, 2007: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-microsoft-gates-idUSN0730259120070607.
15. William Henry Gates III, “An Open Letter to Hobbyists,” Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter, vol. 2, no. 1, January 31, 1976, p. 2.
16. Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter, vol. 1, no. 1, March 15, 1975.
17. Y Combinator, “Mark Zuckerberg at Startup School 2013” (2013), Zuckerberg Transcripts, Paper 160: http://dc.uwm.edu/zuckerberg_files_transcripts/160.
18. Bill Gates, @billgates, Twitter, May 15, 2017.
4. MARC ANDREESSEN
1. Computer science’s roots in artificial intelligence were a persistent concern for IBM, according to John McCarthy. “IBM thought that artificial intelligence was bad for IBM’s image—that machines that were as smart as people and so forth were bad for their image. This may have been associated with one of their other image slogans, which was ‘data processing, not computing.’ That is, they were trying to get computing into business, so they wanted it to look as familiar and unfrightening as possible.” John McCarthy, oral history interview with William Aspray, 1989, Charles Babbage Institute.
2. See Matthew Lyon and Katie Hafner, Where Wizards Stay up Late: The Origins of the Internet, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999.
3. Tim Berners-Lee with Mark Fischetti, Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web, New York: Harper, 2000, pp. 12–13.
4. Tim Berners-Lee, “Frequently Asked Questions,” on personal home page hosted by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): https://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html.
5. See Tad Friend, “Tomorrow’s Advance Man,” The New Yorker, May 18, 2015.
6. Ben Horowitz, annotations to Tad Friend, “Tomorrow’s Advance Man,” at Genius.com: http://genius.com/summary/www.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2015%2F05%2F18%2Ftomorrows-advance-man?unwrappable=1.
7. Joshua Quittner and Michelle Slatalla, Speeding the Net: The Inside Story of Netscape and How It Changed Microsoft, New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1998, pp. 12–13.
8. Marc Andreessen, Tweet, May 10, 2015.
9. Quittner and Slatalla, Speeding the Net, p. 14.
10. James Romenesko, “Netscape’s Wonder Boy Says of His Wisconsin Life: Oh, Yuck!” St. Paul Pioneer Press, June 1, 1998, p. 3E.
11. Matt Beer, “Net Scope,” The San Francisco Examiner, May 23, 1999.
12. Friend, “Tomorrow’s Advance Man.”
13. Marc Andreessen, Tweet, September 4, 2015.
14. Quittner and Slatalla, Speeding the Net, p. 15.
15. Beer, “Net Scope.”
16. Ibid.
17. The National Science Foundation, “Cyberinfrastructure: From Supercomputing to the TeraGrid”: https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/cyber/fromsctotg.jsp.
18. Quittner and Slatalla, Speeding the Net, pp. 9–15.
19. Julie Bort, “Marc Andreessen Gets All the Credit for Inventing the Browser but This Is the Guy Who Did ‘All the Hard Programming,’” Business Insider, May 12, 2014.
20. David A. Kaplan, “Nothing but Net,” Newsweek, December 25, 1995, p. 32.
21. Marc Andreessen, “New ‘XMosaic’ World-Wide Web Browser from NCSA,” January 23, 1993, message forwarded by Tim Berners-Lee to newsgroups alt.hypertext and comp.infosystems: http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/bio-soft/1993-February/003879.html.
22. David K. Allison, “Excerpts from an Oral History Interview with Marc Andreessen,” Smithsonian Institution, June 1995: http://americanhistory.si.edu/comphist/ma1.html.
23. John Markoff, “A Free and Simple Computer Link,” December 8, 1993, p. D1.
24. Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web, p. 68.
25. Scott Laningham, “DeveloperWorks Interviews: Tim Berners-Lee,” IBM, August 22, 2006: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/podcast/dwi/cm-int082206txt.html.
26. Walter Isaacson, The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution, New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014, p. 417.
27. Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web, pp. 70–71.
28. John C. Thomson Jr., “Privatization of the New Communication Channel: Computer Networks and the Internet,” Web paper on Internet privatization, Fall 2000: http://johnthomson.org/j561/index.html.
29. Ibid.
30. See Paul Andrews, “Profit Without Honor,” The Seattle Times, October 5, 1997.
31. Laningham, “DeveloperWorks Interviews: Tim Berners-Lee.”
32. Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web, p. 57.
33. Isaacson, The Innovators, p. 417.
34. Ibid.
35. Brad Stone, The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon, New York: Little, Brown, 2013, p. 25.
36. Quittner and Slatalla, Speeding the Net, p. 74.
37. Allison, “Oral History Interview with Marc Andreessen.”
38. John Markoff, “A Free and Simple Computer Link,” The New York Times, December 8, 1993, p. D1.
39. Michael Lewis, The New New Thing: A Silicon Valley Story, New York: W. W. Norton, 2000, p. 81.
40. Andrews, “Profit Without Honor.”
41. Kaplan, “Nothing but Net.”
42. Adam Lashinsky, “Remembering Netscape: The Birth of the Web,” Fortune, July 25, 2005.
43. Lewis, The New New Thing, p. 40.
44. Andrews, “Profit Without Honor.”
45. Lou Montulli, interviewed by Brian McCullough, Internet History Podcast, episode 5, March 6, 2014: http://www.internethistorypodcast.com/2014/03/chapter-1-supplemental-1-an-interview-with-lou-montulli/.
46. See Jamie Zawinski, “The Condensed and Expurgated History of the About:authors URL”: https://www.jwz.org/doc/about-authors.html. An early feature of the Netscape browser was the address about:authors, which would take users to a page listing the programming team responsible for the browser. The passage continues, “Thus it amounts to the same thing whether one gets drunk alone or is a leader of nations. If one of these activities takes precedence over the other . . . it will be the quietism of the solitary drunkard which will take precedence over the vain agitation of the leader of nations.” Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness, translated by Hazel E. Barnes, New York: Washington Square Press, 1993, p. 797.
47. Matthew Gray, “Measuring the Growth of the Web: June 1993 to June 1995,” 1995: http://www.mit.edu/people/mkgray/growth/.
48. W. Joseph Campbell, “The ’90s Startup That Terrified Microsoft and Got Americans to Go Online,” Wired, January 27, 2015: https://www.wired.com/2015/01/90s-startup-terrified-microsoft-got-americans-go-online/.
49. Marc Andreessen, Internet Gazette Multimedia Conference, San Francisco, November 5, 1994.
50. Ibid.
51. Allison, “Oral History Interview with Marc Andreessen.”
52. Andrews, “Profit Without Honor.”
53. Marc Andreessen, Twitter, January 12, 2014.
54. Andrews, “Profit Without Honor.”
55. Andreessen, Internet Gazette Multimedia Conference.
56. Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web.
57. Lou Montulli, “The Reasoning Behind Web Cookies,” The Irregular Musings of Lou Montulli Blog, May 14, 2013: http://www.montulli-blog.com/2013/05/the-reasoning-behind-web-cookies.html.
58. See Rajiv C. Shah and Jay P. Kesan, “Recipes for Cookies: How Institutions Shape Communication Technologies” (July 15, 2004), New Media & Society, May 1, 2009, vol. 11, no. 3: 315–336.
59. Lou Montulli, interviewed by Brian McCullough.
60. See Shah and Kesan, “Recipes for Cookies.”
61. See user profile of blue_beetle, aka Andrew Lewis, who has made T-shirts featuring the phrase: http://www.metafilter.com/user/15556.
62. Tim Jackson, “This Bug in Your PC Is a Smart Cookie,” Financial Times, February 12, 1996, p. 15.
63. Lee Gomes, “Web ‘Cookies’ May Be Spying on You,” The San Jose Mercury News, February 13, 1996.
64. Montulli, “The Reasoning Behind Web Cookies.” See also Lou Montulli, “Why Blocking 3rd Party Cookies Could Be a Bad Thing,” The Irregular Musings of Lou Montulli Blog, May 17, 2013: http://www.montulli-blog.com/2013/05/why-blocking-3rd-party-cookies-could-be.html.
65. Lashinsky, “Remembering Netscape.”
66. Ibid.
67. Ted Greenwald, “How Jimmy Wales’ Wikipedia Harnessed the Web as a Force for Good,” Wired, March 19, 2013.
68. Lashinsky, “Remembering Netscape.”
69. Estimates vary about market share, but one reliable tracker at the time based at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, came up with these figures. Accessed via the Wayback Machine, which takes snapshots of Web sites: https://web.archive.org/web/20010507150536, http://www.ews.uiuc.edu/bstats/months/9710-month.html.
70. Campbell, “The ’90s Startup.”
71. Quittner and Slatalla, Speeding the Net, pp. 76–77.
72. John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” February 8, 1996: https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence.
73. Lashinsky, “Remembering Netscape.”
74. Kaplan, “Nothing but Net,” p. 32.
75. Marc Andreessen, “Why Software Is Eating the World,” The Wall Street Journal, August 20, 2011.
76. Todd Rulon-Miller, who became Netscape’s vice president of sales, described his interview with Andreessen, who was twenty-three at the time. “He was on a workstation staring intently into the screen. I don’t think he looked at me. I sat in a chair next to him. He was playing Doom.” In Lashinksy, “Remembering Netscape.”
77. Friend, “Tomorrow’s Advance Man.”
78. Mary Anne Ostrom, “From Peak to Valley; Andreessen Offers Perspective on Good Times and Hard Times in Tech,” The San Jose Mercury News, March 6, 2003, 1C.
79. Marc Andreessen, posts to Twitter, July 13, 2014.
80. Sam Biddle, “Deep Thoughts with Marc Andreessen: The Poor Have It Pretty Good!,” ValleyWag, June 4, 2014.
81. Maya Kosoff, “Marc Andreessen Quit Twitter and Now He Feels ‘Free as a Bird,’” VanityFair.com, September 30, 2016.
82. Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web, p. 2.
83. Ibid., pp. 107–108.
84. Ibid., pp. 30–31.
5. JEFF BEZOS
1. Marc Andreessen, Internet Gazette Multimedia Conference, San Francisco, November 5, 1994.
2. Charles King, “1995: The Year the Internet Transformed Business,” Pund-It blog, July 15, 2015: http://www.pund-it.com/blog/1995-the-year-the-internet-transformed-business/.
3. Jessica Livingston, Founders at Work: Stories of Startups’ Early Days, Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2008, pp. 248–249.
4. Craigslist, “About: Expansion”: https://www.craigslist.org/about/expansion.
5. Livingston, Founders at Work, p. 250.
6. Jessica Mintz, “Craigslist Chief Executive Tells Investment Community Users, not Money, Drives Business,” Associated Press, December 7, 2006.
7. See Adam Cohen, The Perfect Store: Inside eBay, New York: Little, Brown, 2003.
8. Ibid., p. 25.
9. Ibid., p. 76.
10. Our History, eBay Web site: https://www.ebayinc.com/our-company/our-history/.
11. Cohen, The Perfect Store, p. 76.
12. Randall Stross, eBoys: The First Inside Account of Venture Capitalists at Work, New York: Crown Publishing Group, 2001, p. xv.
13. Peter de Jonge, “Riding the Wild, Perilous Waters of Amazon.com,” The New York Times Magazine, March 14, 1999.
14. Les Earnest, “Automatic Investments,” SAIL Sagas, December 13, 2009: https://web.stanford.edu/~learnest/spin/sagas.htm.
15. David Shaw, email re: 2009 SAIL Reunion, October 29, 2009, accessed via Regrets Web page: https://web.stanford.edu/~learnest/spin/regrets.htm.
16. “Biophysicist in Profile: David E. Shaw,” Biophysical Society Newsletter, January 2016, pp. 2–3: https://biophysics.cld.bz/Biophysical-Society-Newsletter-January-2016/2#2/z.
17. James Aley, “Wall Street’s King Quant David Shaw’s Secret Formulas Pile up Money. Now He Wants a Piece of the Net,” Fortune, February 5, 1996.
18. Michael Peltz, “The Power of Six,” Institutional Investors’ Alpha, March 2009.
19. Stone, The Everything Store, p. 27.
20. Aley, “Wall Street’s King Quant.”
21. Ibid.
22. Joel Shurkin, Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley, Creator of the Electronic Age, New York: Macmillan, 2006, p. 164.
23. C. Stewart Gillmor, Fred Terman at Stanford: Building a Discipline, a University, and Silicon Valley, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004, p. 11.
24. See “The High Cost of Thinking the Unthinkable,” in Shurkin, Broken Genius, pp. 241–256.
25. Stone, The Everything Store, p. 20.
26. Jeff Bezos, “We Are What We Choose,” Baccalaureate Remarks at Princeton University, May 30, 2010: http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S27/52/51O99/index.xml.
27. De Jonge, “Riding the Wild, Perilous Waters of Amazon.com.”
28. Department of Computer Science Alumni News, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Summer 2001, vol. 2, no. 6, p. 10: http://www.cs.uiuc.edu/sites/default/files/newsletters/summer01.pdf.
29. Craig Cannon, “Employee #1: Amazon,” Y Combinator blog, September 6, 2016: http://blog.ycombinator.com/employee-1-amazon/.
30. Ibid.
31. John Cook, “Meet Amazon.com’s First Employee: Shel Kaphan,” GeekWire, June 14, 2011: http://www.geekwire.com/2011/meet-shel-kaphan-amazoncom-employee-1/.
32. Stone, The Everything Store, p. 40.
33. Stone, The Everything Store, p. 37.
34. Cook, “Meet Amazon.com’s First Employee.”
35. Cannon, “Employee #1.”
36. De Jonge, “Riding the Wild, Perilous Waters of Amazon.com.”
37. Tonya Garcia, “Amazon Will Account for More Than Half of 2015 E-commerce Growth, Says Macquarie,” MarketWatch, December 22, 2015: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/amazon-will-account-for-more-than-half-of-2015-e-commerce-growth-says-macquarie-2015-12-22.
38. “Amazon.com Announces Fourth Quarter Sales up 22% to $35.7 Billion,” BusinessWire, January 28, 2016: http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160128006357/en/Amazon.com-Announces-Fourth-Quarter-Sales-22-35.7.
39. Jodi Kantor and David Streitfeld, “Amazon’s Bruising, Thrilling Workplace,” The New York Times, August 16, 2015, p. A1.
40. See, e.g., Spencer Soper, “Inside Amazon’s Warehouse,” The Morning Call (Allentown, PA), September 18, 2011; Spencer Soper, “Amazon Workers Left out in the Cold,” The Morning Call (Allentown, PA), November 6, 2011; Hamilton Nolan, “True Stories of Life as an Amazon Worker,” Gawker, August 2, 2013: http://gawker.com/true-stories-of-life-as-an-amazon-worker-1002568208.
41. Jeff Bezos, “Amazon Chief’s Message to Employees,” The New York Times, August 18, 2015, p. B3.
6. SERGEY BRIN AND LARRY PAGE
1. Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page, “The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine,” Seventh International World-Wide Web Conference (WWW 1998), April 14–18, 1998, Brisbane, Australia.
2. Marc Andreessen, Internet Gazette Multimedia Conference, San Francisco, November 5, 1994.
3. Ibid.
4. Katherine Losse, The Boy Kings: A Journey into the Heart of the Social Network, New York: Free Press, 2012, p. 6.
5. Steven Levy, In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives, New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011, pp. 19–20.
6. Brin and Page, “The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine.”
7. Christopher Lyle and Ravi Sarin, “Googles of Dollars,” The Stanford Daily, April 11, 2000, p. B1.
8. Levy, In the Plex, p. 21.
9. Brin and Page, “The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine.”
10. Lawrence Page, Sergey Brin, Rajeev Motwani, and Terry Winograd, “The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web,” Technical Report (1999), Stanford InfoLab, pp. 11–12: http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/422/.
11. Levy, In the Plex, p. 35.
12. John Markoff, interview with John McCarthy, July 19, 2002, personal copy.
13. Brin and Page, “The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine,” p. 3.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., p. 18.
16. Ibid., p. 19.
17. Google Inc. press release: “Google Receives $25 Million in Equity Funding: Sequoia Capital and Kleiner Perkins Lead Investment; General Partners Michael Moritz and John Doerr Join Board,” June 7, 1999: http://googlepress.blogspot.com/1999/06/google-receives-25-million-in-equity.html.
18. Stanford School of Engineering Web site, “Gates Computer Science Building”: https://www-cs.stanford.edu/about/gates-computer-science-building.
19. Levy, In the Plex, p. 23.
20. Eli Pariser, The Filter Bubble: How the New Personalized Web Is Changing What We Read and How We Think, New York: Penguin, 2011, p. 31.
21. Levy, In the Plex, p. 27.
22. Ibid., p. 13.
23. David K. Allison, “Excerpts from an Oral History Interview with Marc Andreessen,” Smithsonian Institution, June 1995: http://americanhistory.si.edu/comphist/ma1.html.
24. John F. Ince, “The Lost Google Tapes: Conversations Tape-Recorded in the Early Years with Google’s Founders Illuminate How Their Actions Forged the Growth of a Silicon Valley Giant,” The San Francisco Chronicle, December 3, 2006.
25. Jessica Livingston, Founders at Work: Stories of Startups’ Early Days, Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2008, p. 128.
26. Ibid., p. 134.
27. Ibid.
28. Peter Sinton, “Sequoia Grows Ventures,” The San Francisco Chronicle, April 17, 1996, p. B1.
29. David F. Salisbury, “Yahoo! Founders Endow New Stanford Chair,” Stanford News, February 12, 1997: http://news.stanford.edu/pr/97/970212yahoo.html.
30. Mark Shwartz, “Alumni Couple Yang and Yamazaki Pledge $75 Million to the University,” Stanford News, February 15, 2007: http://news.stanford.edu/news/2007/february21/donors-022107.html.
31. Ince, “The Lost Google Tapes.”
32. Levy, In the Plex, p. 33.
33. Jacob Jolis, “Frugal After Google,” The Stanford Daily, April 16, 2010, p. 3.
34. Levy, In the Plex, p. 34; and Jolis, “Frugal After Google.”
35. Ince, “The Lost Google Tapes.”
36. Ken Auletta, “Googled: The End of the World as We Know It,” New York: Penguin Press, 2009, p. 44.
37. Levy, In the Plex, p. 74.
38. Ince, “The Lost Google Tapes.”
39. See Levy, In the Plex, pp. 136–142.
40. Auletta, “Googled,” p. 56.
41. Levy, In the Plex, p. 79.
42. Auletta, “Googled,” pp. 66–68.
43. Levy, In the Plex, Part Two: Googlenomics, pp. 69–120.
44. Stefanie Olsen, “Google Files for Unusual $2.7 billion IPO,” CNet, April 30, 2004.
45. Brin and Page, “The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine.”
46. Harvard University, “CS50 Guest Lecture by Mark Zuckerberg” (2005), Zuckerberg Transcripts, Paper 141: http://dc.uwm.edu/zuckerberg_files_transcripts/141.
47. Lisa M. Krieger, “Stanford Earns $336 Million off Google Stock,” The San Jose Mercury News, December 1, 2005, p. A1.
48. The Thiel Fellowship Web site home page: http://thielfellowship.org/.
7. PETER THIEL
1. For Thiel biography, see George Packer, The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013, pp. 120–136, 209–216, 381–397.
2. Stanford Technology Ventures Program, Thiel and Levchin, “Entrepreneurial Thought Leader Speaker Series,” January 21, 2004.
3. Max Levchin and Peter Thiel, “PayPal Cofounders Met in Terman at a Seminar,” Stanford eCorner, January 21, 2004: http://ecorner.stanford.edu/videos/1022/Paypal-Cofounders-Met-in-Terman-at-a-Seminar.
4. Eric M. Jackson, The PayPal Wars: Battles with eBay, the Media, the Mafia, and the Rest of Planet Earth, Washington, D.C.: WND Books, 2012, p. 5.
5. “A Conversation with Max Levchin,” The Charlie Rose Show, August 1, 2013.
6. Jessica Livingston, Founders at Work: Stories of Startups’ Early Days, New York: Apress, 2008, pp. 1–16.
7. Jackson, The PayPal Wars, p. 19.
8. Peter Thiel, “Address to Republican National Convention,” Cleveland, OH, July 21, 2016, C-Span: https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4612796/peter-thiel-addresses-republican-national-convention-proud-gay.
9. Packer, The Unwinding, pp. 120–121
10. Peter Thiel with Blake Masters, Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future, New York: Penguin Random House, 2014, p. 37.
11. Isaac Barchas, “The Voice of the Right,” The Stanford Daily, February 23, 1989, p. 4.
12. David O. Sacks and Peter A. Thiel, The Diversity Myth: “Multiculturalism” and the Politics of Intolerance at Stanford, Oakland, CA: The Independent Institute, 1995, p. xxi.
13. Ibid., p. 152
14. Ibid., p. 140.
15. Ibid., p. 238.
16. Brad Hayward, “Report Explores Motives of Frosh,” The Stanford Daily, January 18, 1989, p. 1.
17. Sacks and Thiel, The Diversity Myth, p. 41.
18. Ibid.
19. Brad Hayward, “Ujamaa Case Ends Without Charges,” The Stanford Daily, February 10, 1989, p. 1.
20. See Sacks and Thiel, The Diversity Myth, pp. 169–174.
21. Keith Rabois, “Rabois: My Intention Was to Make a Provocative Statement,” The Stanford Daily, February 7, 1992, p. 5.
22. Juthymas Harntha, “Two Students Can’t Be Charged for Hurling Homophobic Slurs,” The Stanford Daily, February 3, 1992, p. 1.
23. See Sacks and Thiel, The Diversity Myth, p. 174.
24. Jackson, The PayPal Wars, p. 204.
25. Sacks and Thiel, The Diversity Myth, p. 147.
26. Owen Thomas, “Peter Thiel Is Totally Gay, People,” Gawker, December 19, 2007: http://gawker.com/335894/peter-thiel-is-totally-gay-people.
27. Connie Loizos, “Peter Thiel on Valleywag; It’s the ‘Silicon Valley Equivalent of Al Qaeda,’” PE Hub, May 18, 2009.
28. Jeffrey Toobin, “Gawker’s Demise and the Trump-Era Threat to the First Amendment,” The New Yorker, December 19–26, 2016.
29. Ibid. and Andrew Ross Sorkin, “Tech Billionaire in a Secret War with Gawker,” The New York Times, p. A1, May 26, 2016.
30. Julia Carrie Wong, “Peter Thiel, Who Gave $1.25m to Trump, Has Called Date Rape ‘Belated Regret,’” The Guardian, October 21, 2016.
31. Ryan Mac and Matt Drange, “Donald Trump Supporter Peter Thiel Apologizes for Past Book Comments on Rape,” Forbes.com, October 25, 2016.
32. Sacks and Thiel, The Diversity Myth, p. 59.
33. Ibid., pp. 58–59.
34. “Undergraduate Senators,” The Stanford Daily, April 9, 1987, p. 6.
35. Katie Mauro, “4 Groups Denied Spot on Fee-Request Ballot,” The Stanford Daily, February 27, 1992, p. 1.
36. Elise Wolfgram, “Groups Cry Foul on Granting of Funds to Review,” The Stanford Daily, May 29, 1992, p. 1.
37. Thiel, Zero to One, pp. 36–37.
38. Peter Thiel on the Future of Innovation with Tyler Cowen, “Conversations with Tyler,” Mercatus Center, April 6, 2015: https://medium.com/conversations-with-tyler/peter-thiel-on-the-future-of-innovation-77628a43c0dd#.bav03wzih.
39. Kevin Wacknov, “Championship Stanford Chess Team Never Board,” The Stanford Daily, December 2, 1986, p. 7.
40. Thiel, Zero to One, p. 141.
41. “A Conversation with Max Levchin,” The Charlie Rose Show.
42. Peter Thiel, Zero to One, p. 173.
43. See PayPal slide show at Max Levchin Web site: July 1999 staff photo: http://levchin.com/paypal-slideshow/2.html.
44. Thiel, Zero to One, p. 122.
45. Jackson, The PayPal Wars, p. 19.
46. Ibid., p. 92.
47. Peter Thiel with Tyler Cowen, “Conversations With Tyler.”
48. Levchin and Thiel, Stanford eCorner.
49. Jackson, The PayPal Wars, p. 33.
50. Ibid., pp. 44–46.
51. Levchin and Thiel, Stanford eCorner.
52. See Jackson, The PayPal Wars, passim 51–126.
53. Livingston, Founders at Work, p. 10.
54. Levchin and Thiel, Stanford eCorner.
55. Jackson, The PayPal Wars, p. 152.
56. Max Levchin, “Data and Risk,” DLD13 Keynote, January 21, 2013.
57. Bloomberg News, “EBay Settles Suit by PayPal Customers,” The Los Angeles Times, June 15, 2004, p. C5.
58. PayPal, S-1 Filing with the S.E.C., September 28, 2001: http://www.nasdaq.com/markets/ipos/filing.ashx?filingid=1557068.
59. Jackson, The PayPal Wars, p. 189.
60. Ibid., p. 212.
61. Margaret Kane, “EBay Picks up PayPal for $1.5 Billion,” Cnet, August 18, 2002.
62. Jackson, The PayPal Wars, p. 228.
63. Brian Caulfield and Nicole Perlroth, “Life After Facebook,” Forbes, January 26, 2011.
64. Andy Greenberg and Ryan Mac, “How a ‘Deviant’ Philosopher Built Palantir, a CIA-Funded Data-Mining Juggernaut,” Forbes, August 14, 2013.
65. Peter Thiel, “Ask Me Anything,” Reddit, September 11, 2014: https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/2g4g95/peter_thiel_technology_entrepreneur_and_investor/.
66. See Timothy B. Lee, “Peter Thiel Thought About the Election like a Venture Capitalist,” Vox, November 11, 2016.
67. Casey Newton, “Mark Zuckerberg Defends Peter Thiel’s Trump Ties in Internal Memo,” The Verge, October 19, 2016.
68. George Packer, “No Death, No Taxes,” The New Yorker, November 28, 2011.
69. Peter Thiel with Tyler Cowen, “Conversations with Tyler.”
70. Nathan Ingraham, “Larry Page Wants to ‘Set Aside a Part of the World’ for Unregulated Experimentation,” The Verge, May 15, 2013.
71. Peter Thiel, “The Education of a Libertarian,” Cato Unbound blog, April 13, 2009.
72. Thiel, Zero to One, p. 24.
73. Ibid., pp. 24–25.
74. Farhad Manjoo, “Why Facebook Keeps Beating Every Rival: It’s the Network, of Course,” The New York Times, April 19, 2017.
75. Thiel, Zero to One, p. 32.
76. Max Levchin, The Charlie Rose Show.
77. Thiel, Zero to One, p. 26.
78. Time magazine cover, February 19, 1996.
79. Jeffrey M. O’Brien, “The PayPal Mafia,” Fortune, November 26, 2007.
8. REID HOFFMAN ET AL.
1. Gary Rivlin, “If You Can Make It in Silicon Valley, You Can Make It . . . in Silicon Valley Again,” The New York Times Magazine, June 5, 2005, p. 64.
2. Internet Live Stats, “United States Internet Users, 2000–2016”: http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/us/.
3. Internet Live Stats, “Internet Users,” http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/.
4. D. Steven White, “U.S. E-Commerce Growth: 2000–2009,” August 20, 2010: http://dstevenwhite.com/2010/08/20/u-s-e-commerce-growth-2000-2009/.
5. Scott Laningham, “DeveloperWorks Interviews: Tim Berners-Lee,” IBM, August 22, 2006: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/podcast/dwi/cm-int082206txt.html.
6. John Cloud, “The YouTube Gurus,” Time, December 25, 2006.
7. Matt Richter, “Napster Appeals an Order to Remain Closed Down,” The New York Times, July 13, 2001, p. 4.
8. Katie Hafner, “We’re Google. So Sue Us,” The New York Times, October 23, 2006, p. C1.
9. Jeffrey Rosen, “Inconspicuous Consumption,” The New York Times Book Review, November 27, 2011, p. 18.
10. Miguel Helft, “It Pays to Have Pals in Silicon Valley,” The New York Times, October 17, 2006, p. C1.
11. Rivlin, “If You Can Make It in Silicon Valley.”
12. Eric M. Jackson, The PayPal Wars: Battles with eBay, the Media, the Mafia, and the Rest of Planet Earth, Washington, D.C.: WND Books, 2012, p. 24.
13. Ibid.
14. Reid Hoffman and Ben Casnocha, The Start-up of You: Adapt to the Future, Invest in Yourself, and Transform Your Career, New York: Crown Business, 2012, pp. 159–161.
15. Thomas Friedman, “The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the 21st Century,” New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005, p. 75.
16. Hoffman and Casnocha, The Start-up of You, p. 15.
17. Ibid., p. 19.
18. Ibid., p. 36.
19. Ibid., p. 239 (footnote 4, chapter 1).
20. Packer, “No Death, No Taxes.”
21. Ibid., p. 19.
9. JIMMY WALES
1. Ted Greenwald, “How Jimmy Wales’ Wikipedia Harnessed the Web as a Force for Good,” Wired, March 19, 2013.
2. Bomis Sign-Up Page, accessed through the Wayback Machine, May 8, 1999: http://web.archive.org/web/19990508174513/http://my.bomis.com/member/signup.
3. Stacy Schiff, “Know It All,” The New Yorker, July 31, 2006; Katherine Mangu-Ward, “Wikipedia and Beyond,” Reason, June 2007.
4. See Zach Schwartz, “An Interview with the Founder of Wikipedia,” Zach Two Times Blog, November 19, 2015: http://zachtwotimes.blogspot.com/2015/11/an-interview-with-founder-of-wikipedia.html.
5. Larry Sanger, “The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir,” Slashdot, April 18, 2005: https://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir.
6. Terry Foote, e-mail with author, July 19, 2016.
7. Schwartz, “An Interview with the Founder of Wikipedia.”
8. Wikipedia: Multilingual ranking January 2002: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_ranking_January_2002.
9. Larry Sanger, “What Wikipedia Is and Why It Matters,” talk to Stanford University Computer Systems Laboratory EE380 Colloquium, January 16, 2002: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_and_why_it_matters.
10. Larry Sanger, “The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia, Part II,” Slashdot, April 19, 2005: https://slashdot.org/story/05/04/19/1746205/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-part-ii.
11. Terry Foote, e-mail with author, July 22, 2016.
12. Larry Sanger, “Announcement About My Involvement in Wikipedia and Nupedia,” February 13, 2002: https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Announcement_about_my_involvement_in_Wikipedia_and_Nupedia--Larry_Sanger&action=history.
13. Nathaniel Tkacz, “The Spanish Fork: Wikipedia’s Ad-Fuelled Mutiny,” Wired UK, January 20, 2011.
14. Terry Foote e-mail, July 22, 2016.
15. “Wikia Continues Global Expansion with $15 Million in D-Round Funding,” PR Newswire, August 27, 2014: http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/wikia-continues-global-expansion-with-15-million-in-d-round-funding-272899031.html.
16. Wikimedia Foundation Inc., “Financial Statements,” June 30, 2016 and 2015 (With Independent Auditors Report Thereon): https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/4/43/Wikimedia_Foundation_Audit_Report_-_FY15-16.pdf.
17. “Wikipedia Founder Jimmy Wales Responds,” Slashdot, July 28, 2004: https://slashdot.org/story/04/07/28/1351230/wikipedia-founder-jimmy-wales-responds.
18. Jimmy Wales, “Keep Wikipedia Free”: https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Keep_Wikipedia_Free.
19. Sarah Mitroff, “Craig Newmark Sits at the Top and Bottom of Craigslist,” Wired, July 16, 2012: https://www.wired.com/2012/07/craig-newmark/.
10. MARK ZUCKERBERG
1. Michael M. Grynbaum, “Mark E. Zuckerberg ’06: The Whiz Behind Thefacebook.com,” The Harvard Crimson, June 10, 2004.
2. Joseph Weizenbaum, “Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation,” New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1976, p. 115.
3. Jose Antonio Vargas, “The Face of Facebook,” The New Yorker, September 20, 2010.
4. Designing Media, “Designing Media: Mark Zuckerberg Interview” (2010), Zuckerberg Transcripts, Paper 73: http://dc.uwm.edu/zuckerberg_files_transcripts/73.
5. Synapse promotional copy found on Myce.com, April 24, 2003: http://www.myce.com/news/Intelligent-MP3-player-plays-the-right-song-at-the-right-moment-5776/.
6. “Machine Learning and MP3s,” Slashdot, April 21, 2003: https://news.slashdot.org/story/03/04/21/110236/machine-learning-and-mp3s.
7. S. F. Brickman, “Not-so-Artificial Intelligence,” The Harvard Crimson, October 23, 2003.
8. Mark Zuckerberg interview, Y Combinator, Startup School 2013, October 25, Zuckerberg Transcripts, Paper 160: http://dc.uwm.edu/zuckerberg_files_transcripts/160.
9. Mark Zuckerberg interview, Idea to Product Latin America, October 13, 2009, Zuckerberg Transcripts, Paper 92: http://dc.uwm.edu/zuckerberg_files_transcripts/92.
10. Mark Zuckerberg interview, Y Combinator, Startup School 2012, October 20, Zuckerberg Transcripts, Paper 161: http://dc.uwm.edu/zuckerberg_files_transcripts/161.
11. Zuckerberg, Y Combinator (2013).
12. Bonnie Goldstein, “The Diaries of Facebook Founder,” Slate, November 30, 2007.
13. Bari M. Schwartz, “Hot or Not? Website Briefly Judges Looks,” The Harvard Crimson November 4, 2003.
14. Luke O’Brien, “Poking Facebook,” 02138, November/December 2007, accessed via Wayback Machine: https://web.archive.org/web/20080514021019/http://www.02138mag.com/magazine/issue/58.html.
15. Zuckerberg, Y Combinator (2013).
16. The Harvard Crimson Staff, “M*A*S*H,” The Harvard Crimson, November 6, 2003.
17. Matthew Shaer, “The Zuckerbergs of Dobbs Ferry, New York,” New York Magazine, May 6, 2012.
18. Mark Zuckerberg, interview for Justin.tv’s Startup School 2010, October 19, Zuckerberg Transcripts, Paper 35: http://dc.uwm.edu/zuckerberg_files_transcripts/35
19. See Richard Pérez-Peña, “To Young Minds of Today, Harvard Is the Stanford of the East,” The New York Times, May 30, 2014, p. A1.
20. Ibid.
21. See O’Brien, “Poking Facebook,” for the history of the development of Harvard Connection and thefacebook.com.
22. Grynbaum, “Mark E. Zuckerberg ’06.”
23. Alan J. Tabak, “Hundreds Register for New Facebook Website,” The Harvard Crimson, February 9, 2004.
24. O’Brien, “Poking Facebook.”
25. Brad Stone, “ConnectU’s ‘Secret’ $65 Million Settlement with Facebook,” The New York Times, Bits blog, February 10, 2009.
26. Matt Welsh, “In Defense of Mark Zuckerberg,” Volatile and Decentralized blog, October 10, 2010: http://matt-welsh.blogspot.com/2010/10/in-defense-of-mark-zuckerberg.html.
27. John Cassidy, “Me Media,” The New Yorker, May 15, 2006.
28. Tabak, “Hundreds Register for New Facebook Website.”
29. Bianca Bosker, “Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg, Barefoot with Beer: 2005 Interview Reveals CEO’s Doubts (VIDEO),” The Huffington Post, August 11, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/11/facebook-mark-zuckerberg-2005-interview_n_924628.html; Transcript via Zuckerberg Transcripts, Paper 56: http://dc.uwm.edu/zuckerberg_files_transcripts/35.
30. Henry Blodget, “Mark Zuckerberg on How Facebook Became a Business” (2010), Zuckerberg Transcripts, Paper 8: http://dc.uwm.edu/zuckerberg_files_transcripts/8.
31. Welsh, “In Defense of Mark Zuckerberg.”
32. Grynbaum, “Mark E. Zuckerberg ’06.”
33. Cassidy, “Me Media.”
34. Zuckerberg, Y Combinator (2012): “Q. Why did you choose ones that had school specific social network?
Mark Zuckerberg: Because I wanted to—
Q: Because they could become competitors?
Mark Zuckerberg: Well I wanted to go to the schools that I thought would be the hardest for us to succeed at.”
35. Zuckerberg, Y Combinator (2013).
36. Blodget, “Mark Zuckerberg on How Facebook Became a Business.”
37. Brian Caulfield and Nicole Perlroth, “Life After Facebook,” Forbes, January 26, 2011.
38. Zuckerberg, Y Combinator (2013).
39. David Kushner, “The Baby Billionaires of Silicon Valley,” Rolling Stone, November 16, 2006.
40. Stanford University, “James Breyer/Mark Zuckerberg Interview, October 26, 2005, Stanford University” (2005), Zuckerberg Transcripts, Paper 116: http://dc.uwm.edu/zuckerberg_files_transcripts/116.
41. Zuckerberg, Y Combinator (2013).
42. Dealbook, “Tracking Facebook’s Valuation,” The New York Times, February 1, 2012.
43. Stanford University, “James Breyer/Mark Zuckerberg Interview.”
44. David Kushner, “Being Mark Zuckerberg,” IEE E Spectrum blog, September 16, 2010, http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/geek-life/profiles/being-mark-zuckerberg.
45. Biana Bosker, “Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg, Barefoot With Beer: 2005 Interview Reveals CEO’s Doubts (VIDEO).”
46. Mark Zuckerberg interview, Y Combinator, Startup School 2011, October 30. Zuckerberg Transcripts, Paper 76: http://dc.uwm.edu/zuckerberg_files_transcripts/76.
47. Stanford University, “James Breyer / Mark Zuckerberg Interview.”
48. Zuckerberg, Y Combinator (2013).
49. Tad Friend, “Tomorrow’s Advance Man,” The New Yorker, May 18, 2015.
50. Peter Thiel with Blake Masters, Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future, New York: Penguin Random House, 2014, p. 80.
51. Zuckerberg, Y Combinator (2011).
52. Sarah Lacy, Once You’re Lucky, Twice You’re Good, New York: Gotham Books, 2008, p. 182.
53. Zuckerberg, Y Combinator (2011).
54. Mark Zuckerberg, interview for Justin.tv’s Startup School 2010.
55. Evelyn M. Rusli, “Profitable Learning Curve for Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg,” The Wall Street Journal, January 5, 2014.
56. Gideon Lewis-Kraus, “The Great AI Awakening,” The New York Times Magazine, December 14, 2016.
57. Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan, “A Letter to Our Daughter,” December 1, 2015: https://www.facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/a-letter-to-our-daughter/10153375081581634/.
58. Mark Zuckerberg, “Our Commitment to the Facebook Community,” note to Facebook’s Facebook page, November 29, 2011: https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook/our-commitment-to-the-facebook-community/10150378701937131/.
59. Video interview with Steve Jobs, “Memory and Imagination: New Pathways to the Library of Congress,” directed by Julian Krainin and Michael R. Lawrence: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ob_GX50Za6c.
60. Zuckerberg, Y Combinator (2012).
61. Robin Dunbar, “You’ve Got to Have (150) Friends,” The New York Times, December 25, 2010, p. WK15.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid.
64. See Dale Russakoff, The Prize: Who’s in Charge of America’s Schools?, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015.
65. Zuckerberg and Chan, “A Letter to Our Daughter.”
66. Ibid.
67. Mark Zuckerberg, video, May 4, 2015, available at Mark Zuckerberg’s Facebook page.
68. See Mahesh Murthy, “Internet.org Is Just a Facebook Proxy Targeting India’s Poor,” Firstpost.com, April 17, 2015.
69. Savetheinternet.in Coalition, “Dear Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook Is Not, and Should Not Be the Internet,” Hindustan Times, April 17, 2015.
70. Adi Narayan, “Andreessen Regrets India Tweets; Zuckerberg Laments Comments,” Bloomberg.com, February 10, 2016.
71. Mark Zuckerberg, video, May 4, 2015, available at Mark Zuckerberg’s Facebook page.
72. Zuckerberg and Chan, “A Letter to Our Daughter.”
THE FUTURE
1. George Packer, “No Death, No Taxes,” The New Yorker, November 28, 2011.
2. John McCarthy, “Artificial Intelligence and Creativity,” Century 21 lecture, January 30, 1968, audio file in KZSU Collection, Stanford Archive of Recorded Sound, Stanford University Libraries.
3. Peter Thiel, “Ask Me Anything,” Reddit, September 11, 2014: https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/2g4g95/peter_thiel_technology_entrepreneur_and_investor/.
4. Douglas Hofstadter, email re: 2009 SAIL Reunion, October 29, 2009, accessed via Regrets Web page: https://web.stanford.edu/~learnest/spin/regrets.htm.
5. Peter Thiel on the Future of Innovation with Tyler Cowen, “Conversations with Tyler,” Mercatus Center, April 6, 2015: https://medium.com/conversations-with-tyler/peter-thiel-on-the-future-of-innovation-77628a43c0dd#.bav03wzih.
6. Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan, “A Letter to Our Daughter,” December 1, 2015: https://www.facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/a-letter-to-our-daughter/10153375081581634/.
7. Mark Zuckerberg, “Building Global Community,” Facebook, February 16, 2017, https://www.facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/building-global-community/10103508221158471/?pnref=story.
8. Daniel T. Rodgers, The Age of Fracture, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011, p. 194, discussing Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality, New York: Basic Books, 1983.
A NOTE TO THE READER
1. Diane Brady, “In Ben Horowitz’s New Book, Women Are Markedly Absent,” Bloomberg Businessweek, March 12, 2014.
2. Marc Andreessen, post to Twitter, March 12, 2014.