1. Bultmann, John, 86.
2. Wallace, Greek Grammar, 532.
3. Lincoln, Truth on Trial, 58–65.
4. McHugh, John, 115.
5. Ibid.
6. E. P. Sanders, Judaism: Practice and Belief: 63 BCE–66 CE (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1992), 182.
7. As suggested by Carson, John, 142, and Brown, John, 1:43.
8. See, for example, Reimund Bieringer, Didier Pollefeyt, and Frederique Vandecasteele-Vanneuville, eds., Anti-Judaism and the Fourth Gospel (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2001). One contributor, a Jewish scholar, Adele Reinhartz, “ ‘Jews’ and Jews in the Fourth Gospel,” 213, explains regarding her initial encounters with the Gospel that “each Johannine usage of the term Jew felt like a slap in the face.”
9. Ridderbos, John, 62.
10. Barrett, John, 172.
11. Reinhartz, “ ‘Jews’ and Jews in the Fourth Gospel,” 227.
12. Cf. Brown, John, 1:43.
13. Cf. Schnackenburg, John, 1:288.
14. Calvin, John 1–10, 27.
15. Walter Wink, John the Baptist in the Gospel Tradition, SNTSMS 7 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), 105.
16. McHugh, John, 116.
17. Ibid., 154–56.
18. See Keener, John, 1:436–37.
19. Barrett, John, 173.
20. Cf. BDF § 164.
21. This paragraph relies heavily on Sanders, Judaism, 380–451.
22. Helpful here is Keener, John, 1:440–48.
23. Barrett, John, 174.
24. Carson, John, 146.
25. Cf. Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers 6.2.44.
26. See Keener, John, 1:448.
27. Calvin, John 1–10, 30–31.
28. Ridderbos, John, 68. Cf. Dodd, Historical Tradition, 233–47.
29. BDAG 468.
30. McHugh, John, 125–26.
31. For a fuller list of options and more detailed discussion, see Morris, John, 127–30; McHugh, John, 126–34; Keener, John, 1:452–54. Cf. Origen, John, 6.30–38.
32. BDF § 323.
33. According to Calvin, John 1–10, 32.
34. McHugh, John, 134–35. Cf. Barrett, John, 177.
35. Michaels, John, 113.
36. Schlatter, Der Evangelist Johannes, 50.
37. BDAG 445.
38. See McHugh, John, 136–38, for a helpful overview of the OT/Jewish context of this term.
39. For a survey of options, see Keener, John, 1:457–61.
40. Calvin, John 1–10, 43.
41. Contra McHugh, John, 138, reading the narrative’s depiction of “the Spirit” here apart from Trinitarian doctrine forces an even greater imposition upon the text (on method, see Introduction).
42. Wallace, Greek Grammar, 559. Cf. J. H. Moulton, W. F. Howard, and N. Turner, A Grammar of New Testament Greek, 4 vols. (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1908–76), 3:72.
43. See Gary M. Burge, The Anointed Community: The Holy Spirit in the Johannine Tradition (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987), 54–59.
44. Hoskyns, Fourth Gospel, 177.
45. This pericope has been centered upon two different missions: the Jews who were sent from the authority in Jerusalem and the Baptist who was sent from the authority in heaven.
46. Similar to the participle in 1:29, “the one who takes away” (ὁ αἴρων), it is likely that this is a future present. Cf. BDF § 323.
47. See Cornelis Bennema, “Spirit-Baptism in the Fourth Gospel: A Messianic Reading of 1,33,” Biblica 84 (2003): 35–60: “In fact, ‘to baptize with the Holy Spirit’ is Jesus’s ministry; it is shorthand for Jesus’s salvific programme of revelation and cleansing by means of the Spirit” (59).
48. Cf. Carson, John, 152.
49. See McHugh, John, 142.
50. Metzger, Textual Commentary, 172.