In its simplest from, as defined by Merriam-Webster, distillation is: the process of purifying a liquid by successive evaporation and condensation. Ancient alchemists discovered that by heating up a liquid made from fermented grains, fruits, or vegetables—all containing two key components: yeast and carbohydrates—they were able to separate the ethanol and then cool and collect it in a separate vessel. The key to distillation is that water evaporates at a temperature of 100 degrees Celsius while the ethanol turns to vapor first at 78.3 degrees. Control the heating element so that only the ethanol is boiling and we have the birth of the spirit!

Since then, technology and methodology have come a long way. The art of distillation has evolved into a process that employs countless variables and unending outcomes. From the water source of a vodka to the barrels used to age whiskeys, every variable counts.

Distilling is a science. It is a science with no exact cure and no unanimously procured perfection. Each distiller’s methodology is unique as is each sipper’s pallet. Each distiller must—in their own location and practice—create or purchase neutral source spirit, select added ingredients, select what still they will use, and choose their distillation methods.

Laws governing home distilling are very strict and are markedly different state by state. Please be sure to check your local and state laws before attempting any home distilling. However, there are no laws against making infusions or home vatting, provided you are using whiskeys purchased from retailers, wholesalers, or producers. Where distilling is legal, today’s distiller has many options. Let’s take a look at common practices used by some of the more successful spirit brands.