1. Harvey, Letter-Book, pp. 64, 68; Chronology, p. 9.
2. Spenser, Shorter Poems, p. 24; Judith Owens, Enabling Engagements: Edmund Spenser and the Poetics of Patronage (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2002), p. 44.
3. Skelton’s works were edited by John Stow and published by Thomas Marsh, a work that Spenser would have consulted: Pithy, Pleasaunt and Profitable Workes of Maister Skelton, Poete Laureate. Nowe collected and newly published. Anno 1568 (London, 1568). In a poem preserved in his Letter-Book Harvey imagines Skelton meeting the recently deceased George Gascoigne (d. 1577) in Hades: Harvey, Letter-Book, p. 57; Stern, Harvey, p. 33. On Stow’s edition of Skelton, see Jane Griffiths, ‘Text and Authority: John Stow’s 1568 Edition of Skelton’s Workes’, in Ian Gadd and Alexandra Gillespie (eds.), John Stow (1525–1605) and the Making of the English Past (London: British Library, 2004), pp. 127–34.
4. John Mullan, Anonymity: A Secret History of English Literature (London: Faber, 2007), pp. 477–9.
5. Sidney, Apology, p. 110. Spenser Allusions (pp. 1–26) indicates that some commentators, such as Abraham Fraunce, knew who Spenser was, but it was only after the first edition of The Faerie Queene announced his identity in 1590 that readers were certain of his identity.
6. George Whetstone, Sir Phillip Sidney, his honorable life, his valiant death, and true vertues (London, 1587), sig. B2v; Spenser Allusions, p. 10. On Whetstone, see the ODNB entry by Emma Smith.
7. Graham Parry, ‘Patronage and the Printing of Learned Works for the Author’, in Barnard and McKenzie, (eds.), Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, iv. 174–88, at pp. 175, 181.
8. Ruth Samson Luborsky, ‘The Illustrations to The Shepheardes Calender’, Sp. St. 2 (1981), 3–53, at 16.
9. H. J. Byrom, ‘Edmund Spenser’s First Printer, Hugh Singleton’, The Library, 4th ser. 14 (1933), 121–56.
10. Galbraith, ‘“English” Black-Letter Type’; Mark Bland, ‘The Appearance of the Text in Early Modern England’, Text 11 (1998), 91–154. Throughout his career, Spenser made use of paratexts for a variety of purposes: they were always used as an integral part of the text. See William Oram, ‘Introduction: Spenser’s Paratexts’, in Wayne C. Erikson (ed.), The 1590 Faerie Queene, SLI 38/2 (Fall 2005), pp. vii–xviii.
11. Spenser, Shorter Poems, pp. 29–30.
12. Spenser, Faerie Queene, p. 716; Bennett, Evolution of ‘The Faerie Queene’, pp. 11–12; Carol Schreier Rupprecht, ‘Dreams’, Sp. Enc., pp. 226–7.
13. Spenser, Shorter Poems, p. 147.
14. Ibid. 30–1.
15. Gabriel Harvey, Smithus; vel Musarum lachrymae pro obitu honoratissimi viri, atque hominis multis nominibus clarissime, Thomae Smithi, Equitis Britanni, Maiestatisqúe Regiae secretarij (London, 1578); Gabriel Harvey, Gratulationum Valdinensium (London, 1578).
16. Harvey, Letter-Book, pp. 102–38.
17. T. and C. H. Cooper, ‘Edward Kirke, the Commentator on Spenser’s Shepheardes Calender’, N&Q, 2nd ser. 9 (1860), 42; Douglas Hamer, ‘Some Spenser Problems’, N&Q 180 (1941), 183–4, 220–4, 238–41, at 221.
18. ‘Here lyeth the body of M. Edward Kirke, P. so of Risby who departed this life the 10th daye of Novemb’ Ano Dni 1613 y year of his age 60.’ See ODNB entry by Andrew Hadfield; A. F. Webling, Risby (Leicester: Edmund Ward, 1945), pp. 98–145. A fragment of Kirk’s will, with his Italianate signature, survives in Suffolk Record Office, FL 618/3/27/i.
19. Webling, Risby, pp. 107–8, 144–5, 154–5; ODNB entry on the Gawdy family by Joy Rowe. See also Victor Skretkowicz, European Erotic Romance: Philhellene Protestantism, Renaissance Translation and English Literary Politics (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2010), pp. 41–2, 47.
20. Most of the people connected to the production of the book were at Cambridge at the same time as Kirk: see René Graziani, ‘Verses by E. K.’, N&Q 16 (1969), 21.
21. Other documents that link the Spensers to the Kytsons survive, mainly property deeds: Suffolk Record Office, E6/1/2; Ac. 527/1, 4; 449/4/1.
22. ODNB entry on Sir Thomas Kitson by Charles Welch, rev. Ian Archer; Webling, Risby, p. 55; Questier, Catholicism and Community in Early Modern England, passim.
24. Harvey–Spenser, Letters, p. 55.
25. Spenser, Shorter Poems, p. 31.
26. See, pp. 84–5.
27. On the relationship between the Calender and humanist editions, see McCanles, ‘Shepheardes Calender as Document and Monument’. More generally, see J. B. Trapp, ‘The Humanist Book’, in Hellinga and Trapp (eds.), Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, iii. 285–315; David R. Carlson, English Humanist Books: Writers and Patrons, Manuscripts and Print, 1475–1525 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993). James Kearney reminds us that the Calender’s form also recalls that of the heavily glossed 1570s editions of the Geneva Bible: see ‘Reformed Ventriloquism: The Shepheardes Calender and the Craft of Commentary’, Sp. St. 26 (2011), 111–51. There is a relatively large body of work on the identity of E. K. and the question of whether Spenser wrote the notes himself. See e.g. Agnes D. Kuersteiner, ‘E. K. is Spenser’, PMLA 50 (1935), 140–55; C. Margaret Grieg, ‘The Identity of E. K. of The Shepheardes Calender’, N&Q 197 (1952), 332–4; McLane, Spenser’s Shepheardes Calender, ch. 17; Goldberg, Sodometries, pp. 64–7; Theodore L. Steinberg, ‘E. K.’s Shepheardes Calender and Spenser’s’, Modern Language Studies 3 (1973), 46–58; Louise Schleiner, ‘Spenser’s “E. K.” as Edmund Kent (Kenned/of Kent: Kyth (Couth), Kissed, and Kunning-Coning’, ELR 20 (2008), 374–407.
28. Spenser, Shorter Poems, p. 126.
29. Ibid. 133.
30. Richard Helgerson, Self-Crowned Laureates: Spenser, Jonson, Milton and the Literary System (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1983); Stephen B. Dobranski, Readers and Authorship in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
31. Andrew Hadfield, ‘Michael Drayton’s Brilliant Career’, PBA 125 (2004), 119–47.
32. For discussion, see Lynn Staley Johnson, The Shepheardes Calender: An Introduction (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1990), passim; Andrew King, ‘Spenser, Chaucer, and Medieval Romance,’ Sp. Handbook, pp. 553–72.
33. Jane Griffiths, ‘What’s in a Name? The Transmission of “John Skelton, Laureate” in Manuscript and Print’, HLQ 67 (2004), 215–35; McCabe, ‘Authorial Self-Presentation’, Sp. Handbook, p. 463; Edmund Kemper Broadaus, The Laureateship: A Study of the Office of Poet Laureate in England with Some Account of the Poets (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921), pp. 20–1.
34. Googe, Eclogues, Epitaphs and Sonnets; Turbervile, Eclogues of Mantuan; Johnson, Shepheardes Calender, pp. 12, 36, 45. In a volume attached to his Tragicall Tales (London, 1587), Epytaphes and Sonnettes annexed to the Tragical histories, dated 1569, although published in 1587, Turbervile includes three verse epistles to friends written while he was in Moscow as secretary to Thomas Randolph, on a state visit to meet the Russian emperor, Ivan the Terrible (June 1568–Sept. 1569). One is addressed ‘To Spencer’ (pp. 186–90), and it is plausible that this could have been Edmund Spenser. The main objection is that Turbervile was about ten years older than Spenser and nothing else links the two at this point. Two other poems in the volume also address Spenser. The first begins ‘Viurtue ti comes invidia’, and ‘Spare to speake, Spare to speede’, also address ‘My Spencer’, and read as if they are giving advice to a younger man or social inferior: ‘My Spencer, spite of vertues deadly foe, | The best are euer sure to beare the blame, | And enuie next to virtue stil doth goe, | But virtue shines, when enuie shrinkes for shame’ (p. 150); the second concludes, ‘Experience hath no pere, | it passeth learning farre: | I speake it not without my booke, but like a man of ware. | Wherefore be bold to hold | The fairest first of all, | Aye Venus aides the forward man, | and Cupid helps his thrall’ (p. 155). It is plausible that Turbervile is represented as ‘good Harpalus, now woxen aged, | In faithfull seuice of faire Cynthia’ (Colin Clouts come home againe, lines 380–1), as Turbervile represents himself as Harpalus in the poem, ‘He sorrowes other to haue the fruites of his seruice.’ Moreover, Spenser and Turbervile had numerous connections in common, including links to the Gorges family, closely connected to the Turberviles, and Ambrose Dudley, earl of Warwick, Turbervile’s patron, to whose wife, Anne Dudley, Spenser dedicated Fowre Hymns (John Erskine Hankins, The Life and Works of George Turberville (Lawrence: University of Kansas Publications, 1940)), p. 24.
35. Judith M. Kennedy, ‘Googe, Barnabe’, and William E. Sheidley, ‘Turbervile, George’, Sp. Enc., pp. 336–7, 704; The Eclogues of Alexander Barclay, ed. Beatrice White (Oxford: EETS, 1928); Johnson, Shepheardes Calender, p. 61.
36. Galbraith, ‘Spenser and the History of the Book’, p. 56. See also Joseph A. Dane, Out of Sorts: On Typography and Print Culture (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), pp. 168–71.
37. On Googe and Turbervile’s eclogues, see Jessica Winston, ‘Lyric Poetry at the Early Elizabethan Inns of Court: Forming a Professional Community’, in Archer et al. (eds.), Inns of Court, pp. 223–44.
38. Spenser, Shorter Poems, p. 29. For comment, see Cheney, Spenser’s Famous Flight; M. I. Donnelly, ‘The Life of Vergil and the Aspiration of the “New Poet”’, Sp. St. 17 (2003), 1–35. Marot, in particular, is acknowledged as a major influence on the eclogues: Spenser, Shorter Poems, pp. 185, 201.
39. Jacopo Sannazaro, Arcadia and Piscatorial Eclogues, ed. and trans. Ralph Nashe (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1966). For comment on the relationship between the editions, see Galbraith, ‘“English” Black-Letter Type’; Heninger, ‘Typographical Layout’. See also Alpers, What is Pastoral?, pp. 349–51, passim; Duncan-Jones, Sidney, pp. 142–3; Heninger, Sidney and Spenser, pp. 309, 402; Johnson, Shepheardes Calender, p. 31.
40. Adam Smyth, Autobiography in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), ch. 1. There is now a large literature on almanacs and a number of articles detailing Spenser’s use of them. In general see Capp, Astrology and the Popular Press; Louise Hill Curth, English Almanacs, Astrology & Popular Medicine: 1550–1700 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007); R. C. Simmons, ‘ABCs, Almanacs, Ballads, Chapbooks, Popular Piety and Textbooks’, in Barnard and McKenzie (eds.), Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, iv. 504–13. On Spenser see Anne Lake Prescott, ‘Refusing Translation: The Gregorian Calendar and Early Modern English Writers’, YES 36 (2006), 112–22; Alison Chapman, ‘The Politics of Time in Edmund Spenser’s English Calendar’, SEL 42 (2002), 1–24; Alison Chapman, ‘Marking Time: Astrology, Almanacs and English Protestantism’, RQ 60 (2007), 1257–90; Abigail Shinn, ‘“Extraordinary Discourses of vnnecessarie matter”: Spenser’s Shepheardes Calender and the Almanac Tradition’, in Matthew Dimmock and Andrew Hadfield (eds.), Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009), pp. 137–49.
41. The zodiake of life, written by the excellent and Christian poet, Marcellus Palingenius Stellatus, trans. Barnabe Googe (London, 1576). The first six books had been published in 1561. For comment, see S. K. Heninger, Jr, ‘The Implications of Form for The Shepheardes Calender’, SR 9 (1962), 309–21, at 310–11; Rosamund Tuve, ‘Spenser and the Zodiacke of Life’, JEGP 34 (1935), 1–19.
42. Adam Smyth, ‘Almanacs, Annotators, and Life-Writing in Early-Modern England’, ELR 38 (2008), 200–44.
43. Richard Harvey’s analysis, An Astrological Discourse Upon the Great and Notable Coniunction of the Tvvo Superiour Planets, Saturne & Iupiter, which shall happen the 28 day of April, 1583 (London, 1583), written at his father’s house in Saffron Walden, published by Byneman, and addressed to Gabriel, predicted the imminent end of the world, was supported by Robert Tanner’s A Prognosticall Iudgement of the Great Coniunction of the Two Superiour Planets, Saturne and Iupiter, which shall happen the 8. day of Aprill. 1583 (London, 1583), and his brother, John’s An Astrologicall Addition, or Supplement to be Annexed to the Late Discourse Vpon the Great Coniunction of Saturne, and Iupiter (London, 1583), also addressed to Gabriel, but disputed by Thomas Heath in A Manifest and Apparent Confutation of an Astrological Discourse, lately published (London, 1583). For comment, see Stern, Harvey, pp. 70–2; P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, ‘Astrology, Magic and Witchcraft’, in Hadfield (ed.), The Oxford Handbook to English Prose, 1500–1640 (forthcoming).
44. John Harvey, Leape Yeere: A Compendious Prognostication for the Yeere of our Lorde God. M.D.LXXXIIII (London, 1584); John Harvey, An Almanacke, or Annuall Calender with a Compendious Prognostication Thereunto Appendyng, Seruyng for the Yeere of our Lord. 1589 (London, 1589). On Harvey see the ODNB entry by Bernard Capp.
45. They were mocked elsewhere in the late 16th century, at the Inns of Court, for example: see Nelson and Elliott, Jr (eds.), Inns of Court: Records, ii. 453–4.
46. For an account of Harvey’s defence of his brothers in the face of the attacks by Nashe, see Nashe, Works, v. 75–9.
47. Richard Harvey, A Theologicall Discourse of the Lamb of God and His Enemies contayning a briefe commentarie of Christian faith and felicitie, together with a detection of old and new barbarisme, now commonly called Martinisme (London, 1590), p. 159.
48. Greg Walker, John Skelton and the Politics of the 1520s (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Jane Griffiths, John Skelton and Poetic Authority: Defining the Liberty to Speak (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
49. Burrow, ‘Chaucer’, Sp. Enc.
50. On the style and neologisms coined, see Baugh and Cable, History of the English Language, p. 230.
51. See e.g. James Jackson Higginson, Spenser’s Shepheardes Calender in Relation to Contemporary Events (New York: Columbia University Press, 1912); Greenlaw, ‘Spenser and the Earl of Leicester’; Judson, Life, ch. 8.
52. Again, the source is the Letters: see Rosenberg, Leicester, pp. 329–36; Woudhuysen, ‘Leicester’s Literary Patronage’, pp. 194–5; William A. Ringler, Jr, ‘Spenser, Shakespeare, Honor, and Worship’, Renaissance News 14 (1961), 159–61. Harvey later planned to present a poem to Sidney, an act undoubtedly prevented by his death: Eleanor Relle, ‘Some New Marginalia and Poems of Gabriel Harvey’, RES 23 (1972), 401–16, at 402.
53. William R. Orwen, ‘Spenser’s ‘Stemmata Dudleiana’, N&Q 190 (1946), 9–11; Joseph L. Black and Lisa Celovsky, ‘“Lost Works”, Suppositious Pieces, and Continuations’, Sp. Handbook, pp. 349–64, at p. 353. See also Philo M. Buck, Jr, ‘Spenser’s Lost Poems’, PMLA 23 (1908), 80–99; Helen E. Sandison, ‘Spenser’s “Lost” Works and Their Probable Relation to His Faerie Queene’, PMLA 25 (1910), 134–51.
54. See pp. 91–2.
55. Alford, Burghley, p. 122.
56. Ibid., ch. 5. On Burghley, see also Stephen Alford, The Early Elizabethan Polity: William Cecil and the British Succession Crisis, 1558–1569 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Stephen Alford, Kingship and Politics in the Reign of Edward VI (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 139–41. On Leicester, whose Protestant affinities have always been rather more obvious, see Alan Kendall, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester (London: Cassell, 1980), pp. 166–8; Adams, Leicester and the Court, p. 5; Collinson, Elizabethan Puritan Movement, passim.
57. Alford, Burghley, ch. 15; Adams, Leicester and the Court, pp. 145–6, passim.
58. George Buchanan, Ane detectioun of the doingis of Marie Quene of Scottis tuiching the murther of hir husband, and hir conspiracie, adulterie, and pretensit mariage with the Erle Bothwell. And ane defence of the trew Lordis, mantenaris of the kingis grace actioun and authoritie. Translatit out of the Latine quhilke was writtin be M.G.B. (St Andrews, 1572). For comment, see John D. Staines, The Tragic Histories of Mary Queen of Scots, 1560–1690 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009), pp. 27–39, passim.
59. John Stubbs’ Gaping Gulf, ed. Berry, introd., pp. xxxiv–viii; William Lambarde, who had helped draft government legislation on the regulation of seditious books, noted the event in his diary: Warnicke, Lambarde, pp. 80–1. See also John M. Adrian, Local Negotiations of English Nationhood, 1570–1680 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2011), ch. 2.
60. Mears, Queenship and Political Discourse, pp. 199–201.
61. Natalie Mears, ‘Counsel, Public Debate, and Queenship: John Stubbs’s The Discoverie of a Gaping Gulf, 1579’, HJ 44 (2001), 629–50.
62. Richard A. McCabe, ‘“Little booke: thy selfe present”: The Politics of Presentation in The Shepheardes Calender’, in Howard Erskine-Hill and Richard A. McCabe (eds.), Presenting Poetry: Composition, Publication, Reception: Essays in Honour of Ian Jack (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 15–40, at pp. 22–3.
63. On Singleton’s life, see ODNB entry by Natalie Mears; Byrom, ‘Spenser’s First Printer’. See also Katherine Walsh, ‘Deliberate Provocation or Reforming Zeal? John Bale as First Church of Ireland Bishop of Ossory (1552/3–1563)’, in Carey and Lotz-Heumann (eds.), Taking Sides?, pp. 42–60, at p. 51.
64. Byrom, ‘Spenser’s First Printer’, p. 151.
65. Frank Isaac, English Printers’ Types of the Sixteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936), pp. 28–9; The Vocacyon of Johan Bale, ed. Peter Happé and John N. King (Binghamton, NY: MRTS, 1990).
66. King, Spenser’s Poetry and the Reformation Tradition, pp. 125, 159, 191; James A. Knapp, ‘“That moste barbarous nacion”: John Derricke’s Image of Ireland and the “delight of the wel disposed reader”’, Criticism 42 (2000), 415–50.
67. Isaac, English Printers’ Types, p. 29.
68. Luborsky, ‘Illustrations’; Ruth Samson Luborsky, ‘The Allusive Presentation of The Shepheardes Calender’, Sp. St. 1 (1980), 29–67.
69. Harvey–Spenser, Letters, p. 53. The full quotation is given on p. 149.
70. For comment, see Isabel G. MacCaffrey, Spenser’s Allegory: The Anatomy of Imagination (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), pp. 353–5; Andrew Hadfield, Literature, Politics and National Identity: Reformation to Renaissance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 190–2.
71. See below, pp. 130–1.
72. Harvey–Spenser, Letters, p. 8. It is also worth noting that E. K.’s comments on painting were read seriously in the 17th century, suggesting further that the text was written with the knowledge of what painting could achieve: see Frederick Hard, ‘E. K.’s Reference to Painting: Some Seventeenth Century Adaptations’, ELH 7 (1940), 121–9.
73. Harvey–Spenser, Letters, p. 54. On Gosson, see Markets of Bawdrie: The Dramatic Criticism of Stephen Gosson, ed. Arthur F. Kinney (Salzburg: Institut für Englische Sprache und Literatur, Universität Salzburg, 1974).
74. Sidney, Apology, p. 110.
75. Danielle Clarke, ‘Translation and the English Language’, in Braden, Cummings, and Gillespie (eds.), Oxford History of Literary Translation, pp. 17–23, at pp. 20–1.
76. Spenser, Shorter Poems, p. 27; Spenser Allusions, pp. 4–5. ‘Gallimaufry’ could be used to designate a miscellaneous collection of ‘albums, letters, and other documents’ (Peter Beal (ed.), A Dictionary of English Manuscript Terminology, 1450–2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 169).
77. Spenser Allusions, p. 7. Webbe probably graduated from St John’s College, Cambridge in the same year as Spenser, so may well have known who Spenser was, which is why he was able to identify him as the author of the Calender: see the ODNB entry on ‘William Webbe’ by Elizabeth Heale.
78. ‘To His Booke’, lines 1–4, 11–12, in Spenser, Shorter Poems, p. 24; Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, v, lines 1786–92, in Riverside Chaucer, p. 584. Alice S. Miskimin, The Renaissance Chaucer (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975), pp. 274–5.
79. Ringler, ‘Spenser, Shakespeare’.
80. ‘March’, lines 19–24, in Spenser, Shorter Poems, p. 53.
81. See ODNB article on ‘Lettice Knollys’ by Simon Adams.
82. Kendall, Dudley, pp. 181–2; J. E. Neale, Queen Elizabeth (London: Cape, 1934), p. 245.
83. See pp. 91–2.
84. Duncan-Jones, Sidney, pp. 194–6; Alan Young, Tudor and Jacobean Tournaments (London: George Philip, 1987), p. 135.
85. See Charles E. Mounts, ‘Spenser and the Countess of Leicester’, in Mueller and Allen (eds.), That Soueraine Light, pp. 111–22.
86. Spenser, Shorter Poems, p. 57.
87. Ibid. 66.
88. Ibid.
89. It may be a reference to the queen’s progress to Audley End, 26–31 Aug. 1578, referred to in the notes to September when E. K. apparently first realizes that Hobbinol is Gabriel Harvey (Spenser, Shorter Poems, p. 126), indicating that Harvey reads out what Spenser writes. See pp. 84–5.
90. Kendall, Dudley, pp. 185–6.
91. See Hadfield, Literature, Politics and National Identity, pp. 126–31; Judith Haber, Pastoral and the Poetics of Self-Contradiction: Theocritus to Marvell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Susan Snyder, Pastoral Process: Spenser, Marvell, Milton (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), ch. 1.
92. See Owens, Enabling Engagements, pp. 43–4.
93. It is likely that the August eclogue, with a sestina in imitation of Sannazaro, was a late addition, as there are no glosses to the text: see Heninger, ‘Typographical Layout’, p. 37; Luborsky, ‘Illustrations’, p. 41; Galbraith, ‘Spenser and the History of the Book’, p. 65.
94. See Mears, ‘Counsel, Public Debate, and Queenship’, pp. 645–7; Hadfield, Literature, Politics, National Identity, introd.
95. Mears, ‘Counsel, Public Debate, and Queenship’, p. 646; Anne N. McLaren, Political Culture in the Reign of Elizabeth I: Queen and Commonwealth, 1558–1585 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), ch. 3.
96. King, Spenser’s Poetry and the Reformation Tradition, p. 38.
97. Watt, Cheap Print, p. 215; Hume, Spenser: Protestant Poet, p. 22
98. Spenser, Shorter Poems, p. 31.
99. On female beauty, see the fascinating discussion in Naomi Baker, ‘“To make love to a deformity”: Praising Ugliness in Early Modern England’, RS 22 (2008), 86–109.
100. Spenser, Shorter Poems, p. 68.
101. John Guy, ‘My Heart is My Own’: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots (London: HarperCollins, 2004), pp. 158–9, 278.
102. Guy, ‘My Heart is My Own’, 28.
103. George Puttenham, The Arte of English Poesie (London, 1589), book III, 20. See also Elizabeth I, Collected Works, ed. Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 133–4; John D. Staines, ‘Elizabeth, Mercilla, and the Rhetoric of Propaganda in Spenser’s Faerie Queene’, JMEMS 31 (2001), 283–312, at 285.
104. For a very different reading of the eclogue, see Thomas H. Cain, ‘The Strategy of Praise in Spenser’s “Aprill”’, SEL 8 (1968), 45–58.
105. McLane, Spenser’s Shepheardes Calender, pp. 47–60; Hoffman, Spenser’s Pastorals, pp. 90–2; Louis Adrian Montrose, ‘“The Perfecte Paterne of a Poete”: The Poetics of Courtship in The Shepheardes Calender’, TSLL: Texas Studies in Literature and Language 21 (1979), 34–67, at 39–43.
106. On the Calender as a Protestant poem, see King, Spenser’s Poetry and the Reformation Tradition, ch. 1; McLane, Spenser’s Shepheardes Calender, chs. 7–14; Hume, Spenser: Protestant Poet, ch. 2. On Spenser and ruins, see Van Es, Spenser’s Forms of History, ch. 2; Tom Muir, ‘Specters of Spenser: Translating the Antiquitez’, Sp. St. 25 (2010), 327–61.
107. Honor McCusker, John Bale: Dramatist and Antiquary (Bryn Mawr: Bryn Mawr University Press, 1942). On Bale’s relationship to Spenser, see Sandler, ‘The Faerie Queene: An Elizabethan Apocalypse’. More generally, see Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, 1400–1580 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Christopher Haigh (ed.), The English Reformation Revised (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Jones, English Reformation.
108. Spenser, Shorter Poems, p. 50.
109. FQ II.iii.26, line 9. For comment, see Louis Adrian Montrose, ‘The Elizabethan Subject and the Spenserian Text’, in David Quint and Patricia Parker (eds.), Literary Theory/Renaissance Texts (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 303–40, at pp. 326–9; Elizabeth Jane Bellamy, ‘Waiting for Hymen: Literary History as “Symptom” in Spenser and Milton’, ELH 64 (1997), 391–414.
110. David G. Hale, ‘Aesop in Renaissance England’, The Library, 5th ser. 27 (1972), 116–25, at 116.
111. The most radical attempt is that in Thomas Philip Nelan, ‘Catholic Doctrines in Spenser’s Poetry’, unpublished PhD dissertation, New York University, Graduate School of Arts and Science, 1944. See also Weatherby, Mirrors of Celestial Grace, pp. 3–4, 31–2. See pp. 259–60.
112. Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars, pp. 281–2, 465–6; Cressy, Birth, Marriage and Death, pp. 374. On Cranmer’s involvement in shaping the Prayer Book, see McCulloch, Cranmer, pp. 505–12. On Norton, see pp. 33–4.
113. Spenser, Shorter Poems, p. 84. For comment, see King, Spenser’s Poetry and the Reformation Tradition, pp. 34–43. Robert Crowley (1517/19–88), a Protestant clergyman, writer, printer, and bookseller, published The Vision of Pierce Plowman (London, 1550) as a Protestant work: see John N. King, English Reformation Literature: The Tudor Origins of the Protestant Tradition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), pp. 319–57, 473–7, passim; ODNB entry by Basil Morgan. It is possible that Piers is meant to represent John Piers, bishop of Salisbury (1522/3–94): see Paul E. McLane, ‘Piers of Spenser’s Shepheardes Calender, Dr. John Piers of Salisbury’, MLQ 9 (1948), 3–9.
114. Spenser, Shorter Poems, p. 86.
115. For discussion of a related distinction in the Calender, see Harold Stein, ‘Spenser and William Turner’, MLN 51 (1936), 345–51.
116. For a discussion of Elizabeth’s impossible position, see Susan Doran, Monarchy and Matriarchy: The Courtships of Elizabeth I (London: Routledge, 1996).
117. On Grindal and Young, see Collinson, Grindal, pp. 270–1, 274, passim; ODNB entry on ‘John Young’ by Brett Ussher; and pp. 67–8.
118. Collinson, Elizabethan Puritan Movement, pp. 33, 73–6; Collinson, Grindal, pp. 126–7.
119. Collinson, Grindal, p. 172.
120. Ibid. 233–76. See also Peter Lake, Moderate Puritans and the Elizabethan Church (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 149.
121. Collinson, Grindal, p. 257.
122. Spenser, Shorter Poems, p. 93.
123. McCabe, ‘“Little booke”’, p. 32.
124. Kathleen Williams, Spenser’s Faerie Queene: The World of Glass (London: Routledge, 1966), ch. 6.
125. Not that Grindal was mean and did not run an impressive household: see Collinson, Grindal, ‘Appendix: Getting and Spending: Grindal’s Stewardship’, pp. 295–308.
126. ‘Morrell’ can be derived from ‘Elmore’, another spelling of ‘Aylmer’. See McLane, Spenser’s Shepheardes Calender, ch. 12; S. K. Henninger, Jr, ‘The Shepheardes Calender’, Sp. Enc., pp. 645–51, at p. 648. See also the ODNB entry on ‘John Aylmer’ by Brett Usher, which makes the same identification. Thomalin is assumed to be Thomas Cooper, bishop of Lincoln (c.1517–94), another cleric close to Grindal: see the ODNB entry on ‘Thomas Cooper’ by Margaret Bowker.
127. Melampode: black hellebore; terebinth: the turpentine tree. See Variorum, vii. 330.
128. Schleiner, ‘Spenser’s “E. K.” as Edmund Kent’, pp. 378–9. See also Jane K. Pettegree, Foreign and Native on the English Stage, 1588–1611: Metaphor and National Identity (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2011), ch. 3.
129. In ‘To Penshurst’, Ben Jonson writes of ‘high-swoll’n Medway’ (line 31), a reference to James’s favourite, Robert Carr (1585/6–1645), being made Viscount Rochester in 1611, showing that the town and the river were closely identified. Ben Jonson, Poems, ed. Ian Donaldson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 89.
130. The general reference in the eclogue is to the parable of the sheep and the goats (Matthew 25: 31–46).
131. St Margaret’s church, Westminster, Parish Registers, reel 1, marriages, 25 May 1572–6 March 1598; Arthur Meredyth Burke, Memorials of St. Margaret’s Church, Westminster: The Parish Registers, 1539–1660 (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1914), p. 294; Welply, ‘Some Spenser Problems’, 56–9; Eccles, ‘Spenser’s First Marriage’.
132. Burke, Memorials, p. 295; Welply, ‘Spenser: Recent Researches’, p. 182.
133. Welply, ‘Some Spenser Problems’, pp. 56–7; Eccles, ‘Spenser’s First Marriage’. See also Eccles, ‘Elizabethan Edmund Spensers’, in which he revises his earlier opinion that Robert was probably Machabyas’ father (p. 424).
134. For the former example, see Eccles, ‘Elizabethan Edmund Spensers’, p. 425.
135. On Coverdale, see p. 34.
136. Donald Bruce, for example, argues that ‘Her bizarre name … suggests her strictly evangelical parentage’ (‘Spenser in Westminster: His Marriage and Death’, N&Q 242 (1997), 51–3, at 52). Another claim is that her name was determined by her parents opening the Bible at random (Hamer, ‘Some Spenser Problems’, p. 184).
137. I am very grateful to the London Huguenot Library historian, Lucy Gwynn, and Saskia Verwey and C. A. Knook of the Dutch Church in London, for help with my research.
138. Calvin, Institutes, 1.8.10, 3.5.8; Calvin’s Commentaries, 22 vols., ed. and trans. Revd John King (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 2005).
139. Peter Marshall, Beliefs and the Dead in Reformation England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 54, 76–7.
140. Harvey–Spenser Letters, p. 61. Donald Bruce suggests that this was the case and that she lived in King Street, where Ben Jonson claimed that Spenser died, on the grounds that ‘Spenser hated change’ (‘Spenser in Westminster’, p. 51).
141. Cressy, Birth, Marriage & Death, 15.
142. Julia F. Merritt, The Social World of Early Modern Westminster: Abbey, Court and Community, 1525–1640 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005), pp. 17, 22, 57, 124–5.
143. Cressy, Birth, Marriage & Death, chs. 10–11; Diana O’Hara, Courtship and Constraint: Rethinking the Making of Marriage in Tudor England (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), ch. 1.
144. Archer, Pursuit of Stability, chs. 2–4; Withington, Politics of Commonwealth, pt. 2.
145. Nashe boasted that he could have been a college fellow, had he so wished: Nicholl, Cup of News, p. 38.
146. Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost (2nd edn., London: Methuen, 1971), p. 85; Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England, pp. 108–23; Paul Griffiths, Youth and Authority: Formative Experiences in England, 1560–1640 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), p. 5.
147. ODNB entry on Mulcaster. Welply suggests that Katherine may have been a family name but notes that ‘Elizabeth Boyle’s immediate ancestry does not contain this name’: ‘Spenser: Recent Researches’, p. 182.
148. Willy Maley, ‘Spenser’s Life’, Sp. Handbook, pp. 13–29, at p. 19; Welply, ‘Some Spenser Problems’, p. 57.
149. See p. 288.
150. Jean R. Brink, ‘Documenting Edmund Spenser: A New Life Record’, American Notes & Queries 7 (1994), 201–8, at 207.
151. Although childbirth mortality rates were nowhere near as high as might have been expected, a recent estimate suggests that they were about 10 in every 1,000 live births (1%) before 1750, whereas in 1980 they were 0.1 for every 1,000 live births: Roger Schofield, ‘Did the Mothers Really Die? Three Centuries of Maternal Mortality in “The World We Have Lost”’, in Bonfield et al. (eds.), The World We Have Gained, pp. 231–60, at p. 259. On Spenser’s comments on childbirth see pp. 263–4.
152. See H. F. Westlake, St. Margaret’s Church, Westminster: The Church of the House of Commons (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1914), chs. 1–3; J. R., Historical Curiosities relating to St. Margaret’s Church, Westminster (London: privately printed, 1838); St. Margaret’s Church, Westminster: A Souvenir Guide (London: Barnard and Westwood, 2006). It is interesting to note that Spenser’s marriage is not mentioned in any of the works on the church.
153. Merritt, Social World of Early Modern Westminster, p. 41; Charles Smyth, Church and Parish: Studies in Church Problems, illustrated from the Parochial History of St. Margaret’s, Westminster (London: SPCK, 1955), pp. 42, 188; Eamon Duffy, Fires of Faith: Catholic England under Mary Tudor (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 118–19, 176.
154. Diary of Henry Machin, pp. 84–5.
155. Griffiths, Youth and Authority, p. 28; C. S. Lewis, The Allegory of Love: A Study in Medieval Tradition (1936; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958), ch. 7; Lawrence Lerner, ‘Marriage’, Sp. Enc., pp. 454–5.
156. Harvey–Spenser Letters, p. 49. For comment, see Richard Mallette, ‘Rosalind’, Sp. Enc., p. 622. See also Margaret Galway, ‘Spenser’s Rosalind’, TLS, 19 July 1947, p. 372.
157. Woudhuysen, ‘Letters, Spenser’s and Harvey’s’, p. 435.
158. Spenser, Shorter Poems, ‘Januarie’, lines 57, 60.
159. Puttenham, Arte of English Poesie, I.18.
160. See the overview of early articles in Variorum, vii, app. V, pp. 651–5; In particular, see Welply, ‘Spenser: Recent Researches’. On Spenser House, see Victoria County History: Lancashire, vi. 473–8. One candidate is Rose Daniel, sister of the poet who married John Florio: see N. J. Halpin, ‘On Certain Passages in the Life of Edmund Spenser’, PRIA 4 (1847–50), 445–51.
161. Judson, Life, 44.
162. See Mallette, ‘Rosalind’; McLane, Spenser’s Shepheardes Calender, ch. 3; Bernard, Ceremonies of Innocence, ch. 4. See also Willy Maley’s ingenious reading: Salvaging Spenser: Colonialism, Culture and Identity (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997), pp. 30–1.
163. As, indeed, has already been noted: Theodore H. Banks, ‘Spenser’s Rosalind: A Conjecture’, PMLA 52 (1937), 335–7; Leicester Bradner, Edmund Spenser and The Faerie Queene (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), pp. 64–5.
164. See pp. 86–7.
165. Hadfield, ‘Spenser’s Rosalind’, p. 940. This chapter draws on material in this article.
166. A useful comparison might be drawn with John Donne, who probably addressed a number of poems to his wife: see Andrew Hadfield, ‘Donne’s Songs and Sonnets and Artistic Identity’, in Patrick Cheney, Andrew Hadfield, and Garrett Sullivan (eds.), Early Modern English Poetry: A Critical Companion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 206–16. Companionable marriage was an ideal heavily promoted in the 16th century: see Wrightson, English Society, ch. 4; Anthony Fletcher, ‘The Protestant Idea of Marriage in Early Modern England’, in Fletcher and Roberts (eds.), Religion, Culture, and Society, pp. 161–81; Thomas, The Ends of Life, pp. 214–20.
167. Menalcas appears in eclogues 3 and 5.
168. Cressy, Birth, Marriage and Death, ch. 10.
169. On living in Westminster see Merritt, Social World of Early Modern Westminster, ch. 5.
170. For a different argument, see Rambuss, Spenser’s Secret Career.
171. For discussion, see Helgerson, The Elizabethan Prodigals.
172. Jean Brink argues that had Spenser been connected to Leicester in 1578 Harvey would have promoted him in Gratulationes Valdinenses, which suggests that he had entered the Leicester–Sidney circle at some point just before April 1579, the date of the epistle in the Calender: ‘“All His Minde on Honour Fixed”: The Preferment of Edmund Spenser’, in Anderson et al. (eds.), Spenser’s Life, pp. 45–64, at pp. 59–60.
173. Angel Day, The English Secretorie (London, 1586); Mack, History of Renaissance Rhetoric, pp. 290–1.
174. ODNB entry on ‘Angell Day’ by S. P. Cerasano. See also Skretkowicz, European Erotic Romance, ch. 2; Eccles, ‘Brief Lives’, pp. 41–2.
175. Christopher Burlinson and Andrew Zurcher, ‘Spenser’s Secretarial Career,’ in Sp. Handbook, pp. 65–85, at pp. 66–7.
176. ODNB entry on ‘Henry Cuffe’ by Paul E. J. Hammer; Alan Stewart, ‘Instigating Treason: The Life and Death of Henry Cuffe, Secretary’, in Erica Sheen and Lorna Hutson (eds.), Literature, Politics and Law in Renaissance England (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2005), pp. 50–70. On the role and significance of secretaries, see Alan G. R. Smith, ‘The Secretariats of the Cecils, circa 1580–1612’, EHR 83 (1968), 481–504; Paul E. J. Hammer, ‘The Uses of Scholarship: The Secretariat of Robert Devereux, c.1585–1601’, EHR 109 (1994), 26–51.
177. Thomas Twyne, A Shorte and Pithie Discourse, concerning the engendering, tokens, and effects of all Earthquakes in Generall (London, 1580); Thomas Churchyard, A warning for the wise, a feare to the fond, a bridle to the lewde, and a glasse to the good Written of the late earthquake chanced in London and other places, the. 6. of April 1580 (London, 1580); Arthur Golding, A discourse vpon the earthquake that hapned throughe this realme of Englande, and other places of Christendom, the first of Aprill. 1580 (London, 1580); Abraham Fleming, A bright burning beacon forewarning all wise virgins to trim their lampes against the comming of the Bridegroome. Conteining a generall doctrine of sundrie signes and wonders, specially earthquakes both particular and generall: a discourse of the end of this world: a commemoration of our late earthquake, the 6. of April (London, 1580); The order of prayer, and other exercises, vpon Wednesdays and Frydayes, to auert and turne Gods wrath from vs, threatned by the late terrible earthquake: to be vsed in all parish churches and housholdes throughout the realme (London, 1580). Later works looked back to the event: see e.g. James Yates, The Castell of Courtesie whereunto is adioyned the holde of humilitie: with the chariot of chastitie thereunto annexed (London, 1582), sig. G3r–v. For analysis, see Gerald Snare, ‘Satire, Logic, and Rhetoric in Harvey’s Earthquake Letter to Spenser’, Tulane Studies in English 18 (1970), 17–33.
178. Chronology, p. 12.
179. See pp. 106–8.
180. Stern, Harvey, pp. 56–9.
181. Nelson, Monstrous Adversity, pp. 224–5.
182. Harvey–Spenser, Letters, pp. 53–4.
183. Woudhuysen, ‘Leicester’s Literary Patronage’, pp. 153–9; Harvey, Letter-Book, p. 158. See also David McKitterick, ‘Review of Stern, Harvey,’ in The Library, 6th ser. 3 (1981), 348–53.
184. Variorum, x. 249. Anon., The Kalender of Shepheardes (1506). For comment, which shows how the work may have influenced Spenser, see Martha W. Driver, ‘When is a Miscellany Not Miscellaneous? Making Sense of the Kalender of Shepherds’, YES 33 (2003), 199–214. See also H. S. Bennett, English Books and Readers, 1475 to 1557: Being a Study of the Book Trade from Caxton to the Incorporation of the Stationers’ Company (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), p. 162.
185. Harvey–Spenser, Letters, pp. 38–40.
186. Rambuss, Spenser’s Secret Career; Jameson, ‘Gratulationes Valdinenses of Gabriel Harvey’.
187. William Fulwood, The Enimie of Idlenesse teaching the maner and stile how to endite, compose and write all sorts of epistles and letters (London, 1568). Fulwood (d. 1593) was a member of the Merchant Taylors’ Company and was patronized by Leicester in the 1560s: see the ODNB entry by Cathy Shrank. See also Alan Stewart and Heather Wolfe, Letterwriting in Renaissance England (Washington, DC: Folger Shakespeare Library, 2004), pp. 21–34.
188. Harvey–Spenser, Letters, p. 60.
189. On the circumstances of the possible journey, see James R. Caldwell, ‘Dating a Spenser–Harvey Letter’, PMLA 41 (1926), 568–74; James H. Hewlett, ‘Interpreting a Spenser–Harvey Letter’, PMLA 42 (1927), 1060–5; Greenlaw, ‘Spenser and Leicester’, pp. 537–8. Caldwell’s attempt to argue that the letter is two sections spliced together further supports the notion that the published letters were revised from earlier versions. Jon A. Quitsland argues that the mention of the journey was only ever a form of advertising that Spenser was willing to travel in the earl’s service: ‘Questionable Evidence in the Letters of 1580 between Gabriel Harvey and Edmund Spenser’, in Anderson et al. (eds.), Spenser’s Life, pp. 81–98, at p. 92.
190. Stewart and Wolfe, Letterwriting in Renaissance England, p. 22; Jardine, Erasmus.
191. Harvey–Spenser, Letters, p. 36; Nelson, Monstrous Adversity, pp. 225–9. Harvey denied the charge but was undoubtedly guilty: Stern, Harvey, pp. 64–6. Harvey had earlier dedicated complimentary verses to Oxford in Gratulationes Valdinenses.
192. For an account of the quarrel, see The Works of Thomas Nashe, ed. R. B. McKerrow, 5 vols. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1958), v. 65–110, at p. 74; ODNB entry on ‘Edward de Vere, seventeenth earl of Oxford’ by Alan H. Nelson.
1. Acts of the Privy Council, 1580–1, 75, 106–7; CSPI 1547–80, p. 234; Carew, 1575–88, p. 277. On the title of the chapter, see Paul Muldoon, To Ireland, I (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 35.
2. For details of the Lord Deputy’s trials and tribulations, see Ciaran Brady (ed.), A Viceroy’s Vindication: Sir Henry Sidney’s Memoir of Service in Ireland, 1556–78 (Cork: Cork University Press, 2002).
3. ODNB entry on ‘Grey, Arthur, fourteenth Baron Grey of Wilton’, by Julian Lock.
4. ODNB entry.
5. Sir Philip De Malpas Grey Egerton (ed.), A Commentary of the Services and Charges of William Lord Grey de Wilton, K.G., by his son, Arthur Lord Grey de Wilton (London: Camden Society, 1847); ‘Grey, William, thirteenth Baron Grey of Wilton (1508/9–62)’, ODNB entry, by Julian Lock; Andy Wood, The 1549 Rebellions and the Making of Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 51–2, 74, passim.
6. On Grey’s reputation for ruthless military action, see Richard A. McCabe, ‘The Fate of Irena: Spenser and Political Violence’, in Patricia Coughlan (ed.), Spenser and Ireland (Cork: Cork University Press, 1989), pp. 109–25. For details of Ireland, see Cyril Falls, Elizabeth’s Irish Wars (London: Constable, 1950), chs. 9–10; Ellis, Tudor Ireland, ch. 9; G. A. Hayes-McCoy, ‘The Completion of the Tudor Conquest and the Advance of the Counter-Reformation, 1571–1603’, in Moody et al. (eds.), New History of Ireland, iii. 94–141, at pp. 104–9.
7. Anthony M. McCormack, The Earldom of Desmond, 1463–1583: The Decline and Crisis of a Feudal Lordship (Dublin: Four Courts, 2005), chs. 4–8.
8. Ellis, Tudor Ireland, ch. 6.
9. McCormack, Earldom of Desmond, pp. 193–7.
10. Ciaran Brady, ‘Faction and the Origins of the Desmond Rebellion of 1579’, IHS 22 (1981), 289–312.
11. Brady, Chief Governors, ch. 5.
12. Chronology, p. 12.
13. ‘Gascoigne’s Woodmanship’ is a witty appeal for support from Grey: Gascoigne, Hundreth Sundrie Flowres, pp. 312–16.
14. Judith Barry, ‘Sir Geoffrey Fenton and the Office of Secretary of State for Ireland, 1580–1608’, IHS 35 (2006), 137–59. On the movement for reform in a wider historical perspective, see Jon G. Crawford, Anglicizing the Government of Ireland: The Irish Privy Council and the Expansion of Tudor Rule, 1556–1578 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1993).
15. See TNA PRO SP 63/83/45, 63/85/13, 63/86/51, 63/91/22; Spenser, Letters, pp. 76, 109, 122, 174.
16. Spenser, Letters, introd., p. xlviii; Christopher Burlinson and Andrew Zurcher, ‘“Secretary to the Lord Grey Lord Deputy Here”: Edmund Spenser’s Irish Papers’, The Library, 7th ser. 6 (2005), 30–69, at 51–2. See also Richard Berleth, The Twilight Lords: An Irish Chronicle (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1978), p. 155; ODNB entry on Fenton by Andrew Hadfield.
17. Burlinson and Zurcher, ‘Spenser’s Secretarial Career’, Sp. Handbook, pp. 71–2.
18. Although Edwin Greenlaw’s assumption that Mother Hubberds Tale circulated in manuscript in 1580 has long held sway, there is no evidence that it did, or that it came to the attention of Burghley himself: see Greenlaw, ‘Spenser and the Earl of Leicester’. For opposing views of the reasons for Spenser’s emigration to Ireland, see Bradbrook, ‘No Room at the Top’; Brink, ‘“All his minde on honour fixed”’.
19. William J. Smyth, Map-Making, Landscapes and Memory: A Geography of Colonial and Early Modern Ireland, c.1530–1750 (Cork: Cork University Press, 2006), pp. 31–6; Peter Barber, ‘Mapmaking in England, ca. 1470–1650’, in Woodward (ed.), History of Cartography, iii/2. 1589–1669, at p. 1623.
20. Paul E. J. Hammer, ‘The Earl of Essex, Fulke Greville and the Employment of Scholars’, SP 91 (1994), 167–80, at 175 n. 40.
21. Katherine Duncan-Jones, Shakespeare: Upstart Crow to Sweet Swan: The Evolution of His Image (London: Black, 2011), p. 176.
22. Plant, English Book Trade, p. 42.
23. Campbell, English Yeoman, app. III, p. 398.
24. Alan Stewart, ‘The Making of Writing in Renaissance England: Re-thinking Authorship through Collaboration’, in Healy and Healy (eds.), Renaissance Transformations, pp. 81–96.
25. On Boyle, see Canny, Upstart Earl; Terence Ranger, ‘Richard Boyle and the Making of an Irish Fortune, 1588–1614’, IHS 10 (1956–7), 257–97.
26. SP 63, 92, fo. 20r; Carpenter, Reference Guide, p. 48; Carpenter, ‘Spenser in Ireland’, pp. 415–16.
27. D. C. Coleman, The British Paper Industry, 1495–1860: A Study in Industrial Growth (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958), pp. 1–18; Daybell, Material Letter, ch. 2.
28. Mark Bland, A Guide to Early Printed Books and Manuscripts (Oxford: Blackwell, 2010), p. 31; Coleman, British Paper Industry, p. 123; Susan Flavin and Evan T. Jones (eds.), Bristol’s Trade with Ireland and the Continent: The Evidence of the Exchequer Customs Accounts (Dublin: Four Courts, 2009), pp. 632, 633, 639, passim.
29. Berleth, Twilight Lords, pp. 154–5.
30. Acts of the Privy Council, 1580–1, 181.
31. Stuart Kinsella, Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin: A Survey of Monuments (Dublin: Christ Church Cathedral Publications, 2009), p. 7.
32. Chris Wilson, ‘The Proximate Determinants of Marital Fertility in England, 1600–1799’, in Bonfield, et al. (eds.), The World We Have Gained, pp. 203–30, at pp. 205, 227–8. I owe this reference to Naomi Tadmor. On the Irish climate, see R. A. Butlin, ‘Land and People, c.1600’, in Moody et al. (eds.), New History of Ireland, iii. 142–67, at pp. 145–6.
33. Christopher Maginn, ‘Civilizing’ Gaelic Leinster: The Extension of Tudor Rule in the O’Byrne and O’Toole Lordships (Dublin: Four Courts, 2005), p. 159.
34. Falls, Elizabeth’s Irish Wars, pp. 69–71; Katherine Simms, ‘Gaelic Warfare in the Middle Ages’, in Bartlett and Jeffrey (eds.), Military History of Ireland, pp. 99–115.
35. For accounts of the battle, see Maginn, ‘Civilizing’ Gaelic Leinster, pp. 159–66; Berleth, Twilight Lords, pp. 157–61.
36. The Annals of the Four Masters, trans. Owen Connellan, 2 vols. (Kansas: Irish Genealogical Foundation, 2003), ii. 505. See also Philip O’Sullivan Bear, Ireland under Elizabeth: Chapters towards a History of Ireland in the Reign of Elizabeth, trans. Matthew J. Byrne (Dublin: Sealy, Bryers and Walker, 1903), p. 19.
37. Variorum, x. 171–2.
38. On Hugh McShane, see Hiram Morgan, Tyrone’s Rebellion: The Outbreak of the Nine Years War in Tudor Ireland (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1993), pp. 94–7, passim. For other examples of puns as cross-references between A View and The Faerie Queene, see Hadfield, Spenser’s Irish Experience, p. 107. On the likelihood that Spenser accompanied Grey, see Judson, Life, p. 88; Variorum, x. 393.
39. Spenser, Letters, pp. 3–6. On Spenser’s handwriting, see Christopher Burlinson and Andrew Zurcher, ‘“Secretary to the Lord Grey Lord Deputy Here”’; Henry R. Plomer, ‘Edmund Spenser’s Handwriting’, MP 21 (1923), 201–7; Raymond Jenkins, ‘Spenser’s Hand’, TLS, 7 Jan. 1932, p. 12; Jenkins, ‘Newes out of Munster’; Raymond Jenkins, ‘Spenser with Lord Grey in Ireland’, PMLA 52 (1937), 338–53; Raymond Jenkins, ‘Spenser: The Uncertain Years, 1584–89’, PMLA 53 (1938), 350–62.
40. For the relevant descriptions, see Butlin, ‘Land and People, c.1600’, and Aiden Clark, ‘The Irish Economy, 1600–60’, in Moody et al. (eds.), New History of Ireland, iii. 168–86; K. W. Nicholls, Gaelic and Gaelicized Ireland in the Middle Ages (2nd edn., Dublin: Lilliput, 2003), ch. 6.
41. Spenser, Letters, p. 3.
42. Herbert Wood, A Guide to the Public Records Deposited in the Public Record Office of Ireland (Dublin: HMSO, 1919), p. 198; Carpenter, Reference Guide, p. 47.
43. Carpenter, Reference Guide, p. 47.
44. On the effects of Pelham’s policies see Rory Rapple, Martial Power and Elizabethan Political Culture: Military Men in England and Ireland, 1558–1594 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 3–5, 207–9, passim; Anne Chambers, Eleanor, Countess of Desmond (1986; Dublin: Wolfhound, 2000), pp. 132–52. Pelham’s ‘A Plot for Munster’ (28 July 1580) shows how far he was prepared to use martial law to suppress the rebellion and it makes an instructive parallel to Spenser’s recommendations in A View: Carew, 1575–88, pp. 284–7.
45. Annals of the Four Masters, ii. 503–4. On the transformation of the rules of warfare in 16th-century Ireland, see David Edwards, ‘The Escalation of Violence in Sixteenth-Century Ireland’, in David Edwards, Pádraig Lenihan, and Clodagh Tait (eds.), Age of Atrocity: Violence and Political Conflict in Early Modern Ireland (Dublin: Four Courts, 2007), pp. 34–78.
46. Berleth, Twilight Lords, p. 126.
47. Carew, 1575–88, pp. 299, 307, 311–14.
48. A female ancestor of the Spencers of Wormleighton and Althorp had married one of the Wallops in the reign of Henry VII, so there may have been a real or assumed family connection between Spenser and Wallop: see Anon., Early History of the Spencer Family (London: Mitre, 1931), pp. 21–2.
49. SP 63, 97, fos. 22–33, 32r–v; transcribed in Carpenter, Reference Guide, p. 47.
50. ODNB entry.
51. This paragraph relies on Falls, Elizabeth’s Irish Wars, ch. 2; John McGurk, The Elizabethan Conquest of Ireland: The Burdens of the 1590s Crisis (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997), ch. 9; Ciaran Brady, ‘The Captains’ Games: Army and Society in Elizabethan Ireland’, in Bartlett and Jeffrey (eds.), Military History of Ireland, pp. 136–59.
52. Beier, Masterless Men, pp. 93–9; A. V. B. Norman and Don Pottinger, English Weapons and Warfare, 449–1660 (1966; London: Arms and Armour Press, 1979), p. 178.
53. The fort was first occupied during the rebellion after the landing of James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald on 18 July 1579. Fitzmaurice was killed on 18 Aug. 1579: see ODNB article by Anthony M. McCormack.
54. Eric Klingelhofer, Castles and Colonists: An Archaeology of Elizabethan Ireland (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2010), pp. 37–8.
55. Frederick M. Jones, ‘The Plan of the Golden Fort at Smerwick, 1580’, Irish Sword 2 (1954–6), 41–2, at 42; Colin Breen, An Archaeology of South-West Ireland, 1570–1670 (Dublin: Four Courts, 2007), p. 145.
56. National Maritime Museum, Dartmouth Collection, vol. 8 (Irish Maps 1594–1685), P/49/31.
57. Pelham to the Privy Council, 9 July 1580, Carew, 1575–88, pp. 267–9, at p. 268.
58. Spenser, Letters, pp. 13–27; Chronology, pp. 11–13. See also Raymond Jenkins, ‘Spenser at Smerwick’, TLS, 11 May 1933, p. 331.
59. Chronology, p. 13.
60. McCabe, Spenser’s Monstrous Regiment, pp. 90–3; Lennon, Sixteenth-Century Ireland, pp. 227–8.
61. Variorum, x. 158.
62. Berleth, Twilight Lords, p. 59; John Derricke, The Image of Irelande with a discouerie of woodkarne (1581). See also Patricia Palmer, ‘Missing Bodies, Absent Minds: Spenser, Shakespeare and a Crisis in Criticism’, ELR 36 (2006), 376–95, at 390.
63. Hadfield, Spenser’s Irish Experience, chs. 2–3.
64. It is worth noting that in his retrospective account of Tyrone’s career, Thomas Gainsford (1566–1624), The True Exemplary, and Remarkable History of the Earle of Tirone (London, 1619), immediately after a defence of Lord Grey that suggests that he has been reading A View, argues that Tyrone’s actions show that he has not learned the meaning of Erasmus’ wisdom (p. 33).
65. Desiderius Erasmus, The Collected Works of Erasmus, xxxv. The Adages, III, iv.1–iv.ii.100, ed. John N. Grant (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005), pp. 399–440. On Erasmus’ pacifism and the general understanding of this, see Bruce Mansfield, Phoenix of His Age: Interpretations of Erasmus, c.1550–1750 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979), p. 246; Walter M. Gordon, Humanist Play and Belief: The Seriocomic Art of Desiderius Erasmus (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990), pp. 104, 109, 119.
66. Arthur F. Marotti, Manuscript, Print and the English Renaissance Lyric (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985), p. 306.
67. On Gascoigne, Hundreth Sundrie Flowres, pp. 398–439, at p. 399. On the culture of military poetry, see D. J. B. Trim, ‘The Art of War: Martial Poetics from Henry Howard to Philip Sidney’, in Pincombe and Shrank (eds.), Tudor Literature, pp. 587–605.
68. Harvey, Marginalia, p. 165; Prouty, George Gascoigne, p. 228.
69. See esp. Variorum, x. 238–9.
70. Tom Glasgow, ‘Elizabethan Ships Pictured on Smerwick Map, 1580: Background, Authentication and Evaluation’, Mariner’s Mirror 52 (1966), 157–66. One of the ships, the Lion, was commanded by Sir William Gorges (d. 1585), father of Sir Arthur Gorges (p. 160). The map is TNA PRO MPF 75 (SP 64/1).
71. Carey, ‘Atrocity and History’, pp. 88–9; Fenton to Walsingham, 11 Nov. 1580, TNA PRO SP 63/78/257. It is worth noting that the sons of both Smith and Cheke perished in Ireland within a decade of each other, a sign of how involved in Ireland major English humanists were.
72. See Colin Martin and Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada (London: Guild, 1988), pp. 90–1.
73. The two most significant accounts of the episode are Alfred O’Rahilly, ‘The Massacre at Smerwick (1580)’, JCHAS 42 (1937), 1–15, 65–83; Vincent P. Carey, ‘Atrocity and History: Grey, Spenser and the Slaughter at Smerwick (1580)’, in Edwards et al. (eds.), Age of Atrocity, pp. 79–94.
74. TNA PRO SP 63/78/29. Spenser, Letters, pp. 18–19. All letters to the queen were copied out in italic or Italian hand, while secretary hand was used for most other correspondence.
75. O’Sullivan Bear, Ireland under Elizabeth, p. 25; Robert S. Miola (ed.), Early Modern Catholicism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 431–6; John Copinger, The Theatre of Catolique and Protestant Religion Diuided into Twelue Bookes (Saint-Omer, 1620), pp. 578–9; for comment, see Carey, ‘Atrocity and History’, p. 85. See also Annals of the Four Masters, ii. 506.
76. A. M., The True Reporte of the Prosperous Successe which God gaue vnto our English souldiours against the forraine bands of our Romaine enemies lately ariued, (but soone inough to theyr cost) in Ireland, in the yeare 1580 (London, 1581); Wiliam Cecil, Baron Burghley, The Execution of Iustice in England for maintenaunce of publique and Christian peace, against certeine stirrers of sedition, and adherents to the traytors and enemies of the realme (London, 1583).
77. O’Rahilly, ‘Massacre at Smerwick’, p. 71.
78. For discussion, see Carey, ‘Atrocity and History’, p. 87.
79. George Hill, An Historical Account of the MacDonnells of Antrim: Including notices of some other septs, Irish and Scottish (Belfast: Archer, 1873), pp. 183–7; Vincent P. Carey, ‘Sir Henry Sidney, and the Massacre at Mullaghmast, 1578’, IHS 31 (1999), 305–27.
80. Walter Devereux, earl of Essex to the Queen, 31 July 1575, Carew, 1575–88, pp. 16–17.
81. David Edwards, The Ormond Lordship in County Kilkenny, 1515–1642: The Rise and Fall of Butler Feudal Power (Dublin: Four Courts, 2003), p. 233. See also Pelham to the Queen, 4 Nov. 1579: Carew, 1575–88, p. 164.
82. McCormack, Earldom of Desmond, pp. 177–8.
83. Pelham to the earl of Leicester, 26 Dec. 1579, Carew, 1575–88, pp. 189–90.
84. Carew, 1575–88, pp. 197–8. See also Micheál Ó Siochrú, God’s Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland (London: Faber, 2008), p. 20.
85. ‘Instructions to Sir Warham St. Leger’, 1 Aug. 1580, signed by Pelham: Carew, 1575–88, pp. 306–7. St Leger was later at Bryskett’s symposium in Dublin and so would have known Spenser.
86. Anthony M. McCormack, ‘The Social and Economic Consequences of the Desmond Rebellion of 1579–83’, IHS 133 (2004), 1–15, at 13; Smyth, Map-Making, Landscapes and Memory, pp. 45–7.
87. Connolly, Contested Island, p. 176. See also Hutchinson, ‘Sir Henry Sidney and His Legacy’, pp. 191–2.
88. On the religious context in England see Peter Lake and Michael Questier, ‘Agency, Appropriation and Rhetoric under the Gallows: Puritans, Romanists and the State in Early Modern England’, P&P 153 (Nov. 1996), 64–107; ‘Puritans, Papists, and the “Public Sphere” in Early Modern England: The Edmund Campion Affair in Context’, Journal of Modern History 72 (2000), 587–627. On Irish confessional identities, see Vincent P. Carey and Ute Lotz-Heumann (eds.), Taking Sides? Colonial and Confessional Mentalités in Early Modern Ireland: Essays in Honour of Karl Bottigheimer (Dublin: Four Courts, 2003).
89. See H. S. V. Jones, Spenser’s Defense of Lord Grey (Urbana: Illinois Studies in Language and Literature, 1919); McCabe, ‘The Fate of Irena’.
90. Variorum, x. 161–2.
91. Spenser has a ‘Segnior Ieffrey’ entreating with Grey; Grey names the corresponding figure as ‘Alexandro [Bartoni] their CampMaster’, but there are various explanations for this difference (Spenser, Letters, pp. 24–5).
92. David Edwards, ‘Ideology and Experience: Spenser’s View and Martial Law in Ireland’, in Hiram Morgan (ed.), Political Ideology in Ireland, 1541–1641 (Dublin: Four Courts, 1999), pp. 127–57.
93. Variorum, x. 64.
94. FQ V.xii.35–43; Hadfield, Spenser’s Irish Experience, pp. 168–9.
95. William Camden, Annales the true and royall history of the famous empresse Elizabeth Queene of England France and Ireland, trans. Abraham Darcie (London, 1625), p. 409; Cannio, ‘Reconstructing Lord Grey’s Reputation’, pp. 4–6.
96. Hiram Morgan, ‘“Never Any Realm Worse Governed”: Queen Elizabeth and Ireland’, TRHS, 6th ser. 14 (2004), 295–308, at 301. Grey admitted that he executed some 1,500 men through martial law, not counting those from the lower classes he had put to death.
97. McCabe, Spenser’s Monstrous Regiment, p. 217; CSPI, 1574–85, pp. 399–400.
98. See ODNB entry on Grey by Julian Lock. On the early history of Tudor plantation in Ireland, see White, ‘Tudor Plantations’, and, more specifically on Munster, D. B. Quinn, ‘The Munster Plantation: Its Problems and Opportunities’, JCHAS 71 (1966), 19–40; Michael MacCarthy-Morrogh, The Munster Plantation: English Migration to Southern Ireland, 1583–1641 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), pp. 41–2.
99. Edwards, Ormond Lordship, pp. 98–100.
100. Ibid. 202–3. In a palatinate, or liberty, the local lord was enabled to oversee crucial aspects of the judicial system: see Lennon, Sixteenth-Century Ireland, p. 17.
101. On the Ormond lands, see Smyth, Map-Making, Landscapes and Memory, ch. 8. On Ormond’s achievements, see e.g. Paul Cockerham, ‘“To mak a Tombe for the Earell of Ormon and to set it up in Iarland”: Renaissance Ideals in Irish Funeral Monuments’, in Thomas Herron and Michael Potterton (eds.), Ireland in the Renaissance, c.1540–1660 (Dublin: Four Courts, 2007), pp. 195–230.
102. Cited in Edwards, Ormond Lordship, p. 231.
103. Ibid. 234.
104. Morgan, ‘Queen Elizabeth and Ireland’, p. 303.
105. See pp. 252–3.
106. Richard Beacon, Solon His Follie, or A politique discourse touching the reformation of common-weales conquered, declined or corrupted (1594), ed. Clare Carroll and Vincent Carey (Binghamton, NY: MRTS, 1996), p. 65.
107. ODNB entry on ‘George Gascoigne’ by G. W. Pigman III.
108. See, in particular, Grey’s funeral sermon, preached by his client, Thomas Sparke, A Sermon Preached at Whaddon in Buckinghamshyre the 22. of Nouember 1593. at the buriall of the Right Honorable, Arthur Lorde Grey of Wilton (Oxford, 1593). Grey was well disposed to Cartwright and challenged Elizabeth on her support for the bishops during the 1589 debate in the House of Lords on the Pluralities Bill.
109. It is worth noting that a Spanish military treatise recovered from the fort was translated by Nicholas Lichfield and dedicated to Sir Philip Sidney, providing another link between literature and military affairs: see A Compendious Treatise Entituled, De Re Militari containing principall orders to be obserued in martiall affaires. Written in the Spanish tongue, by that worthie and famous captaine, Luis Gutierres de la Vega, trans. Nicholas Lichfield (London, 1582); Duncan-Jones, Sidney, p. 229. I owe this reference to Barbara Fuchs.
110. On Malengin, see Harold Skulsky, ‘Malengin,’ Sp. Enc., p. 450.
111. The term is James Shapiro’s, based on an analysis of Shakespeare’s Henry V: Shapiro, 1599: A Year in the Life of William Shakesphere (London: Faber, 2005), pp. 98–118. I owe this point to Tom Healy.
112. See pp. 265–7.
113. See e.g. Lacey, Raleigh, pp. 155–9.
114. David B. Quinn, Ralegh and the British Empire (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1947), pp. 33–4; John Pope Hennessy, Sir Walter Ralegh in Ireland (London: Kegan Paul, 1883), ch. 4. It is worth noting that Geoffrey Fenton, who came over to Ireland in 1580, and with whom Spenser would have worked in Dublin, was also present at the massacre: TNA PRO SP 63/78/25 and 38; CSPI, 1575–88, pp. 267, 268.
115. Mark Nicholls and Penry Williams, Sir Walter Raleigh: In Life and Legend (London: Continuum, 2011), pp. 13–21.
116. MacCarthy-Morrogh, Munster Plantation, p. 42.
117. On Ralegh, see ODNB entry by Mark Nicholls and Penry Williams. On Ralegh’s lands in Ireland, see Kim Sloan, A New World: England’s First View of America (London: British Museum, 2007), pp. 46–9; Lacey, Raleigh, pp. 117–22.
118. Lord Grey’s son, Thomas, 15th Baron of Wilton (1575–1614), was involved in the Bye Plot with Ralegh in 1603, suggesting that Ralegh and Spenser had sustained connections in common: ODNB entry on Thomas Grey by Mark Nicholls; Mark Nicholls, ‘Two Winchester Trials: The Prosecution of Henry, Lord Cobham, and Thomas, Lord Grey of Wilson, 1603’, HR 68 (1995), 26–48.
119. The Letters of Sir Walter Ralegh, ed. Agnes Latham and Joyce Younings (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1999); The Poems of Sir Walter Ralegh: A Historical Edition, ed. Michael Ruddick (Tempe, AZ: MRTS, 1999), pp. 2–3.
120. Nicholls and Williams, Raleigh, p. 91, referring to Raleigh’s (non-)relationship with Marlowe.
121. Nicholls, ‘Two Winchester Trials’, p. 36.
122. See, p. 232.
123. Jenkins, ‘Spenser with Lord Grey’, p. 344.
124. CSPI, 1575–84, pp. 272–3. Grey finally writes from Dublin on 8 Dec.
125. F. F. Covington, Jr, ‘Biographical Notes on Spenser’, MP 22 (1924), 63–6, at 66; Atkinson, Bibliographical Supplement, p. 1.
126. Jenkins, ‘Spenser with Lord Grey’, p. 344.
127. Spenser, Letters, pp. 155–67, 173–80, passim. On the conspiracy, see Lennon, Sixteenth-Century Ireland, pp. 203–4; Jon G. Crawford, A Star Chamber Court in Ireland: The Court of Castle Chamber, 1571–1641 (Dublin: Four Courts, 2005), pp. 237–8.
128. For a recent interpretation of the fall of the Kildares, see Vincent P. Carey, Surviving the Tudors: The ‘Wizard’ Earl of Kildare and English Rule in Ireland, 1537–1586 (Dublin: Four Courts, 2002), ch. 8.
129. Anne Fogarty, ‘Literature in English, 1550–1690’, in Margaret Kelleher and Philip O’Leary (eds.), The Cambridge History of Irish Literature, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), i. 140–90, at p. 156; Richard Nugent, Cynthia, ed. Angelina Lynch (Dublin: Four Courts, 2010).
130. Spenser, Letters, p. 225; Chronology, p. 17.
131. Roger B. Manning, An Apprenticeship in Arms: The Origins of the British Army, 1585–1702 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 395.
132. Lennon, Sixteenth-Century Ireland, pp. 8–9.
133. On the Castle of Alma, see Walter R. Davis, ‘Alma, castle of’, Sp. Enc., pp. 24–5. It is worth noting that the first chamber of the mind in the Castle, that of imagination, ‘filled was with flies’, showing that they also corrupt the mind (II.ix.51, line 1).
134. Fiants, iv. 511; Carpenter, Reference Guide, p. 16; Frederick Ives Carpenter, ‘Spenser in Ireland’, MP 19 (1922), 405–19, at 414–15; Wood, Guide to the Public Records, p. 58.
135. James Murray, Enforcing the English Reformation in Ireland: Clerical Resistance and Political Conflict in the Diocese of Dublin, 1534–1590 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), ch. 8; Alan Ford, The Protestant Reformation in Ireland, 1590–1641 (Dublin: Four Courts, 1997), pp. 31–5, passim; Hutchinson, ‘Sir Henry Sidney and His Legacy,’ pp. 110–12, 179.
136. On Loftus’ life, see ODNB entry by Helga Hammerstein-Robinson; Brendan Kane, The Politics and Culture of Honour in Britain and Ireland, 1541–1641 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 245–67.
137. Smyth, Map-Making, Landscapes and Memory, pp. 235–46.
138. Thomas Herron, ‘Reforming the Fox: Spenser’s “Mother Hubberds Tale”, the Beast Fables of Barnabe Rich, and Adam Loftus, Archbishop of Dublin’, SP 105 (2008), 336–87.
139. McCabe, ‘Rhyme and Reason,’ p. 39.
140. Carpenter, ‘Spenser in Ireland’, p. 410; Chronology, p. 18.
141. See Welply, ‘Spenser: Recent Researches’, p. 148.
142. Wood, Guide to the Public Records, p. 2.
143. H. R. Plomer and T. P. Cross, The Life and Correspondence of Lodowick Bryskett (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1927), p. 10.
144. James J. Ferguson, ‘Memorials of Edmund Spenser the Poet, and His Descendants, from the Public Records of Ireland’, Gentleman’s Magazine 44 (1855), 605–9, at 605.
145. Hans Pawlisch, Sir John Davies and the Conquest of Ireland: A Study in Legal Imperialism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 38. See also Wood, Guide to the Public Records, pp. 3–58.
146. Elizabeth Fowler, Literary Character: The Human Figure in English Writing (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003), p. 218; K. W. Nicholls (ed.), ‘Some Documents on Irish Law and Custom in the Sixteenth Century’, Analecta Hibernica 26 (1970), 103–29; Variorum, x. 47–8, 53.
147. Variorum, x. 47–8, 53.
148. Henry Horwitz, Chancery Equity Records, 1600–1800: A Guide to Documents in the Public Record Office (London: HMSO, 1995), pp. 45–71. I am grateful to Simon Healy for explaining many of the complexities of Chancery courts to me.
149. Anthony J. Sheehan, ‘Provincial Grievance and National Revolt: Munster in the Nine Years War’, unpublished MA thesis, University College Dublin, 1982, p. 16.
150. For analysis, see Baker, ‘“Some Quirk, Some Subtle Evasion”’.
151. Crawford, Star Chamber Court in Ireland, p. 27; Darryl J. Gless, ‘Law, Natural and Divine’, Sp. Enc., pp. 430–1.
152. Crawford, Star Chamber Court in Ireland, pp. 31, 38, 115.
153. Mary O’Dowd, ‘Women and the Irish Chancery Court in the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries’, IHS 31 (1999), 470–87. See pp. 343–8.
154. Crawford, Star Chamber Court in Ireland, pp. 29–30.
155. Andrew Zurcher, Spenser’s Legal Language: Law and Poetry in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Brewer, 2007), pp. 130–52. On the development of the concept in England and its literary representation, see Bradin Cormack, A Power to Do Justice: Jurisdiction, English Literature, and the Rise of Common Law, 1509–1625 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), pp. 102–14, passim.
156. Smyth, Map-Making, Landscapes and Memory, pp. 233–4. On the Old English, see Aidan Clarke, The Old English in Ireland, 1625–42 (Dublin: MacGibbon & Kee, 1966); Nicholas P. Canny, The Formation of the Old English Elite in Ireland (Dublin: National University of Ireland, 1975).
157. John Speed, The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine presenting an exact geography of the kingdomes of England, Scotland, Ireland, and the iles adioyning (London, 1612), map of Leinster between pp. 141–2. See also Moody et al. (eds.), New History of Ireland, ix. 37.
158. Denis McCarthy, Dublin Castle (2nd edn., Dublin: Stationery Office, 2004), pp. 129–40.
159. Derricke, Image of Irelande, plates 6 and 10; Alan J. Fletcher, Drama, Performance, and Polity in Pre-Cromwellian Ireland (Cork: Cork University Press, 2000), p. 141.
160. Henry A. Jeffries, The Irish Church and the Tudor Reformations (Dublin: Four Courts, 2010), p. 188; Murray, Enforcing the Reformation, p. 261.
161. See Colm Lennon, The Lords of Dublin in the Age of Reformation (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1989), chs. 2–4. See also D. B. Quinn and K. W. Nicholls, ‘Ireland in 1534’, in Moody et al. (eds.), New History of Ireland, iii. 1–38, at pp. 4–5.
162. McCarthy, Dublin Castle, p. 37.
163. On the roles of Christ Church and St Patrick’s cathedrals, see Murray, Enforcing the English Reformation, app. 1, pp. 322–3.
164. Smyth, Map-Making, Landscapes and Memory, pp. 230–1.
165. Christopher Morash, A History of Irish Theatre, 1601–2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), ch. 1.
166. S. J. Connolly, Contested Island: Ireland, 1460–1630 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 31. On London and its civic culture, see David L. Smith, Richard Strier, and David Bevington (eds.), The Theatrical City: Culture, Theatre and Politics in London, 1576–1649 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Manley, Literature and Culture in Early Modern London, ch. 5.
167. McCarthy, Dublin Castle, p. 36.
168. Fletcher, Drama, Performance, and Polity, pp. 137–41. The legend of St George was important in Ireland: In Limerick on 6 Nov. 1579 Pelham decreed that every horseman in the army in Ireland should wear two red crosses on the front and back of their tunics. The evidence has been cited to claim that Spenser was in Ireland in 1579 immediately after his wedding: see Carew, 1575–88, pp. 166–7; Roland M. Smith, ‘Origines Arthurianae: The Two Crosses of Spenser’s Red Cross Knight’, JEGP 54 (1955), 670–83; Paul E. McLane, ‘Was Spenser in Ireland in Early November 1579?’, N&Q 204 (1959), 99–101.
169. Fletcher, Drama, Performance, and Polity, pp. 148–53.
170. Brady (ed.), Viceroy’s Vindication, pp. 19–20; Lennon, Lords of Dublin, p. 122; Ellis, Tudor Ireland, pp. 168–74. On the relationship between the Old and New English, see Willy Maley, Salvaging Spenser: Colonialism, Culture and Identity (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1997), ch. 3.
171. See Stewart, Philip Sidney, p. 71. On Bryskett, see also Plomer and Cross, Bryskett; Deborah Jones, ‘Lodowick Bryskett and His Family’, in C. J. Sisson (ed.), Thomas Lodge and Other Elizabethans (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1933), pp. 243–361.
172. Duncan-Jones, Sidney, p. 25.
173. Michael Questier and Simon Healy, ‘“What’s in a Name?” A Papist’s Perception of Puritanism and Conformity in the Early Seventeenth Century’, in Arthur F. Marotti (ed.), Catholicism and Anti-Catholicism in Early Modern English Texts (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1999), pp. 137–53, at p. 141.
174. McCabe, ‘Rhyme and Reason’, pp. 33–4.
175. Bryskett to Burghley, 15 May 1581, TNA PRO SP 63/83/27.
176. Bryskett contributed two poems to the volume mourning Sir Philip Sidney’s death centred around Spenser’s Astrophel, and attached to Colin Clouts Come Home Againe (1595), in the first of which he represented himself as Thestylis: A. H. Bullen (ed.), An English Garner: Some Longer Elizabethan Poems (London: Constable, 1903), pp. 287–301.
177. Spenser, Shorter Poems, p. 404.
178. ODNB entry; Plomer and Cross, Bryskett, ch. 9.
179. Tobias Griffin, ‘A Good Fit: Bryskett and the Bowre of Bliss’, Sp. St. 25 (2010), 377–9.
180. Plomer and Cross, Bryskett, p. 80.
181. See the ODNB entries: ‘Long, John’ by Henry A. Jeffries; ‘Dillon, Sir Robert’ by Jon G. Crawford; ‘Pelham, Dorothy’ by Hugh Hanley; ‘Carleill, Christopher’ by D. J. B. Trim; ‘Norris, Sir Thomas’ by Judith Hudson Barry; ‘St Leger, Sir Warham’ by David Edwards; Plomer and Cross, Bryskett, p. 82.
182. John Erskine argues that the debate is a fiction: see ‘The Virtue of Friendship in The Faerie Queene’, PMLA 30 (1915), 831–50, at 837–42.
183. Thomas E. Wright, ‘Bryskett, Lodowick’, Sp. Enc., p. 119.
184. Lodowick Bryskett, A Discourse of Ciuill Life containing the ethike part of morall philosophie. Fit for the instructing of a gentleman in the course of a vertuous life (London, 1606), p. 25. Subsequent references to this edition in parentheses in the text.
185. Hadfield, ‘Spenser and Brandon’.
186. Murray, Enforcing the English Reformation, p. 310; Christopher Maginn, ‘The Baltinglass Rebellion, 1580: English Dissent or a Gaelic Uprising?’, HJ 47 (2004), 205–32; ODNB entry on ‘Eustace, James, third Viscount Baltinglass (1530–1585)’ by Colm Lennon; Ellis, Tudor Ireland, p. 281–7.
187. John Speed, The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine (London, 1612), map facing p. 142.
188. ODNB entry; Anon., Rathfarnham Castle: Visitors’ Guide (Dublin: Office of Public Works, n.d.).
189. CSPI, 1574–85, pp. 344–5; Covington, ‘Biographical Notes on Spenser’; Judson, Life, p. 103; Henley, Spenser in Ireland, p. 61.
190. Welply, ‘Family and Descendants of Spenser’, p. 25. Also cited in Henley, Spenser in Ireland, pp. 202–3. It is also worth noting that Richard Boyle established a number of family links with the Kildares in the early 17th century, suggesting another link that would explain Spenser’s interest: Canny, Upstart Earl, pp. 49–51, passim.
191. On Sarsfield, see the entry by Anthony M. McCormack, DIB viii. 777; on Aylmer, see the entry by Robert Armstrong, DIB i. 202–3. Both gentlemen had been active against Baltinglass, and Aylmer had married his widow.
192. W. Maziere Brady, Clerical and Parochial Records of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross, 3 vols. (Dublin: Alexander Thorn, 1863–4), ii. 260; Henley, Spenser in Ireland, pp. 193–4; Welply, ‘Spenser: Recent Researches’, pp. 169, 204.
193. On Graney, see Aubrey Gwynn and R. Neville Hadcock, Medieval Religious Houses: Ireland (Dublin: Blackrock, 1970), pp. 311, 317–18; Lord Walter FitzGerald, ‘The Priory or Nunnery of Graney, County Kildare’, JKAS 7 (1912–14), 373–81; John MacKenna, Castledermot and Kilkea: A Social History, with Notes on Ballytore, Graney, Moone and Mullaghmast (Athy: Winter Wood Books, 1982), pp. 53–6.
194. See, p. 363.
195. Jenkins, ‘Newes Out of Munster’, p. 30.
196. Jenkins, ‘Spenser with Grey’, p. 339.
197. Fiants, iii. 524 (3785); Alexander C. Judson, ‘Two Spenser Leases’, MLQ 50 (1944), 143–7.
198. Roland M. Smith, ‘Spenser’s “Stony Aubrian”’, MLN 59 (1944), 1–5, at 5.
199. Chronology, p. 42; Patent and Close Rolls, ii. 319–20; Jenkins, ‘Spenser and the Clerkship in Munster’, p. 214.
200. Gwynn and Hadcock, Medieval Religious Houses: Ireland, p. 250. On Wallop’s acquisition of property, see Bagwell, Ireland under the Tudors, 3 vols. (London: Longman, 1885–90) iii. 126–7, 146–7, passim; Vernon James Watney, The Wallop Family and Their Ancestry, 4 vols. (Oxford: John Johnson, 1928), vol. i, pp. xl-xliv; Hampshire Record Office, Wallop Papers, 15M84/2/4/1; 15M84/2/4/3.
201. Plomer and Cross, Bryskett, pp. 49–50; Colm Tóibín, ‘The Dark Sixteenth Century’, Dublin Review 43 (Summer 2011), 31–54, at 46–8.
202. Alison M. Deveson, En Suivant La Vérité: A History of the Earls of Portsmouth and the Wallop Family (Farleigh Wallop: Portsmouth Estates, 2008), pp. 7–8, 39–40.
203. Plomer and Cross, Bryskett, pp. 49, 61–2.
204. Fiants, iv. 260 (5963). Wallop did not actually possess the lands officially until 1595, but obviously occupied them long before this date.
205. Philip H. Hore, ‘Enniscorthy Castle’, JRSAI 35 (1905), 74–6; William H. Gratton Flood, ‘Enniscorthy in the Thirteenth Century: Who Built the Castle?’, JRSAI, 5th ser. 34 (1904), 380–3; William H. Gratton Flood, ‘Enniscorthy’, JRSAI 35 (1905), 177–8.
206. Ferguson, ‘Memorials of Spenser’, p. 606; Judson, ‘Two Spenser Leases’, pp. 146–7; Judson, Life, p. 102. On New Ross, see Gwynn and Hadcock, Medieval Religious Houses: Ireland, p. 301. There was also a Franciscan friary in New Ross (pp. 215, 257).
207. Smyth, Map-Making, Landscapes and Memory, p. 33.
208. Grey was well known for his ability to secure lands for his followers: MacCarthy-Morrogh, Munster Plantation, p. 54.
209. Brendan Bradshaw, The Dissolution of the Religious Orders in Ireland under Henry VIII (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974); Karl Bottigheimer, English Money and Irish Land: The ‘Adventures’ in the Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971); Ranger, ‘Richard Boyle’; Kane, Politics and Culture of Honour, pp. 233–4, passim.
210. It is worth comparing Spenser’s productivity once he had acquired an estate and reached the rank of gentleman with the change in Shakespeare’s writing in 1599 once he became a shareholder in the Globe: see Shapiro, 1599, p. 369.
211. Singman, Daily Life, pp. 37–42; Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England, pp. 154–65.
212. Hadfield, ‘ “Not without Mustard”’; Honan, Shakespeare, pp. 155–62.
213. Fiants, ii. 549 (3969); P. M. Buck, ‘New Facts Concerning the Life of Edmund Spenser’, MLN 19 (1904), 237–8.
214. Annals of the Four Masters, pp. 306–7. The entry is the first recorded for 1486, a sign of the importance of the institution. See also Lord Walter Fitzgerald, ‘New Abbey of Kilcullen, with a sketch of the founder, Sir Roland FitzEustace, Baron Portlester’, JKAS 3 (1902), 301–17.
215. Fiants, ii. 480–1 (4150); Brady, ‘Captains’ Games’, p. 145.
216. Falls, Elizabeth’s Irish Wars, pp. 52, 60–1, passim; McGurk, Elizabethan Conquest of Ireland, chs. 2, 4; Lindsay Boynton, The Elizabethan Militia, 1558–1638 (London: Routledge, 1967), pp. 13–50.
217. Interestingly enough, Ralph Byrchensha (c.1565?–1622?), sent to Ireland as controller of the musters in 1598, wrote a poem about the Battle of Kinsale, A Discourse Occasioned upon the Late Defeat, Giuen to the Arch-Rebels, Tyrone and Odonnell, by the Right Honourable the Lord Mountioy, Lord Deputie of Ireland, the 24. of December, 1601, published in 1602, which is heavily indebted to Spenser and which was published by Mathew Lownes, Spenser’s principal publisher after the death of William Ponsonby in 1604, who tried to have A View published in 1598 (see, pp. 365–7). This suggests that Spenser had a readership among those connected to the military. For comment, see Andrew Hadfield, ‘An Allusion to Spenser’s Irish Writings: Matthew Lownes and Ralph Byrchensha’s A Discourse occasioned on the late defeat, given to the Arch-rebels, Tyrone and O’Donnell (1602)’, N&Q 242 (Dec. 1997), 478–80. On Byrchensha’s family, see Christopher D. S. Field, ODNB entry on ‘Birchensha, John (c.1605–1681?)’.
218. Fiants, ii. 630 (4464).
219. C. G. Cruickshank, Elizabeth’s Army (2nd edn., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966), pp. 139–42. On Kyffin, see, pp. 294–5.
220. Bryskett was the son of an Italian merchant, Antonio Bruschetto (d. 1574), and Elizabeth (d. 1579). Antonio came to England in 1523 and was naturalized in 1536 (ODNB entry on Bryskett).
221. On Desmond, see ODNB entry by J. N. N. McGurk; Brady, ‘Faction and the Origins of the Desmond Rebellion’.
222. MacCarthy-Morrogh, Munster Plantation, p. 43.
223. See, pp. 202–5.
224. Jenkins, ‘Spenser and the Clerkship in Munster’, p. 113; Plomer and Cross, Bryskett, p. 9; Judson, Life, p. 113.
225. See Sir Henry Sidney to the Privy Council, 27 Feb. 1576: Carew, 1575–88, pp. 38–44, at pp. 41–2; Connolly, Contested Island, p. 135.
226. Sheehan, ‘Provincial Grievance and National Revolt’, pp. 13–14.
227. Crawford, Anglicizing the Government of Ireland, pp. 140–3, 308–14.
228. Jenkins, ‘Spenser and the Clerkship in Munster’, p. 113; Sheehan, ‘Provincial Grievance and National Revolt’, p. 14.
229. Anthony J. Sheehan, ‘The Killing of the Earl of Desmond, November 1583’, JCHAS 88 (1983), 106–10.
230. Jenkins, ‘Spenser and the Clerkship in Munster’, pp. 113–14.
231. Chronology, p. 12.
232. Ibid. 39. Spenser may then have used a deputy to act as commissioner of the musters in Kildare that July.
233. See, p. 38; Nolan, Norreys, p. 16.
234. Josephine Waters Bennett, ‘The Allegory of Sir Artegall in F.Q., V, xi–xii’, SP 37 (1940), 177–200. Few have been persuaded that Artegall is really based on Sir John Norris rather than Grey.
235. Hayes-McCoy, ‘Completion of the Tudor Conquest’, p. 112. On Bingham, see ODNB entry by Bernadette Cunningham; Rapple, Martial Power, pp. 250–300.
236. Chronology, pp. 39–40; Hill, MacDonnells, pp. 158–81.
237. Jenkins, ‘Spenser: The Uncertain Years’, p. 361.
238. Norris to the Privy Council, 7 Nov. 1585, CSPI, 1574–85, p. 554; Chronology, pp. 40–1.
239. Norris to Burghley, 31 Nov. 1585, CSPI, 1574–85, pp. 556–7; Chronology, p. 41.
240. Nolan, Norreys, p. 69.
242. Judson, Life, p. 118. On Norris and Mallow Castle, see Henry F. Berry, ‘The Manor and Castle of Mallow in the Days of the Tudors’, JCHAS 11 (1893), 21–5, 41–5.
243. Jenkins, ‘Spenser: The Uncertain Years’, pp. 350–1.
244. Alexander C. Judson, ‘Spenser and the Munster Officials’, SP 44 (1947), 157–73.
245. Chronology, pp. 42–3; Judson, Life, pp. 118–19.
246. Harvey, Fovre Letters, p. 102. For comment, see Stern, Harvey, pp. 93–8.
247. ‘Slumbering I lay in melancholy bed’, line 11; Harvey, New Letter, sig. D3v.
248. May, ‘Fraunce’. On Marlowe’s echoes of The Faerie Queene in Tamburlaine, see Charles Crawford, ‘Edmund Spenser, “Locrine”, and “Selimus”’, N&Q, 9th ser. 7 (1901), 61–3, 203–5, 261–3; Spenser Allusions, pp. 15–19. See also the discussion as to who borrowed from whom, which conclusively demonstrates that Marlowe imitated Spenser: T. W. Baldwin, ‘The Genesis of Some Passages which Spenser borrowed from Marlowe’, ELH 9 (1942), 157–87; W. B. C. Watkins, ‘The Plagarist? Spenser or Marlowe?’, ELH 11 (1944), 249–65.
249. Carpenter, Reference Guide, p. 32; Henley, Spenser in Ireland, pp. 45, 68.
250. CSPI, 1586–88, p. 22; Henley, Spenser in Ireland, p. 45; J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII (1968; London: Methuen, 1988), pp. 303, 456.
251. Howard B. Clarke, ‘Cult, Church and Collegiate Church before c.1220’, in John Crawford and Raymond Gillespie (eds.), St. Patrick’s Cathedral, Dublin: A History (Dublin: Four Courts, 2009), pp. 45–72, at pp. 58, 68–9.
252. Raymond Gillespie, ‘Reform and Decay, 1500–1598’, in Crawford and Gillespie (eds.), St. Patrick’s Cathedral, pp. 151–73, at pp. 153–4. I am extremely grateful to Raymond Gillespie for advice on prebends.
253. Chronology, p. 44; Judson, Life, pp. 119–20; Carpenter, ‘Spenser in Ireland’, p. 409.
254. For a different case, see Jenkins, ‘Spenser and the Clerkship in Munster’, p. 119. see also Carpenter, ‘Spenser in Ireland,’ pp. 406–10.
255. The Queen to the Lord Deputy (Henry Sidney), 27 Sept. 1575: Carew, 1575–88, pp. 25–6.
256. For discussion, see Jean R. Brink, ‘Who Fashioned Edmund Spenser? The Textual History of Complaints’, SP 88 (1991), 153–68.
257. See MacCarthy-Morrogh, Munster Plantation, pp. 215–22; John C. Appleby, ‘The Problem of Piracy in Ireland, 1570–1630’, in Claire Jowitt (ed.), Pirates? The Politics of Plunder, 1550–1650 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2007), pp. 41–55.
258. Denis Power, ‘The Archaeology of the Munster Plantation’, in Horning et al. (eds.), Post-Medieval Archaeology of Ireland, pp. 23–36, at p. 32.
259. Zurcher, Spenser’s Legal Language, pp. 111–14.
260. Carew, 1575–88, p. 462.
261. Chronology, pp. 45, 47; Carpenter, ‘Spenser in Ireland’, p. 419.
262. Ford, Ussher, p. 32; ODNB entry on ‘James Ussher’ by Alan Ford.
263. See, pp. 8–9.
264. Martin and Parker, Spanish Armada, p. 243. See also T. P. Kilfeather, Ireland: Graveyard of the Spanish Armada (Dublin: Anvil, 1967). See also Carew, 1575–88, p. 472.
265. Judson, Life, p. 123; Martin and Parker, Spanish Armada, pp. 234–44.
266. Carew to Walsingham, 18 Sept. 1588, Carew, 1575–88, p. 471.
267. Martin and Parker, Spanish Armada, pp. 120–2; Phillips, Images of a Queen, pp. 195–6; Staines, The Tragic Histories of Mary Queen of Scots, pp. 106–7; R. B. Wernham, After the Armada: Elizabethan England and the Struggle for Western Europe, 1588–1595 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); Carol Z. Weiner, ‘The Beleaguered Isle: A Study of Elizabethan and Early Jacobean Anti-Catholicism’, P&P 51 (May 1971), 27–62.
268. Elizabeth Fowler, ‘The Failure of Moral Philosophy in the Work of Edmund Spenser’, Representations 51 (1995), 47–76; McCabe, ‘Masks of Duessa’.
269. ‘Grey’, ODNB entry; CSPS, 1586–8, p. 44.
270. McCabe, ‘Fate of Irena’.
271. Sidney, Apology, pp. 89–94.
272. Judson, Life, p. 123; O’Connell, Mirror and Veil, pp. 148–50; Michael O’Connell, ‘The Faerie Queene, Book V’, Sp. Enc., pp. 280–3, at p. 282; Douglas A. Northrop, ‘Spenser’s Defense of Elizabeth’, University of Toronto Quarterly 38 (1968–9), 27–94, at 283.
273. Variorum, vi. 226–8; René Graziani, ‘Philip II’s Impressa and Spenser’s Souldan’, JWCI 27 (1964), 322–4; Benedict S. Robinson, Islam and Early Modern English Literature: The Politics of Romance from Spenser to Milton (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2007), pp. 36–43.
274. Martin and Parker, Spanish Armada, pp. 186–7, passim.
275. Chronology, p. 50. On Lyon, see ODNB entry by Alan Ford; Ford, Protestant Reformation in Ireland, pp. 39–40, 88–9, passim.
276. On Spenser’s allegory, see the various approaches in A. C. Hamilton, The Structure of Allegory in The Faerie Queene (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961); Isabel G. MacCaffrey, Spenser’s Allegory: The Anatomy of Imagination (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976); Kenneth Borris, Allegory and Epic in English Renaissance Literature: Heroic Form in Sidney, Spenser and Milton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pt. 2.