Index

A

• abduction, 47
• accessory organs of digestion, 105–109
• acidosis, 122
• actin, 56
• active transport, 28, 104
• Adam’s apple, 88
• adduction, 47
• adipose tissue, 38, 62
• adrenal gland, 154–155
• adrenaline, 155
• afferent neurons, 145, 148
• albumin, 77
• aldosterone, 154–155
• alimentary canal, 99
• alkalosis, 122
• alveoli, 90, 133
• amine hormones, 151
• amino acids, 32
• ammonia, 118
• amniotic membrane, 142
• amylase, 108
• anaerobic respiration, 17
• anal canal, 105
• anatomy, 6–7. See also specific topics
• angular movements, 47
• ANH (atrial natriuretic hormone), 122
• antagonistic muscles, 55
• anterior pituitary gland, 153
• antigen, 160
• aorta, 71
• apocrine sweat glands, 63
• areolar tissue, 38
• arteries, 70, 71–72
• arterioles, 70
• arteriosclerosis, 50
• ascending colon, 104
• association neurons, 145
• ATP (adenosine triphosphate), 13
• atrium, 67
• autodigestion, 30
• autolysis, 135
• autonomic system, 149
• AV (atrioventricular) bundle, 80
• AV (atrioventricular) node, 80
• AV (atrioventricular) valves, 67
• axillary regions, 62
• axon, of a neuron, 146

B

• ball-and-socket joints, 46
• basement membrane, 61
• beards, 62–63
• bile, 106, 107, 110
• bilirubin, 78, 108, 166
• biology, 6
• bladder, 115–116
• blastocyst, 140
• blood
  • filtering, 118–119
  • flow, 19, 69–70, 81–83
  • plasma, 76–77
  • platelets, 78
  • red blood cells, 77–78, 112–113, 166
  • regulating pH, 86, 122–123
  • white blood cells, 78, 159
• blood clots, 84
• blood glucose concentration, 20–21
• blood pressure, 74, 83, 121–122
• blood vessels, 28, 70–76
• blood volume, 121
• body temperature, 18–19, 49–50
• bolus, 100
• bone marrow, 44–45
• bone tissue, 42
• bones, 43–45, 113
• Bowman’s capsule, 114
• brachial plexus, 147
• brachiocephalic veins, 76
• breasts, 132–133, 141–142
• breathing, 92–95, 165
• bronchial tree, 90
• Brunner’s glands, 104
• buccal membrane, 100
• buffer, 122
• bulbourethral glands, 138–139
• bundle branches, 80
• BV (bicuspid valve), 67

C

• calcitriol, 113
• canaliculi, 107
• capillaries, 28, 70, 72–74
• capillary exchange, 72–73
• capsule, 114, 157
• carbohydrate-active enzymes, 109
• cardiac conduction system, 79–81
• cardiac cycle, 79–81
• cardiac muscle, 50, 55
• cardiac output, 83
• cardiac veins, 70
• cardiac venous system, 70
• cardiovascular system. See circulatory system
• carotid artery, 71
• cartilage, 42–43
• catecholamines, 154–155
• caudate lobe, 106
• cavernous urethra, 117
• CCK (cholecystokinin), 104
• cecum, 104
• cell biology
  • about, 23
  • cell membrane, 27–29
  • connective tissue, 10, 37–38, 42–43
  • constructing and moving products, 24–25
  • creating new cells, 24
  • cytoplasm, 29
  • endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 26, 30
  • epithelial tissue, 10, 38–40
  • eukaryotic cells, 25–30
  • forming tissues from cells, 37–40
  • genetic material, 33–34
  • life cycle, 34–37
  • lysosomes, 26, 30
  • macromolecules, 31–33
  • manufacturing tissues, 24
  • mitochondria, 29
  • nucleic acids and nucleotides, 31
  • nucleus, 26, 29
  • organelles, 25–29
  • polysaccharides, 32
  • proteins, 30–33
  • transmitting signals, 25
• cell body, of a neuron, 146
• cell cleavage, 34
• cell cycle, 34–37, 127
• cell membrane, 27–29
• cells, 13, 37–40. See also cell biology
• cellular endomembrane, 30
• cellular level of organisms, 10, 11
• cellular respiration, 14, 86
• cementum, 100
• cerumen, 64
• cervical plexus, 147
• chambers (heart), 66–67
• chemoreceptor cells, 94
• chloroplasts, 165
• chyme, 102
• cilia, 39, 87
• circular movements, 47–48
• circulatory system
  • anatomy of, 65–70
  • arteries, 70, 71–72
  • blood components, 76–78
  • blood flow, 69–70, 81–83
  • blood pressure, 74, 83, 121–122
  • blood vessels, 28, 70–76
  • capillaries, 28, 70, 72–74
  • cardiac cycle, 79–81
  • defined, 8
  • heart tissue, 68
  • hemostasis, 84
  • physiology of circulation, 78–84
  • plasma, 76–77
  • platelets, 78
  • red blood cells, 77–78, 112–113, 166
  • shape of heart, 66–67
  • veins, 70, 74–76
  • white blood cells, 78, 159
• circumcision, 138
• circumduction, 47
• clitoris, 132
• clotting, 84
• CNS (central nervous system), 144, 147–148
• coagulation factors, 84
• coccygeal plexus, 147
• collecting duct, 120
• colon, 104, 105
• compact bone, 44
• comparative anatomy, 7
• concentration gradient, 28
• condyloid joints, 46
• connective tissue, 10, 37–38, 42–43
• conventions, explained, 2
• coronary arteries, 69–70
• coronary sinus system, 70
• corpus luteum, 134, 140
• cortex, 148, 154–155
• cortisol, 154–155
• Cowper’s glands, 138–139
• cranial nerves, 148
• creatinine, 118
• crossing-over, 127
• cyclic AMP, 152
• cytokinesis, 36
• cytoplasm, 25, 29

D

• DCT (distal convoluted tubule), 114, 120
• dendrites, of a neuron, 146
• dendritic cells, 160
• dense regular/irregular connective tissue, 38
• dentin, 100
• deoxyhemoglobin, 166
• depression, 47
• dermis, 61–62
• descending aorta, 71
• descending colon, 104
• developmental anatomy, 7
• diaphragm, 50, 89, 91
• diastole, 83
• differentiating, 24
• diffusion, 28
• digesting, 98
• digestive fluids, 109–110
• digestive mucosa, 99
• digestive smooth muscle, 50
• digestive system
  • about, 8, 98
  • digestive fluids, 109–110
  • enzymes, 32–33, 109–110
  • esophagus, 100–101
  • hormones, 21, 109–110, 150–152
  • intestines, 103–105
  • liver, 106–108
  • mouth, 99–100, 164
  • organs, 105–110
  • pancreas, 108–109
  • pharynx, 87–88, 100–101
  • stomach, 100–101, 102
  • structures of, 99–105
  • walls, 101–102
• digestive tract, 75, 99
• direct secretion, 119
• dividing, 24
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 31
• DNA replication, 34
• duodenum, 102, 104

E

• eccrine sweat glands, 63
• efferent neurons, 145, 148
• efferent vessels, 157, 158
• ejaculation, 138–139
• electrolytes, 121, 154–155
• elevation, 47
• eliminating waste, 98
• embryo, 37
• emotion, processing, 163
• endocardium, 68
• endocrine system, 8, 21, 112–113, 143, 149–155
• endogenous substance, 150
• endometrium, 131, 135
• endomysium, 53
• endothelium, 38
• enteric nervous system, 149
• enzymes, 32–33, 109–110
• epicardium, 68
• epidermis, 59–60
• epididymis, 137
• epiglottis, 88
• epimysium, 54
• epinephrine, 154–155
• epiphysis, 45
• epithelial tissue, 10, 38–40
• ER (endoplasmic reticulum), 26, 30
• erythrocytes, 77–78
• erythropoietin, 112–113
• esophagus, 100–101
• estrogen, 155
• eukaryotic cells, 25–30
• eupnea, 92–93
• eveersion, 47
• exchanging gases, 86, 90–91
• excretion, 112
• exocytosis, 152
• expelling urine, 120
• expiration (breathing out), 93
• exporting nutrients to body, 98
• extension, 47
• external respiration, 86
• extrahepatic bile ducts, 107

F

• FADH₂, 16–17
• fallopian tubes, 131
• fascicles, 54
• fear, processing, 163
• feces, 104
• female urethra, 117
• fertilization, 139–140
• fibers, 53
• fibrin, 77
• fibrinogen, 77
• fibrocartilage, 43
• fibrous connective tissue, 43
• fibrous pericardium, 68
• fight-or-flight response, 155
• filtration, 28
• fingerprint, 61
• first messenger, 152
• first polar body, 128
• flexion, 47
• fluid balance, 19–20, 121–122
• fluid-mosaic model, 27–28
• foreskin, 138
• freely movable joints, 46–47
• friction ridges, 61
• FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), 134
• fusiform, 56
• fusing, 24

G

• gall, 110
• gallbladder, 107
• gametes, 37, 126–129
• ganglia, 147
• gases, exchanging, 86, 90–91
• gastric juice, 102, 110
• gastric pits, 110
• gastrointestinal (GI) tract, 99
• gene expression, 33–34
• genetic material, 33–34
• genome, 33
• gingiva, 100
• glands, 63–64, 152–154
• gliding joints, 46
• glottis, 88
• glucose, 20–21, 32
• glycogen, 108
• glycolysis, 15, 16
• glycoprotein hormones, 150
• GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), 135
• Golgi apparatus, 26
• Golgi body, 30
• gonads, 155
• gray matter, 147–148
• gross anatomy, 6
• gums, 100

H

• hair follicles, 62–63, 162
• hard palate, 87
• hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), 140
• head, role of veins in, 76
• heart, 66–70, 81–83
• hematopoietic stem cells, 159
• hemoglobin, 77, 166
• hemostasis, 84
• hepatic artery/duct, 107
• hepatic portal vein, 75
• hepatic veins, 75
• hepatocytes, 107
• hilus, 157, 158
• hinge joints, 46
• histologic anatomy, 6–7
• holding your breath, 94–95
• homeostasis, 18–21, 49–50, 120–123
• homeothermy, 18–19
• hormonal mechanisms, 121–122
• hormones, 21, 109–110, 150–152
• human anatomy, 6–7. See also specific topics
• human milk, 132–133, 162
• human pathophysiology, 6
• human physiology. See physiology
• hyaline cartilage, 43
• hydrochloric acid, 110
• hyoid bone, 88
• hyperextension, 47
• hypodermis, 62
• hypothalamus, 134, 153

I

• icons, explained, 2–3
• ileum, 104
• iliac arteries/veins, 71, 75
• immovable joints, 46
• immune system
  • about, 9, 143, 155–156
  • immune system cells, 158–160
  • lymphatic system, 155, 156–158
• immunoglobulin (antibody), 77
• implantation, 140
• inferior vena cava, 74–76, 107
• ingesting, 98
• inspiration (breathing in), 92
• insulation, 19
• integumentary system, 8, 38, 41, 58–64
• intercostal muscles, 92
• internal iliac veins, 75
• internal urethral sphincter, 116
• interneurons, 145
• interphase, 34
• interstitial fluid, 156
• intervertebral disks, 46
• intestines, 103–105
• inversion, 48
• involuntary muscle cells, 52–53

J

• jargon, 7–9
• jejunum, 104
• joints, 43, 45–48
• jugular veins, 76

K

• keratin, 58
• keratinocytes, 60
• kidney capsule, 115
• kidneys, 113–115
• Krebs cycle, 15, 16

L

• labia, 132
• labor and delivery, 142
• lacrimal glands, 87
• lactation, 133
• large intestine, 104–105
• laryngopharynx, 88
• larynx, 88
• leukocytes, 78, 158, 159, 160
• LH (luteinizing hormone), 134
• lingual frenulum, 100
• lipase, 108
• lipid hormones, 150
• lipidases, 109
• lipids, 60
• liver, 106–108
• lobes, 89, 106, 107
• Loop of Henle, 114, 119
• lumbar plexus, 147
• lumen, 71, 99
• lungs, 89–90
• lymphatic system, 155, 156–158
• lymphocytes, 157, 159–160
• lysosomes, 26, 30

M

• macromolecules, 31–33
• macrophages, 157
• male urethra, 117
• masseter muscle, 164
• master gland, 153
• matrix, 37
• mediastinum, 89
• medulla, 114, 119, 154–155
• medullary cavity, 44–45
• megakarocytes, 78
• meiosis, 37, 127
• melanin, 60
• melanocytes, 61
• membranous urethra, 117
• menarche, 130–131
• menopause, 130–131
• menstrual cycle, 131, 133–136
• mesenteric arteries, 71
• metabolism, 12–17, 154–155
• microbes, 164
• microfilaments, 29
• microtubules, 29
• microvilli, 103, 119
• milk (breast), 132–133, 162
• mitochondria, 26, 29
• mitosis, 35–37, 127
• monocytes, 160
• monomers, 31
• mons pubis, 132
• motor nerve fiber, 146, 148
• motor neurons, 145
• mouth, 99–100, 164
• mouth feel, 98
• mRNA (messenger RNA), 33
• mucosa, 116
• mucous coat, 102
• mucus, 109
• muscle cells, 51–53
• muscle contraction, 19
• muscle spindles, 49, 53
• muscle tissue, 10
• muscle tone, 49
• muscular coat, 102
• muscular system, 8, 41, 48–57
• musculoskeletal system. See skeletal system
• myocardium, 68
• myofibrils, 53, 56
• myosin, 56, 57

N

• NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), 16
• NADH, 16–17
• nails, 63
• nasal cavities, 87
• nasal septum, 87
• nasolacrimal ducts, 87
• nasopharynx, 87–88
• nephron, 114–115
• nerve fiber, 146
• nerves, 146
• nervous system, 8, 143–149
• nervous tissue, 11
• networks, of nervous system, 147–149
• neural tissues, 144–147
• neuroglial cells, 146
• neurons, 144–146, 151–152
• neurosensory, 98
• neutrophils, 160
• norepinephrine, 154–155
• nose, 87
• nostrils, 87
• nuclease, 108
• nucleic acids, 31
• nucleotides, 31
• nucleus, 26, 29, 51
• nutrients, exporting to body, 98

O

• olfactory neurons, 163
• oogenesis, 128, 130
• oogonia, 128
• opposable thumbs, 161
• oral cavity, 87, 99–100
• organ (system) level of organisms, 11, 12
• organelles, 25–29
• organism level, of organisms, 11, 12
• organisms, 10–12, 32
• oropharynx, 88
• osmosis, 28
• osmotic pressure, 77
• ova, 126, 127–130
• ovarian cycle, 133–136
• ovaries, 130–131, 141, 155
• ovulation, 134
• ovum, 24
• oxidative phosphorylation, 16–17
• oxygen, 164–165
• oxytocin, 133

P

• pancreas, 108–110
• papillae, 61
• papillary region, 61
• parasympathetic nervous system, 149
• paravertebral ganglia, 147
• parietal layer of serous pericardium, 68
• parietal pleura, 89
• passive transport, 28–29
• pathophysiology, 6
• PCT (proximal convoluted tubule), 114, 119
• penis, 138
• peptidase, 108, 109
• peptide hormones, 150
• pericardial cavity, 68
• perimysium, 54
• peripheral resistance, 83
• peristalsis, 101
• peritoneum, 103, 113
• peritubular capillaries, 114, 119
• pH, regulating, 86, 122–123
• phagocyte, 78
• phagocytosis, 160
• pharyngoesophageal sphincter, 101
• pharynx, 87–88, 100–101
• pheromones, 63
• phospholipid molecules, 27
• photosynthesis, 97
• phrenic nerves, 91, 92
• physiology, 6–7, 78–84, 161–166
• pituitary gland, 153
• pivot joints, 47
• plasma, 76–77
• plasma membrane, 27–29
• platelets, 78
• pleural sac, 89
• plexus, 147
• pluripotent, 37
• PNS (peripheral nervous system), 144, 148–149
• polarity, 27
• polymers, 31
• polypeptides, 32
• polysaccharides, 32
• portal triads, 107
• portal vein, 107
• posterior pituitary gland, 153
• posttranslational modifications, 34
• pre-embryo, 131
• pregnancy, 139–142
• prepuce, 138
• primary oocytes, 128
• primary sex organs, 137–138
• primary spermatocytes, 129
• prime mover, 54–55
• progesterone, 134, 155
• prolactin, 133
• proliferative phase, 135
• pronation, 48
• prostate gland, 138
• prostatic urethra, 117
• protection, 42, 58
• proteinases, 109
• proteins, 30–33
• pseudostratified epithelium, 39
• pulmonary circulation, 81–82, 86
• pulmonary veins, 76
• purkinje fibers, 80
• pyloric sphincter, 102
• pylorus, 102

Q

• quadrate lobe, 106

R

• radial veins, 76
• RAS (renin-angiotensin system), 121–122
• reabsorbing, 119–120
• receptors, 21, 152
• recombination, 127
• rectum, 105
• red blood cells, 77–78, 112–113, 166
• red pulp, 158
• renal arteries, 71, 114
• renal veins, 75
• replication fork, 34–35
• reproductive system
  • breasts, 132–133
  • defined, 9
  • ejaculation, 138–139
  • fallopian tubes, 131
  • female, 130–136
  • functions of, 125–126
  • gametes, 37, 126–130
  • male, 136–139
  • meiosis, 37, 127
  • menstrual cycle, 131, 133–136
  • ova, 126, 127–130
  • ovaries, 130–131, 141, 155
  • penis, 138
  • pregnancy, 139–142
  • prostate gland, 138
  • scrotum, 137–138
  • seminal fluid, 138–139
  • sperm, 24, 126, 129–130
  • testes, 129, 137–138, 155
  • uterus, 131, 140–141
  • vagina, 131–132
  • vulva, 132
• respiratory membrane, 90–91
• respiratory mucosa, 87
• respiratory system
  • about, 8, 85
  • anatomy of, 86–91
  • breathing, 92–95
  • diaphragm, 91
  • duties of, 85–86
  • lungs, 89–90
  • nose, 87
  • pharynx, 87–88
  • respiratory membrane, 90–91
  • windpipe (trachea), 88
• respiratory tract, 86
• reticular region, 61
• reticular tissue, 38
• ribosome, 26, 30
• RNA (ribonucleic acid), 31
• rotation, 48
• rough ER, 30

S

• SA (sinoatrial) node, 80
• sacral plexus, 147
• saddle joints, 47
• saliva, 109
• salivary amylase, 100
• sarcolemma, 53
• sarcomeres, 53, 56–57
• scrotum, 137–138
• sebaceous glands, 58, 63, 64, 141
• sebum, 58, 60, 64
• secondary oocytes, 128
• secretin, 104
• secretory phase, 135–136
• selective reabsorption, 120
• seminal fluid, 138–139
• seminal vesicles, 138
• seminiferous tubules, 129, 137
• sense of smell, 163
• sensory nerve fibers, 146, 148
• sensory neurons, 145
• sensory receptors, 144
• serosa, 102
• Sertoli cells, 137
• sex cells, 37. See also gametes
• sigmoid colon, 104
• signals, transmitting, 25
• simple epithelium, 39
• singing, 95
• sinus node, 80
• sinuses, 87
• skeletal muscles, reviewing, 53–55
• skeletal system, 8, 41–48
• skin, accessorizing, 62–64
• sliding filament model, 51, 56–58
• slightly movable joints, 46
• small intestine, 104
• smell, as a sense, 163
• smooth ER, 30
• smooth muscle, 50, 55–56
• soft palate, 87
• solutes, 19
• somatic cells, 36–37
• somatic nervous system, 149
• speech, 86, 95
• sperm, 24, 126, 129–130
• spermatogenesis, 137
• spermatogonia, 129, 137
• sphincter muscles, 50
• spinal nerves, 148
• spindles, 53
• spleen, 158
• splenic artery, 158
• splenic vein, 158
• spongy bone, 44
• spongy urethra, 117
• stem cells, 37
• stomach, 100–101, 102
• stomach lining, 102
• stratified epithelium, 40
• stratum basale, 59, 61
• stratum corneum, 59, 60
• stratum germinativum, 59, 60, 61
• stratum granulosum, 60
• stratum lucidum, 60
• stress, effect on breathing, 94
• striation, in muscle cells, 51–53
• structural layers
  • about, 41
  • integumentary system, 58–64
  • muscular system, 48–57
  • skeletal system, 42–48
• subclavian arteries/veins, 71, 76, 157
• subcutaneous layer, 62
• submucosal coat, 102
• sudoriferous glands, 63
• superficial fascia, 62
• superior vena cava, 74–76
• supination, 48
• SV (semilunar valves), 67
• sweating, 19
• symbiosis, 164
• sympathetic chain of ganglia, 147
• sympathetic nervous system, 149
• synergistic muscles, 54–55
• synovial joints, 46
• systemic circulation, 81, 82–83
• systole, 83

T

• T cells, 160
• teeth, 99–100, 164
• temperature (body), 18–19, 49–50
• temporalis muscle, 164
• tendons, 54
• terminology, 7–9
• testes, 129, 137–138, 155
• testosterone, 155
• thermoregulation, 59, 74
• thick/thin filaments, 56–57
• thirst reflex, 20
• thoracic diaphragm, 91
• thoracic duct, 157
• thrombocytes, 78
• thumbs, opposable, 161
• thymosin, 158, 160
• thymus gland, 158
• thyroid cartilage, 88
• thyroid gland, 154
• tissue level of organisms, 10–11, 11
• tissues, 24, 37–40, 51–56. See also specific types
• tongue, 100
• trachea, 88, 100–101, 154
• traits, 33
• transcription, 33
• transition phase, 142
• transitional epithelium, 40, 115–116
• translation, 33
• transmitting signals, 25
• transverse colon, 104
• trypsin, 108
• tunica, 71–72
• TV (tricuspid valve), 67

U

• ulnar veins, 76
• urea, 76, 118
• ureter, 114, 115
• urethra, 116–117, 138
• urethral meatus, 117
• urethral orifice, 138
• uric acid, 118
• urinary system, 8, 20, 111–123
• urinary tract, 115–117
• urobilinogen, 118
• urogenital diaphragm, 116
• uterine cervix, 131
• uterine cycle, 133–136
• uterus, 131, 140–141

V

• vacuoles, 26
• vagina, 131–132
• vagus nerves, 148
• variables, gauging, 21
• vas deferens, 137
• vascular endothelium, 71
• veins, 70, 74–76
• venae cordis minimae, 70
• ventilation, 86
• ventricle, 67
• venules, 70
• villi, 103
• vocal cords, 88
• voluntary muscle cells, 52–53
• vulva, 132

W

• walls (digestive system), 101–102
• warm-bloodedness, 18–19
• waste, eliminating, 98
• water balance, 59
• water content, 112, 121
• white blood cells, 78, 159
• white matter, 147–148
• windpipe, 88
• womb, 131

Z

• Z line, 57
• zona pellucida, 128
• zygote, 24, 36, 127