INDEX
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addiction, 43, 298–303, 316–17, 406n6, 407n8
Affect Control theory, 386n2, 386n4
altruism, 109, 143, 146, 168–70, 172, 394n15; and charitable contributions, 264
anthropology, approach to ritual, 7, 9–16; structuralist, 26–28, 32
Aristotle, 362
Austin, John, 407n12
backstage and frontstage personalities, 112–13, 348
backstage and frontstage in social life, 19–21, 112–13, 116, 291, 320, 384n27, 411n9
Bakhtin, Mikhail, 28
Baltzell, E. Digby, 403n1
Barthes, Roland, 29
Baudrillard, Jean, 29
Becker, Howard S., 300
Beethoven, Ludwig von, 364
Bergesen, Albert, 12
Black, Donald, 388n13, 390n19, 390n22
black persons, 295–96; and street code, 270, 280–84
Blumer, Herbert, 200, 397n8, 397n9
bodily process, ritual as, 23, 33–35, 53–64, 147, 154, 230–31, 234–35, 303–5, 317, 336, 376n21, 383n20, 391n5, 401n9
Bourdieu, Pierre, 42, 132, 155, 258, 288, 379n23, 390n23, 392n9
Braithwaite, John, 111
bureaucracy, 115, 143, 263, 286–87, 290, 292, 296, 413n18
Burton, Richard, 413n16
capital: cultural or symbolic, 132, 153–58, 288, 390n23, 392n9; financial, 166–67, 263–66, 392n9; human, 143; social, 165–67
celebrities, 258, 266, 279–80, 291
Chambliss, Daniel, 91, 122–24, 411n4
Chodorow, Nancy, 402n15
Chomsky, Noam, 377n15
Churchill, Winston, 317, 392n6, 408n14
Cicourel, Aaron, 103
collective effervescence, 35, 36, 48–49, 51, 82–83, 105, 107, 183, 255, 368
conflict, 21, 41, 121–25, 146, 376n11, 382n15, 386n35, 389n17
Confucius, 362
conversation, 52, 65–73, 78, 84–87, 141–42, 151–54, 176–77, 183–84, 394n20; internal or self-talk, 183, 197–204, 384n26, 398n11, 399n21; turn-taking in, 67–73
Cooley, Charles Horton, 186
counterculture of 1960s, 255–56, 341–43, 379n2, 398n14
creativity, intellectual, 190–96, 217. See also musicians, creativity of
cultural capital. See capital, cultural or symbolic
cultural theory, 25–32, 224, 381n13
culture. See symbols
cursing, 188, 205–10, 398nn14–16, 399n17
dancing, 154, 234–35, 254, 271, 273, 401n8
Derrida, Jacques, 29
Descartes, Rene´e, 395n1
drinking, 62, 276, 305, 314–15, 318, 331, 339, 342–43, 369, 380nn6,7, 386n35
driving, 205–6, 208, 294–95, 383n20, 405n17
Durkheim, Emile, 7–8, 11–17, 19–22, 26, 28, 32–46, 48–50, 58, 65, 67, 82–83, 102–6, 108–13, 116–17, 127–28, 134, 143, 166, 183–84, 187, 279, 345, 365, 373, 376n4, 377n18, 378n22, 381n11, 383n19, 397n8
economy. See class, economic; markets
education, 260–61, 276, 340–41
Ekman, Paul, 139
emotion, 12, 35, 48, 102–33. See also collective effervescence
—anger, 48, 70, 104, 106, 111, 113, 120, 126–27, 130, 133, 205–6, 368n13, 389nn14, 19, 398n12; righteous, 110, 127–28
—depression, 104, 106–7, 109, 113, 119–20, 354, 390n21
—enthusiasm, 56, 106–7, 109, 125–26, 130, 134, 151
—fear, 88, 90–92, 106, 113, 120–21, 129, 134, 389n14, 390n20
—happiness, 106, 389n14, 390n24
—laughter, 65–66, 108, 381nn9, 10
—sadness, 106–7, 108, 354, 389n14
—shame, 110–11, 120–21, 130, 388n13, 389n14
emotional energy (EE), 38–39, 44–46, 47–49, 51, 53, 61–62, 64, 94, 105–10, 114, 116, 118–25, 126–27, 131–33, 145, 150–53, 155–58, 170–74, 178–81, 183–84, 192, 195–96, 202–3, 208, 210, 219–20, 295, 361, 373, 383n13; as common denominator of rational choice, 158–65; drain or loss of, 53, 121, 129, 353–54; measurements of, 133–40; sexual drive as form of, 130, 235–36, 238, 249, 257, 305
entrainment, emotional, 124–25; in erotic interaction, 233–35, 240–41, 243, 249; rhythmic, 52, 77–78, 119, 121, 389n16; self-entrainment, 207–8
Erickson, Frederick, 75, 136–38, 389n16
Erikson, Kai, 12
ethnomethodology, 3, 65, 67, 103–5, 379n23, 381n12, 382n11, 395n24, 397n8, 415n27
Evans-Pritchard, Edward, 13, 375n4
extroversion, 220, 308, 345, 365, 367, 410n24, 414n19
focus of attention, 23–24, 48–50, 122, 146–48, 231–32, 376n12, 391n4
Formalist literary theory, 28–29
Freud, Sigmund, 10–11, 44, 130, 192, 225, 244, 346, 370, 376n3, 386n3
Fuchs, Stephan, 411n2
Fustel de Coulanges, Numa Denis, 9, 11–12
Garfinkel, Harold, 97, 103–4, 106, 144, 181, 184, 395n21, 395n24, 397n8, 415n27
de Gaulle, Charles, 392n6
Giuliani, Mayor Rudy, 385n30
Goffman, Erving, 4–5, 7–8, 16–25, 45–46, 50–51, 53, 65, 105, 112, 117, 144, 184, 187, 232, 239, 246, 250, 272, 278, 280–81, 294, 323, 331, 345–46, 370, 377n13, 377n14, 397n8; Goffmanian era of history, 312; Goffmanian revolution, 371, 415n28
Granovetter, Mark, 353, 393n12
gun cult, 99–101, 385n32, 385n33, 385n34
Habermas, Jurgen, 291
Harrison, Jane Elllen, 9, 376n3
Hegel, G.W.F., 194, 360, 412n15
Helmholtz, Hermann, 358
Hitler, Adolf, 409n23
Homans, George, 143
household, patrimonial, 251, 289–90, 292, 329, 356, 366, 368, 402n13, 405n11
houses, 59, 291, 314–15, 327–28, 354, 362
Hubert, Henri, 11
individuality, social production of, 3–5, 345–51
intellectuals, 10, 190–96, 357–60, 362–64, 393n11. See also creativity, intellectual
internet, as deritualizing, 63–64, 214
introverts, 220, 308, 345, 351–68, 410n24, 411nn7, 9, 413n16
Jacobson, Roman, 28
James I (king of England), 299, 328
James, William, 88
Jefferson, Gail, 67
Jung, C. G., 365
Katz, Jack, 184, 187–88, 205–8, 381n10, 383n20, 390n20, 398n12, 398n15, 398n16, 405n17
Kemper, Theodore D., 120, 386n3, 388n13
Kierkegaard, Søren, 415n25
kissing, 18, 52, 56, 223, 230, 241–43
Le´vi-Bruhl, Lucien, 28, 376n3
Le´vi-Strauss, Claude, 26–29, 377n15, 377n16, 379n23
Louis XIV, 290
Luhman, Niklas, 292
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 13, 243, 375n4, 376n5, 402n14
Malory, Thomas, 293
Maris, Roger, 380n5
markets: conversational, 151–54, 183; for entertainment, 367–68; friendship, 411; for interaction rituals, 141–42, 149–58, 161–63, 369; for literature and painting, 362–64; marriage, 141–42, 151–52, 257, 311–12, 331, 369; material, 142, 158–63, 165–68, 369, 403n2; musical, 363, 413n17; for sexual partners, 141–42, 251–55
Marrett, R. R., 10
Mauss, Marcel, 11–12, 26, 162, 167, 375n4, 377n16
McGwire, Mark, 380n5
Mead, George Herbert, 79–81, 103, 183–84, 186, 189, 197, 203–5, 213, 345, 373, 376n10, 397n8, 397n9
micro and macro levels of analyisis, 6
money, 158, 163–64, 166–67, 172, 176–77, 263–68, 293, 393n10, 394n20, 405n15
morality, 12, 25, 104, 109, 143, 236, 270–71; as effect of rituals, 39–40, 49, 378n22
music, 59–60, 78, 199, 201, 413n17
musicians, creativity of, 364, 399n19, 413n17
nerd culture, 353
network, 165–67, 172, 190–96, 250, 352, 359, 376n5, 384n25, 385n31, 393n12, 388n13, 396n6, 397n7, 403n2, 410n1, 411n3, 412n12
novels: Chinese, 405n13, 411n6; as evidence of social interaction, 354, 411n7
Orwell, George, 323
Parsons, Talcott, 14, 102, 376n5, 397n8
parties, sociable, 52–53, 61–62, 118, 143, 149–50, 155, 161, 250, 252, 257, 274, 276, 311, 369, 386n35, 392n7
Peirce, Charles Sanders, 203
Piaget, Jean, 212
political speeches, 39, 73–74, 271–72, 381n11, 383n19
power, 169–70; deference (D-power), 284–88, 292, 387n7; efficacy (E-power), 284–88, 292; as order-giving and order-taking, 21, 112–15, 348–49
prostitution, 228–30, 237, 308–9, 360, 400nn4,5, 401nn6,7, 403n18, 407n9
Radcliffe-Brown, A.R., 15–16, 375n4, 376n6
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 329
rational choice theory, 3, 143–49, 176–81; anomalies in, 143–45, 174–76, 181, 394nn18,19; and bounded rationality, 144, 181, 394n18, 395n24. See also self-interest
religion: Buddhist, 365, 378n19, 414n20; and capitalism, 159, 162; Christian, 4, 12, 92, 104, 365–67, 404n3; Durkeimian theory of, 32–40; Jewish, 402n11; and Protestant Reformation, 51, 162, 356, 366, 414n23; and saints, 393n14, 394n14, 404n9; services, 60–61, 149; tribal, 9–12, 33–40, 109, 306–7. See also ritual, religious
religious studies, and ritual theory, 7, 2–33
Revolution, French, 34, 42, 50, 314, 363
Robertson Smith, William, 9
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 321–22
ritual: and anti-ritual movements, 299, 307, 326–29, 331, 335, 337, 339–41, 343–44, 386n35; in everyday politeness, 17–19, 239–41; failures of, 15, 50–53, 230; funeral, 15–16, 376n6; histories of theories of, 9–32; ingredients for, 33–37, 47–49, 146–48; rebellion against, 51, 355–56, 379n2; religious, 162, 356, 387n6. See also sexual interaction, as interaction ritual; tobacco ritual
sacred objects, 25, 37–38, 58–59, 114, 124, 168, 172, 240, 279, 317, 368, 415n26
Sahlins, Marshall, 162
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 29, 377n15, 377n16
scene, as concatenation of social gatherings, 250–53; carousing, 308–9, 315, 329–31, 369, 403n23; gay, 250, 255–56
Scheff, Thomas, 10–11, 65, 120, 130–31, 135, 184, 403n21
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 360
self-interest, 40; and interaction with prostitutes, 228–30; utilitarian theory of, criticized, 40–42, 104
September 11, 2001, 42, 47, 88–95
sexual interaction: and construction of erotic symbols, 236, 238–46; critique of evolutionary theory of, 223–24, 227–28; homosexual, 247–48, 250, 256–57; as interaction ritual, 230–38, 377n14; market for, 250–57; and masturbation, 224–25, 233, 249–50, 370. See also kissing; love; prostitution
Shakespeare, William, 358, 405n13, 405n14, 408n16
Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, 364
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 364
Shklovsky, Victor, 28
Simon, Herbert, 395nn24,25
social movements, 42, 342, 364, 386n1, 410n25. See also ritual, and anti-ritual movements; tobacco, and anti-tobacco movements; tobacco, ritual
solidarity, 25, 47–49, 67, 81–95, 109, 124–25, 146–49; failure of, 69–70; precontractual, 143; sexual, 230–31, 235–37
Spenser, Edmund, 293
Spinoza, Baruch, 399n17
sports, 55–59, 82–83, 154, 380n5, 383n21, 384n27, 411n4
status group, 115–18, 268–84, 289–90, 347–48, 403n1
Stein, Gertrude, 392n6, 412n13
stratification, 41, 258–62; categorical, 272–74, 276, 278, 295–96, 371; of emotional energy, 131–33, 354; situational, 258–63, 278–84, 288–96, 337–38, 369. See also class, economic; power; status group
Stravinsky, Igor, 376n3
structuralist theory, 25–30; and deconstructionism, 29; and postmodernism, 29–30, 43, 411n11
substance ingestion, 62, 298, 406n7; of coffee and tea, 304–5, 309–12, 318, 407n10; of drugs, 300, 316, 342–43; of nicotine compared to caffeine, 304–5. See also tobacco
Sudnow, David, 78
Swidler, Ann, 31
symbolic interactionism, 3, 103, 345, 397n8; and theory of “I,” “me,” and “Generalized Other,” 79–81, 186–87, 203–5, 214, 397n9
symbols: childhood development of capacity for, 79–81; firefighters as, 88–95; first-order, created by ritual, 83, 97–98; guns as, 99–101; market for, 149–55, 367–68; second-order, circulated in social gatherings and conversations, 83, 95, 98, 100, 368; sexual, 236–46; social creation of, 32, 36–38, 47–50, 81–87; third-order, used in solitary ritual or thinking, 99, 101, 248–49, 355–57, 368, 384n26
thinking, sociological explanation of, 99, 101, 145–46, 158, 178–79, 183–84, 211–18, 219–20, 394n17, 397n9. See also creativity, intellectual; conversation, internal or self-talk
Thoreau, Henry David, 376n8
tobacco: and anti-tobacco movements, 299, 307, 326–29, 331, 335, 337, 339–41, 343–44; as carousing ritual, 308–9, 316, 329–31; chewing, 301, 305, 313; in cigarettes, 301, 305, 316, 321–26, 369, 410nn24,26; in cigars, 301, 303, 305, 313–16, 320–21, 407n14, 410n26; as elegance ritual, 312–14, 319, 321, 339–40; and health, 331–37, 408nn18–19, 409nn20–22; in pipes, 301, 305, 307–8, 313–14, 317–19, 407n12; ritual, 305–27; as snuff, 305, 308, 313, 319, 407n13; as solitary or tranquility ritual, 307–8, 310–11, 313, 318–19; in tribal societies, 306–7; women and, 311–13, 316, 329–31, 407n9, 408n15. See also addiction; drinking; substance ingestion
Tomasello, Michael, 79
Turner, Bryan, 378n21
Turner, Jonathan H., 212–13, 380n4, 389n14
Turner, Victor, 414n21
violence, 82–83, 128, 236, 280–83, 382n15, 383n22
voting, 171
Vygotsky, L. S., 186
Waller, Willard, 143
war, 56–57, 96, 169, 303, 352, 369, 408n17
Warner, W. Lloyd, 12
Weber, Max, 45, 102, 130, 159, 162, 184, 263, 269, 319, 358, 397n8, 414n23
Weinberg, Darrin, 406n6
White, Harrison C., 167
Wiley, Norbert, 189, 201, 203–4
will (or will power), 113, 201, 210; as autonomy, 81, 398n11
William of Ockham, 362
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 353
youth, as subject to group discrimination, 276–78
Zablocki, Benjamin, 232