CHILD SEX TRAFFICKING IN AMERICA1. “Children Out of Sight, Out of Mind, Out of Reach: Abused and Neglected, Millions of Children Have Become Virtually Invisible,” UNICEF, December 14, 2005, http://www.unicef.org/media/media_30453.html.
2. “Trafficking in Persons Report 2008,” US Department of State, http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/; “Child Sex Trafficking,” Child Wise, http://childwise.blob.core.windows.net/assets/uploads/files/Fact%20Sheets/About_CSEC.pdf
3. “Child Marriage Facts and Figures,” International Center for Research on Women, http://www.icrw.org/child-marriage-facts-and-figures.
4. Charlene Smith, “The Relation between HIV Prevalence and Virgin Rape,” The Nordic Africa Institute, http://www.nai.uu.se/publications/news/archives/032smith/.
5. Melissa Hermann (executive director, Courage House), personal interview with the author, November 2013.
CHILD SEX TRAFFICKING IN AMERICA1. Janet Kornblum, “Child Prostitution Survivor Aims to Change Lives,” USA TODAY, February 27, 2008, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-02-26-carissa-child-prostitution_N.htm.
2. “FAQs,” Shared Hope, May 2009, www.sharedhope.org/learn/faqs/.
3. “Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section,” US Department of Justice, http://www.justice.gov/criminal/ceos/.
4. Ian Urbina, “For Runaways, Sex Buys Survival,” The New York Times, October 26, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/us/27runaways.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
5. “Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000: Trafficking in Persons Report,” http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2004/.
6. Sara Thomas and Renea Anderson, “Human Trafficking: Modern-Day Slavery,” PowerPoint presentation, Georgia Bureau of Investigation, Human Trafficking Unit, http://dfcs.dhs.georgia.gov/sites/dfcs.dhs.georgia.gov/files/related_files/site_page/BST%20Human%20Trafficking%20Workshop.pdf.
7. “Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000: Trafficking in Persons Report,” http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2004/.
8. Linda A. Smith, Samantha Healy Vardaman, and Melissa A. Snow, “The National Report on Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking: America’s Prostituted Children,” Shared Hope International, May 2009, www.sharedhope.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/SHI_National_Report_on_DMST_2009.pdf.
9. “Who Is Involved in Systems of Prostitution?” The Sage Project, http://sagesf.org/who-involved-systems-prostitution; “An Introduction to Human Trafficking: Vulnerability, Impact, and Action,” United Nations background paper, Office on Drugs and Crime,2008, http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/An_Introduction_to_Human_Trafficking_-_Background_Paper.pdf.
10. Richard J. Estes and Neil Alan Weiner, “The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the US, Canada, and Mexico.” University of Pennsylvania, School of Social Work, February 20, 2002, http://www.sp2.upenn.edu/restes/CSEC_Files/Complete_CSEC_020220.pdf.
11. “Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section,” ibid.
12. “South Park Prostitute Song with Lyrics,” December 17, 2010, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HApbmtryRYk.
13. “Human Trafficking 101 for School Administrators and Staff,” US Department of Homeland Security, Blue Campaign, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/blue-campaign/Blue%20Campaign%20-%20Human%20Trafficking%20101%20for%20School%20Administrators%20and%20Staff.pdf.
14. Estes and Weiner, “ibid; “Pornography Statistics.” Family Safe Media, http://familysafemedia.com/pornography_statistics.html.
15. Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section,” ibid.
16. Tammy Turon (director of programming, prostitution diversion initiative. Dallas, TX), personal interview with the author, October 16, 2013.
1. Jody Raphael and Brenda Meyers-Powell, “From Victims to Victimizers: Interviews with Twenty-Five Ex-Pimps in Chicago,” DePaul College of Law, a report from the Schiller DuCanto & Fleck Family Law Center of DePaul University College of Law, September 2010, http://newsroom.depaul.edu/pdf/family_law_center_report-final.pdf.
2. Ibid.
3. “Child Trafficking Survivor Shares Her Story,” HuffPost Live, article and video, July30, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/30/child-trafficking_n_3678465.html.
4. “Domestic Sex Trafficking: The Criminal Operations of the American Pimp,” Polaris Project, print. n.d.
5. “Sarah: Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking,” Polaris Project, http://www.polarisproject.org/what-we-do/client-services/survivor-stories/465-sarah-domestic-minor-sex-trafficking.
6. D. G. Dutton and S. L. Painter, “Traumatic Bonding: The Development of Emotional Bonds in Relationships of Intermittent Abuse,” Victimology: An International Journal 6, 1–4 (1981): 139–55.
7. Pimpin’ Ken and Hunter, Pimpology 101: The Forty-Eight Laws of the Game (New York: Simon Spotlight Entertainment, 2007).
8. Donna M. Hughes, “Tattoos of Girls under Pimp Control and Pimp Rules for the Control of Victims,” August 10, 2009, Citizens Against Trafficking, http://www.citizensagainsttrafficking.com/uploads/Tattoos_and_Control_of_Victims.pdf.
9. Raphael and Meyers-Powell, ibid.
10. Pimpin’ Ken and Hunter, ibid.
11. “Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section,” ibid; Thomas and Anderson, ibid; Smith, Vardaman, and Snow, ibid.
12. Jacqueline Rabe Thomas, “Recruiting a Child Prostitute in Connecticut,” The CTMirror, August 6, 2012, http://www.ctmirror.org/story/2012/08/03/recruiting-child-prostitute-connecticut.
13. “Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section,” ibid; Thomas and Anderson, ibid.
14. “FY 2011 Budget Request at a Glance,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, http://www.justice.gov/jmd/2011summary/pdf/fy11-fbi-bud-summary.pdf.
15. Mia Spangenberg, “Prostituted Youth in New York City: An Overview,” ECPAT-USA, 2001, http://ecpatusa.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Prostituted-Youth-in-NYC.pdf.
16. United States v. Pipkins. No. 02-14306, US Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, August 2, 2004, http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200214306.pdf.
17. Raphael and Meyers-Powell, ibid.
1. Ibid.
2. Brandon Herring, “Antoinette Davis reaches plea deal,” WNCN, November 1, 2013, http://www.wncn.com/story/23728590/judge-rules-antoinette-davis-statements-can-be-used.
3. Brian Rogers, “Houston Girl Says Family Forced Her into Prostitution,” Houston Chronicle, August 12, 2010, http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Houston-girl-says-family-forced-her-into-1699524.php.
4. Raphael and Meyers-Powell, ibid.
5. “Child Sex Trafficking at a Glance,” Polaris Project, http://http://www.polarisproject.org/resources/resources-by-topic/sex-trafficking.
6. Kimberly Tyler and Ana Mari Cauce, “Perpetrators of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse among Homeless and Runaway Adolescents,” University of Nebraska–Lincoln Sociology Department, Faculty Publications, December 1, 2002, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1054&context=sociologyfacpub.
7. Kristin M. Finklea, Adrienne L. Fernandes-Alcantara, and Alison Siskin, “Sex Trafficking of Children in the United States: Overview and Issues for Congress,” Federation of American Scientists website, Congressional Search Service, CRS Report for Congress, June 21, 2011, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41878.pdf.
8. Nicki Rossoll, “Foster Care and Sex Trafficking Survivor Testifies on Hill,” ABC News, October 23, 2013, http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/10/foster-care-and-sex-trafficking-survivor-testifies-on-hill/.
9. Smith, Vardaman, and Snow, ibid.
10. Senate Bill S.1118, Child Sex Trafficking Data and Response Act of 2013, 113th Congress, June 7, 2013, http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th/senate-bill/1118.
1. Brahami Houston, “Survival Sex: Why Many Homeless Youth Barter Sex for Necessities,” The Portland Mercury, December 7, 2000, http://www.portlandmercury.com/portland/survival-sex/Content?oid=23504.
2. Estes and Weiner, ibid.; “Bought and Sold: Helping Young People Escape from Commercial Sexual Exploitation,” National Clearinghouse on Families and Youth, US Department of Health and Human Services, http://ncfy.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/bought_and_sold.pdf.
3. “Runaway and Homeless Youth and Relationship Violence Toolkit,” National Resource Center on Domestic Violence, http://www.nrcdv.org/rhydvtoolkit/.
4. Estes and Weiner, ibid.
5. R. B. Flowers, Runaway Kids and Teenage Prostitution, (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2001).
6. K. Kaye, “Sex and the Unspoken in Male Street Prostitution,” Journal of Homosexuality, 53, 1—2 (2007).
7. “Homelessness, Survival Sex, and Human Trafficking: As Experienced by Youth at Covenant House New York,” Covenant House, May 2013, http://www.covenanthouse.org/sites/default/files/attachments/Covenant-House-trafficking-study.pdf.
8. R. Curtis, K. Terry, M. Dank, K. Dombrowski, and B. Khan, “The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in New York City, Volume One, The CSEC Population in New York City: Size, Characteristics, and Needs,” Center for Court Innovation and John Jay College of Criminal Justice. (2008):115; Sgt. Chris Bray (City of Phoenix Police Department, Drug Enforcement Bureau Vice Enforcement Unit), personal interview with the author, June 2010.
9. Curtis, Terry, Dank, Dombrowski, and Khan, ibid.
10. Estes and Weiner, ibid.
11. J. M. Edwards, B. J. Iritani, and D. D. Hallfors, Prevalence and Correlates of Exchanging Sex for Drugs or Money among Adolescents in the United States: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 82, no. 5 (2005): 354-8.
12. Brian Willis, Norene Robert, and Sara Ann Friedman, “And Boys Too: An ECPAT-USA Discussion Paper about the Lack of Recognition of the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Boys in the United States,” ECPAT-USA, 2013, http://ecpatusa.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/AndBoysToo_FINAL_single-pages.pdf.
13. “Ventnor Man Arrested on Charges He Ran Human Trafficking and Male Prostitution Ring out of His Apartment,” press release, The State of New Jersey, Department of Law and Public Safety, Office of the Attorney General. October 22, 2012, http://www.nj.gov/oag/newsreleases12/pr20121022a.html.
14. Willis, Robert, and Friedman, ibid.
15. K. Kaye, ibid.
16. Sgt. Chris Bray interview, ibid.
17. “Male Victims of Sex Trafficking,” Toy Soldiers blog, May 17, 2011, http://toysoldier.wordpress.com/2012/10/25/male-victims-of-sex-trafficking/.
18. Willis, Robert, and Friedman, ibid.
1. Estes and Weiner, ibid.
2. Colin Smith, “FBI Ranks Minnesota 13th in US for Sex Trafficking,” CBS Minnesota, June 12, 2013, http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2013/06/12/fbi-ranks-minnesota-13th-in-u-s-for-sex-trafficking/.
3. Attiyya Anthony, “Innocence Lost,” The Crime Report, July 24, 2012, http://www.thecrimereport.org/news/inside-criminal-justice/2012-07-innocence-lost.
4. Raphael and Meyers-Powell, ibid.
5. Mia Spangenberg, “Prostituted Youth in New York City: An Overview,” ECPAT-USA, 2001, http://ecpatusa.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Prostituted-Youth-in-NYC.pdf.
6. “Child Sex Trafficking at a Glance,” ibid.
7. “Domestic Sex Trafficking: The Criminal Operations of the American Pimp,” ibid.
8. Abby Simons, “Hopkins Woman Who Prostituted Fellow Cheerleader Sentenced,” Star Tribune, October 11, 2013, http://www.startribune.com/local/west/227398191.html.
9. “Internet Based,” Polaris Project, http://www.polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/sex-trafficking-in-the-us/internet-based.
10. “Online Prostitution-Ad Revenue Crosses Craigslist Benchmark,” Aim Group, July 10, 2013, http://aimgroup.com/2013/07/10/online-prostitution-ad-revenue-crosses-craigslist-benchmark/.
11. “Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section,” ibid.
12. “Internet Based,” Polaris Project, http://www.polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/sex-trafficking-in-the-us/internet-based.
13. The Rebecca Project for Human Rights, July 2010, http://www.rebeccaproject.org/dearcraig/Dear_Craig.pdf.
14. Doe v. MySpace, 528 F.3d 413, US Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, filed May 16, 2008, http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/07/07-50345-CV0.wpd.pdf.
15. Anthony, ibid.
16. “Gang Criminal Activity Expanding into Juvenile Prostitution Intelligence Report,” National Gang Intelligence Center & FBI’s Crimes against Children Unit, January 31, 2012, http://www.goccp.maryland.gov/victim/documents/human-trafficking/research-policy/Gang-Criminal-Activity-Expanding-Into-Juvenile-Prostitution.pdf.
17. George D. Knox, “Females and Gangs: Sexual Violence, Prostitution, and Exploitation,” abstract, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, 2008, https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=206498.
18. US v. Michael Tavon Jefferies, Case No. 1:12-cr-143, US District Court, Eastern District of Virginia, July 6, 2012, http://s3.amazonaws.com/content.washingtonexaminer.biz/documents/MichaelJefferies-sentencingmemo.pdf.
19. The Shawshank Redemption, movie quote, 1994, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0111161/quotes.
20. Smith, Vardaman, and Snow, ibid; “Domestic Sex Trafficking: The Criminal Operations of the American Pimp,” ibid.
21. Cathy Brock (director, Dallas Community High Risk Victims Task Force, retired; residential supervisor, Letot Girls’ Center), telephone interview with the author, November 14, 2013.
22. “Operation Cross Country: Recovering Victims of Child Sex Trafficking,” Federal Bureau of Investigation. July 29, 2013, http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2013/july/operation-cross-country-recovering-victims-of-child-sex-trafficking.
23. “The National Strategy for Child Exploitation Prevention and Interdiction: A Report to Congress,” US Department of Justice, August 2010, http://www.justice.gov/psc/docs/natstrategyreport.pdf.
24. Smith, Vardaman, and Snow, ibid; “Domestic Sex Trafficking: The Criminal Operations of the American Pimp,” ibid.
25. Nicholas D. Kristof, “She Has a Pimp’s Name Etched on Her,” The New York Times, “The Opinion Pages,” May 23, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/24/opinion/kristof-she-has-a-pimps-name-etched-on-her.html?_r=0.
26. Jessica Lustig, “The Thirteen-Year-Old Prostitute: Working Girl or Sex Slave?” New York magazine website, “News & Politics” section, October 24, 2007, http://nymag.com/news/features/30018/.
27. Estes and Weiner, ibid; “2012 Domestic Sex Trafficking in Ohio,” Ohio Attorney General, August 8, 2012, https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/OhioAttorneyGeneral/files/2f/2ff15706-77ad-4567-b1aa-d8330b5c4005.pdf.
28. “American Pimp Movie Quotes,” Humble Genius, http://www.humblegeni.us/1471-American-Pimp-Quotes.qt.
29. “Oakland Prostitutes Being Forced to Rob Clients, Police Sting Reveals,” CBS, May 23, 2013, http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2013/05/23/oakland-prostitutes-being-forced-to-rob-clients-police-sting-reveals/.
30. “Domestic Sex Trafficking: The Criminal Operations of the American Pimp,” ibid; “Glossary of Trafficking Terms,” Shared Hope International, http://sharedhope.org/learn/traffickingterms/.
1. “Sex Trafficking at Truck Stops.” Polaris Project, http://www.polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/sex-trafficking-in-the-us/truck-stops.
1. “Human Trafficking Trends in the United States: National Human Trafficking Resource Center 2007–2012,” Polaris Project. November 21, 2013, http://www.polarisproject.org/resources/hotline-statistics/human-trafficking-trends-in-the-united-states.
2. “Teen Girls’ Stories of Sex Trafficking in US,” ABC News. February 9, 2006, http://abcnews.go.com/Primetime/story?id=1596778.
3. David Finkelhor and Richard Ormrod, “Characteristics of Crimes against Juveniles.” Juvenile Justice Bulletin. December 3, 2013.
4. Sun Tzu, The Art of War (Boston: Shambhala Publications, 1988).
1. Joshua McAfee (founder, McAfee Institute), e-mail interview with the author, November 10, 2013.
2. Alexia La Benz and Gina La Benz (GS GEMS), e-mail and telephone interview with the author, November 10, 2013.
3. Dr. Dina Hijazi (licensed specialist in school psychology, Dallas Independent School District, Dallas, TX), e-mail interview with the author, November 10, 2013.
4. “A Mother’s Day Gift to Stop Child Trafficking,” Sprittibee blog, April 27, 2010, http://sprittibee.com/2010/04.
5. Kelly Master, “Call 2 Action: Removal of Child Sex Dolls,” Dining for Dignity, November 22, 2013, http://diningfordignity.org/call-2-action-removal-of-child-sex-dolls/.
6. Dr. Sophia Grant (child abuse pediatrician, Cooks Children’s Hospital), telephone interview, November 2013.